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Munawwar R, Sarfaraz S, Ikram R, Zehra T, Anser H, Ali H. Anxiolytic and Antidepressant Effect of Phaseolus vulgaris on Animal Models. SCIENTIFICA 2024; 2024:5710969. [PMID: 38690099 PMCID: PMC11060873 DOI: 10.1155/2024/5710969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
An experimental study was conducted using rodents at different doses to evaluate the effect of Phaseolus vulgaris (red beans) on cage crossing, head dip, open field, elevated plus maze, and light and dark apparatus for anxiety and forced swim test for depression. The corticosterone level and histopathological evaluation was also done to correlate the antidepressive impact of the red beans. The study also identified the components responsible for the effect using GCMS. Based on the findings, red beans could be a potential non-pharmacological therapy for mild to moderate depressive patients. The anxiety model was conducted on mice weighing 20-25 gms. Group I was taken as control, group II as 500 mg/kg and group III as administered 1000 mg/kg. The tests were performed on 0th, 7th, 15th, 30th, 45th, and 60th day. The depression model research was conducted on albino rats weighing between 180 and 200 g, divided into four groups: a control group, a 500 mg/kg Phaseolus vulgaris group, a 1000 mg/kg Phaseolus vulgaris group, and a standard group treated with fluoxetine. The forced swimming test was performed on days 0, 7, 15, 30, 45, and 60, after which histopathological evaluations were conducted and blood samples were taken to assess corticosterone levels. GCMS was used to identify the constituents present in red beans, while optical spectroscopy was used to detect minerals and ions. Results showed that both doses of Phaseolus vulgaris possess anxiolytic effect and increased the struggling time of rats in depression model significantly, with the 1000 mg/kg dose showing more significant results than the 500 mg/kg dose. The GCMS results identified the presence of erucic acid, which causes an increase in α-amylase, thus reducing depression. Optical spectroscopy also showed that red beans contain zinc, which may increase BDNF and help in treating depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Munawwar
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Rafiqui H.J, Iqbal Shaheed Rd 75510, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Sana Sarfaraz
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Karachi, Main University Rd 75270, Karachi, NC-24, Deh Dih, Korangi Creek 74900, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Rahila Ikram
- Dean of Salim Habib University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Talat Zehra
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Rafiqui H.J, Iqbal Shaheed Rd 75510, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Humaira Anser
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Rafiqui H.J, Iqbal Shaheed Rd 75510, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Huma Ali
- Principal of Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Rafiqui H.J, Iqbal Shaheed Rd 75510, Karachi, Pakistan
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Takebayashi K, Echizenya K, Kameya Y, Nakajima D, Nakayama R, Fujishima Y, Goh VST, Abe Y, Kasai K, Anderson DA, Blakely WF, Miura T. Mitotic index maximization with no effect on radiation-induced dicentric chromosome frequency. Int J Radiat Biol 2022; 99:750-759. [PMID: 36318780 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2023.2142981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The dicentric chromosome (Dic) assay, which is the gold standard for biological dose assessment in radiation emergency medicine, requires an analysis of at least 500 lymphocyte metaphases or 100 Dic aberrations. Therefore, peripheral blood culture conditions able to obtain a high frequency of metaphases for efficient dose evaluation should be optimized. However, the type of blood cultures [i.e. whole blood (WB) or isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC)-culture] and blood volume differ between biodosimetry laboratories. The purpose of this study is to investigate the blood volume at which a high mitotic index (MI) is obtained in peripheral WB-culture and isolated PBMC-culture, and to examine the possible effect of blood volume on radiation-induced Dic frequency. MATERIALS AND METHODS Peripheral blood was collected from three healthy donors with their informed consent. The complete and differential blood counts were performed using an automated hematology analyzer. After blood count, peripheral blood was irradiated with 0 or 2 Gy X-ray. Blood was cultured with phytohemagglutinin (180 μg/ml) and demecolcine (0.05 μg/ml) for 48 h. The MI and Dic frequency were analyzed in 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30% WB-cultures and 0.6, 1.2, 1.8, 2.4, 3.0, 3.6, and 4.2 ml WB-equivalent PBMC-cultures. RESULTS In WB-culture, MI showed the highest value (∼22%) in 5-15% WB-culture and then gradually decreased to ∼9% with 30% WB-culture. MI peaked at 36 and 31% in 1.8 and 2.4 ml-WB equivalent volumes for PMBC-cultures, respectively. MI progressively decreased as the amount of PBMCs increased. Although individual differences were observed in the MI values among the three subjects, all the subjects showed the same tendency and higher MI was seen in PBMC than WB-cultures. However, these factors had no significant impact on the yield of Dics. In all culture conditions, the estimated dose calculated based on the Dic frequency was equivalent to the absorbed dose of ex vivo X-ray-irradiated blood. CONCLUSION While MI was affected by the blood culture type and the volume of cultured blood, Dic yield did not differ significantly between these conditions. These results could be used by relevant laboratories to optimize MI in certain circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Takebayashi
- Department of Risk Analysis and Biodosimetry, Institute of Radiation Emergency Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan
- Department of Bioscience and Laboratory Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Keito Echizenya
- Department of Risk Analysis and Biodosimetry, Institute of Radiation Emergency Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Yuki Kameya
- Department of Risk Analysis and Biodosimetry, Institute of Radiation Emergency Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Daichi Nakajima
- Department of Risk Analysis and Biodosimetry, Institute of Radiation Emergency Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Ryo Nakayama
- Department of Risk Analysis and Biodosimetry, Institute of Radiation Emergency Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan
- Department of Bioscience and Laboratory Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Yohei Fujishima
- Department of Risk Analysis and Biodosimetry, Institute of Radiation Emergency Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Valerie Swee Ting Goh
- Department of Radiobiology, Singapore Nuclear Research and Safety Initiative, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yu Abe
- Department of Radiation Biology and Protection, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kosuke Kasai
- Department of Bioscience and Laboratory Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Donovan A. Anderson
- Department of Risk Analysis and Biodosimetry, Institute of Radiation Emergency Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - William F. Blakely
- Scientific Research Department, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute (AFRRI), Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tomisato Miura
- Department of Risk Analysis and Biodosimetry, Institute of Radiation Emergency Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan
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Wang Y, He S, Zhou F, Sun H, Cao X, Ye Y, Li J. Detection of Lectin Protein Allergen of Kidney Beans ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and Desensitization Food Processing Technology. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:14723-14741. [PMID: 34251800 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c02801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
With the increase of food allergy events related to not properly cooked kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), more and more researchers are paying attention to the sensitization potential of lectin, one of the major storage and defensive proteins with the specific carbohydrate-binding activity. The immunoglobulin E (IgE), non-IgE, and mixed allergic reactions induced by the lectins were inducted in the current paper, and the detection methods of kidney bean lectin, including the purification strategies, hemagglutination activity, specific polysaccharide or glycoprotein interactions, antibody combinations, mass spectrometry methods, and allergomics strategies, were summarized, while various food processing aspects, such as the physical thermal processing, physical non-thermal processing, chemical modifications, and biological treatments, were reviewed in the potential of sensitization reduction. It might be the first comprehensive review on lectin allergen detection from kidney bean and the desensitization strategy in food processing and will provide a basis for food safety control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfei Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-process of Ministry of Education, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, People's Republic of China
| | - Shudong He
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-process of Ministry of Education, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, People's Republic of China
| | - Fanlin Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-process of Ministry of Education, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanju Sun
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-process of Ministry of Education, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Cao
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-process of Ministry of Education, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongkang Ye
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-process of Ministry of Education, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Li
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, People's Republic of China
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Acedo-Espinoza E, Lagarda-Diaz I, Cabrera R, Guzman-Partida AM, Maldonado-Arce A, Ortega-Nieblas MM, Chan-Chan L, Vázquez-Moreno L. Insights into the Structural Features, Conformational Stability and Functional Activity of the Olneya tesota PF2 Lectin. Protein Pept Lett 2021; 28:403-413. [PMID: 32798370 DOI: 10.2174/0929866527666200813204303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The O. tesota lectin PF2 is a tetrameric protein with subunits of 33 kDa that recognizes only complex carbohydrates, resistant to proteolytic enzymes and has insecticidal activity against Phaseolus beans pest. OBJECTIVE To explore PF2 lectin features at different protein structural levels and to evaluate the effect of temperature and pH on its functionality and conformational stability. METHODS PF2 lectin was purified by affinity chromatography. Its primary structure was resolved by mass spectrometry and analyzed by bioinformatic tools, including its tertiary structure homology modeling. The effect of temperature and pH on its conformational traits and stability was addressed by dynamic light scattering, circular dichroism, and intrinsic fluorescence. The hemagglutinating activity was evaluated using a suspension of peripheral blood erythrocytes. RESULTS The proposed PF2 folding comprises a high content of beta sheets. At pH 7 and 25°C, the hydrodynamic diameter (Dh) was found to be 12.3 nm which corresponds to the oligomeric native state of PF2 lectin. Dh increased under the other evaluated pH and temperature conditions, suggesting protein aggregation. At basic pH, PF2 exhibited low conformational stability. The native PF2 (pH 7) retained its full hemagglutinating activity up to 45°C and exhibited one transition state with a melting temperature of 76.8°C. CONCLUSION PF2 showed distinctive characteristics found in legume lectins. The pH influences the functionality and conformational stability of the protein. PF2 lectin displayed a relatively narrow thermostability to the loss of secondary structure and hemagglutinating activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Acedo-Espinoza
- Departamento de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora 83000, Mexico
| | | | - Rosina Cabrera
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Agrobiotecnología Alimentaria (Consortium between Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo and Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco), Pachuca Ciudad del Conocimiento y la Cultura, San Agustín Tlaxiaca, Hidalgo 42163, Mexico
| | - Ana M Guzman-Partida
- CONACyT- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C., Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, Mexico
| | - Amir Maldonado-Arce
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora 83000, Mexico
| | - María M Ortega-Nieblas
- Departamento de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora 83000, Mexico
| | | | - Luz Vázquez-Moreno
- CONACyT- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C., Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, Mexico
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Ekowati H, Arai J, Damana Putri AS, Nainu F, Shiratsuchi A, Nakanishi Y. Protective effects of Phaseolus vulgaris lectin against viral infection in Drosophila. Drug Discov Ther 2019; 11:329-335. [PMID: 29332891 DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2017.01071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Phytohemagglutinin (PHA) isolated from the family of Phaseolus vulgaris beans is a promising agent against viral infection; however, it has not yet been demonstrated in vivo. We herein investigated this issue using Drosophila as a host. Adult flies were fed lectin approximately 12 h before they were subjected to a systemic viral infection. After a fatal infection with Drosophila C virus, death was delayed and survival was longer in flies fed PHA-P, a mixture of L4, L3E1, and L2E2, than in control unfed flies. We then examined PHA-L4, anticipating subunit L as the active form, and confirmed the protective effects of this lectin at markedly lower concentrations than PHA-P. In both experiments, lectin feeding reduced the viral load prior to the onset of fly death. Furthermore, we found a dramatic increase in the levels of the mRNAs of phagocytosis receptors in flies after feeding with PHA-L4 while a change in the levels of the mRNAs of antimicrobial peptides was marginal. We concluded that P. vulgaris PHA protects Drosophila against viral infection by augmenting the level of host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heny Ekowati
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University.,Faculty of Health Science, Jenderal Soedirman University
| | - Junko Arai
- Product Development Laboratory, J-Oil Mills, Inc
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He S, Simpson BK, Sun H, Ngadi MO, Ma Y, Huang T. Phaseolus vulgaris lectins: A systematic review of characteristics and health implications. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 58:70-83. [PMID: 26479307 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2015.1096234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Legume lectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins of non-immune origin. Significant amounts of lectins have been found in Phaseolus vulgaris beans as far back as in the last century; however, many questions about their potential biological roles still remain obscure. Studies have shown that lectins are anti-nutritional factors that can cause intestinal disorders. Owing to their ability to act as toxic allergens and hemagglutinins, the Phaseolus vulgaris lectins are of grave concern for human health and safety. Nonetheless, their potential beneficial health effects, such as anti-cancer, anti-human immunodeficiency virus (anti-HIV), anti-microbial infection, preventing mucosal atrophy, reducing type 2 diabetes and obesity, promoting nutrients absorption and targeting drugs, are of immense interest. The significance of Phaseolus vulgaris lectins in biological researches and the potential biomedical applications have placed tremendous emphasis on the development of purification strategies to obtain the protein in pure and stable forms. These purification strategies entail considerations such as effects of proteolysis, heating, gamma radiation, and high-hydrostatic-pressure that can have crucial outcomes in either eliminating or improving bioactivities of the lectins. Thus, up-to-date research findings of Phaseolus vulgaris lectins on different aspects such as anti-nutritional and health impacts, purification strategies and novel processing trends, are systematically reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shudong He
- a School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering , Hefei University of Technology , Hefei , Anhui , China.,b School of Food Science and Engineering , Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin , Heilongjiang , China.,c Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry , Macdonald Campus, McGill University , Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec , Canada
| | - Benjamin K Simpson
- c Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry , Macdonald Campus, McGill University , Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec , Canada
| | - Hanju Sun
- a School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering , Hefei University of Technology , Hefei , Anhui , China
| | - Michael O Ngadi
- d Department of Bioresource Engineering , Macdonald Campus, McGill University , Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec , Canada
| | - Ying Ma
- b School of Food Science and Engineering , Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin , Heilongjiang , China
| | - Tiemin Huang
- e Advanced Electrophoresis Solutions Ltd. , Cambridge , Ontario , Canada
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7
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Legume Lectins: Proteins with Diverse Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18061242. [PMID: 28604616 PMCID: PMC5486065 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Lectins are a diverse class of proteins distributed extensively in nature. Among these proteins; legume lectins display a variety of interesting features including antimicrobial; insecticidal and antitumor activities. Because lectins recognize and bind to specific glycoconjugates present on the surface of cells and intracellular structures; they can serve as potential target molecules for developing practical applications in the fields of food; agriculture; health and pharmaceutical research. This review presents the current knowledge of the main structural characteristics of legume lectins and the relationship of structure to the exhibited specificities; provides an overview of their particular antimicrobial; insecticidal and antitumor biological activities and describes possible applications based on the pattern of recognized glyco-targets.
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Catera M, Borelli V, Malagolini N, Chiricolo M, Venturi G, Reis CA, Osorio H, Abruzzo PM, Capri M, Monti D, Ostan R, Franceschi C, Dall'Olio F. Identification of novel plasma glycosylation-associated markers of aging. Oncotarget 2016; 7:7455-68. [PMID: 26840264 PMCID: PMC4884931 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The pro- or anti-inflammatory activities of immunoglobulins G (IgGs) are controlled by the structure of the glycan N-linked to Asn297 of their heavy chain. The age-associated low grade inflammation (inflammaging) is associated with increased plasmatic levels of agalactosylated IgGs terminating with N-acetylglucosamine (IgG-G0) whose biogenesis has not been fully explained. Although the biosynthesis of glycans is in general mediated by glycosyltransferases associated with internal cell membranes, the extracellular glycosylation of circulating glycoproteins mediated by plasmatic glycosyltransferases has been recently demonstrated. In this study we have investigated the relationship between plasmatic glycosyltransferases, IgG glycosylation and inflammatory and aging markers. In cohorts of individuals ranging from infancy to centenarians we determined the activity of plasmatic β4 galactosyltransferase(s) (B4GALTs) and of α2,6-sialyltransferase ST6GAL1, the glycosylation of IgG, the GlycoAge test (a glycosylation-based marker of aging) and the plasma level of inflammatory and liver damage markers. Our results show that: 1) plasmatic B4GALTs activity is a new marker of aging, showing a linear increase throughout the whole age range. 2) plasmatic ST6GAL1 was high only in children and in people above 80, showing a quadratic relationship with age. 3) Neither plasmatic glycosyltransferase correlated with markers of liver damage. 4) plasmatic ST6GAL1 showed a positive association with acute phase proteins in offspring of short lived parents, but not in centenarians or in their offspring. 5) Although the glycosylation of IgGs was not correlated with the level of the two plasmatic glycosyltransferases, it showed progressive age-associated changes consistent with a shift toward a pro-inflammatory glycotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariangela Catera
- Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica Diagnostica e Sperimentale (DIMES) University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Borelli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica Diagnostica e Sperimentale (DIMES) University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Nadia Malagolini
- Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica Diagnostica e Sperimentale (DIMES) University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mariella Chiricolo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica Diagnostica e Sperimentale (DIMES) University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia Venturi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica Diagnostica e Sperimentale (DIMES) University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Celso A Reis
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (Institute for Research and Innovation in Health), University of Porto, and Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of The University of Porto IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine of The University of Porto, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, Porto, Portugal
| | - Hugo Osorio
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (Institute for Research and Innovation in Health), University of Porto, and Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of The University of Porto IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine of The University of Porto, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, Porto, Portugal
| | - Provvidenza M Abruzzo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica Diagnostica e Sperimentale (DIMES) University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Miriam Capri
- Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica Diagnostica e Sperimentale (DIMES) University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Daniela Monti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Sperimentali e Cliniche "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Rita Ostan
- Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica Diagnostica e Sperimentale (DIMES) University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Franceschi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica Diagnostica e Sperimentale (DIMES) University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Fabio Dall'Olio
- Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica Diagnostica e Sperimentale (DIMES) University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Bílková B, Albrecht T, Chudíčková M, Holáň V, Piálek J, Vinkler M. Application of Concanavalin A during immune responsiveness skin-swelling tests facilitates measurement interpretation in mammalian ecology. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:4551-64. [PMID: 27386096 PMCID: PMC4931001 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin‐swelling test is a simple and widespread method used in field ecological research to estimate cellular immune responsiveness in animals. This immunoecological test is based on measuring the magnitude of tissue swelling response at specific times following subcutaneous application of an experimental pro‐inflammatory stimulant. In the vast majority of studies across vertebrate taxa, phytohemagglutinin (PHA) is used as a universal stimulant. Given the complexity of immune response activation pathways of PHA, however, interpretation of test results can be ambiguous. Goal of this study was to improve methodology of the skin‐swelling test to decrease this ambiguity. Here, we present an alternative protocol aimed at facilitating interpretation of skin‐swelling data for mammals. Based on previous evidence suggesting that mammalian T cells are readily activated by Concanavalin A (ConA) in vitro, we compared cellular immune responses in vivo to PHA and ConA as an alternative pro‐inflammatory stimulant in mice. We measured magnitude of tissue swelling and compared it with intensity of blood cell infiltration into tissue over a 72‐hour interval. Our results corroborate that PHA and ConA show important differences in both dynamics and response amplitude in rodents. ConA induces stronger swelling with a distinct leukocyte activity pattern and higher pro‐inflammatory cytokine (interleukin 6 [IL‐6] and interferon gamma[IFN‐γ]) expression than PHA during peak response (24‐h post‐treatment). Furthermore, unlike PHA, magnitude of swelling was positively associated with cellular activity (number of neutrophils infiltrating tissue) following ConA injection. We conclude that ConA is the more suitable stimulant for skin‐swelling tests in mammals. This is because of the molecular binding specificity in the two lectins, that is, ConA specifically activates T cells while PHA also triggers erythroagglutination. We propose that ConA be used in all future ecological testing in mammals as it exhibits better performance and its application facilitates immunological interpretation of skin‐swelling test results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Bílková
- Department of Zoology Faculty of Science Charles University in Prague Viničná 7 128 44 Praha Czech Republic, EU
| | - Tomáš Albrecht
- Department of Zoology Faculty of Science Charles University in Prague Viničná 7128 44 Praha Czech Republic, EU; Research Facility Studenec Institute of Vertebrate Biology Czech Academy of Sciences Květná 8603 65 Brno Czech Republic, EU
| | - Milada Chudíčková
- Institute of Experimental Medicine Czech Academy of Sciences Vídeňská 1083 142 20 Praha 4 Czech Republic, EU
| | - Vladimír Holáň
- Institute of Experimental Medicine Czech Academy of Sciences Vídeňská 1083 142 20 Praha 4 Czech Republic, EU
| | - Jaroslav Piálek
- Research Facility Studenec Institute of Vertebrate Biology Czech Academy of Sciences Květná 8 603 65 Brno Czech Republic, EU
| | - Michal Vinkler
- Department of Zoology Faculty of Science Charles University in Prague Viničná 7 128 44 Praha Czech Republic, EU
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10
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Lu Y, Liu C, Zhao M, Cui C, Ren J. Structure and Activity Changes of Phytohemagglutinin from Red Kidney Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) Affected by Ultrahigh-Pressure Treatments. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:9513-9519. [PMID: 26416299 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b03337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Phytohemagglutin (PHA), purified from red kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) by Affi-Gel blue affinity chromatography, was subjected to ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) treatment (150, 250, 350, and 450 MPa). The purified PHA lost its hemagglutination activity after 450 MPa treatment and showed less pressure tolerance than crude PHA. However, the saccharide specificity and α-glucosidase inhibition activity of the purified PHA did not change much after UHP treatment. Electrophoresis staining by periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) manifested that the glycone structure of purified PHA remained stable even after 450 MPa pressure treatment. However, electrophoresis staining by Coomassie Blue as well as circular dichroism (CD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) assay proved that the protein unit structure of purified PHA unfolded when treated at 0-250 MPa but reaggregates at 250-450 MPa. Therefore, the hemagglutination activity tends to be affected by the protein unit structure, while the stability of the glycone structure contributed to the remaining α-glucosidase inhibition activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjun Lu
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Cencen Liu
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Mouming Zhao
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun Cui
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaoyan Ren
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, People's Republic of China
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Bílková B, Vinklerová J, Vinkler M. The relationship between health and cell-mediated immunity measured in ecology: Phytohaemagglutinin skin-swelling test mirrors blood cellular composition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 323:767-777. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Bílková
- Department of Zoology; Faculty of Science; Charles University in Prague; Viničná 7 Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Vinklerová
- Department of Zoology; Faculty of Science; Charles University in Prague; Viničná 7 Czech Republic
| | - Michal Vinkler
- Department of Zoology; Faculty of Science; Charles University in Prague; Viničná 7 Czech Republic
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Environmental mold and mycotoxin exposures elicit specific cytokine and chemokine responses. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126926. [PMID: 26010737 PMCID: PMC4444319 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Molds can cause respiratory symptoms and asthma. We sought to use isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to understand changes in cytokine and chemokine levels in response to mold and mycotoxin exposures and to link these levels with respiratory symptoms in humans. We did this by utilizing an ex vivo assay approach to differentiate mold-exposed patients and unexposed controls. While circulating plasma chemokine and cytokine levels from these two groups might be similar, we hypothesized that by challenging their isolated white blood cells with mold or mold extracts, we would see a differential chemokine and cytokine release. Methods and Findings Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from blood from 33 patients with a history of mold exposures and from 17 controls. Cultured PBMCs were incubated with the most prominent Stachybotrys chartarum mycotoxin, satratoxin G, or with aqueous mold extract, ionomycin, or media, each with or without PMA. Additional PBMCs were exposed to spores of Aspergillus niger, Cladosporium herbarum and Penicillium chrysogenum. After 18 hours, cytokines and chemokines released into the culture medium were measured by multiplex assay. Clinical histories, physical examinations and pulmonary function tests were also conducted. After ex vivo PBMC exposures to molds or mycotoxins, the chemokine and cytokine profiles from patients with a history of mold exposure were significantly different from those of unexposed controls. In contrast, biomarker profiles from cells exposed to media alone showed no difference between the patients and controls. Conclusions These findings demonstrate that chronic mold exposures induced changes in inflammatory and immune system responses to specific mold and mycotoxin challenges. These responses can differentiate mold-exposed patients from unexposed controls. This strategy may be a powerful approach to document immune system responsiveness to molds and other inflammation-inducing environmental agents.
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Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of Suilectin™ (Phaseolus vulgarislectins) as a zootechnical additive for suckling piglets (performance enhancer). EFSA J 2015. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2015.3903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Mallikarjunan N, Marathe S, Rajalakshmi D, Mahesh S, Jamdar S, Sharma A. Effect of ionizing radiation on structural and functional attributes of red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) lectin. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2014.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Nagae M, Soga K, Morita-Matsumoto K, Hanashima S, Ikeda A, Yamamoto K, Yamaguchi Y. Phytohemagglutinin from Phaseolus vulgaris (PHA-E) displays a novel glycan recognition mode using a common legume lectin fold. Glycobiology 2014; 24:368-78. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwu004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Michelin MA, Abdalla DR, Aleixo AAR, Murta EFC. Peripheral helper lymphocytes produce interleukin 12 in cancer patients. CLINICAL MEDICINE INSIGHTS-ONCOLOGY 2013; 7:75-81. [PMID: 23515751 PMCID: PMC3595986 DOI: 10.4137/cmo.s11292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to seek evidence for the production of IL-12 by CD4(+) T lymphocytes in in vitro and ex vivo trials. We performed in vitro trials with spleen cells from mice subjected to carcinogenesis, as well as ex vivo trials with cells obtained from the peripheral blood of healthy individuals and cancer patients. We were able to verify a significantly increased expression of IL-12 in CD4(+) T lymphocytes from mice and patients with tumors, compared to controls. Follow-up studies are needed to clarify whether this difference is related to being in a chronic disease state or whether it is an attempt by the immune system to produce an anti-tumor response, since T lymphocytes from healthy donors were not able to produce IL-12 when in contact with polyclonal stimuli. We concluded that, in cancer, T helper cells are capable of synthesizing IL-12, raising the question of whether we are faced with another profile, Th12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcia A Michelin
- Oncology Research Institute (IPON), Federal University of the Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM). ; Discipline of Immunology, UFTM
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Liu C, Zhao M, Sun W, Ren J. Effects of high hydrostatic pressure treatments on haemagglutination activity and structural conformations of phytohemagglutinin from red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). Food Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.09.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Behm FG, Gavin IM, Karpenko O, Lindgren V, Gaitonde S, Gashkoff PA, Gillis BS. Unique immunologic patterns in fibromyalgia. BMC Clin Pathol 2012; 12:25. [PMID: 23245186 PMCID: PMC3534336 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6890-12-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED BACKGROUND Fibromyalgia (FM) is a clinical syndrome characterized by chronic pain and allodynia. The diagnosis of FM has been one of exclusion as a test to confirm the diagnosis is lacking. Recent data highlight the role of the immune system in FM. Aberrant expressions of immune mediators, such as cytokines, have been linked to the pathogenesis and traits of FM. We therefore determined whether cytokine production by immune cells is altered in FM patients by comparing the cellular responses to mitogenic activators of stimulated blood mononuclear cells of a large number of patients with FM to those of healthy matched individuals. METHODS Plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were collected from 110 patients with the clinical diagnosis of FM and 91 healthy donors. Parallel samples of PBMC were cultured overnight in medium alone or in the presence of mitogenic activators; PHA or PMA in combination with ionomycin. The cytokine concentrations of IFN-γ, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, MIP-1β , MCP-1, and MIP1-α in plasma as well as in cultured supernatants were determined using a multiplex immunoassay using bead array technology. RESULTS Cytokine levels of stimulated PBMC cultures of healthy control subjects were significantly increased as compared to matched non-stimulated PBMC cultures. In contrast, the concentrations of most cytokines were lower in stimulated samples from patients with FM compared to controls. The decreases of cytokine concentrations in patients samples ranged from 1.5-fold for MIP-1β to 10.2-fold for IL-6 in PHA challenges. In PMA challenges, we observed 1.8 to 4-fold decreases in the concentrations of cytokines in patient samples. CONCLUSION The cytokine responses to mitogenic activators of PBMC isolated from patients with FM were significantly lower than those of healthy individuals, implying that cell-mediated immunity is impaired in FM patients. This novel cytokine assay reveals unique and valuable immunologic traits, which, when combined with clinical patterns, can offer a diagnostic methodology in FM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick G Behm
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC), Chicago, IL, USA.
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Valadez-Vega C, Guzmán-Partida AM, Soto-Cordova FJ, Álvarez-Manilla G, Morales-González JA, Madrigal-Santillán E, Villagómez-Ibarra JR, Zúñiga-Pérez C, Gutiérrez-Salinas J, Becerril-Flores MA. Purification, biochemical characterization, and bioactive properties of a lectin purified from the seeds of white tepary bean (phaseolus acutifolius variety latifolius). Molecules 2011; 16:2561-82. [PMID: 21441861 PMCID: PMC6259754 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16032561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The present work shows the characterization of Phaseolus acutifolius variety latifolius, on which little research has been published, and provides detailed information on the corresponding lectin. This protein was purified from a semi-domesticated line of white tepary beans from Sonora, Mexico, by precipitation of the aqueous extract with ammonium sulfate, followed by affinity chromatography on an immobilized fetuin matrix. MALDI TOF analysis of Phaseolus acutifolius agglutinin (PAA) showed that this lectin is composed of monomers with molecular weights ranging between 28 and 31 kDa. At high salt concentrations, PAA forms a dimer of 63 kDa, but at low salt concentrations, the subunits form a tetramer. Analysis of PAA on 2D-PAGE showed that there are mainly three types of subunits with isoelectric points of 4.2, 4.4, and 4.5. The partial sequence obtained by LC/MS/MS of tryptic fragments from the PAA subunits showed 90-100% identity with subunits from genus Phaseolus lectins in previous reports. The tepary bean lectin showed lower hemagglutination activity than Phaseolus vulgaris hemagglutinin (PHA-E) toward trypsinized human A and O type erythrocytes. The hemagglutination activity was inhibited by N-glycans from glycoproteins. Affinity chromatography with the immobilized PAA showed a high affinity to glycopeptides from thyroglobulin, which also has N-glycans with a high content of N-acetylglucosamine. PAA showed less mitogenic activity toward human lymphocytes than PHA-L and Con A. The cytotoxicity of PAA was determined by employing three clones of the 3T3 cell line, demonstrating variability among the clones as follows: T4 (DI₅₀ 51.5 µg/mL); J20 (DI₅₀ 275 µg/mL), and N5 (DI₅₀ 72.5 µg/mL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Valadez-Vega
- Institute of Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Ex-Hacienda de la Concepción, Tilcuautla, CP 42080 Pachuca de Soto, Hgo, Mexico; E-Mails: (J.A.M.-G.); (E.M.-S.); (C.Z.-P.); (M.A.B.-F.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +52-771-717-2000; Fax: +52-771-717-2000, extension 5111
| | - Ana María Guzmán-Partida
- Center for Food Research and Development, A. C. Carretera a la Victoria Km 0.6 C.P. 83304. Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico; E-Mails: (A.M.G.-P.); (F.J.S.-C.)
| | - Francisco Javier Soto-Cordova
- Center for Food Research and Development, A. C. Carretera a la Victoria Km 0.6 C.P. 83304. Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico; E-Mails: (A.M.G.-P.); (F.J.S.-C.)
| | | | - José A. Morales-González
- Institute of Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Ex-Hacienda de la Concepción, Tilcuautla, CP 42080 Pachuca de Soto, Hgo, Mexico; E-Mails: (J.A.M.-G.); (E.M.-S.); (C.Z.-P.); (M.A.B.-F.)
| | - Eduardo Madrigal-Santillán
- Institute of Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Ex-Hacienda de la Concepción, Tilcuautla, CP 42080 Pachuca de Soto, Hgo, Mexico; E-Mails: (J.A.M.-G.); (E.M.-S.); (C.Z.-P.); (M.A.B.-F.)
| | - José Roberto Villagómez-Ibarra
- Basic Science and Engineering Institute, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Carr. A-Pachuca-Tulancingo Km 4.5 Cd Universitaria, CP 42184, Mineral de la Reforma, Hgo, Mexico; E-Mail: (J.R.V.-I.)
| | - Clara Zúñiga-Pérez
- Institute of Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Ex-Hacienda de la Concepción, Tilcuautla, CP 42080 Pachuca de Soto, Hgo, Mexico; E-Mails: (J.A.M.-G.); (E.M.-S.); (C.Z.-P.); (M.A.B.-F.)
| | - José Gutiérrez-Salinas
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Experimental Medicine, Division of Biomedical Research, National Medical Center “20 de Noviembre”, ISSSTE, México D.F., Mexico; E-Mail: (J.G.-S.)
| | - Marco A. Becerril-Flores
- Institute of Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Ex-Hacienda de la Concepción, Tilcuautla, CP 42080 Pachuca de Soto, Hgo, Mexico; E-Mails: (J.A.M.-G.); (E.M.-S.); (C.Z.-P.); (M.A.B.-F.)
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Kuo WT, Ho YJ, Kuo SM, Lin FH, Tsai FJ, Chen YS, Dong GC, Yao CH. Induction of the mitochondria apoptosis pathway by phytohemagglutinin erythroagglutinating in human lung cancer cells. Ann Surg Oncol 2010; 18:848-56. [PMID: 20924795 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-010-1351-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deregulation of apoptosis will influence the balance of cell proliferation and cell death, resulting in various fatal diseases that can include cancer. In prior research reports related to cancer therapy, phytohemagglutinin, a lectin extracted from red kidney beans, demonstrated the ability to inhibit the growth of human cancer cells. However, one of its isoforms, erythroagglutinating, has yet to be evaluated on its anticancer effects. METHODS PHA-E was used to induce apoptosis of A-549 lung cancer cells and the possible signal transduction pathway was elucidated, as measured by the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay, G6PD release assay, flow cytometry, and Western blot analysis. RESULTS PHA-E treatment caused a dose-dependent increase of cell growth inhibition and cytotoxicity on A-549 cells. In annexin V/propidium iodide [i.e., PI] and TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling)/PI assay, we found that the rate of apoptotic cells was raised as the concentration of PHA-E increased. Treatment of A-549 cells with PHA-E resulted in enhancing the release of cytochrome c, which thus activated an increase in caspase 9 and caspase 3, the upregulation of Bax and Bad, the downregulation of Bcl-2 and phosphorylated Bad, and finally the inhibition of the epidermal growth factor receptor and its downstream signal pathway PI3K/Akt and MEK/ERK. CONCLUSIONS PHA-E can induce growth inhibition and cytotoxicity of lung cancer cells, which is mediated through an activation of the mitochondria apoptosis pathway. These results suggest that PHA-E can be developed into a new therapeutic treatment that can be applied as an effective anti-lung cancer drug in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ting Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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21
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Vinkler M, Bainová H, Albrecht T. Functional analysis of the skin-swelling response to phytohaemagglutinin. Funct Ecol 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2010.01711.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Sathe SK, Deshpande SS, Salunkhe DK, Rackis JJ. Dry beans ofphaseolus. A review. Part 1. Chemical composition: Proteins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398409527382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Purification and characterization of a lectin from Phaseolus vulgaris cv. (Anasazi beans). J Biomed Biotechnol 2009; 2009:929568. [PMID: 19343172 PMCID: PMC2661133 DOI: 10.1155/2009/929568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2008] [Accepted: 12/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A lectin has been isolated from seeds of the Phaseolus vulgaris cv. “Anasazi beans” using a procedure that involved affinity chromatography on Affi-gel blue gel, fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC)-ion exchange chromatography on Mono S, and FPLC-gel filtration on Superdex 200. The lectin was comprised of two 30-kDa subunits with substantial N-terminal sequence similarity to other Phaseolus lectins. The hemagglutinating activity of the lectin was stable within the pH range of 1–14 and the temperature range of 0–80°C. The lectin potently suppressed proliferation of MCF-7 (breast cancer) cells with an IC50 of 1.3 μM, and inhibited the activity of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase with an IC50 of 7.6 μM. The lectin evoked a mitogenic response from murine splenocytes as evidenced by an increase in [3H-methyl]-thymidine incorporation. The lectin had no antifungal activity. It did not stimulate nitric oxide production by murine peritoneal macrophages. Chemical modification results indicated that tryptophan was crucial for the hemagglutinating activity of the lectin.
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Zhang J, Shi J, Ilic S, Jun Xue S, Kakuda Y. Biological Properties and Characterization of Lectin from Red Kidney Bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris). FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/87559120802458115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Ren J, Shi J, Kakuda Y, Kim D, Xue SJ, Zhao M, Jiang Y. Phytohemagglutinin isolectins extracted and purified from red kidney beans and its cytotoxicity on human H9 lymphoma cell line. Sep Purif Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2008.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Shimizu-Ibuka A, Nakai Y, Nakamori K, Morita Y, Nakajima KI, Kadota K, Watanabe H, Okubo S, Terada T, Asakura T, Misaka T, Abe K. Biochemical and genomic analysis of neoculin compared to monocot mannose-binding lectins. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:5338-5344. [PMID: 18537258 DOI: 10.1021/jf800214b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Neoculin occurring in an edible tropical fruit is a heterodimeric protein which has both sweetness and a taste-modifying activity that converts sourness to sweetness. Both the primary and the overall tertiary structures of neoculin resemble those of monocot mannose-binding lectins. This study investigated differences in biochemical properties between neoculin and the lectins. Structural comparison between the mannose-binding sites of lectins and the corresponding regions of neoculin showed that there is at least one amino acid substitution at each site in neoculin, suggesting a reason for the lack of its mannose-binding ability. This was consistent with hemagglutination assay data demonstrating that neoculin had no detectable agglutinin activity. DNA microarray analysis indicated that neoculin had no significant influence on gene expression in Caco-2 cell, whereas kidney bean lectin (Phaseolus vulgaris agglutinin) greatly influenced various gene expressions. These data strongly suggest that neoculin has no lectin-like properties, encouraging its practical use in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Shimizu-Ibuka
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry and Agricultural Bioinformatics Research Unit, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Purhonen AK, Herzig KH, Gabius HJ, André S, Ketterer S, Matzinger D, Beglinger C, Hildebrand P. Duodenal phytohaemagglutinin (red kidney bean lectin) stimulates gallbladder contraction in humans. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2008; 193:241-7. [PMID: 18248661 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2008.01839.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM Lectins, carbohydrate-specific proteins without enzymatic activity on the ligand, are daily ingested plant proteins which survive the passage through the gastrointestinal tract in a biologically active form. Their binding to glycan determinants of natural glycoconjugates can trigger biological effects. The lectin phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) is abundantly present in red kidney beans and induces cholecystokinin (CCK) release in rats. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of intraduodenal administration of PHA on plasma CCK levels and gallbladder contraction in humans and to elucidate potential mechanisms of action. METHODS Five healthy volunteers underwent four studies. After a basal intraduodenal saline infusion for 30 min, PHA or heat-inactivated PHA was infused in increasing doses: 150 microg, 1.5 mg and 15 mg for 30 min each. Intravenous saline, CCK(1) receptor antagonist dexloxiglumide or atropine were administered in random order. Gallbladder volumes were measured by ultrasonography and plasma CCK levels by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS Intraduodenal PHA induced gallbladder contraction in a dose-dependent fashion starting with the lowest dose. The highest dose reduced the gallbladder volume to 65.3 +/- 9.4% of basal volume (P < 0.001) whereas heat-inactivated PHA did not have any effect. Blocking CCK(1) or muscarinic receptors completely abolished PHA-stimulated gallbladder contraction (dexloxiglumide 208.7 +/- 23.7%; atropine 104 +/- 7.0% of basal volume) while none of the treatments affected CCK levels. CONCLUSION Duodenal administration of PHA potently stimulates gallbladder contraction in humans. This contraction is mediated via cholinergic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Purhonen
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A. I. Virtanen Institute, Kuopio University Hospital, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland
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Poulsen M, Schrøder M, Wilcks A, Kroghsbo S, Lindecrona RH, Miller A, Frenzel T, Danier J, Rychlik M, Shu Q, Emami K, Taylor M, Gatehouse A, Engel KH, Knudsen I. Safety testing of GM-rice expressing PHA-E lectin using a new animal test design. Food Chem Toxicol 2007; 45:364-77. [PMID: 17052831 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2006.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2005] [Revised: 08/31/2006] [Accepted: 09/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The 90-day animal study is the core study for the safety assessment of genetically modified foods in the SAFOTEST project. The model compound tested in the 90-day study was a rice variety expressing the kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris lectin agglutinin E-form (PHA-E lectin). Female Wistar rats were given a nutritionally balanced purified diet with 60% parental rice, 60% PHA-E rice or 60% PHA-E rice spiked with 0.1% recombinant PHA-E lectin for 90 days. This corresponded to a mean daily PHA-E lectin intake of approximately 0, 30 and 100mg/kg body weight for each group, respectively. The spiking was used to increase the specificity and to demonstrate the sensitivity of the study. A range of biological, biochemical, microbiological and pathological parameters were examined and significant differences in weight of small intestine, stomach and pancreas and plasma biochemistry were seen between groups. Included in this paper are also data from the molecular characterisation and chemical analysis of the PHA-E rice, from the construction and production of the PHA-E lectin, and from the preceding 28-day in vivo study where the toxicity of the pure PHA-E lectin was determined. In conclusion, the combined use of information from the compositional analysis, the 28-day study and the characterisation of the PHA-E rice and the PHA-E lectin has improved the design of the 90-day study. The spiking procedure has facilitated the interpretation of the results of the study and transferred it into a valuable tool for the future safety testing of genetically modified foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Poulsen
- Department of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, Danish Institute for Food and Veterinary Research, Mørkhøj Bygade 19, DK-2860 Søborg, Denmark.
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COFFEY DG, UEBERSAX MA, HOSFIELD GL, BRUNNER JR. Evaluation of the Hemagglutinating Activity of Low-temperature Cooked Kidney Beans. J Food Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1985.tb13281.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Morris RJ, Chong LK, Wilkinson GW, Wang EC. A high-efficiency system of natural killer cell cloning. J Immunol Methods 2005; 307:24-33. [PMID: 16271362 PMCID: PMC2843082 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2005.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2005] [Revised: 08/23/2005] [Accepted: 08/31/2005] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The culture of human natural killer (NK) cell clones has traditionally been a long, laborious process with an efficiency of only 1-2%. Recently, a stem cell growth medium (SCGM) has been described to expand preferentially polyclonal NK cells from peripheral blood. We have tested SCGM in a single cell sorting system and shown a 4-5 fold increase in the number of proliferating NK clones compared to standard RPMI media. The cloning efficiency was further enhanced by the provision of irradiated feeder cells derived from multiple donors combined with the addition of the anti-CD3 antibody, OKT3. The combination of SCGM, single cell sorting and these multiple optimisations enhanced NK cloning efficiency by more than tenfold to greater than 20% for short-term cultures when deriving 10(5) cells and as high as 10% for longer term cultures when deriving more than 2 x 10(6) cells. This novel system thus facilitates the generation of NK clones and allows larger scale studies of NK function that were beyond the scope of previous methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J. Morris
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XX, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Lee K. Chong
- Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XX, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin W.G. Wilkinson
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XX, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Eddie C.Y. Wang
- Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XX, Wales, United Kingdom
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +44 29 20742485; fax: +44 29 20745003.
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Kobayashi Y, Kobayashi K, Umehara K, Dohra H, Murata T, Usui T, Kawagishi H. Purification, characterization, and sugar binding specificity of an N-Glycolylneuraminic acid-specific lectin from the mushroom Chlorophyllum molybdites. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:53048-55. [PMID: 15471858 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m407997200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A carbohydrate-binding protein was isolated from the carpophores of the mushrooms and designated the Chlorophyllum molybdites lectin (CML) based on its origin. The molecular mass of CML was 32 kDa, and it was composed of two 16-kDa monomers with no disulfide bonds. Monosaccharide analysis indicated that 12% of the mass of CML was carbohydrate and consisted of GlcNAc:GalNAc:Gal:Man:l-Fuc in a molar ratio of 1.5:1.9: 4.4:4.8:1.0. In the hemagglutination inhibition assay, CML exhibited the strongest binding specificity toward N-glycolylneuraminic acid (NeuGc) among the monosaccharides tested, whereas NeuAc did not inhibit the hemagglutination at all. GalNAc and Mealpha-GalNAc were also inhibitory at much higher concentrations than NeuGc. Among the glycoproteins, asialobovine submaxillary mucin (BSM) and porcine stomach mucin (PSM) showed strong inhibitory effects. In surface plasmon resonance analysis, asialo-BSM and PSM exhibited the strongest binding affinity. After co-injection of CML and NeuGc or GalNAc onto the asialo-BSM- or PSM-immobilized chip, the dissociation of CML from the immobilized PSM was accelerated by NeuGc and GalNAc, but the dissociation of CML from the immobilized asialo-BSM was only promoted by GalNAc. These results and the other surface plasmon resonance experiments allowed us to conclude that the binding of asialo-BSM to CML was because of an interaction between the lectin and the GalNAc residues of asialo-BSM, and both the NeuGc and GalNAc residues were responsible for the binding of PSM to CML. The results also suggested that CML had two different carbohydrate binding domains, one specific for NeuGc and the other for GalNAc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Kobayashi
- Science of Biological Resource, United Graduate School, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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Guzmán-Partida AM, Robles-Burgueño MR, Ortega-Nieblas M, Vázquez-Moreno I. Purification and characterization of complex carbohydrate specific isolectins from wild legume seeds: Acacia constricta is (vinorama) highly homologous to Phaseolus vulgaris lectins. Biochimie 2004; 86:335-42. [PMID: 15194238 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2004.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2003] [Accepted: 02/27/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Vinorama isolectins (VL2-VL4) were purified from seeds of Acacia constricta (vinorama) using affinity chromatography on a fetuin-fractogel column followed by cationic-exchange chromatography. Each isolectin fraction presented a characteristic isoelectric point range from 5.5 to 8.4. Under native conditions, VL containing fractions migrated as tetramers of 133 kDa, while in SDS-PAGE, in presence of 2-mercaptoethanol, a single subunit band with M(r) of 34 kDa was observed. VL was found to be a glycoprotein with a 7.5% neutral sugar content. Antibodies to Phaseolus vulgaris lectins PHA and other wild legume lectins as Olneya tesota (palo fierro) PF2 and PF3, and Parkinsonia aculeate (palo verde) PV reacted with VL, but not with anti Glycine max agglutinin SBA or anti Lotus tetragonolobus agglutinin LTA. Furthermore, direct analysis of VL peptides showed sequences homologous to those reported in different lectins of the Phaseolus genus. VL2-VL4 did not have ABO serological or simple sugar specificity, but were inhibited by complex carbohydrates from fetuin and thyroglobulin. Asialofetuin carbohydrates strongly interacted with VL4 and VL3. Vinorama isolectins could be classified as "complex lectins".
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Guzmán-Partida
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. Apartado Postal 1735, 83000 Hermosillo Sonora, Mexico
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Spear GT, Zariffard MR, Xin J, Saifuddin M. Inhibition of DC-SIGN-mediated trans infection of T cells by mannose-binding lectin. Immunology 2003; 110:80-5. [PMID: 12941144 PMCID: PMC1783022 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2003.01707.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Some dendritic cells (DC) express a cell-surface lectin called 'dendritic cell-specific intracellular adhesion molecule 3 (ICAM-3)-grabbing non-integrin' (DC-SIGN). DC-SIGN has been shown to mediate a type of infection called 'trans' infection, where DC bind human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and efficiently transfer the virus to T cells. We investigated the possibility that mannose-binding lectin (MBL), a soluble lectin that functions as a recognition molecule in innate immunity and that binds to HIV, could block trans infection mediated by DC-SIGN. Binding studies with glycoprotein (gp)120/gp41-positive and -negative virus preparations suggested that DC-SIGN and MBL bind primarily to glycans on gp120/gp41, as opposed to glycans on host-cell-derived proteins, indicating a close overlap in the binding site of the two lectins and supporting the notion that MBL could prevent binding of HIV to DC-SIGN. Preincubation of X4, R5 or dual-tropic HIV strains with MBL prevented DC-SIGN-mediated trans infection of T cells. The mechanism of MBL blocking trans infection of T cells was at least partly caused by blocking of virus binding to DC-SIGN positive cells. This study shows that MBL prevents DC-SIGN-mediated trans infection of T cells in vitro and suggests that in infected persons, MBL may inhibit DC-SIGN-mediated uptake and spread of HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory T Spear
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush-Presbyterian-St Luke's Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.
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Baumgartner P, Raemaekers RJM, Durieux A, Gatehouse A, Davies H, Taylor M. Large-scale production, purification, and characterisation of recombinant Phaseolus vulgaris phytohemagglutinin E-form expressed in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. Protein Expr Purif 2002; 26:394-405. [PMID: 12460763 DOI: 10.1016/s1046-5928(02)00555-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The kidney bean lectin Phaseolus vulgaris phytohemagglutinin E-form (PHA-E) was expressed and secreted by the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. To optimise yields of PHA-E, transformants of P. pastoris were selected for high-level production of the recombinant protein. A scaleable process for the production and purification of gram quantities of recombinant PHA-E is reported. PHA-E was secreted at approximately 100 mg/L at the 2- and 200-L scale and was purified to 95% homogeneity in a single step using cation-exchange chromatography. The purified recombinant PHA-E consists of four forms with molecular masses between 28.5 and 31.5 kDa, as assessed by MALDI-TOF, whereas its native counterpart has a molecular mass of approximately 30.5 kDa. Endoglycosidase treatment revealed that the range in size of the recombinant protein was attributed to differences in the nature of the N-linked oligosaccharides bound to the protein. The primary amino acid sequence of the recombinant PHA-E was found to be identical to the native protein and to have an agglutination activity similar to that of native PHA-E. The data presented here suggest that, using P. pastoris, gram quantities of a recombinant phytohemagglutinin E-form can be produced and that the recombinant protein is similar to the protein synthesised in plants with respect to structure and biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Baumgartner
- Quality, Health and Nutrition group, Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland, UK
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36
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce M Wimer
- JBMW Immunotherapeutics, Albuquerque, NM 87123-4255, USA
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37
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Kaneda Y, Whittier RF, Yamanaka H, Carredano E, Gotoh M, Sota H, Hasegawa Y, Shinohara Y. The high specificities of Phaseolus vulgaris erythro- and leukoagglutinating lectins for bisecting GlcNAc or beta 1-6-linked branch structures, respectively, are attributable to loop B. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:16928-35. [PMID: 11864980 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112382200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite very similar tertiary structures based upon a common framework, legume lectins exhibit an amazing variety of sugar binding specificities. While most of these lectins recognize rather discrete sugar linkages, Phaseolus vulgaris erythroagglutinating and leukoagglutinating lectins (E(4)- and L(4)-PHA) are unique in recognizing larger structures. E(4)- and L(4)-PHA are known to recognize complex type N-glycans containing bisecting GlcNAc or a beta1,6-linked branch, respectively. However, the detailed mechanisms of molecular recognition are poorly understood. In order to dissect the contributions of different portions of each lectin, we carried out region-swapping mutagenesis between E(4)- and L(4)-PHA. We prepared six chimeric lectins by exchanging different combinations of loop B and the central portion of loop C, two of four loops thought to be important for the recognition of monosaccharides (Sharma, V., and Surolia, A. (1997) J. Mol. Biol. 267, 433-445). The chimeric lectins' sugar binding activities were evaluated quantitatively by surface plasmon resonance. These comparisons indicate that the high specificities of E(4)- and L(4)-PHA toward bisecting GlcNAc and beta1,6-linked branch structures are almost solely attributable to loop B. The contribution of the central portion of loop C to the recognition of those structural motifs was found to be negligible. Instead, it modulates affinity toward LacNAc residues present at the nonreducing terminus. Moreover, some of the chimeric lectins prepared in this study showed even higher specificities/affinities than native E(4)- and L(4)-PHA toward complex sugar chains containing either a bisecting GlcNAc residue or a beta1,6-linked branch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Kaneda
- Tokyo Research and Development, Amersham Biosciences, 3-25-1, Hyakunincho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-0073 Japan
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Chapter 7 Lectin-affinity chromatography of carbohydrates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-4770(02)80032-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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39
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Separation and partial characterization of isolectins with different subunit compositions fromDatura stramoniumseeds. FEBS Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(87)80887-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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40
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Mariotti R, Tongiorgi E, Bressan C, Armellin M, Kristensson K, Bentivoglio M. Retrograde response of the rat facial motor nucleus to muscle inflammation elicited by phytohaemagglutinin. Eur J Neurosci 2001; 13:1329-38. [PMID: 11298793 DOI: 10.1046/j.0953-816x.2001.01507.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
To investigate whether motoneurons react to signals deriving from target inflammation, we studied the facial motor nucleus after injections of phytohaemagglutinin in the snout of adult rats. This plant lectin is a tool widely used to induce proliferation and activation of T lymphocytes, and we observed marked lymphocyte infiltration in the injected facial muscles. Retrograde labelling of motoneurons was not detected after peripheral injections of fluorochrome-conjugated phytohaemagglutinin. Nitric oxide synthase, revealed by NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry, OX-42-immunoreactive microglia, and expression of the cell death repressor gene bcl-2, investigated with nonradioactive in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, were evaluated in the facial nucleus. Daily phytohaemagglutinin injections for 4 days, mimicking repeated muscle exposure to inflammatory stimuli, resulted after 2-day survival in NADPH-diaphorase induction in motoneurons and marked activation of the surrounding microglia. Quantitative image analysis of NADPH-diaphorase staining, and OX-42 immunoreactivity and microglial cell counts indicated highly significant increases with respect to saline-injected control cases. The occurrence of a neuroprotective retrograde response was evaluated monitoring bcl-2 expression. Following single phytohaemagglutinin administration, bcl-2 mRNA was significantly upregulated at 6 h in facial motoneurons and returned to basal levels at 24 h. Bcl-2 immunoreactivity was markedly upregulated at 24 h and was still significantly higher than in controls at 7 days, when concomitant NADPH-diaphorase induction in motoneurons and microglia activation was also observed. No degenerative features were observed in motoneurons after phytohaemagglutinin injections at the examined time-points. The data point out that local muscle inflammation retrogradely elicits gene activation in motoneurons and their microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mariotti
- Department of Morphological and Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomy and Histology, Medical Faculty, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy
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41
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Raemaekers RJ, de Muro L, Gatehouse JA, Fordham-Skelton AP. Functional phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and Galanthus nivalis agglutinin (GNA) expressed in Pichia pastoris correct N-terminal processing and secretion of heterologous proteins expressed using the PHA-E signal peptide. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1999; 265:394-403. [PMID: 10491197 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.1999.00749.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Phytohemagglutinin (Phaseolus vulgaris agglutinin; PHA; E- and L-forms) and snowdrop lectin (Galanthus nivalis agglutinin; GNA) were expressed in Pichia pastoris using native signal peptides, or the Saccharomyces alpha-factor preprosequence, to direct proteins into the secretory pathway. PHA and GNA were present as soluble, functional proteins in culture supernatants when expressed from constructs containing the alpha-factor preprosequence. The recombinant lectins, purified by affinity chromatography, agglutinated rabbit erythrocytes at concentrations similar to the respective native lectins. However, incomplete processing of the signal sequence resulted in PHA-E, PHA-L and GNA with heterogenous N-termini, with the majority of the protein containing N-terminal extensions derived from the alpha-factor prosequence. Polypeptides in which most of the alpha-factor prosequence was present were also glycosylated. Inclusion of Glu-Ala repeats at the C-terminal end of the alpha-factor preprosequence led to efficient processing N-terminal to the Glu-Ala sequence, but inefficient removal of the repeats themselves, resulting in polypeptides with heterogenous N-termini still containing N-terminal extensions. In contrast, PHA expressed with the native signal peptide was secreted, correctly processed, and also fully functional. No expression of GNA from a construct containing the native GNA signal peptide was observed. The PHA-E signal peptide directed correct processing and secretion of both GNA and green fluorescent protein (GFP) when used in expression constructs, and is suggested to have general utility for synthesis of correctly processed proteins in Pichia.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Raemaekers
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Durham, UK
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Youssef S, Nguyen DT, Soulis T, Panagiotopoulos S, Jerums G, Cooper ME. Effect of diabetes and aminoguanidine therapy on renal advanced glycation end-product binding. Kidney Int 1999; 55:907-16. [PMID: 10027927 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.1999.055003907.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy, and aminoguanidine (AG) has been shown to decrease the accumulation of AGEs in the diabetic kidney. METHODS This study investigates changes in AGE binding associated with diabetes in the rat kidney using in vitro and in vivo autoradiographic techniques. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into control and diabetic groups with and without AG treatment and were sacrificed after three weeks. Frozen kidney sections (20 microm) were incubated with [125I]-AGE-RNase or [125I]-AGE-BSA. To localize the AGE binding site, in vivo autoradiography was performed by injection of 15 microCi of [125I]-AGE-BSA into the abdominal aorta of the rat. RESULTS Low-affinity binding sites specific for AGEs in the renal cortex (IC50 = 0.28 microm) were detected by in vitro autoradiography. There was a significant increase in [125I]-AGE binding in the diabetic kidney, which was prevented by AG treatment. Emulsion autoradiography revealed that binding was localized primarily to proximal tubules in the renal cortex. Renal AGE levels, as assessed by fluorescence or by radioimmunoassay, were increased after three weeks of diabetes. This increase was attenuated by AG therapy. CONCLUSIONS AGE binding sites are present within the proximal tubules of the kidney and appear to be modulated by endogenous AGE levels. It remains to be determined if these binding sites represent receptors involved in clearance of AGEs or are linked to pathogenic pathways that lead to the development of diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Youssef
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
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43
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Haltner E, Easson JH, Lehr CM. Lectins and bacterial invasion factors for controlling endo- and transcytosis of bioadhesive drug carrier systems. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0939-6411(97)00096-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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44
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Dignass AU, Stow JL, Babyatsky MW. Acute epithelial injury in the rat small intestine in vivo is associated with expanded expression of transforming growth factor alpha and beta. Gut 1996; 38:687-93. [PMID: 8707113 PMCID: PMC1383149 DOI: 10.1136/gut.38.5.687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown the importance of transforming growth factors alpha and beta (TGF alpha and TGF beta) in modulating epithelial cell restitution after injury in vitro. AIM To investigate the role of the growth factors TGF alpha and TGF beta after acute epithelial injury in vivo. METHODS An in vivo model of phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) induced acute epithelial injury in rat small intestine was used. Epithelial cell turnover was assessed by autoradiography and liquid scintillation counting of thymidine uptake. Expression of TGF alpha and TGF beta was assessed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS An expansion of the proliferative compartment and increased turnover of intestinal epithelial cells was seen in rats with PHA induced intestinal epithelial injury. Expression of TGF alpha and TGF beta peptides was shown in both the epithelial cell and lamina propria compartment. Different patterns of TGF alpha and TGF beta expression were seen, however, within the epithelium of rats with acute intestinal injury compared with untreated controls, while the expression of these peptides within the lamina propria was not changed. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that acute intestinal epithelial cell injury in vivo is associated with compensatory changes in expression of TGF alpha and TGF beta in the epithelial cell compartment, while the lamina propria does not seem to be significantly affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- A U Dignass
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
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45
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Endo T. Fractionation of glycoprotein-derived oligosaccharides by affinity chromatography using immobilized lectin columns. J Chromatogr A 1996; 720:251-61. [PMID: 8601194 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(95)00220-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Lectin affinity column chromatography is becoming a method of choice for the fractionation and purification of oligosaccharides, especially N-linked oligosaccharides. Using lectin affinity, it is easy to separate structural isomers and to isolate oligosaccharides based on specific features. Further, serial lectin column chromatography, when various lectin columns are used at the same time, can afford a very sensitive method for the fractionation and characterization of extremely small amounts of oligosaccharides. Thus, when used in conjunction with other separation techniques, lectin affinity chromatography can help to purify rapidly oligosaccharides and provide substantial information about their structural features.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Endo
- Department of Glycobiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Japan
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46
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Mansour MH. Evidence for a family of schistosome glycan-binding lectins in Biomphalaria alexandrina. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 1995; 19:365-376. [PMID: 8654664 DOI: 10.1016/0145-305x(95)00022-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A novel family of isolectins that selectively recognize a schistosome-associated fucosyllactose determinant was identified in the hemolymph of Biomphalaria alexandrina, a snail vector of Schistosoma mansoni. Three lectins of this family were purified by serial affinity chromatography on a column of L-fucose and elution with a gradient of 0.1-1 M L-fucose (designated BaSII and BaSIII), followed by a column of D-glucose and elution with 0.3 M D-glucose (designated BaSI). Assessment of the structural characteristics by one- and two-dimensional gels indicated that, inspite of similarities in native molecular weights, the three lectins were tetramers of noncovalently-associated subunits that were of different sizes and pIs in BaSI, and of equal size but distinct pIs in BaSII and BaSIII. Comparisons of two-dimensional gels of the glycosylated and deglycosylated forms were consistent with the presence of an invariant alpha subunit (13.2 kDa, pI 7.2) constituting the three deglycosylated lectins, which associates with other subunits unique to each lectin, namely a beta subunit (10.1 kDa, pI 5.8) in BaSI, an alpha 1 subunit (13.2 kDa, pI 6.8) in BaSII and BaSIII, and an alpha 2 subunit (13.2 kDa, pI 7.0) in BaSIII. Each of these subunits is subjected to differential post-translational N-linked glycosylations, which accounts for the additional heterogeneity expressed by the glycosylated lectins. Based on miracidial glycoprotein binding and inhibition assays, the three lectins exhibited optimum binding at similar pH and temperature, but were distinct in their binding affinities towards the fucose moiety constituting the fucosyllactose target. These observations indicate that an oligomorphic family of recognition molecules may have evolved to regulate the snails' response to schistosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Mansour
- Department of Zoology, Cairo University, Egypt
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47
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Kik MJL, Muysenberg A, Kleef D. Effects ofPhaseolus vulgarisisolectins on the structure and function of the small intestinal mucosa in the self-emptying blind-pouch model in piglets. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 1995. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.1995.tb00414.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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48
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Kjemtrup S, Herman EM, Chrispeels MJ. Correct post-translational modification and stable vacuolar accumulation of phytohemagglutinin engineered to contain multiple methionine residues. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1994; 226:385-91. [PMID: 8001556 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1994.tb20063.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Most legume seed storage proteins are deficient in sulfur amino acids. In this study, we demonstrate that replacing specific amino acid residues of a seed protein with methionine residues at positions known to be occupied by methionine residues in homologous proteins, is an effective strategy to create methionine-enriched seed proteins. Mutant phytohemagglutinin polypeptides with three or four methionine residues were found to undergo correct post-translational modifications in transformed cultured tobacco cells and to accumulate stably in the protein storage vacuoles of transgenic tobacco seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kjemtrup
- Department of Biology, University of California, San Diego 92093-0116
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50
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Zenteno E, Ortega M, Qin Z, Montreuil J, Debray H. Fast purification of Phaseolus vulgaris isolectins. PREPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1994; 24:175-83. [PMID: 7831200 DOI: 10.1080/10826069408010091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Phytohemagglutinin from red kidney bean has been purified by affinity chromatography on a human alpha 1-acid glycoprotein Sepharose 4B column. Further purification of the hemagglutinin's five isolectins was achieved on a Mono S column with an 86% protein recovery. Each sequentially eluted isolectin from the ion exchange column displayed either hemagglutinating or mitogenic activity. The main activity of each fraction was the result of the combination of varying proportions of the L and E subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Zenteno
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México
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