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Bordeianu G, Mitu I, Stanescu RS, Ciobanu CP, Petrescu-Danila E, Marculescu AD, Dimitriu DC. Circulating Biomarkers for Laboratory Diagnostics of Atherosclerosis-Literature Review. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12123141. [PMID: 36553147 PMCID: PMC9777004 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12123141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is still considered a disease burden with long-term damaging processes towards the cardiovascular system. Evaluation of atherosclerotic stages requires the use of independent markers such as those already considered traditional, that remain the main therapeutic target for patients with atherosclerosis, together with emerging biomarkers. The challenge is finding models of predictive markers that are particularly tailored to detect and evaluate the evolution of incipient vascular lesions. Important advances have been made in this field, resulting in a more comprehensible and stronger linkage between the lipidic profile and the continuous inflammatory process. In this paper, we analysed the most recent data from the literature studying the molecular mechanisms of biomarkers and their involvement in the cascade of events that occur in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ivona Mitu
- Correspondence: (I.M.); (R.S.S.); Tel.: +40-75206-1747 (I.M.)
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Tarkin JM, Gonçalves I. Could targeting the macrophage urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor be a bullseye for PET imaging of atherosclerotic plaque inflammation? Atherosclerosis 2022; 352:80-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2022.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kantarcioglu B, Darki A, Siddiqui F, Hoppensteadt D, Lewis J, Krämer R, Adiguzel C, Fareed J. The Relevance of Anti-PF4 Antibody Isotypes and Endogenous Glycosaminoglycans and their Relationship with Inflammatory Biomarkers in Pulmonary Embolism Patients. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2022; 28:10760296221091770. [PMID: 35360982 PMCID: PMC8980416 DOI: 10.1177/10760296221091770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Previous studies have shown that inflammation may contribute to the interplay of endogenous glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and anti-PF4 antibodies. In this study, we quantified the levels of anti-PF4 antibody isotypes and endogenous GAGs together with inflammatory biomarkers in pulmonary embolism (PE) patients to determine whether there is a relationship in between. Identification of this relationship may provide insight to the complex pathophysiology of PE and HIT and may also be useful for development of potential prognostic, diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. Materials and Methods Plasma samples from PE patients (n: 210) were analyzed for anti-PF4 antibody isotypes and various thrombo-inflammatory cytokines utilizing commercially available biochip array and ELISA methods. The endogenous GAG levels in PE patients’ plasma were quantified using a fluorescence quenching method. The collected data analyzed to demonstrate the relationship between various parameters. Results The endogenous GAG levels were increased in the PE group (P < .05). The levels of anti-PF4 antibody isotypes were higher in varying levels in comparison to the normal group (P < .05). Inflammatory cytokines have shown varying levels of increase with IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10 showing the most pronounced values. Mortality outcome was related to increased GAGs and some of the cytokines. Conclusion In this study, we demonstrated increased levels of anti-PF4 antibody isotypes, endogenous GAGs, and inflammatory biomarkers in a large patient cohort in PE. The levels of the endogenous GAGs and inflammatory biomarkers were associated with PE severity and mortality. More studies are needed to understand this complex pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bulent Kantarcioglu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Health Sciences Division, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Amir Darki
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Loyola University Medical Center, Loyola Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Loyola Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Fakiha Siddiqui
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Health Sciences Division, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Debra Hoppensteadt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Health Sciences Division, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Joseph Lewis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Health Sciences Division, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Roland Krämer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Cafer Adiguzel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Jawed Fareed
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Health Sciences Division, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA
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Fagerberg B, Barregard L. Review of cadmium exposure and smoking-independent effects on atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in the general population. J Intern Med 2021; 290:1153-1179. [PMID: 34157165 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to cadmium (Cd) via food and smoking is associated with an increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Blood and urine levels of Cd are established biomarkers of exposure. OBJECTIVES To review (1) the smoking-independent associations between Cd exposure and ASCVD, including the possible presence of a nonlinear dose-response relationship with Cd exposure and (2) the causal effects of Cd exposure on different stages of atherosclerosis. METHODS Narrative review. RESULTS Cd confers increased risk of ASCVD and asymptomatic atherosclerosis in the carotid and coronary arteries above B-Cd >0.5 μg/L or U-Cd >0.5 μg/g creatinine, but it has not been shown below a threshold of these exposure levels. Adjustment for smoking does not exclude the possibility of residual confounding, but several studies in never-smoking cohorts have shown associations between Cd and ASCVD, and experimental studies have demonstrated pro-atherosclerotic effects of Cd. Cd accumulates in arterial walls and atherosclerotic plaques, reaching levels shown to have proatherosclerotic effects. Suggested early effects are increased subendothelial retention of atherogenic lipoproteins, which become oxidized, and endothelial dysfunction and damage with increased permeability for monocytes, which in the intima turn to macrophages and then to foam cells. Later, Cd may contribute to plaque rupture and erosion by endothelial apoptosis and degradation of the fibrous cap. Finally, by having prothrombotic and antifibrinolytic effects, the CVD risk may be further increased. CONCLUSIONS There is strong evidence that Cd causes ASCVD above a suggested exposure level via mechanisms in early as well as the late stages of atherosclerotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Fagerberg
- Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lars Barregard
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Baart VM, Houvast RD, de Geus-Oei LF, Quax PHA, Kuppen PJK, Vahrmeijer AL, Sier CFM. Molecular imaging of the urokinase plasminogen activator receptor: opportunities beyond cancer. EJNMMI Res 2020; 10:87. [PMID: 32725278 PMCID: PMC7387399 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-020-00673-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) plays a multifaceted role in almost any process where migration of cells and tissue-remodeling is involved such as inflammation, but also in diseases as arthritis and cancer. Normally, uPAR is absent in healthy tissues. By its carefully orchestrated interaction with the protease urokinase plasminogen activator and its inhibitor (plasminogen activator inhibitor-1), uPAR localizes a cascade of proteolytic activities, enabling (patho)physiologic cell migration. Moreover, via the interaction with a broad range of cell membrane proteins, like vitronectin and various integrins, uPAR plays a significant, but not yet completely understood, role in differentiation and proliferation of cells, affecting also disease progression. The implications of these processes, either for diagnostics or therapeutics, have received much attention in oncology, but only limited beyond. Nonetheless, the role of uPAR in different diseases provides ample opportunity to exploit new applications for targeting. Especially in the fields of oncology, cardiology, rheumatology, neurology, and infectious diseases, uPAR-targeted molecular imaging could offer insights for new directions in diagnosis, surveillance, or treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Baart
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - R D Houvast
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - L F de Geus-Oei
- Department of Radiology, Section of Nuclear Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Biomedical Photonic Imaging Group, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - P H A Quax
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - P J K Kuppen
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - A L Vahrmeijer
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - C F M Sier
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands. .,Percuros BV, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Konukoglu D, Uzun H. Endothelial Dysfunction and Hypertension. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 956:511-540. [DOI: 10.1007/5584_2016_90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Karaszewski B, Houlden H, Smith EE, Markus HS, Charidimou A, Levi C, Werring DJ. What causes intracerebral bleeding after thrombolysis for acute ischaemic stroke? Recent insights into mechanisms and potential biomarkers. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2015; 86:1127-36. [PMID: 25814492 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2014-309705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The overall population benefit of intravascular recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) on functional outcome in ischaemic stroke is clear, but there are some treated patients who are harmed by early symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage (ICH). Although several clinical and radiological factors increase the risk of rtPA-related ICH, none of the currently available risk prediction tools are yet useful for practical clinical decision-making, probably reflecting our limited understanding of the underlying mechanisms. Finding new methods to identify patients at highest risk of rtPA-related ICH, or new measures to limit risk, are urgent challenges in acute stroke therapy research. In this article, we focus on the potential underlying mechanisms of rtPA-related ICH, highlight promising candidate risk biomarkers and suggest future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Karaszewski
- University College London, Institute of Neurology & National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Stroke Research Group, London, UK Department of Adult Neurology, Medical University of Gdansk & University Clinical Centre, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London, Institute of Neurology & National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Eric E Smith
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Hugh S Markus
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andreas Charidimou
- University College London, Institute of Neurology & National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Stroke Research Group, London, UK
| | - Christopher Levi
- Acute Stroke Services, University of Newcastle, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David J Werring
- University College London, Institute of Neurology & National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Stroke Research Group, London, UK
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Sur S, Sugimoto JT, Agrawal DK. Coronary artery bypass graft: why is the saphenous vein prone to intimal hyperplasia? Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2014; 92:531-45. [PMID: 24933515 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2013-0445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Proliferation and migration of smooth muscle cells and the resultant intimal hyperplasia cause coronary artery bypass graft failure. Both internal mammary artery and saphenous vein are the most commonly used bypass conduits. Although an internal mammary artery graft is immune to restenosis, a saphenous vein graft is prone to develop restenosis. We found significantly higher activity of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in the smooth muscle cells of the internal mammary artery than in the saphenous vein. In this article, we critically review the pathophysiology of vein-graft failure with detailed discussion of the involvement of various factors, including PTEN, matrix metalloproteinases, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases, in uncontrolled proliferation and migration of smooth muscle cells towards the lumen, and invasion of the graft conduit. We identified potential target sites that could be useful in preventing and (or) reversing unwanted consequences following coronary artery bypass graft using saphenous vein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swastika Sur
- a Department of Biomedical Science, Creighton University School of Medicine, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
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Adipocytes derived fibrinolytic components in peritoneum — a pilot study. Open Med (Wars) 2012. [DOI: 10.2478/s11536-012-0042-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe proteins of the fibrinolytic system — urokinase plasminogen activator(uPA), tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)and plasminogen activator inhibitor type IPAI-I) — play important roles in fibrotization in various organs and including peritoneum. To study the cellular localization of PAI-1, tPA and uPA within the adipose tissue of the peritoneal membrane in patients at the onset of peritoneal dialysis(PD) we determined the initial expression of these proteins in relationship to multiple clinical variables. Methods: routinely performed parietal peritoneal biopsies in 12 patients undergoing peritoneal catheter implantation were examined. We used formalinfixed, paraffin-embedded specimens for immunohistochemical localization of these proteins along with the stereological pointcounting method for quantification of their expression within the peritoneal adipose tissue. Results: strong positive mutual correlation between the expression of PAI-1 and both uPA (SpearmanR=0.66) and tPA (R=0.59) as well as between the expression of uPA and tPA (R=0.77) was found without any relatioship to BMI, age, peritoneal transport characteristic or diabetes status. Conclusion: Adipose tissue within the peritoneum is capable of producing fibrinolysis regulators (independently on clinical parameters) thus possibly affecting the fibrotization and function of peritoneum as dialysis membrane. The effect of dialysis solution dosing, composition and other dialysis related factors should be clarified in future studies.
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Said JM, Tsui R, Borg AJ, Higgins JR, Moses EK, Walker SP, Monagle PT, Brennecke SP. The PAI-1 4G/5G polymorphism is not associated with an increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcome in asymptomatic nulliparous women. J Thromb Haemost 2012; 10:881-6. [PMID: 22432640 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2012.04700.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) is an important regulator of fibrinolysis. A common deletion polymorphism that results in a sequence of 4G instead of 5G in the promoter region of the gene is associated with a small increase in the risk of venous thromboembolism. Its potential association with adverse pregnancy events remains controversial. OBJECTIVE We aimed to assess the impact of the 4G PAI-1 polymorphism on pregnancy outcomes in women who had no prior history of adverse pregnancy outcomes or personal or family history of venous thromboembolism. PATIENTS/METHODS This study represents a secondary investigation of a prior prospective cohort study investigating the association between inherited thrombophilias and adverse pregnancy events in Australian women. Healthy nulliparous women were recruited to this study prior to 22 weeks gestation. Genotyping for the 4G/5G PAI-1 gene was performed using Taqman assays in an ABI prism 7700 Sequencer several years after the pregnancy was completed. Pregnancy outcome data were extracted from the medical record. The primary outcome was a composite comprising development of severe pre-eclampsia, fetal growth restriction, major placental abruption, stillbirth or neonatal death. RESULTS Pregnancy outcome data were available in 1733 women who were successfully genotyped for this polymorphism. The primary composite outcome was experienced by 139 women (8% of the cohort). Four hundred and fifty-nine women (26.5%) were homozygous for the 4G deletion polymorphism, while 890 (51.4%) were heterozygous. Neither homozygosity nor heterozygosity for the PAI-1 4G polymorphism was associated with the primary composite outcome (homozygous OR = 1.30, 95% CI = 0.81-2.09, P = 0.28, heterozygous OR = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.53-1.31, P = 0.44) or with the individual pregnancy complications. CONCLUSION The PAI-1 4G polymorphism is not associated with an increase in the risk of serious adverse pregnancy events in asymptomatic nulliparous women.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Said
- Department of Perinatal Medicine, The Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Australia.
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Simard B, Bouamrani A, Jourdes P, Pernod G, Dimitriadou V, Berger F. Induction of the fibrinolytic system by cartilage extract mediates its antiangiogenic effect in mouse glioma. Microvasc Res 2011; 82:6-17. [PMID: 21406197 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2011.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2010] [Revised: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Both the antiangiogenic and antitumoral activity of shark cartilage extracts (SCE) have been demonstrated in animal models and clinical trials. Studies reported that SCE induces the expression of tissue plasminogen activator gene (PLAT) in endothelial cells and increases the activity of the protein (t-PA) in vitro. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the crucial role of t-PA induction in the antiangiogenic and antitumor activity of SCE in experimental glioma. This study showed antiangiogenic and antitumoral effects of SCE in three mice glioma models (C6, HGD and GL26). Histological examination suggested perivascular proteolysis and edema as well as important intratumoral necrosis, which artefactually increased the tumor volume at high doses. Thus, the antiangiogenic effect of SCE correlated with the presence of t-PA and angiostatin in degenerating vessels. Functional in vivo experiments were conducted to modulate the plasminogen pathway. No antiangiogenic effect was observed on tumors overexpressing the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). Moreover, therapeutical effects were neutralized in mice that were cotreated with ε-aminocaproic acid (EACA, 120 mg/kg p.o.), an inhibitor that blocks the high-affinity lysine binding sites of both plasminogen and plasmin. In contrast, cotreatment with N-acetylcysteine (NAC, 7,5mg/kg i.p.), a sulfhydril donor that reduces plasmin into angiostatin or other antiangiogenic fragments, increased the benefit of SCE on mice survival. In subcutaneous models, NAC prevented the increase in tumor volume caused by high doses of cartilage extract. In conclusion, this study indicates that induction of t-PA by shark cartilage extract plays an essential role in its antiangiogenic activity, but that control of excessive proteolysis by a plasmin reductor could prevent edema and uncover the full benefit of shark cartilage extract in the treatment of intracranial tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Simard
- Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, INSERM U 836, équipe 7, BP 170, F38042, Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
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Vallabhaneni KC, Tkachuk S, Kiyan Y, Shushakova N, Haller H, Dumler I, Eden G. Urokinase receptor mediates mobilization, migration, and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Cardiovasc Res 2010; 90:113-21. [PMID: 21088115 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvq362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have regenerative properties and are recognized as putative players in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. The underlying molecular mechanisms remain, however, sparsely explored. Our study was designed to elucidate a probable role for the multifunctional urokinase (uPA)/urokinase receptor (uPAR) system in MSC regulation. Though uPAR has been implicated in a broad spectrum of pathophysiological processes, nothing is known about uPAR in MSCs. METHODS AND RESULTS uPAR was required to mobilize MSCs from the bone marrow (BM) of mice stimulated with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) in vivo. An insignificant amount of MSCs was mobilized in uPAR(-/-) C57BL/6J mice, whereas in wild-type animals G-CSF induced an eight-fold increase of mobilized MSCs. uPAR(-/-) mice revealed up-regulated expression of G-CSF and stromal cell-derived factor 1 (CXCR4) receptors in BM. uPAR down-regulation leads to inhibition of human MSC migration, as shown in different migration assays. uPAR down- or up-regulation resulted in inhibition or stimulation of MSC differentiation into vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) correspondingly, as monitored by changes in cell morphology and expression of specific marker proteins. Injection of fluorescently labelled MSCs in non-obese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency (NOD/SCID) mice after femoral artery wire injury demonstrated impaired engraftment of uPAR-deficient MSCs at the place of injury. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest a multifaceted function of uPAR in MSC biology contributing to vascular repair. uPAR might guide and control the trafficking of MSCs to the vascular wall in response to injury or ischaemia and their differentiation towards functional VSMCs at the site of arterial injury.
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Kochtebane N, Choqueux C, Passefort S, Nataf P, Messika-Zeitoun D, Bartagi A, Michel JB, Anglés-Cano E, Jacob MP. Plasmin induces apoptosis of aortic valvular myofibroblasts. J Pathol 2009; 221:37-48. [DOI: 10.1002/path.2681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Urokinase-receptor-mediated phenotypic changes in vascular smooth muscle cells require the involvement of membrane rafts. Biochem J 2009; 423:343-51. [PMID: 19691446 DOI: 10.1042/bj20090447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The cholesterol-enriched membrane microdomains lipid rafts play a key role in cell activation by recruiting and excluding specific signalling components of cell-surface receptors upon receptor engagement. Our previous studies have demonstrated that the GPI (glycosylphosphatidylinositol)-linked uPAR [uPA (urokinase-type plasminogen activator) receptor], which can be found in lipid rafts and in non-raft fractions, can mediate the differentiation of VSMCs (vascular smooth muscle cells) towards a pathophysiological de-differentiated phenotype. However, the mechanism by which uPAR and its ligand uPA regulate VSMC phenotypic changes is not known. In the present study, we provide evidence that the molecular machinery of uPAR-mediated VSMC differentiation employs lipid rafts. We show that the disruption of rafts in VSMCs by membrane cholesterol depletion using MCD (methyl-beta-cyclodextrin) or filipin leads to the up-regulation of uPAR and cell de-differentiation. uPAR silencing by means of interfering RNA resulted in an increased expression of contractile proteins. Consequently, disruption of lipid rafts impaired the expression of these proteins and transcriptional activity of related genes. We provide evidence that this effect was mediated by uPAR. Similar effects were observed in VSMCs isolated from Cav1Z(-/-) (caveolin-1-deficient) mice. Despite the level of uPAR being significantly higher after the disruption of the rafts, uPA/uPAR-dependent cell migration was impaired. However, caveolin-1 deficiency impaired only uPAR-dependent cell proliferation, whereas cell migration was strongly up-regulated in these cells. Our results provide evidence that rafts are required in the regulation of uPAR-mediated VSMC phenotypic modulations. These findings suggest further that, in the context of uPA/uPAR-dependent processes, caveolae-associated and non-associated rafts represent different signalling membrane domains.
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Kiyan J, Haller H, Dumler I. The tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2 controls urokinase-dependent signaling and functions in human vascular smooth muscle cells. Exp Cell Res 2009; 315:1029-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2008.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2008] [Revised: 12/03/2008] [Accepted: 12/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Atsuta H, Uchiyama T, Kanai H, Iso T, Tanaka T, Suga T, Maeno T, Arai M, Nagai R, Kurabayashi M. Effects of a stable prostacyclin analogue beraprost sodium on VEGF and PAI-1 gene expression in vascular smooth muscle cells. Int J Cardiol 2009; 132:411-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2007.12.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2007] [Revised: 12/17/2007] [Accepted: 12/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Quinn K, Henriques M, Parker T, Slutsky AS, Zhang H. Human neutrophil peptides: a novel potential mediator of inflammatory cardiovascular diseases. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2008; 295:H1817-24. [PMID: 18805897 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00472.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The traditional view of atherosclerosis has recently been expanded from a predominantly lipid retentive disease to a coupling of inflammatory mechanisms and dyslipidemia. Studies have suggested a novel role for polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN)-dominant inflammation in the development of atherosclerosis. Human neutrophil peptides (HNPs), also known as alpha-defensins, are secreted and released from PMN granules upon activation and are conventionally involved in microbial killing. Current evidence suggests an important immunomodulative role for these peptides. HNP levels are markedly increased in inflammatory diseases including sepsis and acute coronary syndromes. They have been found within the intima of human atherosclerotic arteries, and their deposition in the skin correlates with the severity of coronary artery diseases. HNPs form complexes with LDL in solution and increase LDL binding to the endothelial surface. HNPs have also been shown to contribute to endothelial dysfunction, lipid metabolism disorder, and the inhibition of fibrinolysis. Given the emerging relationship between PMN-dominant inflammation and atherosclerosis, HNPs may serve as a link between them and as a biological marker and potential therapeutic target in cardiovascular diseases including coronary artery diseases and acute coronary syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran Quinn
- The Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of Saint Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Le Brocq M, Leslie SJ, Milliken P, Megson IL. Endothelial dysfunction: from molecular mechanisms to measurement, clinical implications, and therapeutic opportunities. Antioxid Redox Signal 2008; 10:1631-74. [PMID: 18598143 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2007.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction has been implicated as a key factor in the development of a wide range of cardiovascular diseases, but its definition and mechanisms vary greatly between different disease processes. This review combines evidence from cell-culture experiments, in vitro and in vivo animal models, and clinical studies to identify the variety of mechanisms involved in endothelial dysfunction in its broadest sense. Several prominent disease states, including hypertension, heart failure, and atherosclerosis, are used to illustrate the different manifestations of endothelial dysfunction and to establish its clinical implications in the context of the range of mechanisms involved in its development. The size of the literature relating to this subject precludes a comprehensive survey; this review aims to cover the key elements of endothelial dysfunction in cardiovascular disease and to highlight the importance of the process across many different conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Le Brocq
- Health Faculty, UHI Millennium Institute, Inverness, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
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19
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Kusch A. "Linking proteolysis to lipids". Thromb Res 2008; 123:191-3. [PMID: 18617223 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2008.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2008] [Revised: 06/05/2008] [Accepted: 06/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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20
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The absence of uPAR attenuates insulin-induced vascular smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation. Thromb Res 2008; 123:336-41. [PMID: 18579182 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2008.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2007] [Revised: 05/01/2008] [Accepted: 05/01/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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21
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Parahuleva MS, Kanse SM, Parviz B, Barth A, Tillmanns H, Bohle RM, Sedding DG, Hölschermann H. Factor Seven Activating Protease (FSAP) expression in human monocytes and accumulation in unstable coronary atherosclerotic plaques. Atherosclerosis 2008; 196:164-171. [PMID: 17482622 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2007.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2006] [Revised: 03/16/2007] [Accepted: 03/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Factor Seven Activating Protease (FSAP) is known to influence fibrinolysis and to play a critical role in the inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation and migration as well as neointima formation. In order to define the role of FSAP in vascular pathophysiology we have investigated the expression of FSAP protein and mRNA in human vascular cells and coronary atherosclerotic plaques with defined clinical features. METHODS AND RESULTS Directional coronary atherectomy (DCA) specimens from 40 lesions were analyzed for FSAP antigen and mRNA expression. Higher level of FSAP mRNA (p<0.001) as well as FSAP immunostaining (p<0.005) was observed in patients with acute coronary syndromes compared to patients with stable angina pectoris. FSAP antigen was found to be focally accumulated in hypocellular and lipid-rich areas within the necrotic core of atherosclerotic plaques. FSAP was also co-localized with CD11b/CD68 expressing cells in macrophage-rich shoulder regions of the plaques. Monocyte-derived macrophages expressed FSAP in vitro and this was further induced by pro-inflammatory mediators. CONCLUSIONS FSAP accumulation in coronary atherosclerotic lesions is due to either local synthesis by monocytes/macrophages, or uptake from the plasma due to plaque hemorrhage. The higher expression of FSAP in unstable plaques suggests that it may destabilize plaque through reducing VSMC proliferation/migration and altering the hemostatic balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana S Parahuleva
- Internal Medicine I/Cardiology and Angiology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sandip M Kanse
- Institute for Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Behnoush Parviz
- Internal Medicine I/Cardiology and Angiology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Barth
- Internal Medicine I/Cardiology and Angiology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Harald Tillmanns
- Internal Medicine I/Cardiology and Angiology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Rainer M Bohle
- Institute of General and Specialist Pathology, Homburg, Germany
| | - Daniel G Sedding
- Internal Medicine I/Cardiology and Angiology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Hans Hölschermann
- Hochtaunusklinik Internal Medicine I/Cardiology and Angiology, Urseler Straße 33, 61348 Bad Homburg, Germany.
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22
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Kiyan J, Kusch A, Tkachuk S, Krämer J, Haller H, Dietz R, Smith G, Dumler I. Rosuvastatin regulates vascular smooth muscle cell phenotypic modulation in vascular remodeling: Role for the urokinase receptor. Atherosclerosis 2007; 195:254-61. [PMID: 17275828 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2006.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2006] [Revised: 12/11/2006] [Accepted: 12/21/2006] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The urokinase (uPA)/urokinase receptor (uPAR) multifunctional system is an important mediator of migration and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). However, whether uPA/uPAR-directed mechanisms are involved in the beneficial effects of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors on vascular remodeling remains unexplored. In this study, we have investigated the effect of the hydrophilic statin rosuvastatin on neointimal remodeling, and the role of uPAR. Using an ex vivo organ and in vitro cell culture models we demonstrate that rosuvastatin decreases injury-induced neointima formation and proliferation of medial VSMC in porcine coronary arteries, as well as migration and proliferation of human coronary VSMC. Studies on the underlying mechanisms show that rosuvastatin impairs VSMC transition from their physiological contractile to the pathophysiological synthetic phenotype. These effects are mediated, at least in part, via uPAR, as confirmed by means of rosuvastatin-directed uPAR expression and uPAR silencing in both models. Our findings provide evidence that rosuvastatin modulates VSMC phenotypic changes and subsequently their proliferation and migration, and indicate the important role for uPAR in these processes. This mechanism contributes to the beneficial non-lipid lowering effect of rosuvastatin on negative vascular remodeling.
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MESH Headings
- Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary/adverse effects
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Coronary Vessels/cytology
- Coronary Vessels/drug effects
- Coronary Vessels/injuries
- Down-Regulation
- Female
- Fluorobenzenes/pharmacology
- Humans
- Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Pyrimidines/pharmacology
- Receptors, Cell Surface/drug effects
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Receptors, Urokinase Plasminogen Activator
- Rosuvastatin Calcium
- Signal Transduction
- Sulfonamides/pharmacology
- Sus scrofa
- Tunica Intima/drug effects
- Up-Regulation
- Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kiyan
- Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg Strasse 1, Hannover D-30625, Germany
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23
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Patecki M, von Schaewen M, Tkachuk S, Jerke U, Dietz R, Dumler I, Kusch A. Tyk2 mediates effects of urokinase on human vascular smooth muscle cell growth. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 359:679-84. [PMID: 17548050 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.05.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2007] [Accepted: 05/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The urokinase (uPA)/uPA receptor (uPAR) system plays a role in the response of the vessel wall to injury, presumably by modulating vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) functional behaviour. The Jak/Stat signaling pathway has been implicated to mediate the uPA/uPAR-directed cell migration and proliferation in VSMC. We have therefore investigated the underlying molecular mechanisms, which remained not completely understood. In particular, we aimed at identification of the kinase involved in the signaling cascade leading to Stat1 phosphorylation by uPA and its impact on VSMC growth. We performed expression in VSMC of kinase-deficient mutant forms of the Janus kinases Jak1 and Tyk2 and used different cell culture models imitating the response to vascular injury. We provide evidence that Tyk2, but not Jak1, mediates uPA-induced Stat1 phosphorylation and VSMC growth inhibition and suggest a novel function for Tyk2 as an important modulator of the uPA-directed VSMC functional behaviour at the place of injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margret Patecki
- Medical Faculty of Charité, Franz Volhard Klinik, HELIOS Klinikum-Berlin, Max Delbrück Center, D-13125 Berlin, Germany
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24
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Zou Y, Qi Y, Roztocil E, Nicholl SM, Davies MG. Patterns of kinase activation induced by injury in the murine femoral artery. J Surg Res 2007; 142:332-40. [PMID: 17631902 PMCID: PMC2048817 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2007.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2007] [Revised: 05/07/2007] [Accepted: 05/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intimal hyperplasia remains the principal lesion in the development of restenosis after vessel wall injury. Cell signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells remains a potential molecular target to modulate the development of intimal hyperplasia. The aim of this study was to define a baseline pattern of histological changes and kinase activation in a murine model. METHODS The murine femoral wire injury model was used in which a microwire was passed through a branch of the femoral artery and used to denude the common femoral artery. Pluronic gel was used to apply mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) inhibitors (PD98059, SB230580, and SP600125) on the exterior of the vessels. Specimens were perfusion-fixed and sections were stained for morphometry using an ImagePro system. Additional specimens of femoral artery were also harvested and snap frozen for Western blotting and zymography to allow for the study of kinase and protease activation. Contralateral vessels were used as controls. RESULTS The injured femoral arteries developed intimal hyperplasia, which is maximal at 28 days and does not change substantially between day 28 and day 56. Sham-operated vessels did not produce such a response. Cell apoptosis peaked within 3 days and cell proliferation peaked at 7 days after injury. There is a time-dependent increase in kinase activity immediately after injury. MEK1/2 activation peaks at 20 min after injury and is followed by a peak in extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 activation at 45 min. The stress kinases p38(MAPK) and JNK peak between 10 and 20 min. Activation of akt is later at 45 min and 120 min and activation of p70S6K was biphasic. There was a time-dependent increase in uPA/PAI-1 expression and activity after injury. Local application of MAPK inhibitors (PD98059, SB230580, and SP600125) within a pluronic gel reduced respective MAPK activity, decreased cell proliferation and enhanced cell apoptosis, increased PAI-1, and decreased uPA expression and activity; at 14 days there was a decrease in intimal hyperplasia. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that femoral wire injury in the mouse induces a consistent model of intimal hyperplasia and that it is associated with a time dependent increase in signaling kinase activity. Interruption of these pathways will interrupt the uPA/PAI-1 pathway and decrease intimal hyperplasia development. Accurate characterization of cell signaling is a necessary step in the development of molecular therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiping Zou
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Department of Surgery, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
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25
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Wu-Wong JR, Nakane M, Ma J. Effects of vitamin D analogs on the expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in human vascular cells. Thromb Res 2005; 118:709-14. [PMID: 16371233 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2005.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2005] [Revised: 10/11/2005] [Accepted: 10/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vitamin D analogs such as paricalcitol and calcitriol have been shown to provide survival benefit for Stage 5 chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients, possibly due to their positive impact on the cardiovascular system. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is one of the risk markers for coronary artery disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human coronary artery smooth muscle cells (SMC) and endothelial cells (CAEC) were treated with vitamin D analogs to assess the effects of the drugs on the expression of PAI-1 mRNA and protein. RESULTS In SMC, both paricalcitol and calcitriol down-regulated the expression of PAI-1 mRNA and protein in a dose-dependent manner. The EC(50) values of paricalcitol and calcitriol on suppressing PAI-1 mRNA were 3.0 and 2.8 nM, respectively. Interestingly, these two drugs had no significant effect on the expression of PAI-1 protein or mRNA in CAEC. Further analysis showed that CAEC did not express functional vitamin D receptor (VDR) and paricalcitol failed to induce the expression of 25-hydroxyvitamin D-24-hydroxylase (CYP24A1) mRNA, a gene known to be regulated by VDR. As a comparison, SMC expressed VDR and paricalcitol induced CYP24A1 mRNA in SMC (>150-fold at 10 nM) dose-dependently. The effect of paricalcitol on suppressing PAI-1 in SMC was blocked by cycloheximide, suggesting that protein synthesis was involved. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that vitamin D analogs suppress PAI-1 in SMC, but not in CAEC. Suppression of PAI-1 in SMC may be one of the factors contributing to the survival benefits of vitamin D analog therapy in CKD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ruth Wu-Wong
- Abbott Laboratories, R4CM, AP52, 200 Abbott Park Rd., Abbott Park, IL 60064, Unites States.
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26
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Oliver JJ, Webb DJ, Newby DE. Stimulated Tissue Plasminogen Activator Release as a Marker of Endothelial Function in Humans. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005; 25:2470-9. [PMID: 16210566 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000189309.05924.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The initiation, modulation, and resolution of thrombus associated with eroded or unstable coronary plaques are critically dependent on the efficacy of endogenous fibrinolysis. This is dependent on the cellular function of the surrounding endothelium and vascular wall. In particular, the acute release of tissue plasminogen activator from the endothelium makes an important contribution to the defense against intravascular thrombosis. Here, we describe the rationale and methodology for, and clinical relevance of, assessing acute endothelial tissue plasminogen activator release in humans. The investigation of endothelial fibrinolytic function has the potential to provide major new insights into the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease, and to shape future therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Oliver
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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27
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Kowalewski R, Zimnoch L, Wojtukiewicz MZ, Glowinski J, Glowinski S. Evaluation of urokinase-type plasminogen activator and its receptor in neointima of polyester vascular grafts. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF HAEMOSTASIS AND THROMBOSIS 2005; 34:23-8. [PMID: 16293982 DOI: 10.1159/000088544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2004] [Accepted: 02/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to assess the expression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and its receptor (uPAR) in neointima of polyester vascular grafts. Anastomotic areas were examined at 1, 4 and 12 months after prosthesis implantation in dogs, as well as in human vascular grafts. Immunohistochemistry was performed for uPA and uPAR. Graft neointima in dogs was positively stained for uPA with increased intensity at 4 and 12 months, whereas uPAR expression appeared at 4 and its intensity was increased at 12 months. Intensive uPA and positive uPAR labeling was shown in human grafts. The results demonstrated that in the early period of the healing process of polyester vascular grafts only uPA is present in the neointima in the region of the graft to adjacent artery anastomosis, whereas in healed grafts in dogs and humans uPAR is found as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radoslaw Kowalewski
- Department of Vascular Surgery and Transplantology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland.
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28
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Pontén A, Folestad EB, Pietras K, Eriksson U. Platelet-Derived Growth Factor D Induces Cardiac Fibrosis and Proliferation of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells in Heart-Specific Transgenic Mice. Circ Res 2005; 97:1036-45. [PMID: 16224065 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.0000190590.31545.d4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-D is a member of the PDGF/vascular endothelial growth factor family that activates PDGF receptor β (PDGFR-β). We show that PDGF-D is highly expressed in the myocardium throughout development and adulthood, as well as by arterial vascular smooth muscle cells (vSMCs). To obtain further knowledge regarding the in vivo response to PDGF-D, we generated transgenic mice overexpressing the active core domain of PDGF-D in the heart. Transgenic PDGF-D stimulates proliferation of cardiac interstitial fibroblasts and arterial vSMCs. This results in cardiac fibrosis followed by dilated cardiomyopathy and subsequent cardiac failure. Transgenic mice also display vascular remodeling, including dilation of vessels, increased density of SMC-coated vessels, and proliferation of vSMCs, leading to a thickening of tunica media. The thickening of arterial walls is a unique feature of PDGF-D, because this is not seen when PDGF-C is overexpressed in the heart. These results show that PDGF-D, via PDGFR-β signaling, is a potent modulator of both vascular and connective tissue growth and may provide both paracrine and autocrine stimulation of PDGFR-β. Our data raise the possibility that this growth factor may be involved in cardiac fibrosis and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annica Pontén
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
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29
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Sheikh AM, Ochi H, Masuda J. Lysophosphatidylcholine induces tPA gene expression through CRE-dependent mechanism. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 329:71-7. [PMID: 15721275 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.01.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidylcholine (lysoPC) is implicated in the development of atherosclerosis and certain autoimmune diseases, and is reported to induce tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) at the protein level in endothelial cells. This study was designed to investigate the effect of lysoPC on tPA gene expression and the underlying molecular mechanisms in cultured endothelial cells. LysoPC transiently induced the mRNA expression of tPA in endothelial cells. LysoPC also induced the mRNA expression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), uPA receptor, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, but the kinetics were different from that of tPA. Promoter analysis revealed that the cyclic AMP-responsive element of the tPA gene (tPACRE) is required for lysoPC-induced tPA expression. Furthermore, an electrophoresis mobility shift assay showed that lysoPC increased the binding activity of CRE binding protein to tPACRE. These results indicated that lysoPC transcriptionally upregulated the gene expression of tPA in endothelial cells, at least in part, via tPACRE activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Md Sheikh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
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30
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Cullen JP, Nicholl SM, Sayeed S, Sitzmann JV, Okada SS, Cahill PA, Redmond EM. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 deficiency enhances flow-induced smooth muscle cell migration. Thromb Res 2005; 114:57-65. [PMID: 15262486 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2004.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2004] [Revised: 04/22/2004] [Accepted: 05/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We determined the role of smooth muscle cell (SMC)-derived plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) in the flow-induced SMC migratory response. MATERIALS AND METHODS Wild type (wt) or PAI-1 knockout SMC were cultured in the absence or presence of endothelial cells (EC) under static or pulsatile flow conditions in a perfused culture system. SMC migration was then assessed by Transwell assay. RESULTS Pulsatile flow significantly increased SMC PAI-1 mRNA and protein levels, approximately 4- and 3-fold respectively (n = 4, p < 0.05). In the absence, but not in the presence of EC, pulsatile flow significantly increased ( approximately 2.4-fold) the migration of wt SMC when compared to wt SMC cultured under static conditions. PAI-1 -/-SMC migration was significantly increased under flow conditions as compared to wild-type controls (334 +/- 22% vs. 237 +/- 11%, n = 6, p < 0.05). This flow-induced migration was significantly attenuated, but not completely inhibited, when PAI-1 -/-SMC were cultured in the presence of EC (147 +/- 13%, n = 6, p < 0.05). The flow-induced PAI-1 -/-SMC migratory response was partially inhibited by an anti-urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) antibody (#1189), and completely inhibited by both 1189 and the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor BB3103. In parallel PAI-1 -/-SMC cells, there was a greater flow-induced increase in proMMP-2 activity as compared to wild-type control cells. Moreover, under both static and flow conditions, tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMP)-2 activity was reduced in these PAI-1-deficient cells as compared to wild-type controls. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that SMC PAI-1 plays a role in limiting flow-induced SMC migration and thus may be an important mechanism for controlling the process of vascular remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Cullen
- Department of Surgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Box SURG, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642-8410, USA
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Gu JM, Johns A, Morser J, Dole WP, Greaves DR, Deng GG. Urokinase plasminogen activator receptor promotes macrophage infiltration into the vascular wall of ApoE deficient mice. J Cell Physiol 2005; 204:73-82. [PMID: 15573379 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) regulates macrophage adhesion and migration by binding directly to matrix proteins and signaling through integrin complexes. In this study, we examined the role of uPAR on macrophage infiltration into the vascular wall. Stable murine macrophage (Raw264.7) cell lines expressing high levels of human uPAR, human urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA), or both were established using expression vectors driven by the human CD68 promoter. Stimulation with human uPA specifically induced phosphorylation of early response regulated kinase (ERK) in cells expressing human uPAR but not in sham transfected cells. The human uPAR expressing Raw264.7 cells showed increased adhesion to both human uPA and vitronectin (Vn). Raw264.7 cells expressing human uPAR or both human uPAR and uPA, but not uPA alone, were detected in the aortic wall of ApoE(-/-) mice, and no cells were detected in that of age-matched C57BL/6J mice after intravenous infusion of the cells. Blocking of Mac-1/ICAM-1 interaction by anti-alphaM antibody (M1/70) significantly reduced the infiltration of huPAR-expressing Raw264.1 cells into aorta of ApoE(-/-) mice. Treatment of C57BL/6J mice with angiotensin II resulted in infiltration of Raw264.7 cells expressing human uPAR. These data demonstrate that uPAR plays a key role in promoting macrophage infiltration into the arterial wall of ApoE(-/-) mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ming Gu
- Cardiovascular Research, Berlex Biosciences, Richmond, California, USA.
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32
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Aper T, Teebken OE, Steinhoff G, Haverich A. Use of a fibrin preparation in the engineering of a vascular graft model. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2004; 28:296-302. [PMID: 15288634 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2004.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2004] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Morphological and functional characterization of cocultured endothelial cells (EC) and myofibroblasts (MFB) seeded on a matrix composed of a fibrin preparation mimicking the microenvironment of a vascular wall. METHODS MFB and EC were isolated from human saphenous veins and expanded separately in vitro. MFB were seeded on a composite matrix consisting of a fibrin preparation (with or without transforming growth factor-beta2) and a polyglactin-mesh to form a 3-dimensional structure, which was consecutively reseeded with EC. Seeded matrices were incubated in a bioreactor. Characterization was done including fluorescence staining, live-/dead-assay and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS High density cocultures in hierarchical structure mimicking the formation of a vascular wall were obtained with nearly complete coverage of the surface with EC. Distribution of preseeded MFB in a 519+/-27 microm thick layer (day 14) was achieved. Cell viability was shown in fluorescence staining for at least 19 days. In deeper layers, no viable cells could be detected within the fibrin preparation. EC covered the surface, had uniform morphology, and their preserved viability was shown for at least 5 days. No EC-ingrowth was found into the fibrin preparation. Neoformation of the matrix proteins laminin and collagen IV was observed. CONCLUSION A structured coculture of MFB and EC was obtained mimicking the formation of a vascular wall with preserved viability utilizing a fibrin preparation. Nutrition problems seem to limit the maximal extent of MFB in the matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Aper
- Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Stolle K, Weitkamp B, Rauterberg J, Lorkowski S, Cullen P. Laser microdissection-based analysis of mRNA expression in human coronary arteries with intimal thickening. J Histochem Cytochem 2004; 52:1511-8. [PMID: 15505346 PMCID: PMC3957817 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.4a6289.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2004] [Accepted: 05/17/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Intimal thickening is an early phase of atherosclerosis characterized by differentiation of plaque smooth muscle cells (SMCs) from a contractile to a synthetic phenotype. We used laser microdissection (LMD) plus real-time RT-PCR to quantify mRNAs for calponin-1 and smoothelin, markers of the contractile phenotype, and for serum response factor (SRF), a regulator of SMC differentiation, in intimal and medial SMCs of human coronary arteries with intimal thickening. RNA expression was also analyzed by ISH and protein expression was detected by IHC. LMD plus RT-PCR found similar levels of SRF mRNA in intimal and medial SMCs, while medial mRNA levels for calponin-1 and smoothelin were higher. ISH confirmed that smoothelin mRNA levels in media exceeded those in intima, whereas SRF mRNA levels were similar at both sites. For calponin-1 and smoothelin, protein levels mirrored respective mRNA levels. By contrast, more medial than intimal SRF protein was present. Our results indicate that intimal SMCs exhibit a largely synthetic phenotype, perhaps reflecting lower intimal levels of SRF protein; ISH and LMD plus real-time RT-PCR provide comparable results; as a valuable alternative to ISH, LMD plus RT-PCR allows parallel measurement of several transcripts; and tissue gene expression studies must measure both protein and mRNA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Stolle
- Institute of Arteriosclerosis Research (KS, BW, JR, SL, PC), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry (KS, SL), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Benedikt Weitkamp
- Institute of Arteriosclerosis Research (KS, BW, JR, SL, PC), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Jürgen Rauterberg
- Institute of Arteriosclerosis Research (KS, BW, JR, SL, PC), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Stefan Lorkowski
- Institute of Arteriosclerosis Research (KS, BW, JR, SL, PC), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry (KS, SL), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Paul Cullen
- Institute of Arteriosclerosis Research (KS, BW, JR, SL, PC), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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Kim JA, Tran ND, Wang SJ, Fisher MJ. Astrocyte regulation of human brain capillary endothelial fibrinolysis. Thromb Res 2004; 112:159-65. [PMID: 14967413 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2003.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2003] [Revised: 10/14/2003] [Accepted: 10/16/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Astrocytes are known to regulate a wide variety of brain endothelial cell functions. Prior work, using a mixed species co-culture system, has shown astrocyte regulation of brain capillary endothelial expression of key hemostasis factors tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and its inhibitor, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). The purpose of this study is to define the fibrinolytic regulatory role of human astrocytes on human brain capillary endothelial cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used a blood-brain barrier model consisting of human astrocytes grown on transwell membrane inserts and co-cultured with human brain capillary endothelial cells. Following 48 h co-culture, we analyzed both endothelial mono-cultures and astrocyte-endothelial co-cultures for expression of tPA and PAI-1 mRNA, protein, and activity. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS There were significant changes for both tPA and PAI-1 mRNA:tPA mRNA levels were decreased in co-cultures (55+/-16% of mono-cultures, p<0.0005) and PAI-1 mRNA levels were increased 144+/-38%, compared to mono-cultures (p<0.005). Co-cultures produced a 54% reduction in tPA protein (12.7+/-3.8 vs. 27.5+/-7.1 ng/ml, p<0.005) and a 24% increase in PAI-1 protein (117.5+/-3.2 vs. 94.9+/-5.9 ng/ml, p<0.0005). TGF-beta neutralizing antibody attenuated the observed changes in both tPA and PAI-1. These data indicate that human astrocytes regulate human brain capillary fibrinolysis in vitro by inhibiting tPA and enhancing PAI-1 expression. This regulation is mediated, in part, by transforming growth factor-beta. Our findings provide further evidence for the role of astrocytes in brain-specific hemostasis regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Ai Kim
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, College of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA
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35
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Steins MB, Padró T, Schwaenen C, Ruiz S, Mesters RM, Berdel WE, Kienast J. Overexpression of urokinase receptor and cell surface urokinase-type plasminogen activator in the human vessel wall with different types of atherosclerotic lesions. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2004; 15:383-91. [PMID: 15205586 DOI: 10.1097/01.mbc.0000114441.59147.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (UPA) has been implicated in a broad spectrum of pathogenic processes involved in the formation and disruption of atherosclerotic lesions. Up to now, there is no consensus on the contribution of membrane-bound UPA and its receptor CD87 (UPAR) to the development of atherosclerosis. In this study, we determined comparatively the levels of UPAR and UPAR-bound UPA in segments of human coronary and aortic vessels with different degrees of atherosclerotic lesions (macroscopically normal areas, early atherosclerotic lesions, fibrous and calcified plaques). The UPAR content increased progressively with the severity of atherosclerosis. In aortic segments, in which intima and media layers were analyzed separately, the content of UPAR in the intima significantly exceeded the levels measured in the media. Using a detergent-phase separation method with a Triton X-114-containing buffer, we could demonstrate that the levels of membrane (glycosylphosphatidylinositol)-anchored UPAR were significantly higher in the intima of early atherosclerotic lesions as well as in the cap areas of fibrous plaques compared with macroscopically normal areas. However, only 20-25% of the intimal and 30-50% of the medial glycosylphosphatidylinositol-UPAR was occupied by UPA as determined on a molar basis. These data confirm that the overexpression of UPAR in advanced atherosclerotic lesions contributes to lesion development. Whether UPAR's excess over cell surface UPA provides an additional role for this receptor in atherogenesis besides UPA-mediated proteolysis remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin B Steins
- Department of Medicine/Hematology and Oncology, University of Muenster, Germany.
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36
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Morgan AR, Rerkasem K, Gallagher PJ, Zhang B, Morris GE, Calder PC, Grimble RF, Eriksson P, McPheat WL, Shearman CP, Ye S. Differences in Matrix Metalloproteinase-1 and Matrix Metalloproteinase-12 Transcript Levels Among Carotid Atherosclerotic Plaques With Different Histopathological Characteristics. Stroke 2004; 35:1310-5. [PMID: 15073384 DOI: 10.1161/01.str.0000126822.01756.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Previous studies have shown that atherosclerotic lesions express a number of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Here we investigated whether transcript levels of MMP-1, -3, -7, -9, and -12 in carotid atherosclerotic plaques were correlated with histological features and clinical manifestations. METHODS Atherosclerotic plaques (n=50) removed from patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy were classified histologically using a system proposed by Virmani et al, and MMP-1, -3, -7, -9, and -12 transcript levels in these tissues were quantified by real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Compared to plaques with a thick fibrous cap, those with a thin cap had a 7.8-fold higher MMP-1 transcript level (P=0.006). MMP-3, -7, and -12 were 1.5-fold, 1.8-fold, and 2.1-fold, respectively, higher in thin cap plaques, but the differences did not reach statistical significance. MMP-12 transcript levels were significantly increased in ruptured plaques compared with lesions without cap disruption (P=0.001). MMP-9 transcript levels were similar among the different types of lesion. MMP-1 and -12 transcript levels were significantly higher in plaques from patients with amaurosis fugax, than in those from asymptomatic patients (P=0.029 and P=0.008 for MMP-1 and MMP-12, respectively), than in those from patients with stroke (P=0.027 and P=0.001, respectively), and than in those from patients with transient ischemic attack (P=0.046 and P=0.008, respectively). CONCLUSIONS These data support a role of MMP-1 and -12 in determining atherosclerotic plaque stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angharad R Morgan
- Human Genetics Division, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK
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37
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Pham NL, Franzen A, Levin EG. NF1 Regulatory Element Functions as a Repressor of Tissue Plasminogen Activator Expression. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004; 24:982-7. [PMID: 15044208 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000126679.70877.d0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Analysis of the distribution of endothelial cell tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) in the vasculature of rodents and primates demonstrated that tPA is constitutively expressed predominantly in small artery endothelial cells of brain and lung. The regulatory elements responsible for the highly selective expression of arterial endothelial cell tissue plasminogen activator were sought. METHODS AND RESULTS Transcription factor binding sites were defined by electrophoretic mobility-shift assay (EMSA) analysis using rat lung and brain nuclear extracts and the tPA promoter sequence from -609 to +37 bp. Protein binding to the promoter was found to be mediated by an NF1 site between -158 and -145 bp upstream from the transcriptional start site. Specific binding was confirmed through mutational analysis and competition binding studies. Infection of endothelial cells with a tPA promoter-green fluorescent protein (GFP) (-609 to +37 bp) reporter construct resulted in expression of the GFP, whereas no expression was found in smooth muscle cells. Mutation of the NF1 site increased the GFP expression indicating that the element acts as a repressor. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the 600 bp of the tPA promoter upstream of the transcription start site conveys cell specificity to tPA expression and that an NF1 site within this region acts as a repressor.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Binding Sites
- Binding, Competitive
- Cell Line
- Consensus Sequence
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay
- Endothelial Cells/cytology
- Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation/genetics
- Gene Silencing
- Genes, Reporter
- Green Fluorescent Proteins
- HeLa Cells
- Humans
- Luminescent Proteins/biosynthesis
- Luminescent Proteins/genetics
- Mice
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/cytology
- NFI Transcription Factors
- Organ Specificity
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Protein Binding
- Rats
- Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Tissue Plasminogen Activator/biosynthesis
- Tissue Plasminogen Activator/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhat-Long Pham
- Division of Vascular Biology, La Jolla Institute for Molecular Medicine, San Diego Calif 92121, USA
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38
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Brownstein C, Deora AB, Jacovina AT, Weintraub R, Gertler M, Khan KMF, Falcone DJ, Hajjar KA. Annexin II mediates plasminogen-dependent matrix invasion by human monocytes: enhanced expression by macrophages. Blood 2004; 103:317-24. [PMID: 14504107 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-04-1304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractMonocytes and macrophages participate in a wide variety of host defense mechanisms. Annexin II, a fibrinolytic receptor, binds plasminogen and tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) independently at the cell surface, thereby enhancing the catalytic efficiency of plasmin production. We demonstrated previously that annexin II on the surface of both cultured monocytoid cells and monocyte-derived macrophages promotes their ability to remodel extracellular matrix. Here, we demonstrate that human peripheral blood monocytes represent the major circulating annexin II–expressing cell. Annexin II supported t-PA–dependent generation of cell surface plasmin and the matrix-penetrating activity of human monocytes. Compared to polymorphonuclear leukocytes, monocytes supported a 12.9-fold greater rate of plasmin generation in the presence of exogenous t-PA, and this activity was largely attributable to annexin II. Likewise, anti–annexin II IgG directed against the t-PA–binding tail domain inhibited plasminogen-dependent, cytokine-directed monocyte migration through extracellular matrix. On differentiation of monocytes to macrophages, there was a 2.4-fold increase in annexin II–specific mRNA, and a 7.9-fold increase in surface annexin II. Thioglycolate-elicited peritoneal macrophages, furthermore, displayed an additional 3.8-fold increase in annexin II surface expression compared with resident cells. Thus, annexin II–mediated assembly of plasminogen and t-PA on monocyte/macrophages contributes to plasmin generation, matrix remodeling, and directed migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie Brownstein
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
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39
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Besta F, Müller I, Lorenz M, Massberg S, Bültmann A, Cabeza N, Richter T, Kremmer E, Nothdurfter C, Brand K, Gawaz M. Reduced β3-endonexin levels are associated with enhanced urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor expression in ApoE−/− mice. Thromb Res 2004; 114:283-92. [PMID: 15381392 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2004.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2003] [Revised: 02/19/2004] [Accepted: 02/23/2004] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Proteolysis of extracellular matrix components is required for cell migration occurring in atherosclerotic lesion formation. In the present study, gene expression of the urokinase plasmingen activator receptor (uPAR) and underlying mechanisms were analyzed during the development of atherosclerosis in the aorta of apolipoprotein E-deficient mice (apoE(-/-)). A significant increase of uPAR expression was detected in the atherosclerotic tissue with advancing plaque-dimension. As uPAR gene transcription involves the transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB), we analyzed nuclear NF-kappaB activity in vascular tissue of apoE-deficient mice. Congruent to uPAR, we could detect an increase in NF-kappaB activity, which underlines the chronic inflammatory component of the disease. Recently we reported that beta(3)-endonexin, a protein that modulates beta(3)-integrins, regulates uPAR expression through direct interaction with subunits of the NF-kappaB-complex. Herein we could show that beta(3)-endonexin protein is expressed in aortic tissue of mice. Moreover, in contrast to uPAR or NF-kappaB, the expression of beta(3)-endonexin was reduced in extracts of advanced atherosclerotic aortic tissue. The cytoplasmic protein beta(3)-endonexin regulates function of beta(3)-integrins. We revealed that integrin stimulation of endothelial cells led to an enhanced NF-kappaB activity and secretion of the NF-kappaB dependent chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1). The beta(3)-integrin dependent increase in MCP-1 was notedly reduced in cells that overexpressed beta(3)-endonexin. These results provide strong evidence that beta(3)-endonexin acts as a regulating factor in the integrin-mediated signal transduction and the present findings imply a pathophysiological role of beta(3)-endonexin in atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Besta
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Lazarettstrasse 36, 80636 Munich, Germany
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40
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Eliasson MCE, Jansson JH, Lindahl B, Stegmayr B. High levels of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) antigen precede the development of type 2 diabetes in a longitudinal population study. The Northern Sweden MONICA study. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2003; 2:19. [PMID: 14690546 PMCID: PMC328088 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-2-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2003] [Accepted: 12/22/2003] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Impaired fibrinolysis is found in impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes, associated with components of the metabolic syndrome. There are no data concerning fibrinolysis in subjects with normal glucose tolerance that convert to diabetes. Methods We studied the activities of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and the levels of tPA antigen (a marker of endothelial dysfunction) in 551 subjects with normal glucose tolerance in 1990 in relation to incident diabetes during nine years of follow-up. Results Subjects with diabetes at follow-up (n = 15) had significantly lower baseline tPA activity and higher PAI-1 activity and tPA antigen than non-converters. The risk of diabetes increased linearly across quartiles of PAI-activity (p = 0.007) and tPA antigen (p < 0.001) and decreased across quartiles of tPA activity (p = 0.026). The risk of diabetes with low tPA activity or high PAI-1 activity persisted after adjustment for age and sex but diminished to a non-significant level after further adjustments. The odds ratio of diabetes for high tPA antigen was 10.4 (95% confidence interval 2.7–40) adjusted for age and sex. After further adjustment for diastolic blood pressure, waist circumference, insulin, triglycerides, fasting and post load glucose the odds ratio was 6.5 (1.3–33, p = 0.024). Conclusions Impaired fibrinolysis and endothelial dysfunction are evident in subjects with normal glucose tolerance who later develop diabetes. High tPA antigen is predictive of future diabetes independent from the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mats CE Eliasson
- Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, SE-901 85 Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Medicine, Sunderby Hospital, SE-971 80 Luleå, Sweden
| | - Jan-Håkan Jansson
- Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, SE-901 85 Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Medicine, Skellefteå Hospital, SE-931 86 Skellefteå, Sweden
| | - Bernt Lindahl
- Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, SE-901 85 Umeå, Sweden
- Behavioural Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, SE-971 80 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Birgitta Stegmayr
- Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, SE-901 85 Umeå, Sweden
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41
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Meilhac O, Ho-Tin-Noé B, Houard X, Philippe M, Michel JB, Anglés-Cano E. Pericellular plasmin induces smooth muscle cell anoikis. FASEB J 2003; 17:1301-3. [PMID: 12738809 DOI: 10.1096/fj.02-0687fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Smooth muscle cell (SMC) rarefaction is involved in the development of several vascular pathologies. We suggest that the plasminogen activation system is a potential extracellular signal that can induce pericellular proteolysis and apoptosis of vascular SMCs. Using primary cultures of arterial SMCs, we show that plasmin generated from plasminogen on the cell surface induces cell retraction and fibronectin fragmentation, leading to detachment and morphological/biochemical changes characteristic of apoptosis (also called anoikis). The generation of cell-bound plasmin mediated by tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA), constitutively expressed by VSMCs, requires binding of plasminogen to the cell surface and is inhibited by epsilon-aminocaproic acid (IC50=0.9+/-0.2 mM), a competitor of plasminogen binding to membrane glycoproteins. Conversely, addition of alpha2-antiplasmin, which blocks free plasmin in the cell supernatant, could not fully prevent anoikis. Finally, an MMP inhibitor failed to prevent VSMC anoikis, arguing for a direct involvement of plasmin in this phenomenon. Indeed, similar changes are induced by plasmin directly added to VSMCs or to arterial rings, ex-vivo. We show for the first time that pathological anoikis can be triggered by a process that requires functional assembly of the plasminogen activation system on the surface of VSMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Meilhac
- INSERM U460, CHU Bichat-Claude Bernard, 75018 Paris, France.
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42
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Gruber F, Hufnagl P, Hofer-Warbinek R, Schmid JA, Breuss JM, Huber-Beckmann R, Lucerna M, Papac N, Harant H, Lindley I, de Martin R, Binder BR. Direct binding of Nur77/NAK-1 to the plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) promoter regulates TNF alpha -induced PAI-1 expression. Blood 2003; 101:3042-8. [PMID: 12506026 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-07-2331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) is the main fibrinolysis inhibitor, and high plasma levels are associated with an increased risk for vascular diseases. Inflammatory cytokines regulate PAI-1 through a hitherto unclear mechanism. Using reporter gene analysis, we could identify a region in the PAI-1 promoter that contributes to basal expression as well as to tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) induction of PAI-1 in endothelial cells. Using this region as bait in a genetic screen, we could identify Nur77 (NAK-1, TR3, NR4A1) as an inducible DNA-binding protein that binds specifically to the PAI-1 promoter. Nur77 drives transcription of PAI-1 through direct binding to an NGFI-B responsive element (NBRE), indicating monomeric binding and a ligand-independent mechanism. Nur77, itself, is transcriptionally up-regulated by TNFalpha. High expression levels of Nur77 and its colocalization with PAI-1 in atherosclerotic tissues indicate that the described mechanism for PAI-1 regulation may also be operative in vivo.
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MESH Headings
- Arteriosclerosis/metabolism
- Binding Sites
- Cells, Cultured/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured/metabolism
- Consensus Sequence
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Humans
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1
- Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1/biosynthesis
- Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1/genetics
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Protein Binding
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear
- Receptors, Steroid
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
- Transcription, Genetic/genetics
- Transfection
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/drug effects
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/metabolism
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Gruber
- Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, University of Vienna, Austria
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43
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Dixon B, Santamaria JD, Campbell DJ. Plasminogen activator inhibitor activity is associated with raised lactate levels after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Crit Care Med 2003; 31:1053-9. [PMID: 12682472 DOI: 10.1097/01.ccm.0000055390.97331.db] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the pathophysiology underlying raised lactate levels after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). DESIGN Prospective observational study. SETTING Medical and surgical intensive care unit of a tertiary hospital. PATIENTS A total of 40 patients undergoing first-time coronary artery bypass grafting with CPB. INTERVENTIONS The prothrombotic response to cardiac surgery with CPB was assessed by measuring plasma levels of prothrombin fragment 1 + 2 and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI) activity. The hemodynamic responses to cardiac surgery with CPB were also measured using standard techniques. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS After cardiac surgery, prothrombin fragment 1 + 2 levels increased 6-fold and PAI activity increase 2- to 3-fold (p <.0001). Lactate levels were not associated with prothrombin fragment 1 + 2 and PAI activity levels after CPB. Lactate levels were associated with baseline PAI activity (p =.006), a history of hypertension (p =.02), raised baseline lactate levels (p =.02), an early increase in body temperature after CPB (p =.05), a late increase in oxygen consumption after CPB (p =.03), and a raised white cell count after CPB (p =.06). Lactate levels were inversely associated with the maximum activated clotting time level reached during CPB (p =.02). Multivariate linear regression demonstrated lactate levels were independently associated with baseline PAI activity. CONCLUSION We found cardiac surgery with CPB was associated with a marked prothrombotic response. Lactate levels were associated with elevated baseline PAI activity and evidence of an amplified inflammatory response to cardiac surgery with CPB. Our findings implicate aspects of the inflammatory response, including microvascular thrombosis, in the development of raised lactate levels after cardiac surgery with CPB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry Dixon
- Intensive Care Centre, St. Vincent's Hospital, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Australia
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44
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Hoekstra T, Geleijnse JM, de Waart F, Nederhand R, Kluft C, Kok FJ, Schouten EG. The 4G/5G-polymorphism in the PAI-1 gene is not associated with markers of atherosclerosis in male smokers. Thromb Res 2002; 107:115-9. [PMID: 12431476 DOI: 10.1016/s0049-3848(02)00254-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tiny Hoekstra
- Division of Human Nutrition and Epidemiology, Wageningen University, PO Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands
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45
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Kaikita K, Schoenhard JA, Painter CA, Ripley RT, Brown NJ, Fogo AB, Vaughan DE. Potential roles of plasminogen activator system in coronary vascular remodeling induced by long-term nitric oxide synthase inhibition. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2002; 34:617-27. [PMID: 12054849 DOI: 10.1006/jmcc.2002.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have indicated that a number of factors contribute to the pathophysiology in response to nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibition. We previously demonstrated that plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 deficient (PAI-1-/-) mice are protected against hypertension and perivascular fibrosis induced by relatively short-term NOS inhibition. In this study, we compared the temporal changes in systolic blood pressure and coronary perivascular fibrosis induced by long-term treatment with N(omega)-nitro- L -arginine methyl ester (L -NAME) in wild type (WT), PAI-1(-/-) and tissue-type plasminogen activator deficient (t-PA-/-) mice. After initiating L -NAME, systolic blood pressure increased in all groups at 2 weeks. Over a 16 week study period, systolic blood pressure increased to 143+/-3 mmHg (mean+/-SEM) in WT animals, 139+/-2 in t-PA-/- mice vs 129+/-2 in PAI-1-/- mice (P < 0.01). Coronary perivascular fibrosis increased in L -NAME-treated WT and t-PA(-/-) mice compared to each control group (P<0.01 in WT, P<0.05 in t-PA-/-), while PAI-1-/- mice were protected against fibrosis induced by L -NAME. t-PA deficiency did not accentuate the vascular pathology or the changes in blood pressure. In situ zymography demonstrated augmented gelatinolytic activity in PAI-1-/- mice at baseline, suggesting that PAI-1 deficiency prevents the increase of collagen deposition by promoting matrix degradation. Plasma TGF-beta1 levels increased in L -NAME-treated WT and PAI-1-/- mice (P < 0.01), but not in L -NAME-treated t-PA-/- mice. These findings support the hypothesis that the plasminogen activator system protects against the structural vascular changes induced by long-term NOS inhibition. While PAI-1 deficiency protects against L -NAME-induced hypertension and perivascular fibrosis, t-PA deficiency does not exacerbate the vascular pathology or hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Kaikita
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
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46
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Sawka AM, Singh RJ, Hiddinga HJ, McConnell JP, Eberhardt NL, Caplice NM, O'Brien T. Remnant lipoproteins induce endothelial plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 285:15-9. [PMID: 11437365 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.5117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Remnant lipoproteins (RLPs) accumulate in type III hyperlipoproteinemia, a condition associated with significant cardiovascular morbidity. The effect of RLPs on fibrinolysis is unknown. Our aim was to study the effect of RLPs on endothelial expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). After 24-h culture of human aortic endothelial cells with RLPs at concentrations of 0 (control), 0.038, or 0.076 mg triglyceride/mL, postculture PAI-1 antigen concentrations were: 870 +/- 80, 1963 +/- 183 (P = 0.005), and 3551 +/- 177 ng/mL (P < 0.001), respectively. Furthermore, after 24-h incubation of endothelial cells with RLPs (0 or 0.076 mg triglyceride/mL), PAI-1 activity increased from 0.667 +/- 0.144 to 1.268 +/- 0.198 U/mL, respectively (P = 0.008) and endothelial PAI-1 mRNA increased to 2.7 +/- 0.66 that of control (P = 0.048). In conclusion, RLPs from patients with type III hyperlipoproteinemia induce endothelial cell PAI-1 expression, which may contribute to a prothrombotic state.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Sawka
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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