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Jang SK, Lee DI, Kim ST, Kim GH, Park DW, Park JY, Han D, Choi JK, Lee YB, Han NS, Kim YB, Han J, Joo SS. The anti-aging properties of a human placental hydrolysate combined with dieckol isolated from Ecklonia cava. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 15:345. [PMID: 26438076 PMCID: PMC4594884 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-015-0876-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS In the present study, we aimed to examine the anti-aging properties of human placental hydrolysate (HPE) and dieckol (DE) from Ecklonia cava against free radical scavenging, muscle hypertrophy-related follistatin mRNA expression, amelioration of cognition-related genes and proteins, inhibition of collagenase-regulating genes, and elastinase activity. METHODS The anti-aging effects were examined in human fibroblast (CCD986sk), mouse myoblast (C2C12), and neuroblastoma (N2a) cell models, by employing various assays such as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl hydrate (DPPH) scavenging, hydroxyl radical-mediated oxidation, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, enzyme activity, and immunocytochemistry observation. RESULTS Our results show that HPE combined with DE (HPE:DE) strongly scavenged DPPH radicals and protected proteins against degradation by hydroxyl radical attack. HPE:DE effectively inhibited matrix metalloproteinase-1 expression, protein kinase C alpha expression, and elastinase activity. Furthermore, HPE:DE improved the expression of cognition-related genes (choline acetyltransferase and vesicular acetylcholine transporter). These events may proactively contribute to retard the aging processes and the abrupt physiological changes probably induced by mitochondrial dysfunction with aging. CONCLUSIONS Based on these findings, we conclude that the combined treatment of HPE:DE may be useful for anti-aging therapy in which the accumulation of oxidative damage is the main driving force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Kil Jang
- Department of Marine Molecular Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, 120 Gangneung Daehangno, Gangneung, Gangwon, 210-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Ik Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Heuksuk-dong, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Tae Kim
- Department of Marine Molecular Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, 120 Gangneung Daehangno, Gangneung, Gangwon, 210-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwang Hoon Kim
- Department of Marine Molecular Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, 120 Gangneung Daehangno, Gangneung, Gangwon, 210-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Woon Park
- Department of Marine Molecular Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, 120 Gangneung Daehangno, Gangneung, Gangwon, 210-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Youl Park
- Industry-Academic Cooperation Foundation, Hanbat National University, Daejeon, 305-719, Republic of Korea
| | - Daehee Han
- Department of Marine Molecular Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, 120 Gangneung Daehangno, Gangneung, Gangwon, 210-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Kwon Choi
- Central Research Institute, Dr. Chung's Food Co. Ltd., Chungbuk, 361-782, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-bok Lee
- Central Research Institute, Dr. Chung's Food Co. Ltd., Chungbuk, 361-782, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Soo Han
- Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk, 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Bae Kim
- Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk, 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongsu Han
- DF-Dr. Han Biotech., Shaoyaojubeili, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 10029, China
| | - Seong Soo Joo
- Department of Marine Molecular Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, 120 Gangneung Daehangno, Gangneung, Gangwon, 210-702, Republic of Korea.
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Randomized, Blinded, 3-Arm Clinical Trial Assessing Optimal Temperature and Duration for Treatment With Minimally Invasive Fractional Radiofrequency. Dermatol Surg 2015; 41:623-32. [DOI: 10.1097/dss.0000000000000347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Alexiades-Armenakas M, Newman J, Willey A, Kilmer S, Goldberg D, Garden J, Berman D, Stridde B, Renton B, Berube D, Hantash BM. Prospective Multicenter Clinical Trial of a Minimally Invasive Temperature-Controlled Bipolar Fractional Radiofrequency System for Rhytid and Laxity Treatment. Dermatol Surg 2013; 39:263-73. [DOI: 10.1111/dsu.12065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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4
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Nuutila K, Peura M, Suomela S, Hukkanen M, Siltanen A, Harjula A, Vuola J, Kankuri E. Recombinant human collagen III gel for transplantation of autologous skin cells in porcine full-thickness wounds. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2013; 9:1386-93. [PMID: 23362205 DOI: 10.1002/term.1691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Revised: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Complex skin wounds, such as chronic ulcers and deep burns, require lengthy treatments and cause extensive burdens on healthcare and the economy. Use of biomaterials and cell transplantation may improve traditional treatments and promote the healing of difficult-to-treat wounds. In this study, we investigated the use of recombinant human collagen III (rhCol-III) gel as a delivery vehicle for cultured autologous skin cells (keratinocytes only or keratinocyte-fibroblast mixtures). We examined its effect on the healing of full-thickness wounds in a porcine wound-healing model. Two Landrace pigs were used for the study. Fourteen deep dermal wounds were created on the back of each pig with an 8 mm biopsy punch. Syringes containing acellular rhCol-III gel (n = 8) or rhCol-III gel with autologous keratinocytes (n = 8) or rhCol-III gel with autologous keratinocytes and fibroblasts (n = 8) were applied into wounds. Untreated wounds were used as controls for the treatment groups (n = 4). We used rhCol-III gel to manufacture a cell-delivery syringe containing autologous skin cells. In a full-thickness wound-healing model, we observed that rhCol-III gel enhances early granulation tissue formation. Interestingly, we found cell type-dependent differences in the stability of rhCol-III in vivo. Fibroblast-containing gel was effectively removed from the wound, whereas gels without cells or with keratinocytes only remained intact. Our results demonstrate that the properties of rhCol-III gel for skin cell transplantation can be significantly altered in a cell type-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristo Nuutila
- Institute of Biomedicine, Pharmacology, University of Helsinki, Finland.,3rd Department of Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland
| | - Matti Peura
- Institute of Biomedicine, Pharmacology, University of Helsinki, Finland.,3rd Department of Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland
| | - Sari Suomela
- Department of Dermatology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland
| | - Mika Hukkanen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Anatomy, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Siltanen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Pharmacology, University of Helsinki, Finland.,3rd Department of Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland
| | - Ari Harjula
- Institute of Biomedicine, Pharmacology, University of Helsinki, Finland.,3rd Department of Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland
| | - Jyrki Vuola
- Helsinki Burn Centre, Department of Plastic Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland
| | - Esko Kankuri
- Institute of Biomedicine, Pharmacology, University of Helsinki, Finland.,3rd Department of Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland
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Cytoskeletal drugs prevent posterior capsular opacification in human lens capsule in vitro. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2011; 250:507-14. [PMID: 22138731 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-011-1869-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2011] [Revised: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To determine whether the cytoskeletal drugs H-7 and Latrunculin B (LAT-B) inhibit posterior capsular opacification (PCO) in the cultured human lens capsular bag. METHODS Following extracapsular cataract (lens) extraction in human donor eyes, the capsular bag was prepared and cultured by standard techniques. Forty-eight capsular bags were studied, of which 13 were treated with H-7 (50, 100 or 300 μM), 12 with 1% BSS (vehicle of H-7), 11 with LAT-B (2, 5 or 10 μM), and 12 with 0.25% DMSO (vehicle of LAT-B). Forty out of the 48 capsular bags were from paired eyes of 20 donors, with one bag being treated with H-7/LAT-B and the other with BSS/DMSO for each pair, including 20 for the H-7-BSS protocol and 20 for the LAT-B-DMSO protocol. The medium with the cytoskeletal drug/vehicle was replaced every 3-4 days for 4 weeks. PCO was assessed daily using inverted phase-contrast microscopy, and scored on a 4-point scale. RESULTS In all cultures with BSS or DMSO, residual lens epithelial cells (LECs) on the anterior capsule migrated to and proliferated on the posterior capsule by 3-7 days, and apparent LEC growth on the posterior capsule with severe capsular wrinkling (PCO Grade 3) was seen by 2-3 weeks. When treated continuously with H-7 or LAT-B, the migration and proliferation of LECs and the capsular wrinkling were inhibited in a dose-dependent manner, with the inhibition being complete (PCO Grade 0) in the 300 μM H-7 (n = 8, p < 0.001) or 10 μM LAT-B culture (n = 3, p = 0.002). CONCLUSION H-7 and LAT-B dose-dependently inhibited PCO formation in the cultured human lens capsular bags, suggesting that cytoskeletal drugs might prevent PCO formation after surgery in the human eye.
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Brydone AS, Dalby MJ, Berry CC, Dominic Meek RM, McNamara LE. Grooved surface topography alters matrix-metalloproteinase production by human fibroblasts. Biomed Mater 2011; 6:035005. [DOI: 10.1088/1748-6041/6/3/035005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Tian B, Heatley GA, Filla MS, Kaufman PL. Effect of H-7 on secondary cataract after phacoemulsification in the live rabbit eye. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2010; 26:533-9. [PMID: 21029019 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2010.0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study is aimed to determine if the serine-threonine kinase inhibitor H-7 inhibits secondary cataract after phacoemulsification in the live rabbit eye. METHODS Eighteen rabbits underwent extracapsular lens extraction by phacoemulsification in 1 eye. The eye was treated with intravitreal H-7 (300 or 1,200 μM; n = 6 or 5) or balanced salt solution (BSS) (n = 7) immediately after the surgery and twice weekly for 10 weeks. Each eye received slit lamp biomicroscopy once a week, during which posterior capsule opacification (PCO) was evaluated. The eye was then enucleated and the lens capsule was prepared, fixed, and imaged. PCO was evaluated again on the isolated lens capsule under a phase microscope. Soemmering's ring area (SRA) and the entire lens capsule area were measured from capsule images on a computer and the percentage of SRA (PSRA) in the entire capsule area was calculated. Wet weight of the capsule (WW) was determined on a balance. RESULTS No significant difference in PCO was observed in any comparison. No significant differences in SRA, PSRA, and WW were observed between the 300 μM H-7-treated eye and the BSS-treated eye. However, SRA, PSRA, and WW in the 1,200 μM H-7-treated eye were significantly smaller than those in the BSS-treated eye [28.3 ± 16.2 vs. 61.4 ± 8.86 mm(2) (P = 0.001), 33% ± 20% vs. 65% ± 15% (P = 0.01), and 65.6 ± 27.9 vs. 127.0 ±37.3 mg (P = 0.01)]. CONCLUSIONS Intravitreal H-7 (1,200 μM) significantly inhibits Soemmering's ring formation in the live rabbit eye, suggesting that agents that inhibit the actomyosin system in cells may prevent secondary cataract after phacoemulsification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baohe Tian
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792-3220, USA.
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Lun S, Irvine SM, Johnson KD, Fisher NJ, Floden EW, Negron L, Dempsey SG, McLaughlin RJ, Vasudevamurthy M, Ward BR, May BCH. A functional extracellular matrix biomaterial derived from ovine forestomach. Biomaterials 2010; 31:4517-29. [PMID: 20226520 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) based biomaterials have an established place as medical devices for wound healing and tissue regeneration. In the search for biomaterials we have identified ovine forestomach matrix (OFM), a thick, large format ECM which is biochemically diverse and biologically functional. OFM was purified using an osmotic process that was shown to reduce the cellularity of the ECM and aid tissue delamination. OFM produced using this technique was shown to retain residual basement membrane components, as evidence by the presence of laminin and collagen IV. The collagenous microarchitecture of OFM retained many components of native ECM including fibronectin, glycosaminoglycans, elastin and fibroblast growth factor basic. OFM was non-toxic to mammalian cells and supported fibroblast and keratinocyte migration, differentiation and infiltration. OFM is a culturally acceptable alternative to current collagen-based biomaterials and has immediate clinical applications in wound healing and tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stan Lun
- Mesynthes Limited, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand
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Schultz GS, Wysocki A. Interactions between extracellular matrix and growth factors in wound healing. Wound Repair Regen 2009; 17:153-62. [PMID: 19320882 DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-475x.2009.00466.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 713] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic interactions between growth factors and extracellular matrix (ECM) are integral to wound healing. These interactions take several forms that may be categorized as direct or indirect. The ECM can directly bind to and release certain growth factors (e.g., heparan sulfate binding to fibroblast growth factor-2), which may serve to sequester and protect growth factors from degradation, and/or enhance their activity. Indirect interactions include binding of cells to ECM via integrins, which enables cells to respond to growth factors (e.g., integrin binding is necessary for vascular endothelial growth factor-induced angiogenesis) and can induce growth factor expression (adherence of monocytes to ECM stimulates synthesis of platelet-derived growth factor). Additionally, matrikines, or subcomponents of ECM molecules, can bind to cell surface receptors in the cytokine, chemokine, or growth factor families and stimulate cellular activities (e.g., tenascin-C and laminin bind to epidermal growth factor receptors, which enhances fibroblast migration). Growth factors such as transforming growth factor-beta also regulate the ECM by increasing the production of ECM components or enhancing synthesis of matrix degrading enzymes. Thus, the interactions between growth factors and ECM are bidirectional. This review explores these interactions, discusses how they are altered in difficult to heal or chronic wounds, and briefly considers treatment implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory S Schultz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32610-0294, USA.
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VAALAMO M, WECKROTH M, PUOLAKKAINEN P, KERE J, SAARINEN P, LAUHARANTA J, SAARIALHO-KERE U. Patterns of matrix metalloproteinase and TIMP-1 expression in chronic and normally healing human cutaneous wounds. Br J Dermatol 2008. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.1996.d01-932.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Lee YM, Li WH, Kim YK, Kim KH, Chung JH. Heat-induced MMP-1 expression is mediated by TRPV1 through PKCalpha signaling in HaCaT cells. Exp Dermatol 2008; 17:864-70. [PMID: 18503554 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2008.00738.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) is considered a key initiator of collagen degradation in inflammatory responses. A heat-gated channel, transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1), induces release of proinflammatory mediators. TRPV1 channels have been localized to the epidermis and we have recently suggested that they act as mediators of heat-induced MMP-1. The aim of this study was to investigate the signaling of TRPV1 in MMP-1 regulation by heat shock in human epidermal keratinocytes. METHODS Heat shock-induced MMP-1 expression was decreased by treatment with TRPV1 inhibitor. The heat-induced MMP-1 expression was suppressed by Gö6976 [calcium-dependent inhibitor] and staurosporine (ST, broad-spectrum PKC inhibitor), while rottlerin (ROT, calcium-independent PKCdelta inhibitor) had no effect. Also, transfection of PKCalpha siRNA decreased MMP-1 expression, whereas MMP-1 expression was not significantly affected in cells transfected with negative control siRNA, PKCbeta siRNA or PKCdelta siRNA. RESULTS We demonstrated that heat shock failed to induce MMP-1 expression in HaCaT cells cultured in calcium-free media. The heat-induced [Ca(2+)](i) increase was inhibited by Gö6976 and ST, but not by ROT. We also found that heat-induced phosphorylation of ERK, JNK and p38 MAPK in HaCaT cells, but capsazepine and ruthenium red had no effect on this activation. In addition to the role of TRPV1 in heat-induced MMP-1 expression, we also found that heat increased TRPV1 proteins in human skin in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that TRPV1 mediates heat shock-induced MMP-1 expression via calcium-dependent PKCalpha signaling in HaCaT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Mee Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Nakamuta M, Kotoh K, Enjoji M, Nawata H. Effects of fibril- or fixed-collagen on matrix metalloproteinase-1 and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 production in the human hepatocyte cell line HLE. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11:2264-8. [PMID: 15818737 PMCID: PMC4305810 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i15.2264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: Matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) are central to the spontaneous resolution of liver fibrosis. The mechanisms involved have been investigated in hepatic stellate cells (HSC), but not in hepatocytes. We investigated the effects of fibril- and fixed-collagen on MMP-1 and TIMP-1 production in hepatocytes, using the HLE cell line.
METHODS: Fibril type I and IV collagen were prepared by HCl digestion of type I and IV collagen, respectively. For fixed-collagen, culture dishes were coated with fibril type I or IV collagen and fixed by ultraviolet. Type I collagenase activity was measured using fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled type I collagen. MMP-1 and TIMP-1 in HLE cells were measured by a one-step sandwich enzyme immunoassay.
RESULTS: Both fibril type I and IV collagen significantly increased type I collagenase activity about two-fold compared with no fibril collagen. The effects of the fibril collagen were not affected by the coating condition. There was no significant difference in the effects on collagenase activity between cells cultured in medium containing fibril type I collagen and those cultured in the presence of type IV collagen. Both types of fibril collagen significantly increased MMP-1 production, and showed more than 10-fold higher levels of MMP-1 than the control. The enhanced MMP-1 production by fibril collagens was unaffected by the coating condition. By contrast, TIMP-1 production was not changed by the addition of fibril type I or IV collagen, and neither was it affected by the coating conditions. Coating with type I collagen significantly suppressed MMP-1 production by almost one-tenth compared with no coating. By contrast, TIMP-1 production was not affected by either the absence of a collagen coat or by increasing the concentration of the coating collagen.
CONCLUSION: These results indicated that, in HLE cells, fibril- and fixed-collagen have opposite effects on MMP-1 production without affecting TIMP production. Fibril collagen induced collagenase activity by up-regulation of MMP-1 production without affecting TIMP-1 production. By contrast, fixed collagen reduced MMP-1 production. Our results suggest that hepatocytes might also play an important role in the regulation of the hepatic fibrosis alongside HSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Nakamuta
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
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Zigrino P, Mauch C, Fox JW, Nischt R. Adam-9 expression and regulation in human skin melanoma and melanoma cell lines. Int J Cancer 2005; 116:853-9. [PMID: 15856464 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.21087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
ADAM-9 belongs to a family of transmembrane disintegrin-containing metalloproteinases (ADAMs) involved in protein ectodomain shedding and cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. However, the specific biological functions of ADAM-9 are still unclear. The aim of this study was to analyze the expression of ADAM-9 in melanoma in vivo and in melanoma cell lines in vitro. In melanoma ADAM-9 protein expression appeared to be restricted to the melanoma cells within the invading front. Interestingly, ADAM-9 protein was detected in the melanoma cells and in peritumoral stromal fibroblasts, while it was absent in fibroblasts distal to the tumor site. RNA analysis of melanoma cell lines with different invasive abilities showed ADAM-9 expression in varying amounts in all cell lines, independent of their invasive and metastatic capacities. In MV3 melanoma cells, ADAM-9 expression did not depend on homotypic cell-cell contact and on cell-matrix interaction when the cells were cultured on planar extracellular matrix components. However, we observed downregulation of ADAM-9 mRNA expression upon culture of melanoma cells within 3-dimensional lattices composed of fibrillar type I collagen, whereas culture within gels consisting of the polysaccharide alginate did not alter transcript levels. These results identified fibrillar collagen type I as a key factor in ADAM-9 regulation by cell-matrix interactions. Interestingly, we also observed a 3-fold downregulation of ADAM-9 transcript levels upon treatment with interleukin (IL)-1alpha, a proinflammatory cytokine known to induce expression of other ADAM and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family members. In summary, our data suggest a novel role of fibrillar collagen and of soluble factors for the regulation of ADAM-9 expression in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Zigrino
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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Ghahary A, Karimi-Busheri F, Marcoux Y, Li Y, Tredget EE, Taghi Kilani R, Li L, Zheng J, Karami A, Keller BO, Weinfeld M. Keratinocyte-releasable stratifin functions as a potent collagenase-stimulating factor in fibroblasts. J Invest Dermatol 2004; 122:1188-97. [PMID: 15140222 DOI: 10.1111/j.0022-202x.2004.22519.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Termination of wound healing requires a fine balance between collagen deposition and its hydrolysis. To dissect the underlying control mechanisms for this process, we established a keratinocyte/fibroblast co-culture system and subsequently demonstrated more than a 10-fold increase in collagenase expression in fibroblasts co-cultured with keratinocytes relative to that of control cells. This finding was further confirmed in fibroblasts grown in a keratinocyte/fibroblast collagen-GAG gel. The efficacy of keratinocyte-derived collagenase stimulatory factors on collagenase activity was evaluated, and the results showed that only conditioned medium derived from fibroblasts co-cultured with keratinocytes was able to break down markedly type I collagen to its one-quarter and three-quarter fragments of both alpha (alpha1 and alpha2) and beta (beta1.1 and beta1.2) chains. The results of a dose-response experiment showed that keratinocyte-conditioned medium (KCM) stimulates the expression of collagenase mRNA by dermal fibroblasts in a concentration-dependent fashion. In a similar experiment, the results of a time-response experiment revealed that KCM treatment increases the expression of collagenase mRNA in dermal fibroblasts as early as 6 h and reaches its maximum level within 24-48 h. Considering that this keratinocyte-releasable factor has a potent collagenase stimulatory effect on fibroblasts, which favors the resolution of accumulated type I and type III collagen found in fibrotic tissue, we referred to this protein as a keratinocyte-derived anti-fibrogenic factor (KDAF). In a series of chromatography experiments and a direct trypsin digestion of the proteins and subsequent peptide mapping, a keratinocyte-derived collagenase-stimulating factor turned out to be a releasable form of stratifin, also known as 14-3-3 sigma protein. To validate this finding, stratifin cDNA was cloned into a pGEX-6P-1 expressing vector and more than 50 mg of recombinant stratifin was generated and used to treat fibroblasts with various concentrations for 24 h. The results of northern analysis showed a remarkable dose-response increase in the expression of collagenase mRNA in stratifin-treated fibroblasts relative to that of the control. This finding was consistent with that obtained from collagenase activity assay. In conclusion, we identified a keratinocyte-releasable form of stratifin in KCM that mimics the collagenase stimulatory effect of KCM for dermal fibroblasts. This finding suggests that stratifin is likely to be, at least, one of the KDAFs found in KCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziz Ghahary
- Department of Surgery, Wound Healing Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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Koivisto L, Alavian K, Hakkinen L, Pelech S, McCulloch CA, Larjava H. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 regulates formation of long lamellipodia in human keratinocytes. J Cell Sci 2003; 116:3749-60. [PMID: 12890758 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.00693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During wound healing, keratinocytes initiate migration from the wound edge by extending lamellipodia into a fibronectin-rich provisional matrix. While lamellipodia-like structures are also found in cultured keratinocytes exposed to epidermal growth factor (EGF), the signaling pathway that regulates the formation of these structures is not defined. In cultured human keratinocytes seeded on fibronectin, we found that protein-serine/threonine kinase inhibitors including staurosporine, induced concentration-dependent formation of extended lamellipodia (E-lams). The formation of E-lams was inhibited by the proteintyrosine kinase inhibitors herbimycin A and genistein and augmented by the protein-tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor sodium orthovanadate. Staurosporine treatment induced relocation of tyrosine phosphorylated phospholipase C-gamma1 (PLC-gamma1) to the tips of lamellipodia where actin assembly was initiated. Consistent with an involvement of PLC-gamma1 in E-lam formation, intracellular free calcium (Ca2+) was elevated during the formation of E-lams and conversely, E-lam formation was blocked by intracellular Ca2+ chelation with BAPTA/AM, but not by extracellular reduction of Ca2+ by EGTA. Notably, glycogen synthase kinase-3alpha/beta (GSK-3alpha/beta) was activated by staurosporine as evidenced by reduced phosphorylation on Ser-21/9. Suppression of GSK-3 activity by LiCl2 or by a specific chemical inhibitor, SB-415286, blocked E-lam formation but without altering cell spreading. Furthermore, GSK-3 inhibitors blocked both staurosporine- and EGF-induced keratinocyte migration in scratch-wounded cultures. We propose that GSK-3 plays a crucial role in the formation of long lamellipodia in human keratinocytes and is potentially a central regulatory molecule in epithelial cell migration during wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leeni Koivisto
- University of British Columbia, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, 2199 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
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van den Dolder J, Bancroft GN, Sikavitsas VI, Spauwen PHM, Mikos AG, Jansen JA. Effect of fibronectin- and collagen I-coated titanium fiber mesh on proliferation and differentiation of osteogenic cells. TISSUE ENGINEERING 2003; 9:505-15. [PMID: 12857418 DOI: 10.1089/107632703322066688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of fibronectin and collagen I coatings on titanium fiber mesh on the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of rat bone marrow cells. Three main treatment groups were investigated in addition to uncoated titanium fiber meshes: meshes coated with fibronectin, meshes coated with collagen I, and meshes coated first with collagen I and then subsequently with fibronectin. Rat bone marrow cells were cultured for 1, 4, 8, and 16 days in plain and coated titanium fiber meshes. In addition, a portion of each of these coating treatment groups was cultured in the presence of antibodies against fibronectin and collagen I integrins. To evaluate cellular proliferation and differentiation, constructs were examined for DNA, osteocalcin, and calcium content and alkaline phosphatase activity. There were no significant effects of the coatings on cellular proliferation as indicated by the DNA quantification analysis. When antibodies against fibronectin and collagen I integrins were used, a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in cell proliferation was observed for the uncoated titanium meshes, meshes coated with collagen, and meshes coated with collagen and fibronectin. The different coatings also did not affect the alkaline phosphatase activity of the cells seeded on the coated meshes. However, the presence of antibodies against fibronectin or collagen I integrins resulted in significantly delayed expression of alkaline phosphatase activity for uncoated titanium meshes, meshes coated with collagen, and meshes coated with collagen and fibronectin. Calcium measurements did not reveal a significant effect of fibronectin or collagen I coating on calcium deposition in the meshes. Also, no difference in calcium content was observed in the uncoated titanium meshes and meshes coated with fibronectin when antibodies against fibronectin or collagen I integrins were present. Meshes coated with both collagen I and fibronectin showed significantly higher calcium content when cultured in the presence of antibodies to collagen and fibronectin integrins. A similar phenomenon was also observed for collagen-coated meshes cultured in the presence of antibodies to fibronectin integrins. No significant differences in osteocalcin content were observed between the treatment groups. However, all groups exposed to antibodies against fibronectin integrins showed a significant decrease in osteocalcin content on day 16. These results show that a fibronectin or collagen I coating does not stimulate the differentiation of rat bone marrow cells seeded in a titanium fiber mesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette van den Dolder
- Department of Biomaterials, College of Dental Science, University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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17
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Rocnik EF, van der Veer E, Cao H, Hegele RA, Pickering JG. Functional linkage between the endoplasmic reticulum protein Hsp47 and procollagen expression in human vascular smooth muscle cells. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:38571-8. [PMID: 12163502 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m206689200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hsp47 is a heat stress protein that interacts with procollagen in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum, which is vital for collagen elaboration and embryonic viability. The precise actions of Hsp47 remain unclear, however. To evaluate the effects of Hsp47 on collagen production we infected human vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) with a retrovirus containing Hsp47 cDNA. SMCs overexpressing Hsp47 secreted type I procollagen faster than SMCs transduced with empty vector, yielding a greater accumulation of pro alpha1(I) collagen in the extracellular milieu. Interestingly, the amount of intracellular pro alpha1(I) collagen was also increased. This was associated with an unexpected increase in the rate of pro alpha1(I) collagen chain synthesis and 2.5-fold increase in pro alpha1(I) collagen mRNA expression, without a change in fibronectin expression. This amplification of procollagen expression, synthesis, and secretion by Hsp47 imparted SMCs with an enhanced capacity to elaborate a fibrillar collagen network. The effects of Hsp47 were qualitatively distinct from, and independent of, those of ascorbate and the combination of both factors yielded an even more intricate fibril network. Given the in vitro impact of altered Hsp47 expression on procollagen production, we sought evidence for interindividual variability in Hsp47 expression and identified a common, single nucleotide polymorphism in the Hsp47 gene promoter among African Americans that significantly reduced promoter activity. Together, these findings indicate a novel means by which type I collagen production is regulated by the endoplasmic reticulum constituent, Hsp47, and suggest a potential basis for inherent differences in collagen production within the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward F Rocnik
- Robarts Research Institute, Vascular Biology Group, London Health Sciences Center, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), University of Western Ontario, London N6A 5K8, Canada
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18
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Wu N, Opalenik S, Liu J, Jansen ED, Giro MG, Davidson JM. Real-time visualization of MMP-13 promoter activity in transgenic mice. Matrix Biol 2002; 21:149-61. [PMID: 11852231 DOI: 10.1016/s0945-053x(01)00192-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous wound repair involves extracellular matrix degradation, cell migration, matrix resynthesis and tissue remodeling. In the rodent, transcriptional regulation of collagenase-3 (MMP-13) most likely plays a role in these processes. Therefore, we isolated and characterized a 1.76-kb 5'-flanking region of the mouse MMP-13 gene. Assay of promoter activity by transient transfection of HT1080 cells and primary mouse skin fibroblasts allowed identification of several functional regions of the 5'-flanking DNA. Expression of luciferase reporter constructs in these cells was induced by phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), but not by transforming growth factor-beta(2) (TGF-beta(2)). To study the regulation of MMP-13 in cutaneous wound healing, we generated transgenic mouse lines harboring the firefly luciferase reporter gene under control of a 660-bp mouse MMP-13 promoter which showed maximal response. MMP-13 mRNA levels in transgenic lung fibroblasts increased 1.5-2.6-fold after PMA challenge. MMP-13 promoter activity in wounds was visualized and quantified in vivo as luciferase bioluminescence. MMP-13 expression was present at day 1 and maximal at day 18 post-wounding. Luciferase activity progressed from the wound margin towards the center of the wound. In situ hybridization showed the same spatial and temporal patterns for the luciferase and endogenous MMP-13 mRNA. Both signals localized predominantly to dermal fibroblasts at the wound periphery but not to granulation tissue or to keratinocytes. These results suggested that MMP-13 participated in the wound healing of acute wounds, and it was a significant factor in long-term remodeling of wound connective tissue in rodent skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanjun Wu
- Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, C-3321 Medical Center North, Nashville, TN 37232-2561, USA
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19
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Lambert CA, Colige AC, Munaut C, Lapière CM, Nusgens BV. Distinct pathways in the over-expression of matrix metalloproteinases in human fibroblasts by relaxation of mechanical tension. Matrix Biol 2001; 20:397-408. [PMID: 11691580 DOI: 10.1016/s0945-053x(01)00156-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the work was to analyze, on a comparative basis, the signaling pathways operating in the regulation of a panel of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) expressed by human dermal fibroblasts submitted to mechanical stress relaxation by cytochalasin D (CD) and in a retracting collagen gel (RCG). The mRNA steady-state level of MMPs was measured by a quantitative RT-PCR procedure using a synthetic RNA as internal standard. In monolayer, most MMPs were barely detected, except MMP-2. Disruption of the actin stress fibers by CD induced a moderate increase of MMP-2 mRNA and a much larger stimulation of MMP-3, -9, -13 and -14 mRNAs. In RCG, a significant up-regulation of these MMPs was also observed although to a lower extent than in CD-treated monolayers. Among the investigated MMPs, the MMP-8 and -11 were not reproducibly detected. MMP-2 was processed to its active form both by CD and in RCG. The CD-induced up-regulation of gene expression was largely repressed by blocking protein synthesis by cycloheximide for all the MMPs, by inhibiting the tyrosine-kinases of the src family by herbimycin A for all MMPs, except MMP-2, and by inhibiting the TPA-inducible PKC isoforms by bisindoyl maleimide for all MMPs, except MMP-14. The up-regulation induced by stress relaxation in RCG was protein synthesis-dependent for MMP-2 and MMP-13, tyrosine kinases-dependent for MMP-3 and MMP-13, as previously described for MMP-1. Inhibiting TPA-inducible PKC did not affect any MMP in RCG except MMP-13, which was strongly induced. The processing of MMP-2 was tyrosine kinases-dependent but PKC-independent. Inhibitors of the ERK1,2 and p38 MAP kinases pathways diversely affected the MMPs expression. Inhibiting the Rho-kinase activity by Y-27632 was inactive. These results point to the potent regulation operated by the status of the cytoskeleton on the cell phenotype, and to distinct regulatory pathways involved in the control of different MMPs expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Lambert
- Laboratory of Connective Tissues Biology, University of Liège, Tour of Pathology B23/3, 4000 Sart Tilman, Liège, Belgium
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20
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Agren MS, Mirastschijski U, Karlsmark T, Saarialho-Kere UK. Topical synthetic inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases delays epidermal regeneration of human wounds. Exp Dermatol 2001; 10:337-48. [PMID: 11589731 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0625.2001.100506.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) degrade extracellular proteins during epithelialization of wounds. To evaluate the biological significance of MMPs in epidermal healing, the synthetic broad-spectrum MMP inhibitor GM 6001 (also called Galardin and Ilomastat) was applied topically to standardized human wounds. GM 6001 (10 microg/microl) or vehicle alone was applied every second day onto 4 de-roofed 6 mm suction blister wounds on the volar forearm of healthy male volunteers for 12 days. GM 6001 delayed healing by 2-4 days as assessed macroscopically and microscopically. In situ hybridization or immunohistochemistry showed that MMP-1 (interstitial collagenase) was present in and MMP-2 (gelatinase A) close to laterally migrating keratinocytes whereas MMP-9 (gelatinase B) was seen during maturation of new epidermis. MMP-1 was undetectable in blister roofs (normal epidermis) and found in low levels in normal skin. Total MMP-1 activities increased about 100-fold in wounds, independent of treatment, compared to normal skin as analyzed by specific ELISA-based activity assay. By gelatin zymography, MMP-2, but not MMP-9, was detected in blister roofs and wound healing was associated with increased active MMP-2 and latent MMP-9 levels. GM 6001 prevented activation of MMP-2 and increased latent MMP-9 levels. GM 6001 delayed re-appearance of laminin-5, the synthesis of which correlated with epidermal regeneration. Restoration of stratum corneum, measured indirectly by transepidermal water loss, was also impaired (P<0.05) in the GM 6001 group. In conclusion, pharmacological MMP inhibition delayed epidermal regeneration in vivo, suggesting that MMPs are required to restore epidermis after epidermal ablation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Agren
- Aagren Dermaconsulting ApS, Humlebaek, Denmark.
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21
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Dumin JA, Dickeson SK, Stricker TP, Bhattacharyya-Pakrasi M, Roby JD, Santoro SA, Parks WC. Pro-collagenase-1 (Matrix Metalloproteinase-1) Binds the α2β1 Integrin upon Release from Keratinocytes Migrating on Type I Collagen. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:29368-74. [PMID: 11359786 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m104179200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In injured skin, collagenase-1 (matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1)) is induced in migrating keratinocytes. This site-specific expression is regulated by binding of the alpha(2)beta(1) integrin with dermal type I collagen, and the catalytic activity of MMP-1 is required for keratinocyte migration. Because of this functional association among substrate/ligand, receptor, and proteinase, we assessed whether the integrin also directs the compartmentalization of MMP-1 to its matrix target. Indeed, pro-MMP-1 co-localized to sites of alpha(2)beta(1) contacts in migrating keratinocytes. Furthermore, pro-MMP-1 co-immunoprecipitated with alpha(2)beta(1) from keratinocytes, and alpha(2)beta(1) co-immunoprecipitated with pro-MMP-1. No other MMPs bound alpha(2)beta(1), and no other integrins interacted with MMP-1. Pro-MMP-1 also provided a substrate for alpha(2)beta(1)-dependent adhesion of platelets. Complex formation on keratinocytes was most efficient on native type I collagen and reduced or ablated on denatured or cleaved collagen. Competition studies suggested that the alpha(2) I domain interacts with the linker and hemopexin domains of pro-MMP-1, not with the pro-domain. These data indicate that the interaction of pro-MMP-1 with alpha(2)beta(1) confines this proteinase to points of cell contact with collagen and that the ternary complex of integrin, enzyme, and substrate function together to drive and regulate keratinocyte migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Dumin
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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22
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Spradling KD, McDaniel AE, Lohi J, Pilcher BK. Epsin 3 is a novel extracellular matrix-induced transcript specific to wounded epithelia. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:29257-67. [PMID: 11359770 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m101663200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Using an in vitro model of keratinocyte activation by the extracellular matrix following injury, we have identified epsin 3, a novel protein closely related to, but distinct from previously described epsins. Epsin 3 contains a domain structure common to this gene family, yet demonstrates novel differences in its regulation and pattern of expression. Epsin 3 mRNA and protein were undetectable in keratinocytes isolated from unwounded skin, but induced in cells following contact with fibrillar type I collagen. The native triple helical structure of collagen was required to mediate this response as cells failed to express epsin 3 when plated on gelatin. Consistent with the reported function of other epsins, epsin 3 was evident in keratinocytes as punctate vesicles throughout the cytoplasm that partially co-localized with clathrin. In addition, epsin 3 exhibited nuclear accumulation when nuclear export was inhibited. In contrast to other known epsins, epsin 3 was restricted to keratinocytes migrating across collagen and down-regulated following cell differentiation, suggesting that expression was spatially and temporally regulated. Indeed, epsin 3 was localized specifically to migrating keratinocytes in cutaneous wounds, but not found in intact skin. Intriguingly, Northern hybridization and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction experiments indicated that epsin 3 expression was restricted to epithelial wounds or pathologies exhibiting altered cell-extracellular matrix interactions. Thus, we have identified a novel type I collagen-induced epsin that demonstrates structural and behavioral similarity to this gene family, yet exhibits restricted and regulated expression, suggesting that epsin 3 may serve an important function in activated epithelial cells during tissue morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K D Spradling
- Department of Cell Biology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
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23
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Tezel G, Hernandez MR, Wax MB. In vitro evaluation of reactive astrocyte migration, a component of tissue remodeling in glaucomatous optic nerve head. Glia 2001; 34:178-89. [PMID: 11329180 DOI: 10.1002/glia.1052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In order to improve understanding of remodeling events in the glaucomatous optic nerve head, the migration of optic nerve head astrocytes was studied in vitro. Since elevated intraocular pressure is an important stress factor identified in glaucomatous eyes, optic nerve head astrocytes were incubated under physical stress created by elevated hydrostatic pressure. In addition, they were incubated in the presence of a chemical stimulus, lipolysaccharide (LPS). Migration of reactivated astrocytes in the presence of these stressors was examined using chambers in which cell migration through extracellular matrix-coated pores is only possible following proteolytic digestion of the matrix. We observed that the migratory ability of optic nerve head astrocytes was approximately 4-6 times greater following exposure to elevated hydrostatic pressure or LPS for up to 48 h. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase, protein kinase C, and tyrosine kinase were found to be involved in the signal transduction for activated migration of optic nerve head astrocytes in response to elevated hydrostatic pressure or LPS. In addition, we observed that the stress-induced migration of optic nerve head astrocytes, which is accompanied by proteolytic degradation, resulted in the formation of culture cavities containing mucopolysaccharides. These in vitro findings provide a clearer understanding of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of characteristic tissue remodeling events that occur, in vivo, in the glaucomatous optic nerve head.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Tezel
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110, USA.
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24
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Lohi J, Wilson CL, Roby JD, Parks WC. Epilysin, a novel human matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-28) expressed in testis and keratinocytes and in response to injury. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:10134-44. [PMID: 11121398 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m001599200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We have cloned a new human matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-28, epilysin) from human keratinocyte and testis cDNA libraries. Like most MMPs, epilysin contains a signal sequence, a prodomain with a PRCGVTD sequence, a zinc-binding catalytic domain with an HEIGHTLGLTH sequence, and a hemopexin-like domain. In addition, epilysin has a furin activation sequence (RRKKR) but has no transmembrane sequence. The exon-intron organization and splicing pattern of epilysin differ from that of other MMP genes. It has only 8 exons, and 5 exons are spliced at sites not used by other MMPs. Another novel feature of epilysin is that exon 4 is alternatively spliced to a transcript that does not encode the N-terminal half of the catalytic domain. Northern hybridization of tissue RNA indicated that epilysin is expressed at high levels in testis and at lower levels in lungs, heart, colon, intestine, and brain. RNase protection assay with various cell lines indicated that epilysin was selectively expressed in keratinocytes. Recombinant epilysin degraded casein in a zymography assay, and its proteolytic activity was inhibited by EDTA and by batimastat, a selective MMP inhibitor. Immunohistochemical staining showed expression of epilysin protein in the basal and suprabasal epidermis of intact skin. In injured skin, prominent staining for epilysin was seen in basal keratinocytes both at and some distance from the wound edge, a pattern that is quite distinct from that of other MMPs expressed during tissue repair. These findings suggest that this new MMP functions in several tissues both in tissue homeostasis and in repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lohi
- Departments of Pediatrics (Allergy and Pulmonary Medicine) and Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
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25
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Rocnik E, Saward L, Pickering JG. HSP47 expression by smooth muscle cells is increased during arterial development and lesion formation and is inhibited by fibrillar collagen. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001; 21:40-6. [PMID: 11145931 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.21.1.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
HSP47 is a heat-shock protein that interacts with intracellular procollagen. It has been found in fibrous atherosclerotic plaque, but its involvement in acute vascular restructuring is unknown. We analyzed the expression of HSP47 and its regulation in the developing rat aorta and after balloon injury to the adult rat carotid artery. HSP47 was strongly expressed in each layer of the maturing fetal aorta (embryonic day 17 to birth). Expression declined during the first 4 postnatal days but persisted at low abundance into adulthood. HSP47 expression was substantially upregulated in the injured carotid artery, with intense immunostaining in neointimal smooth muscle cells (SMCs). HSP47 expression in SMCs was correlated with the emergence of a less mature phenotype and with expression of type I procollagen. Interestingly, a precipitous decline in HSP47 expression was evident during aortic development and after carotid artery injury, in association with the appearance of collagen fibrils in the local extracellular matrix. Furthermore, type I collagen fibrils, but not collagen monomers, inhibited expression of HSP47 by SMCs. These findings indicate that upregulation of HSP47 is a feature of vascular restructuring, including acute neointimal formation, and that the constituents of the extracellular matrix regulate the duration of expression. This feedback control may be important for self-termination of vascular development and lesion growth.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Aorta/embryology
- Aorta/growth & development
- Aorta/metabolism
- Aorta/pathology
- Catheterization
- Cell Differentiation
- Collagen/physiology
- Fetus
- HSP47 Heat-Shock Proteins
- Heat-Shock Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Heat-Shock Proteins/biosynthesis
- Muscle Development
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/embryology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/growth & development
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Tunica Intima/growth & development
- Tunica Intima/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- E Rocnik
- John P. Robarts Research Institute (Vascular Biology Group), London Health Science Centre, University of Western Ontario, Canada
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26
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Zigrino P, Drescher C, Mauch C. Collagen-induced proMMP-2 activation by MT1-MMP in human dermal fibroblasts and the possible role of alpha2beta1 integrins. Eur J Cell Biol 2001; 80:68-77. [PMID: 11211937 DOI: 10.1078/0171-9335-00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Culture of human dermal fibroblasts within a three-dimensional matrix composed of native type I collagen fibrils is widely used to study the cellular responses to the extracellular matrix. Upon contact with native type I collagen fibrils human skin fibroblasts activate latent 72-kDa type IV collagenase/ gelatinase (MMP-2) to its active 59- and 62-kDa forms. This activation did not occur when cells were cultured on plastic dishes coated with monomeric type I collagen or its denatured form, gelatin. Activation could be inhibited by antibodies against MT1-MMP, by the addition of TIMP-2 and by prevention of MT1-MMP processing. MT1-MMP protein was detected at low levels as active protein in fibroblasts cultured as monolayers. In collagen gel cultures, an increase of the active, 60-kDa MT1-MMP and an additional 63-kDa protein corresponding to inactive MT1-MMP was detected. Incubation of medium containing latent MMP-2 with cell membranes isolated from fibroblasts grown in collagen gels caused activation of the enzyme. Furthermore, regulation of MT1-MMP expression in collagen cultures seems to be mediated by alpha2beta1 integrins. These studies suggest that activation of the proMMP-2 is regulated at the cell surface by a mechanism which is sensitive to cell culture in contact with physiologically relevant matrices and which depends on the ratio of proenzyme and the specific inhibitor TIMP-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Zigrino
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cologne, Germany
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27
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Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) are a family of structurally related proteinases most widely recognized for their ability to degrade extracellular matrix, although recent investigations have demonstrated other biologic functions for these enzymes. MMP are typically not constitutively expressed, but are regulated by: (1) cytokines, growth factors, and cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions that control gene expression; (2) activation of their proenzyme form; and (3) the presence of MMP inhibitors [tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases, (TIMP)]. MMP have important roles in normal processes including development, wound healing, mammary gland, and uterine involution, but are also involved in angiogenesis, tumor growth, and metastasis. Angiogenesis, characteristically defined as the establishment of new vessels from pre-existing vasculature, is required for biologic processes such as wound healing and pathologic processes such as arthritis, tumor growth, and metastasis. Blocking of MMP activity has been studied for potential therapeutic efficacy in controlling such pathologic processes. Synthetic MMP inhibitors, most notably the hydroxymates, have been engineered for this purpose and are presently in clinical trial. These inhibitors may have broad versus specific MMP inhibitory activity. As increased non-matrix degrading capabilities of MMP are recognized, however, i.e., cytokine activation, processing of proteins to molecules of distinct biologic function, it becomes less clear whether the nonselective inhibition of MMP activity for all pathologic processes involving MMP is appropriate. This review focuses upon the contribution of MMP to the process of tumor invasion and angiogenesis, and discusses the design and use of MMP inhibitors as therapeutic agents in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Raza
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine at Barnes-Jewish Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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28
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Abstract
Although progress has been made in the understanding of the role of metalloproteinases in tumor progression during metastasis, little is known about their contributions, if any, to tumor formation. Accumulating evidence identified an increased presence of several matrix metalloproteinases in human cancers, but the precise role for interstitial collagenase in tumor formation or progression has not been well defined. Transient induction of collagenase was observed in wild-type mouse skin after treatment with the tumor-promoting agents 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) and chrysarobin, which promote tumorigenesis through protein kinase C-dependent and -independent pathways, respectively. Transgenic mice that constitutively express interstitial collagenase within the epidermis of the skin have an increased susceptibility to tumorigenesis and produced tumors at lower doses of TPA as compared with wild-type mice. Similarly, the transgenic mice showed increased tumorigenesis when promoted with chrysarobin. These results demonstrate that collagenase overexpression can contribute to tumorigenesis via protein kinase C-dependent and -independent pathways. Significantly, compared with wild-type mice, the transgenic mice demonstrated an elevated expression of c-fos in the skin at baseline, before tumor promotion, suggesting a molecular mechanism for the increased tumor susceptibility in collagenase transgenic mice. These findings further support the importance of MMP deregulation in tumorigenesis and suggest that the role of MMP family members is not limited to metastasis but may also contribute to initial tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- T D Colandrea
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Medicine and Dentistry-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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29
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Mizuno M, Fujisawa R, Kuboki Y. Type I collagen-induced osteoblastic differentiation of bone-marrow cells mediated by collagen-alpha2beta1 integrin interaction. J Cell Physiol 2000; 184:207-13. [PMID: 10867645 DOI: 10.1002/1097-4652(200008)184:2<207::aid-jcp8>3.0.co;2-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow cells are multipotent cells. When bone marrow cells were cultured with type I collagen matrix gels, they showed high alkaline phosphatase activity, collagen synthesis, and formed mineralized tissues. Furthermore, cells expressed osteocalcin and bone sialoprotein genes, which are osteoblast-specific genes. These findings indicate that type I collagen matrix gels induce osteoblastic differentiation of bone marrow cells. Type I collagen interacts with the alpha 2 beta 1 integrin receptor on the cell membrane and mediates extracellular signals into cells. DGEA peptide is a cell-binding domain of type I collagen molecule. When collagen-integrin interaction was interrupted by the addition of Asp-Gly-Glu-Ala (DGEA) peptide to the culture, the expression of osteoblastic phenotypes of bone marrow cells was inhibited. Furthermore, anti-alpha 2 integrin antibody, which interacts with alpha subunit of integrin and blocks the binding of integrin with collagen, suppressed the expression of osteoblastic phenotypes. These findings imply that collagen-alpha 2 beta 1 integrin interaction is an important signal for the osteoblastic differentiation of bone marrow cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mizuno
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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30
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Franceschi RT. The developmental control of osteoblast-specific gene expression: role of specific transcription factors and the extracellular matrix environment. CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ORAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF ORAL BIOLOGISTS 2000; 10:40-57. [PMID: 10759426 DOI: 10.1177/10454411990100010201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Bone formation is a carefully controlled developmental process involving morphogen-mediated patterning signals that define areas of initial mesenchyme condensation followed by induction of cell-specific differentiation programs to produce chondrocytes and osteoblasts. Positional information is conveyed via gradients of molecules, such as Sonic Hedgehog that are released from cells within a particular morphogenic field together with region-specific patterns of hox gene expression. These, in turn, regulate the localized production of bone morphogenetic proteins and related molecules which initiate chondrocyte- and osteoblast-specific differentiation programs. Differentiation requires the initial commitment of mesenchymal stem cells to a given lineage, followed by induction of tissue-specific patterns of gene expression. Considerable information about the control of osteoblast-specific gene expression has come from analysis of the promoter regions of genes encoding proteins like osteocalcin that are selectively expressed in bone. Both general and tissue-specific transcription factors control this promoter. Osf2/Cbfa1, the first osteoblast-specific transcription factor to be identified, is expressed early in the osteoblast lineage and interacts with specific DNA sequences in the osteocalcin promoter essential for its selective expression in osteoblasts. The OSF2/CBFA1 gene is necessary for the development of mineralized tissues, and its mutation causes the human disease, cleidocranial dysplasia. Committed osteoprogenitor cells already expressing Osf2/Cbfa1 must synthesize a collagenous ECM before they will differentiate. A cell:ECM interaction mediated by integrin-type cell-surface receptors is essential for the induction of osteocalcin and other osteoblast-related proteins. This interaction stimulates the binding of Osf2/Cbfa1 to the osteocalcin promoter through an as-yet-undefined mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- R T Franceschi
- Department of Periodontics/Prevention/Geriatrics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109-1078, USA
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31
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Wang CK, Nelson CF, Brinkman AM, Miller AC, Hoeffler WK. Spontaneous cell sorting of fibroblasts and keratinocytes creates an organotypic human skin equivalent. J Invest Dermatol 2000; 114:674-80. [PMID: 10733672 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2000.00938.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We show that an inherent ability of two distinct cell types, keratinocytes and fibroblasts, can be relied upon to accurately reconstitute full-thickness human skin including the dermal-epidermal junction by a cell-sorting mechanism. A cell slurry containing both cell types added to silicone chambers implanted on the backs of severe combined immunodeficient mice sorts out to reconstitute a clearly defined dermis and stratified epidermis within 2 wk, forming a cell-sorted skin equivalent. Immunostaining of the cell-sorted skin equivalent with human cell markers showed patterns similar to those of normal full-thickness skin. We compared the cell-sorted skin equivalent model with a composite skin model also made on severe combined immunodeficient mice. The composite grafts were constructed from partially differentiated keratinocyte sheets placed on top of a dermal equivalent constructed of devitalized dermis. Electron microscopy revealed that both models formed ample numbers of normal appearing hemidesmosomes. The cell-sorted skin equivalent model, however, had greater numbers of keratin intermediate filaments within the basal keratinocytes that connected to hemidesmosomes, and on the dermal side both collagen filaments and anchoring fibril connections to the lamina densa were more numerous compared with the composite model. Our results may provide some insight into why, in clinical applications for treating burns and other wounds, composite grafts may exhibit surface instability and blistering for up to a year following grafting, and suggest the possible usefulness of the cell-sorted skin equivalent in future grafting applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- C K Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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32
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López-Boado YS, Wilson CL, Hooper LV, Gordon JI, Hultgren SJ, Parks WC. Bacterial exposure induces and activates matrilysin in mucosal epithelial cells. J Cell Biol 2000; 148:1305-15. [PMID: 10725342 PMCID: PMC2174301 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.148.6.1305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/1999] [Accepted: 02/15/2000] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrilysin, a matrix metalloproteinase, is expressed and secreted lumenally by intact mucosal and glandular epithelia throughout the body, suggesting that its regulation and function are shared among tissues. Because matrilysin is produced in Paneth cells of the murine small intestine, where it participates in innate host defense by activation of prodefensins, we speculated that its expression would be influenced by bacterial exposure. Indeed, acute infection (10-90 min) of human colon, bladder, and lung carcinoma cells, primary human tracheal epithelial cells, and human tracheal explants with type 1-piliated Escherichia coli mediated a marked (25-50-fold) and sustained (>24 h) induction of matrilysin production. In addition, bacterial infection resulted in activation of the zymogen form of the enzyme, which was selectively released at the apical surface. Induction of matrilysin was mediated by a soluble, non-LPS bacterial factor and correlated with the release of defensin-like bacteriocidal activity. Bacteria did not induce matrilysin in other cell types, and expression of other metalloproteinases by epithelial cells was not affected by bacteria. Matrilysin was not detected in germ-free mice, but the enzyme was induced after colonization with Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. These findings indicate that bacterial exposure is a potent and physiologically relevant signal regulating matrilysin expression in epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lora V. Hooper
- Department of Molecular Biology and Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Jeffrey I. Gordon
- Department of Molecular Biology and Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Scott J. Hultgren
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - William C. Parks
- Department of Pediatrics, Allergy and Pulmonary Division
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
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33
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Chin GS, Kim WJ, Lee TY, Liu W, Saadeh PB, Lee S, Levinson H, Gittes GK, Longaker MT. Differential expression of receptor tyrosine kinases and Shc in fetal and adult rat fibroblasts: toward defining scarless versus scarring fibroblast phenotypes. Plast Reconstr Surg 2000; 105:972-9. [PMID: 10724257 DOI: 10.1097/00006534-200003000-00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The remarkable ability of the fetus to heal early gestation skin wounds without scarring remains poorly understood. Taking advantage of recent advances in signal transduction, the tyrosine phosphorylation patterns of fetal rat fibroblasts, representing the scarless cutaneous repair phenotype, and adult rat fibroblasts, representing scarforming phenotype, were examined whether there were inherent differences in cellular signaling. Specifically, correlation of the phosphorylation patterns with the expression levels of the signaling molecules that transmit information from the plasma membrane receptor to the nucleus was sought. By using three different cell lines of explanted fibroblasts from gestational day 13 fetal rat skin (n = 24) and 1-month-old postnatal adult rat skin (n = 3), immunoblotting was performed to compare tyrosine phosphorylation patterns. The results revealed five major protein bands of interest in fetal rat fibroblasts, but not in the adult rat fibroblasts. These phosphorylated protein bands are of interest because of their possible role in wound repair and may have the potential to regulate cellular responses to the extracellular matrix and their secondary signaling molecules. It was hypothesized that these bands represented receptor tyrosine kinases, epidermal growth factor receptor, and discoidin domain receptor 1, and their downstream adaptor protein Shc that binds receptor tyrosine kinases to transduce signals intracellularly. Furthermore, elevated expression of platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta in adult compared with fetal fibroblasts was demonstrated, suggesting that decreased expression of certain growth factors may also be important for the scarless phenomenon to occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Chin
- Department of Surgery, New York University Medical Center, NY 10016, USA
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34
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Onodera S, Kaneda K, Mizue Y, Koyama Y, Fujinaga M, Nishihira J. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor up-regulates expression of matrix metalloproteinases in synovial fibroblasts of rheumatoid arthritis. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:444-50. [PMID: 10617637 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.275.1.444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutral matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are responsible for the pathological features of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) such as degradation of cartilage. We herein show the up-regulation of MMP-1 (interstitial collagenase) and MMP-3 (stromelysin) mRNAs of cultured synovial fibroblasts retrieved from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients in response to macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF). The elevation of MMP-1 and MMP-3 mRNA was dose-dependent and started at 6 h post-stimulation by MIF, reached the maximum level at 24 h, and was sustained at least up to 36 h. Interleukin (IL)-1beta mRNA was also up-regulated by MIF. These events were preceded by up-regulation of c-jun and c-fos mRNA. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1, a common inhibitor of these proteases, was slightly up-regulated by MIF. Similarly, mRNA up-regulation of MMP-1 and MMP-3 was observed in the synovial fibroblasts of patients with osteoarthritis. However, their expression levels were much lower than those of RA synovial fibroblasts. The mRNA up-regulation by MIF was inhibited by the tyrosine kinase inhibitors genestein and herbimycin A, as well as the protein kinase C inhibitors staurosporine and H-7. On the other hand, the inhibition was not seen after the addition of the cyclic AMP-dependent kinase inhibitor, H-8. The mRNA up-regulation of MMPs was also inhibited by curcumin, an inhibitor of transcription factor AP-1, whereas interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, an IL-1 receptor antagonist, failed to inhibit the mRNA up-regulation. Considering these results, it is suggested that 1) MIF plays an important role in the tissue destruction of rheumatoid joints via induction of the proteinases, and 2) MIF up-regulates MMP-1 and MMP-3 via tyrosine kinase-, protein kinase C-, and AP-1- dependent pathways, bypassing IL-1beta signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Onodera
- Department of Orthopaedics, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060, Japan
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35
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Baudoux B, Castanares-Zapatero D, Leclercq-Smekens M, Berna N, Poumay Y. The tetraspanin CD9 associates with the integrin alpha6beta4 in cultured human epidermal keratinocytes and is involved in cell motility. Eur J Cell Biol 2000; 79:41-51. [PMID: 10711425 DOI: 10.1078/s0171-9335(04)70006-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrins are involved in several ways in keratinocyte physiology, including cell motility. CD9 is a member of the tetraspanin protein family which is found in association with other transmembrane proteins like the integrins. CD9 is expressed in the epidermal tissue, but this expression is not regulated by differentiation. The present work focuses on association of CD9 with the integrin alpha6beta4 in keratinocytes. In vivo, CD9 does not co-localize with alpha6beta4, and is not internalized with the integrin upon basal detachment with dispase. In vitro, CD9 is found partly in co-localization with alpha6beta4 and is internalized with the integrin after keratinocyte detachment with dispase. Using blocking antibodies in a phagokinetic tracks assay, we show that CD9, and to a lesser extent alpha6beta4, but not the tetraspanin CD82, promote motility of subconfluent keratinocytes on collagen I. Our observations also suggest that CD9 is involved in the formation of lamellipodia. We also report that the phorbol ester TPA has no effect on CD9 expression and association with alpha6beta4, but increases keratinocyte motility, possibly through modulation of integrin subunits expression, or through upregulation of collagenase-1 expression. Together, these results confirm that CD9 associates with alpha6beta4 in cultured keratinocytes, possibly in order to regulate the function of the integrin, and that CD9 is involved in keratinocyte motility on collagen. The data suggest that regulation of adhesion characteristics by CD9 in keratinocytes may play a role in epidermal repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Baudoux
- Département Histologie-Embryologie, Facultés Universitaires Notre-Dame de la Paix, Namur/Belgium
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36
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Mignatti P, Rifkin DB. Nonenzymatic interactions between proteinases and the cell surface: novel roles in normal and malignant cell physiology. Adv Cancer Res 1999; 78:103-57. [PMID: 10547669 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-230x(08)61024-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P Mignatti
- Department of Surgery, S. A. Localio General Surgery Research Laboratory, New York, New York, USA
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37
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Abstract
During repair, many different matrix metalloproteinases are produced by multiple cell types residing in various compartments within the wound environment. This diversity of enzymes, coupled with discreet cellular expression, implies that different matrix metalloproteinases serve different functions, acting on a variety of substrates, during wound healing. With few exceptions, however, the actual function and spectrum of functions of matrix metalloproteinases in vivo is not known. Even with the advent of genetically defined animal models, few studies have rigorously addressed the substrates and role of matrix metalloproteinases in wound repair. Before we can understand the role of matrix metalloproteinases in ulceration and disease, we need to determine the function these enzymes serve in normal tissues and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- W C Parks
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St.Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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38
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Kurschat P, Zigrino P, Nischt R, Breitkopf K, Steurer P, Klein CE, Krieg T, Mauch C. Tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-2 regulates matrix metalloproteinase-2 activation by modulation of membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase activity in high and low invasive melanoma cell lines. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:21056-62. [PMID: 10409657 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.30.21056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of pro-matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 on the surface of malignant cells by membrane-bound MT1-MMP is believed to play a critical role during tumor progression and metastasis. In this study we present evidence that MT1-MMP plays a key role for the in vitro invasiveness of malignant melanoma. Melanoma cell lines secreted latent MMP-2 when cultured on plastic. However, when cells were grown in floating type I collagen lattices, only high invasive melanoma cells activated proMMP-2. Activation could be inhibited by antibodies against MT1-MMP, by addition of recombinant tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP)-2 and by inhibition of MT1-MMP cleavage. MT1-MMP protein was detected as an inactive protein in all cell lines cultured as monolayers, whereas in collagen gels, active MT1-MMP protein was detected in the membranes of both high and low invasive melanoma cells. Production of TIMP-2 was about 10-fold higher in low invasive cells as compared with high invasive melanoma cells and was further increased in the low invasive cells upon contact to collagen. Thus, in melanoma cells TIMP-2 expression levels might regulate MT1-MMP-mediated activation of proMMP-2. High invasive melanoma cells displayed increased in vitro invasiveness, which was inhibited by TIMP-2. These data indicate the importance of these enzymes for the invasion processes and support a role for MT1-MMP as an activator of proMMP-2 in malignant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kurschat
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cologne, 50924 Cologne, Germany
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39
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Abstract
A sandwich ELISA for laminin 5 was developed by using two monoclonal antibodies specific for human laminin 5, basement membrane (BM)165 and 6F12, which were raised against the laminin alpha3 chain and the laminin beta3 chain, respectively. Laminin 5 was purified from squamous carcinoma cell (SCC) 25-conditioned medium, using 6F12-conjugated Sepharose. This preparation was used as the standard for the ELISA. This sandwich ELISA was sensitive enough to detect reproducibly as little as 125 pg of laminin 5. This assay could detect laminin 5 produced by human keratinocytes but not other laminins produced by human fibroblasts. A portion of the laminin 5 that was secreted by the keratinocytes was deposited around the cells, and the rest was released into the medium. To measure total synthesized laminin 5, the intracellular and deposited laminin 5 was solubilized by treatment with a mixture of several kinds of detergents that did not interfere with the sandwich ELISA, and the laminin in both the culture medium and the solubilized cell layer was quantified. The amount of laminin 5 synthesis by keratinocytes depended on the cell number, the duration of culture, and the extracellular matrix proteins on which keratinocytes were plated.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Amano
- Skin Biology Research Laboratories, Shiseido Life Science Research Center, Yokohama, Japan.
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40
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Pilcher BK, Dumin J, Schwartz MJ, Mast BA, Schultz GS, Parks WC, Welgus HG. Keratinocyte collagenase-1 expression requires an epidermal growth factor receptor autocrine mechanism. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:10372-81. [PMID: 10187826 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.15.10372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to cutaneous injury, expression of collagenase-1 is induced in keratinocytes via alpha2beta1 contact with native type I collagen, and enzyme activity is essential for cell migration over this substratum. However, the cellular mechanism(s) mediating integrin signaling remain poorly understood. We demonstrate here that treatment of keratinocytes cultured on type I collagen with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) blocking antibodies or a specific receptor antagonist inhibited cell migration across type I collagen and the matrix-directed stimulation of collagenase-1 production. Additionally, stimulation of collagenase-1 expression by hepatocyte growth factor, transforming growth factor-beta1, and interferon-gamma was blocked by EGFR inhibitors, suggesting a required EGFR autocrine signaling step for enzyme expression. Collagenase-1 mRNA was not detectable in keratinocytes isolated immediately from normal skin, but increased progressively following 2 h of contact with collagen. In contrast, EGFR mRNA was expressed at high steady-state levels in keratinocytes isolated immediately from intact skin but was absent following 2 h cell contact with collagen, suggesting down-regulation following receptor activation. Indeed, tyrosine phosphorylation of the EGFR was evident as early as 10 min following cell contact with collagen. Treatment of keratinocytes cultured on collagen with EGFR antagonist or heparin-binding (HB)-EGF neutralizing antibodies dramatically inhibited the sustained expression (6-24 h) of collagenase-1 mRNA, whereas initial induction by collagen alone (2 h) was unaffected. Finally, expression of collagenase-1 in ex vivo wounded skin and re-epithelialization of partial thickness porcine burn wounds was blocked following treatment with EGFR inhibitors. These results demonstrate that keratinocyte contact with type I collagen is sufficient to induce collagenase-1 expression, whereas sustained enzyme production requires autocrine EGFR activation by HB-EGF as an obligatory intermediate step, thereby maintaining collagenase-1-dependent migration during the re-epithelialization of epidermal wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Pilcher
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
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41
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Määttä A, Jaakkola P, Jalkanen M. Extracellular matrix-dependent activation of syndecan-1 expression in keratinocyte growth factor-treated keratinocytes. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:9891-8. [PMID: 10092681 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.14.9891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Syndecan-1 is a major heparan sulfate proteoglycan of the epidermis. Its expression is strongly induced in migrating and proliferating keratinocytes during wound healing and, on the other hand, diminished or lost in invasive squamous cell carcinoma. We have recently found in the syndecan-1 gene an enhancer (fibroblast growth factor-inducible response element (FiRE)) that activates gene expression in wound edge keratinocytes (Jaakkola, P., Kontusaari, S., Kauppi, T., Määttä, A., and Jalkanen, M. (1998) FASEB J. 12, 959-969). Now, we demonstrate that the activation of this enhancer by keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) is modulated by the components of the extracellular matrix (ECM). MCA-3D mouse immortal keratinocytes growing on fibrillar collagen failed to activate FiRE and subsequently to induce syndecan-1 in response to KGF. The same cells growing on fibronectin or laminin, however, increased FiRE-dependent reporter gene expression upon KGF treatment. The inhibition of the KGF induction by collagen appears to be specific for signaling to FiRE, as the increase in cell proliferation by KGF was not affected. The effect was selective to KGF, as EGF-induction was independent on ECM composition. Changes in the transcription factor binding were not involved in the differential activation of FiRE, as the levels and composition of the AP-1 complexes were unchanged. However, application of anisomycin, an activator of Jun amino-terminal kinase, resulted in a lower response in cells growing on collagen compared with fibronectin. These results indicate that the composition of ECM and availability of growth factors can play a role in the epidermal regulation of syndecan-1 expression and that FiRE is a novel target for gene regulation by the extracellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Määttä
- Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Abo Akademi University, P. O. Box 123, FIN-20521 Turku, Finland.
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42
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Shankar G, Johnson J, Kuschel L, Richins M, Burnham K. Protein-kinase-specific inhibitors block Langerhans' cell migration by inhibiting interleukin-1alpha release. Immunology 1999; 96:230-5. [PMID: 10233700 PMCID: PMC2326744 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.1999.00680.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that depletion of Langerhans' cells (LC) from murine epidermis by the superantigen, staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) involves interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha) and is inhibitable by agents that block G-protein-associated kinases. The purpose of this study was to determine whether specific kinase inhibitors block LC depletion by inhibiting IL-1alpha release and to ascertain whether LC depletion by SEA involves cell migration. These goals were addressed by measuring the IL-1alpha release within whole or LC-depleted epidermal cell suspensions in the presence of SEA and/or H-7 (an inhibitor of protein kinase C) or H-8 (an inhibitor of G-protein-associated kinases) and by examining the migration of cells with LC markers in SEA-treated skin sections. The results suggest that LC depletion by SEA involves migration and that this migration is blocked by protein kinase inhibitors, at least in part, through inhibition of SEA-induced IL-1alpha release by epidermal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Shankar
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Oklahoma, USA
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43
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Ravanti L, Heino J, López-Otín C, Kähäri VM. Induction of collagenase-3 (MMP-13) expression in human skin fibroblasts by three-dimensional collagen is mediated by p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:2446-55. [PMID: 9891015 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.4.2446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Collagenase-3 (matrix metalloproteinase-13, MMP-13) is a recently identified human MMP with an exceptionally wide substrate specificity and restricted tissue-specific expression. Here we show that MMP-13 expression is induced in normal human skin fibroblasts cultured within three-dimensional collagen gel resulting in production and proteolytic activation of MMP-13. Induction of MMP-13 mRNAs by collagen gel was potently inhibited by blocking antibodies against alpha1 and alpha2 integrin subunits and augmented by activating antibody against beta1 integrin subunit, indicating that both alpha1 beta1 and alpha2 beta1 integrins mediate the MMP-13-inducing cellular signal generated by three-dimensional collagen. Collagen-related induction of MMP-13 expression was dependent on tyrosine kinase activity, as it was abolished by treatment of fibroblasts with tyrosine kinase inhibitors genistein and herbimycin A. Contact of fibroblasts to three-dimensional collagen resulted in simultaneous activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in three distinct subgroups: extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1 and ERK2, Jun N-terminal kinase/stress-activated protein kinase, and p38. Induction of MMP-13 expression was inhibited by treatment of fibroblasts with a specific p38 inhibitor, SB 203580, whereas blocking the ERK1,2 pathway (Raf/MEK1,2/ERK1,2) by PD 98059, a selective inhibitor of MEK1,2 activation potently augmented MMP-13 expression. Furthermore, specific activation of ERK1,2 pathway by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate markedly suppressed MMP-13 expression in dermal fibroblasts in collagen gel. These results show that collagen-dependent induction of MMP-13 in dermal fibroblasts requires p38 activity, and is inhibited by activation of ERK1,2. Therefore, the balance between the activity of ERK1,2 and p38 MAPK pathways appears to be crucial in regulation of MMP-13 expression in dermal fibroblasts, suggesting that p38 MAPK may serve as a target for selective inhibition of collagen degradation, e.g. in chronic dermal ulcers.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ravanti
- Department of Dermatology, Turku University Central Hospital, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland
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44
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Lim M, Martinez T, Jablons D, Cameron R, Guo H, Toole B, Li JD, Basbaum C. Tumor-derived EMMPRIN (extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer) stimulates collagenase transcription through MAPK p38. FEBS Lett 1998; 441:88-92. [PMID: 9877171 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(98)01474-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
EMMPRIN (extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer) stimulates fibroblast metalloproteinases (MMP) 1, 2 and 3 (Kataoka et al. (1993) Cancer Res. 53, 3154-3158). Here we focus on MMP-1, showing that in lung tumors, MMP-1's cognate mRNA is strongly expressed in stromal fibroblasts adjacent to EMMPRIN-expressing tumor cells. In vitro, EMMPRIN upregulates MMP-1 mRNA expression in a concentration-dependent manner, with a peak accumulation at 24 h. The response is genistein-sensitive, suggesting it is dependent on tyrosine kinase activity. Analysis of tyrosine phosphorylation-dependent MAP kinases ERK 1/2, SAPK/JNK, and p38 showed that the activity of p38 but not that of the other 2 kinases was elevated in response to EMMPRIN. That p38 activity was required for EMMPRIN stimulation of MMP-1 was evident from results showing that the p38 inhibitor SB203580 blocked this response. This is the first available information regarding the mechanism by which tumor-associated molecules upregulate MMP synthesis in stromal fibroblasts.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD
- Antigens, Neoplasm
- Basigin
- Biomarkers, Tumor
- Bronchi/enzymology
- Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/enzymology
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/genetics
- Cell Line
- Collagenases/genetics
- Epithelial Cells/enzymology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Kinetics
- Lung/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/enzymology
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 1
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Transcription, Genetic
- p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lim
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0452, USA.
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45
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Xiao G, Wang D, Benson MD, Karsenty G, Franceschi RT. Role of the alpha2-integrin in osteoblast-specific gene expression and activation of the Osf2 transcription factor. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:32988-94. [PMID: 9830051 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.49.32988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular matrix molecules such as type I collagen are required for the adhesion, migration, proliferation, and differentiation of a number of cell types including osteoblasts. Matrix components often affect cell function by interacting with members of the integrin family of cell surface receptors. Previous work showed that collagen matrix synthesis, induced by addition of ascorbic acid to cells, precedes and is essential for the expression of osteoblast markers and induction of the osteocalcin promoter in murine MC3T3-E1 cells. This later response requires OSE2, the promoter element recognized by Osf2 (also called Cbfa1/AML3/PEBP2alphaA), a recently identified osteoblast-specific transcription factor. Osteoblasts express several integrins including alpha2beta1 which is a major receptor for type I collagen. This paper examines the role of the alpha2-integrin subunit in osteocalcin promoter activation and osteoblast differentiation. Disruption of alpha2-integrin-ECM interactions with a blocking antibody or DGEA peptide containing the cell-binding domain of type I collagen blocked activation of the mouse osteocalcin gene 2 promoter by ascorbic acid as well as induction of endogenous osteocalcin mRNA and mineralization. Furthermore, anti-alpha2-integrin blocking antibody or peptide reduced ascorbic acid-dependent binding of Osf2 to OSE2 without affecting levels of transcription factor mRNA. Time course studies revealed that ascorbic acid-dependent binding of Osf2 to OSE2 preceded increases in osteocalcin and bone sialoprotein expression and this increase in Osf2 binding was not accompanied by comparable changes in levels of transcription factor mRNA or protein. Taken together, these studies demonstrate that an alpha2-integrin-collagen interaction is required for activation of Osf2 and induction of osteoblast-specific gene expression. Furthermore, matrix signals may regulate Osf2 through a post-translational pathway or via an accessory factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Xiao
- Department of Periodontics, Prevention, and Geriatrics, School of Dentistry and Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1078, USA
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Lee YS, Yuspa SH, Dlugosz AA. Differentiation of cultured human epidermal keratinocytes at high cell densities is mediated by endogenous activation of the protein kinase C signaling pathway. J Invest Dermatol 1998; 111:762-6. [PMID: 9804335 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.1998.00365.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK) grown in serum-free medium on a plastic substrate spontaneously differentiate at high cell densities in vitro. Because protein kinase C (PKC) regulates murine keratinocyte differentiation triggered by a variety of stimuli, we examined the role of this signaling pathway in density-dependent activation of NHEK differentiation. Relative to subconfluent cultures, confluent NHEK expressed markedly higher levels of multiple differentiation markers assayed by immunoblotting, including keratin 1, loricrin, filaggrin, involucrin, TGK, and SPR-1. Expression of several of these markers continued to increase for several days after cells reached confluency. The total level of several PKC isoforms was not substantially altered in NHEK harvested at different cell densities, based on immunoblotting; however, subcellular fractionation revealed that PKCalpha underwent a redistribution to the particulate fraction in confluent and postconfluent NHEK cultures, suggesting that this isozyme was activated under these conditions and may be involved in triggering the terminal differentiation program. Supporting this concept, inhibition of PKC function using bryostatin 1 or GF 109203X blocked the induction of keratinocyte differentiation markers at high cell densities. These data suggest that endogenous activation of PKC is responsible for cell density-mediated stimulation of NHEK differentiation, establishing a critical role for this pathway in regulating human as well as murine keratinocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S Lee
- Laboratory of Cellular Carcinogenesis and Tumor Promotion, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4255, USA
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Czyzyk JK, Fernsten PD, Brtva TR, Der CJ, Winfield JB. CD45 and Src-related protein tyrosine kinases regulate the T cell response to phorbol esters. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998; 243:444-50. [PMID: 9480828 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1998.8114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC)-dependent activation of the Ras signal transduction cascade is essential for induction of the IL-2 promoter during stimulation of T lymphocytes via the T cell receptor (TCR). In this study, the effects of PKC-activating phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) on Ras-dependent activation of transcription from the ets/AP-1 Ras-responsive promoter element were examined in human T cells. Pretreatment of Jurkat cells with the Src-family PTK inhibitor herbimycin A resulted in a 50% inhibition of transactivation of the reporter following incubation with PMA. Evidence was also obtained to suggest the participation of the leukocyte-specific protein tyrosine phosphatase CD45, a regulator of Src-like PTKs, in the PMA-induced activation of the Ras/Raf pathway. First, PMA-induced transactivation of ets/AP-1 is diminished 75% in CD45-negative variants, compared with CD45-positive cells. Second, engagement of CD45 by monoclonal antibodies suppresses the PMA response from the reporter construct. Taken together, these data suggest that Src-related proteins mediate PKC-dependent activation of the Ras/Raf pathway and implicate CD45 in the TCR-independent activation of T lymphocytes induced by agents such as PMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Czyzyk
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Thurston Arthritis Research Center, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7280, USA
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Vogel W, Gish GD, Alves F, Pawson T. The discoidin domain receptor tyrosine kinases are activated by collagen. Mol Cell 1997; 1:13-23. [PMID: 9659899 DOI: 10.1016/s1097-2765(00)80003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 735] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Two mammalian receptor tyrosine kinases (DDR1 and DDR2) have extracellular domains closely related to a D. discoideum lectin, discoidin, required for cell aggregation. Here, we show that the mammalian DDR receptors bind and are activated by specific types of collagen. Stimulation of DDR receptor tyrosine kinase activity requires the native triple-helical structure of collagen and occurs over an extended period of time. Collagen activation of DDR1 induces phosphorylation of a docking site for the Shc phosphotyrosine binding domain, whose presence is controlled by alternative splicing. Activation of DDR2 by collagen results in the up-regulation of matrix metalloproteinase-1 expression. These results suggest that the discoidin-related DDR tyrosine kinases are novel collagen receptors with the potential to control cellular responses to the extracellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Vogel
- Programme in Molecular Biology and Cancer, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of zinc-dependent endopeptidases collectively capable of degrading essentially all extracellular matrix components. These enzymes can be produced by several different types of cells in skin such as fibroblasts, keratinocytes, macrophages, endothelial cells, mast cells, and eosinophils and their activity can be specifically inhibited by TIMPs (tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases), which bind to active MMPs with 1:1 stoichiometry. In general, MMPs are not constitutively expressed in skin but are induced temporarily in response to exogenous signals such as various cytokines, growth factors, cell matrix interactions and altered cell-cell contacts. At present, more evidence is accumulating that MMPs play an important role in proteolytic remodeling of extracellular matrix in various physiologic situations, including developmental tissue morphogenesis, tissue repair, and angiogenesis. On the other hand, MMPs play an important pathogenetic role in excessive breakdown of connective tissue components, e.g. in rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, chronic ulcers, dermal photoageing, and periodontitis, as well as in tumor cell invasion and metastasis. In this review we discuss the role of MMPs and TIMPs in human skin based on new observations on the regulation of the expression of MMPs, on their substrate specificity, and MMP expression in physiologic and pathologic conditions of skin involving matrix remodeling. Furthermore, therapeutic modalities based on regulating MMP activity will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Kähäri
- Department of Dermatology, Turku University Central Hospital, University of Turku, Finland
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Rutter JL, Benbow U, Coon CI, Brinckerhoff CE. Cell-type specific regulation of human interstitial collagenase-1 gene expression by interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in human fibroblasts and BC-8701 breast cancer cells. J Cell Biochem 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4644(19970901)66:3<322::aid-jcb5>3.0.co;2-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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