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Dos Santos FL, Zilles JC, Machado AU, Marques MS, da Costa BS, Kulkamp Guerreiro IC, Fuentefria AM, Contri RV. Polymeric Nanocapsules Containing Ozonated Oil and Terbinafine Hydrochloride as a Potential Treatment Against Dermatophytes. AAPS PharmSciTech 2023; 24:198. [PMID: 37783861 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-023-02657-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Terbinafine hydrochloride is a synthetic allylamine whose mechanism of action consists of inhibiting the enzyme squalene epoxidase that participates in the first stage of ergosterol synthesis, interfering with fungal membrane function. Ozonated oils are used for topical application of ozone, producing reactive oxygen species that cause cellular damage in microorganisms, therefore being an alternative treatment for acute and chronic skin infections. This study aimed to develop and characterize Eudragit® RS100 nanocapsules, obtained by interfacial deposition of preformed polymer method, containing 0.5% terbinafine hydrochloride and 5% ozonated sunflower seed oil as a potential treatment against dermatophytes. The polymeric nanocapsules were characterized regarding particle size, zeta potential, pH, drug content, encapsulation efficiency, and stability. The in vitro drug release, in vitro skin permeation, and in vitro antifungal activity were also evaluated. The particle size was around 150 nm with a narrow size distribution, the zeta potential was around + 6 mV, and the pH was 2.2. The drug content was close to 95% with an encapsulation efficiency of 53%. The nanocapsules were capable to control the drug release and the skin permeation. The in vitro susceptibility test showed greater antifungal activity for the developed nanocapsules, against all dermatophyte strains tested, compared to the drug solution. Therefore, the polymeric nanocapsules suspension containing terbinafine hydrochloride and ozonated oil can be considered a potential high-efficacy candidate for the treatment of dermatophytosis, with a possible reduction in the drug dose and frequency of applications. Studies to evaluate safety and efficacy in vivo still need to be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francielli Lima Dos Santos
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 2752, Azenha, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Júlia Capp Zilles
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas - PPGCF, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Andressa Urbano Machado
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 2752, Azenha, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Morgana Souza Marques
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas - PPGCF, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Souza da Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas - PPGCF, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Irene Clemes Kulkamp Guerreiro
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 2752, Azenha, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas - PPGCF, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia e Terapêutica - PPGFT, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Meneghello Fuentefria
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 2752, Azenha, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas - PPGCF, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia e Terapêutica - PPGFT, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Renata Vidor Contri
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 2752, Azenha, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas - PPGCF, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil.
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Mishra A, Lelieveld S, Pöschl U, Berkemeier T. Multiphase Kinetic Modeling of Air Pollutant Effects on Protein Modification and Nitrotyrosine Formation in Epithelial Lining Fluid. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:12642-12653. [PMID: 37587684 PMCID: PMC10469477 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c03556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to ambient air pollution is a major risk factor for human health. Inhalation of air pollutants can enhance the formation of reactive species in the epithelial lining fluid (ELF) of the respiratory tract and can lead to oxidative stress and oxidative damage. Here, we investigate the chemical modification of proteins by reactive species from air pollution and endogenous biological sources using an extended version of the multiphase chemical kinetic model KM-SUB-ELF 2.0 with a detailed mechanism of protein modification. Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and nitrogen dioxide (•NO2) act synergistically and increase the formation of nitrotyrosine (Ntyr), a common biomarker of oxidative stress. Ozone (O3) is found to be a burden on the antioxidant defense system but without substantial influence on the Ntyr concentration. In simulations with low levels of air pollution, the Ntyr concentration in the ELF is consistent with the range of literature values for bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from healthy individuals. With high levels of air pollution, however, we obtain strongly elevated Ntyr concentrations. Our model analysis shows how chemical reactions of air pollutants can modify proteins and thus their functionality in the human body, elucidating a molecular pathway that may explain air pollutant effects on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashmi Mishra
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Steven Lelieveld
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ulrich Pöschl
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Berkemeier
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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Kakaei K, Padervand M, Akinay Y, Dawi E, Ashames A, Saleem L, Wang C. A critical mini-review on challenge of gaseous O 3 toward removal of viral bioaerosols from indoor air based on collision theory. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:84918-84932. [PMID: 37380862 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28402-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19, a pandemic of acute respiratory syndrome diseases, led to significant social, economic, psychological, and public health impacts. It was not only uncontrolled but caused serious problems at the outbreak time. Physical contact and airborne transmission are the main routes of transmission for bioaerosols such as SARS-CoV-2. According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and World Health Organization (WHO), surfaces should be disinfected with chlorine dioxide, sodium hypochlorite, and quaternary compounds, while wearing masks, maintaining social distance, and ventilating are strongly recommended to protect against viral aerosols. Ozone generators have gained much attention for purifying public places and workplaces' atmosphere, from airborne bioaerosols, with specific reference to the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak. Despite the scientific concern, some bioaerosols, such as SARS-CoV-2, are not inactivated by ozone under its standard tolerable concentrations for human. Previous reports did not consider the ratio of surface area to volume, relative humidity, temperature, product of time in concentration, and half-life time simultaneously. Furthermore, the use of high doses of exposure can seriously threaten human health and safety since ozone is shown to have a high half-life at ambient conditions (several hours at 55% of relative humidity). Herein, making use of the reports on ozone physicochemical behavior in multiphase environments alongside the collision theory principles, we demonstrate that ozone is ineffective against a typical bioaerosol, SARS-CoV-2, at nonharmful concentrations for human beings in air. Ozone half-life and its durability in indoor air, as major concerns, are also highlighted in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Kakaei
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Maragheh, P.O. Box 55181-83111, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Mohsen Padervand
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Maragheh, P.O. Box 55181-83111, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Yuksel Akinay
- Department of Mining, Faculty of Engineering, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - Elmuez Dawi
- Nonlinear Dynamics Research Center (NDRC), College of Humanities and Sciences, Ajman University, P.O. Box 346, Ajman, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Akram Ashames
- Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research Centre, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, P.O. Box 346, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Lama Saleem
- Biomolecular Science, Earth and Life Science, Amsterdam University, De Boelelaan 1105/1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chuanyi Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
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Wongnen C, Panpipat W, Saelee N, Rawdkuen S, Grossmann L, Chaijan M. A Novel Approach for the Production of Mildly Salted Duck Egg Using Ozonized Brine Salting. Foods 2023; 12:foods12112261. [PMID: 37297504 DOI: 10.3390/foods12112261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Salted eggs are normally produced by treating fresh duck eggs with a high salt concentration in order to acquire distinctive features and excellent preservation capabilities as a result of a series of physicochemical changes. This method, however, induces a high salt content in the product. The goal of this research was to create a new way of producing mildly salted duck eggs using ozonized brine salting. The brine was made by dissolving NaCl (26% w/v) in water or ozonized water at a concentration of 50 ng ozone/mL (ozonized brine). Compared to brine, ozonized brine resulted in salted eggs with reduced ultimate salt levels in both albumen and yolk (p < 0.05). The Haugh unit of the salted eggs generated by ozonized brine was similar to that of the brine-made salted egg group (p > 0.05), but the salted egg produced by ozonized brine matured and solidified faster because the yolk index (0.62) was higher than that of the brine (0.55) (p < 0.05). The final pH of salted eggs generated with brine and ozonized brine was not different (p > 0.05). Regardless of the salting method, both salted eggs contained low TVB-N content (<10 mg/100 g). Ozonized brine increased the protein carbonyl content in salted albumen, which may be related to albumen protein aggregation and served as a salt diffusion barrier. However, after boiling the salted egg, the protein carbonyl level was comparable to that of fresh albumen. The TBARS levels of boiled salted albumen prepared with brine and ozonized brine were comparable (p > 0.05), and the value was extremely low (~0.1 mg MDA equivalent/kg). The TBARS value of the salted yolk prepared with brine was higher than that of the salted yolk prepared with ozonized brine (p < 0.05), and both salted yolks showed increased TBARS values after cooking (p < 0.05). The albumen and yolk components appeared to be altered similarly by both brine and ozonized brine, according to the FTIR spectra. Furthermore, the appearance and color of the yolk and albumen in salted eggs prepared with brine and ozonized brine were comparable. Boiled salted albumen produced with ozonized brine had a denser structure with fewer voids. This could be attributed to the final salted egg's lower salt content and lower salt diffusion rate, which were likely caused by protein oxidation and, as a result, aggregation when ozonized brine was used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantira Wongnen
- Food Technology and Innovation Research Center of Excellence, School of Agricultural Technology and Food Industry, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
| | - Worawan Panpipat
- Food Technology and Innovation Research Center of Excellence, School of Agricultural Technology and Food Industry, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
| | - Nisa Saelee
- Food Technology and Innovation Research Center of Excellence, School of Agricultural Technology and Food Industry, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
| | - Saroat Rawdkuen
- Food Science and Technology Program, School of Agro-Industry, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Lutz Grossmann
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 102 Holdsworth Way, Amherst, MA 01002, USA
| | - Manat Chaijan
- Food Technology and Innovation Research Center of Excellence, School of Agricultural Technology and Food Industry, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
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Perryman A, Speen AM, Kim HYH, Hoffman JR, Clapp PW, Rivera Martin W, Snouwaert JN, Koller BH, Porter NA, Jaspers I. Oxysterols Modify NLRP2 in Epithelial Cells, Identifying a Mediator of Ozone-induced Inflammation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2021; 65:500-512. [PMID: 34126877 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2021-0032oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ozone (O3) is a prevalent air pollutant causing lung inflammation. Previous studies demonstrate that O3 oxidizes lipids, such as cholesterol, in the airway to produce oxysterols, such as secosterol-A (SecoA), which are electrophiles capable of forming covalent linkages preferentially with lysine residues and consequently modify protein function. The breadth of proteins modified by this oxysterol as well as the biological consequences in the lung are unknown. Using an alkynyl-tagged form of SecoA and shotgun proteomics, we identified 135 proteins to be modified bronchial epithelial cells. Among them was NLR Family Pyrin Domain Containing 2 (NLRP2) forming a SecoA-protein adduct at lysine (K1019) in the terminal leucine-rich-repeat, a known regulatory region for NLR proteins. NLRP2 expression in airway epithelial cells was characterized and CRISPR-Cas9 knockout and shRNA knockdown of NLRP2 was used to determine its function in O3-induced inflammation. No evidence for NLPR2 inflammasome formation or NLRP2-dependent increase in caspase-1 activity in response to O3 was observed. O3-induced pro-inflammatory gene expression for CXCL2 and CXCL8/IL8 was further enhanced in NLRP2 knockout cells, suggesting a negative regulatory role. Reconstitution of NLRP2 KO cells with K1019R mutant NLRP2 partially blocked SecoA adduction and enhanced O3-induced IL-8 release as compared to wild type NLRP2. Together, our findings uncover NLRP2 as a highly abundant, key component of pro-inflammatory signaling pathways in airway epithelial cells and as a novel mediator of O3-induced inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia Perryman
- University of North Carolina, Curriculum in Toxicology & Environmental Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | - Adam M Speen
- US Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Development, 314974, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Hye-Young H Kim
- Vanderbilt University, 5718, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Jessica R Hoffman
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Curriculum for the Environment and Ecology, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | - Phillip W Clapp
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, 6797, Pediatrics, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | | | - John N Snouwaert
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, 6797, Genetics, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | | | - Ned A Porter
- Vanderbilt University, 5718, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Ilona Jaspers
- University of North Carolina, Pediatrics, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States;
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The use of host defense peptides in root canal therapy in rats. Clin Oral Investig 2020; 25:3623-3632. [PMID: 33200281 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-020-03684-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In order to evaluate host defense peptides (HDPs) HHC-10 and synoeca-MP activity in in vitro osteoclastogenesis process and in vivo induced apical periodontitis, testing the effect of molecules in the inflammatory response and in apical periodontitis size/volume after root canal treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS In vitro osteoclastogenesis was assessed on bone marrow cell cultures extracted from mice, while in vivo endodontic treatment involved rats treated with Ca(OH)2 or HDPs. In vitro osteoclasts were subjected to TRAP staining, and in vivo samples were evaluated by radiographic and tomographic exams, as well as histologic analysis. RESULTS None of the substances downregulated the in vitro osteoclastogenesis. Nevertheless, all treatments affected the average of apical periodontitis size in rats, although only teeth treated with HDPs demonstrated lower levels of the inflammatory process. These results demonstrated the in vivo potential of HDPs. Radiographic analysis suggested that HHC-10 and synoeca-MP-treated animals presented a similar lesion size than Ca(OH)2-treated animals after 7-day of endodontic treatment. However, tomography analysis demonstrated smaller lesion volume in synoeca-MP-treated animals than HHC-10 and Ca(OH)2-treated animals, after 7 days. CONCLUSIONS These molecules demonstrated an auxiliary effect in endodontic treatment that might be related to its immunomodulatory ability, broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, and possible induction of tissue repair at low concentrations. These results can encourage further investigations on the specific mechanisms of action in animal models to clarify the commercial applicability of these biomolecules for endodontic treatment. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE HDPs have the potential to be adjuvant substances in endodontic therapy due to its potential to reduce inflammation in apical periodontitis.
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Patial S, Saini Y. Lung macrophages: current understanding of their roles in Ozone-induced lung diseases. Crit Rev Toxicol 2020; 50:310-323. [PMID: 32458707 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2020.1762537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Through the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), the Clean Air Act of the United States outlines acceptable levels of six different air pollutants considered harmful to humans and the environment. Included in this list is ozone (O3), a highly reactive oxidant gas, respiratory health hazard, and common environmental air pollutant at ground level. The respiratory health effects due to O3 exposure are often associated with molecular and cellular perturbations in the respiratory tract. Periodic review of NAAQS requires comprehensive scientific evaluation of the public health effects of these pollutants, which is formulated through integrated science assessment (ISA) of the most policy-relevant scientific literature. This review focuses on the protective and pathogenic effects of macrophages in the O3-exposed respiratory tract, with emphasis on mouse model-based toxicological studies. Critical findings from 39 studies containing the words O3, macrophage, mice, and lung within the full text were assessed. While some of these studies highlight the presence of disease-relevant pathogenic macrophages in the airspaces, others emphasize a protective role for macrophages in O3-induced lung diseases. Moreover, a comprehensive list of currently known macrophage-specific roles in O3-induced lung diseases is included in this review and the significant knowledge gaps that still exist in the field are outlined. In conclusion, there is a vital need in this field for additional policy-relevant scientific information, including mechanistic studies to further define the role of macrophages in response to O3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonika Patial
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Yogesh Saini
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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Enami S, Colussi AJ. OH-Radical Oxidation of Lung Surfactant Protein B on Aqueous Surfaces. Mass Spectrom (Tokyo) 2018; 7:S0077. [PMID: 30533342 PMCID: PMC6245955 DOI: 10.5702/massspectrometry.s0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Air pollutants generate reactive oxygen species on lung surfaces. Here we report how hydroxyl radicals (·OH) injected on the surface of water react with SP-B1-25, a 25-residue polypeptide surrogate of human lung surfactant protein B. Our experiments consist of intersecting microjets of aqueous SP-B1-25 solutions with O3/O2/H2O/N2(g) gas streams that are photolyzed into ·OH(g) in situ by 266 nm laser nanosecond pulses. Surface-sensitive mass spectrometry enables us to monitor the prompt (<10 μs) and simultaneous formation of primary O n -containing products/intermediates (n≤5) triggered by the reaction of ·OH with interfacial SP-B1-25. We found that O-atoms from both O3 and ·OH are incorporated into the reactive cysteine Cys8 and Cys11 and tryptophan Trp9 components of the hydrophobic N-terminus of SP-B1-25 that lies at the topmost layers of the air-liquid interface. Remarkably, these processes are initiated by ·OH additions rather than by H-atom abstractions from S-H, C-H, or N-H groups. By increasing the hydrophilicity of the N-terminus region of SP-B1-25, these transformations will impair its role as a surfactant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Agustín J Colussi
- Linde Center for Global Environmental Science, California Institute of Technology
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Elshinawy MI, Al-Madboly LA, Ghoneim WM, El-Deeb NM. Synergistic Effect of Newly Introduced Root Canal Medicaments; Ozonated Olive Oil and Chitosan Nanoparticles, Against Persistent Endodontic Pathogens. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1371. [PMID: 30018599 PMCID: PMC6037984 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the antimicrobial-biofilm activity of chitosan (Ch-NPs), silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs), ozonated olive oil (O3-oil) either separately or combined together against endodontic pathogens. While testing the antimicrobial activity, Ch-NPs showed the least minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values exerting eightfold higher bactericidal activity than O3-oil against both Enterococcus faecalis and Streptococcus mutans as well as fourfold higher fungicidal activity against Candida albicans. Antimicrobial synergy test revealed synergism between O3-oil and Ch-NPs against the test pathogens (FIC index ≤ 0.5). Ch-NPs was superior at inhibiting immature single and mixed-species biofilm formations by 97 and 94%, respectively. Both of O3-oil and Ch-NPs had a complete anti-fibroblast adherent effect. The safety pattern results showed that O3-oil was the safest compound, followed by Ch-NPs. The double combination of Ch-NPs and O3-oil reduced the mature viable biofilm on premolars ex vivo model by 6-log reductions, with a fast kill rate, indicating potential use in treating root canals. Therefore, the double combination has the potential to eradicate mature mixed-species biofilms and hence it is potent, novel and safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed I. Elshinawy
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lamiaa A. Al-Madboly
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Walaa M. Ghoneim
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Nehal M. El-Deeb
- Biopharmacetical Product Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technology Applications, Alexandria, Egypt
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11
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Ouf SA, Moussa TA, Abd-Elmegeed AM, Eltahlawy SR. Anti-fungal potential of ozone against some dermatophytes. Braz J Microbiol 2016; 47:697-702. [PMID: 27287337 PMCID: PMC4927674 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2016.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dermatophytes are classified in three genera, Epidermophyton, Microsporum and Trichophyton. They have the capacity to invade keratinized tissue to produce a cutaneous infection known as dermatophytoses. This investigation was performed to study the effect of gaseous ozone and ozonized oil on three specific properties of six different dermatophytes. These properties included sporulation, mycelia leakage of sugar and nutrients and the activity of their hydrolytic enzymes. Generally, ozonized oil was found to be more efficacious than gaseous ozone. Microsporum gypseum and Microsporum canis were the most susceptible, while Trichophyton interdigitale and T. mentagrophytes were relatively resistant. The study revealed a steady decline in spore production of M. gypseum and M. canis on application of ozonated oil. An increase in leakage of electrolytes and sugar was noticed after treatment with ozonized oil in the case of M. gypseum, M. canis, T. interdigitale, T. mentagrophytes and T. rubrum. The results also revealed loss in urease, amylase, alkaline phosphatase, lipase and keratinase enzyme producing capacity of the investigated fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salama A Ouf
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Tarek A Moussa
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Alshimaa M Abd-Elmegeed
- Medical Laboratory, Ahmed Maher Hospital, Cairo, Egypt; Medical Biology Department, Preparatory Year, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samar R Eltahlawy
- Dermatology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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12
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Xu Z, Xu L. Fluorescent probes for the selective detection of chemical species inside mitochondria. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:1094-119. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc09248e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This feature article systematically summarizes the development of fluorescent probes for the selective detection of chemical species inside mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Xu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Environmental Materials and Remediation Technology
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering
- Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences
- Chongqing
- China
| | - Lin Xu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai
- China
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13
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Oliveira Silva C, Petersen SB, Pinto Reis C, Rijo P, Molpeceres J, Vorum H, Neves-Petersen MT. Lysozyme Photochemistry as a Function of Temperature. The Protective Effect of Nanoparticles on Lysozyme Photostability. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144454. [PMID: 26656259 PMCID: PMC4682814 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of aromatic residues and their close spatial proximity to disulphide bridges makes hen egg white lysozyme labile to UV excitation. UVB induced photo-oxidation of tryptophan and tyrosine residues leads to photochemical products, such as, kynurenine, N-formylkynurenine and dityrosine and to the disruption of disulphide bridges in proteins. We here report that lysozyme UV induced photochemistry is modulated by temperature, excitation power, illumination time, excitation wavelength and by the presence of plasmonic quencher surfaces, such as gold, and by the presence of natural fluorescence quenchers, such as hyaluronic acid and oleic acid. We show evidence that the photo-oxidation effects triggered by 295 nm at 20°C are reversible and non-reversible at 10°C, 25°C and 30°C. This paper provides evidence that the 295 nm damage threshold of lysozyme lies between 0.1 μW and 0.3 μW. Protein conformational changes induced by temperature and UV light have been detected upon monitoring changes in the fluorescence emission spectra of lysozyme tryptophan residues and SYPRO® Orange. Lysozyme has been conjugated onto gold nanoparticles, coated with hyaluronic acid and oleic acid (HAOA). Steady state and time resolved fluorescence studies of free and conjugated lysozyme onto HAOA gold nanoparticles reveals that the presence of the polymer decreased the rate of the observed photochemical reactions and induced a preference for short fluorescence decay lifetimes. Size and surface charge of the HAOA gold nanoparticles have been determined by dynamic light scattering and zeta potential measurements. TEM analysis of the particles confirms the presence of a gold core surrounded by a HAOA matrix. We conclude that HAOA gold nanoparticles may efficiently protect lysozyme from the photochemical effects of UVB light and this nanocarrier could be potentially applied to other proteins with clinical relevance. In addition, this study confirms that the temperature plays a critical role in the photochemical pathways a protein enters upon UV excitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Oliveira Silva
- Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Universidade Lusófona, Lisboa, 1749–024, Portugal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Steffen B. Petersen
- Medical Photonics Lab, Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers vej 7, DK-9220, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Catarina Pinto Reis
- Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Universidade Lusófona, Lisboa, 1749–024, Portugal
- IBEB, Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749–016, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Rijo
- Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Universidade Lusófona, Lisboa, 1749–024, Portugal
| | - Jesús Molpeceres
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Henrik Vorum
- Department of Ophthalmology, Aalborg University, Hobrovej 18–22, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark
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14
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Kampf CJ, Liu F, Reinmuth-Selzle K, Berkemeier T, Meusel H, Shiraiwa M, Pöschl U. Protein Cross-Linking and Oligomerization through Dityrosine Formation upon Exposure to Ozone. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:10859-66. [PMID: 26287571 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b02902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is a potential driver for the increasing prevalence of allergic disease, and post-translational modification by air pollutants can enhance the allergenic potential of proteins. Here, the kinetics and mechanism of protein oligomerization upon ozone (O3) exposure were studied in coated-wall flow tube experiments at environmentally relevant O3 concentrations, relative humidities and protein phase states (amorphous solid, semisolid, and liquid). We observed the formation of protein dimers, trimers, and higher oligomers, and attribute the cross-linking to the formation of covalent intermolecular dityrosine species. The oligomerization proceeds fast on the surface of protein films. In the bulk material, reaction rates are limited by diffusion depending on phase state and humidity. From the experimental data, we derive a chemical mechanism and rate equations for a kinetic multilayer model of surface and bulk reaction enabling the prediction of oligomer formation. Increasing levels of tropospheric O3 in the Anthropocene may promote the formation of protein oligomers with enhanced allergenicity and may thus contribute to the increasing prevalence of allergies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Kampf
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Fobang Liu
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Berkemeier
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Hannah Meusel
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Manabu Shiraiwa
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ulrich Pöschl
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , 55128 Mainz, Germany
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15
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Brackman G, De Meyer L, Nelis HJ, Coenye T. Biofilm inhibitory and eradicating activity of wound care products against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms in an in vitro chronic wound model. J Appl Microbiol 2013; 114:1833-42. [PMID: 23490006 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Although several factors contribute to wound healing, bacterial infections and the presence of biofilm can significantly affect healing. Despite that this clearly indicates that therapies should address biofilm in wounds, only few wound care products have been evaluated for their antibiofilm effect. For this reason, we developed a rapid quantification approach to investigate the efficacy of wound care products on wounds infected with Staphylococcus spp. METHODS AND RESULTS An in vitro chronic wound infection model was used in which a fluorescent Staph. aureus strain was used to allow the rapid quantification of the bacterial burden after treatment. A good correlation was observed between the fluorescence signal and the bacterial counts. When evaluated in this model, several commonly used wound dressings and wound care products inhibited biofilm formation resulting in a decrease between one and seven log CFU per biofilm compared with biofilm formed in the absence of products. In contrast, most dressings only moderately affected mature biofilms. CONCLUSION Our model allowed the rapid quantification of the bacterial burden after treatment. However, the efficacy of treatment varied between the different types of dressings and/or wound care products. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Our model can be used to compare the efficacy of wound care products to inhibit biofilm formation and/or eradicate mature biofilms. In addition, the results indicate that treatment of infected wounds should be started as soon as possible and that novel products with more potent antibiofilm activity are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Brackman
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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16
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Santarpia JL, Pan YL, Hill SC, Baker N, Cottrell B, McKee L, Ratnesar-Shumate S, Pinnick RG. Changes in fluorescence spectra of bioaerosols exposed to ozone in a laboratory reaction chamber to simulate atmospheric aging. OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 20:29867-29881. [PMID: 23388813 DOI: 10.1364/oe.20.029867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A laboratory system for exposing aerosol particles to ozone and rapidly measuring the subsequent changes in their single-particle fluorescence is reported. The system consists of a rotating drum chamber and a single-particle fluorescence spectrometer (SPFS) utilizing excitation at 263 nm. Measurements made with this system show preliminary results on the ultra-violet laser-induced-fluorescence (UV-LIF) spectra of single aerosolized particles of Yersinia rohdei, and of MS2 (bacteriophage) exposed to ozone. When bioparticles are exposed in the chamber the fluorescence emission peak around 330 nm: i) decreases in intensity relative to that of the 400-550 nm band; and ii) shifts slightly toward shorter-wavelengths (consistent with further drying of the particles). In these experiments, changes were observed at exposures below the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) limits for ozone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua L Santarpia
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, Maryland 20723, USA
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17
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Umstead TM, Phelps DS, Wang G, Floros J, Tarkington BK. In vitro exposure of proteins to ozone. Toxicol Mech Methods 2012; 12:1-16. [PMID: 20597812 DOI: 10.1080/15376510209167932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
An in vitro system has been developed to expose proteins to ozone. The system is designed to deliver consistent and accurate levels of ozone over a range of concentrations (between 0.1 and >/=10 ppm) with extended exposure times (24 h or longer) in a humidified environment (100%). In the experiment presented in this article, ozone concentrations between 0.1 and 2.0 ppm were used. Ozone was generated by an electrical discharge ozonizer to ensure stability; it was continually monitored by an ultraviolet ozone analyzer and was precisely controlled by mass flow controllers, which gave reproducible results between runs. Humidity was closely regulated in the system to allow small amounts of protein solutions (50 muL or less) to be exposed without significant changes (<0.2%) in sample volume. The degree of surfactant protein-A (SP-A) oxidation by ozone was measured between runs to demonstrate the reproducibility of the system. A detailed description of the system is given, and protein oxidation detection methods and their limitations are discussed. Using these methods, we were able to assess oxidation of SP-A that apparently occurred prior to its isolation from the lung by bronchoalveolar lavage. This in vitro system allowed us to expose small amounts of protein to ozone in a simple, highly controlled, and reproducible manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd M Umstead
- Department of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PennsylvaniaUSA
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18
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19
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Xu K, Sun S, Li J, Li L, Qiang M, Tang B. A near-infrared fluorescent probe for monitoring ozone and imaging in living cells. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:684-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc15844a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Forester CD, Wells JR. Hydroxyl radical yields from reactions of terpene mixtures with ozone. INDOOR AIR 2011; 21:400-409. [PMID: 21470312 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0668.2011.00718.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Chamber studies were conducted to quantify hydroxyl radical (OH·) yields and to determine whether water vapor affected OH· formation in the reactions of ozone (O(3)) with a single terpene, two-component terpene mixtures, and a commercial pine oil cleaning product (POC). Solid-phase microextraction fibers (SPME) were used for sampling the terpenes and the 2-butanone formation from the hydroxyl reaction with 2-butanol as a measure of OH· yields. Analyses were performed using gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. The individual terpenes' OH· yields from α-terpineol, limonene, and α-pinene were 64 ± 8%, 64 ± 6%, and 76 ± 6%, respectively. OH· yields were also measured from two-component mixtures of these terpenes. In each mixture that contained α-terpineol, the overall OH· yield was lower than the modeled OH· yields of the individual components that comprised the reaction mixture. Reactions of a commercial POC with O(3) were also studied to determine how the individual terpenes react in a complex mixture system, and an OH· formation yield of 51 ± 6% was measured. Relative humidity did not have a significant effect on the OH· formation in the mixtures studied here. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS The data presented here demonstrate that mixtures may react differently than the sum of their individual components. By investigating the chemistry of mixtures of chemicals in contrast to the chemistry of individual compounds, a better assessment can be made of the overall impact cleaning products have on indoor environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Forester
- Exposure Assessment Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
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21
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Guinesi AS, Andolfatto C, Bonetti Filho I, Cardoso AA, Passaretti Filho J, Farac RV. Ozonized oils: a qualitative and quantitative analysis. Braz Dent J 2011; 22:37-40. [DOI: 10.1590/s0103-64402011000100006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of the problems of endodontic origin have a bacterial etiological agent. Thus, there is a continued interest in seeking more effective chemical substances that can replace the camphorated paramonochiorophenol or antibiotics as intracanal medicaments. Among the possible substances, ozone has some interesting biological characteristics: bactericidal action, debriding effect, angiogenesis stimulation capacity and high oxidizing power. The purpose of this study was to chemically evaluate the presence of ozone in sunflower, castor, olive and almond oil, as well as in propylene glycol and byproducts of ozonation, such as formaldehyde. These compounds were ozonized, inserted into empty and sterile vials, and analyzed by testing the reaction between ozone and indigo, for determining the presence of ozone, and subjected to the chromotropic acid test for determining the presence of formaldehyde. It was observed complete absence of ozone in all samples tested and presence of formaldehyde. The bactericidal and healing action of ozonized oils could be attributed to products formed by the ozonation of mineral oils, such as formaldehyde, not to the ozone itself.
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22
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Guanche D, Hernandez F, Zamora Z, Alonso Y. Effect of ozone pre-conditioning on redox activity in a rat model of septic shock. Toxicol Mech Methods 2010; 20:466-71. [DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2010.497980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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23
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Guanche D, Zamora Z, Hernández F, Mena K, Alonso Y, Roda M, Gonzáles M, Gonzales R. Effect of ozone/oxygen mixture on systemic oxidative stress and organic damage. Toxicol Mech Methods 2010; 20:25-30. [PMID: 20017603 DOI: 10.3109/15376510903503107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Ozone is a molecule of high energetic content. Its great oxidative power has been used in medicine for the treatment of several illnesses with a wide spectrum. The rectal insufflation with a mixture of ozone/oxygen is considered as a simple therapy, not painful, of low cost and practically free from adverse effects. Given its potential oxidation and lack of side-effects, the objective has been to know the state of different indexes of redox state in blood which may contribute to understanding the mechanism by which mixtures of ozone/oxygen administered by intrarectal route are able to exert actions on other organs. With this purpose female rabbits were used, distributed into four groups, and three doses of ozone/oxygen mixture were tested. When treatment was finished, the determination of pro-oxidant and antioxidant markers was carried out. Also indexes of organic damage were determined. Ozone doses administered to rabbits did not cause adverse effects and mortality did not show significant changes relative to tissue damages and they increased enzymes activities belonging to the first line antioxidant defences. The results demonstrate that ozone/oxygen mixture administered by rectal insufflations is innocuous and it is able to increase the antioxidant defense of the organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dailen Guanche
- Ozone Research Center, 15 Street, Corners 230, Siboney, Playa, Havana City, Cuba
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24
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Kim HI, Kim H, Shin YS, Beegle LW, Jang SS, Neidholdt EL, Goddard WA, Heath JR, Kanik I, Beauchamp JL. Interfacial reactions of ozone with surfactant protein B in a model lung surfactant system. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:2254-63. [PMID: 20121208 PMCID: PMC2830728 DOI: 10.1021/ja908477w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stresses from irritants such as hydrogen peroxide and ozone (O(3)) can cause dysfunction of the pulmonary surfactant (PS) layer in the human lung, resulting in chronic diseases of the respiratory tract. For identification of structural changes of pulmonary surfactant protein B (SP-B) due to the heterogeneous reaction with O(3), field-induced droplet ionization (FIDI) mass spectrometry has been utilized. FIDI is a soft ionization method in which ions are extracted from the surface of microliter-volume droplets. We report structurally specific oxidative changes of SP-B(1-25) (a shortened version of human SP-B) at the air-liquid interface. We also present studies of the interfacial oxidation of SP-B(1-25) in a nonionizable 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycerol (POG) surfactant layer as a model PS system, where competitive oxidation of the two components is observed. Our results indicate that the heterogeneous reaction of SP-B(1-25) at the interface is quite different from that in the solution phase. In comparison with the nearly complete homogeneous oxidation of SP-B(1-25), only a subset of the amino acids known to react with ozone are oxidized by direct ozonolysis in the hydrophobic interfacial environment, both with and without the lipid surfactant layer. Combining these experimental observations with the results of molecular dynamics simulations provides an improved understanding of the interfacial structure and chemistry of a model lung surfactant system subjected to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh I. Kim
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109
| | - Hyungjun Kim
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Young Shik Shin
- Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Luther W. Beegle
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109
| | - Seung Soon Jang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0245
| | - Evan L. Neidholdt
- Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - William A. Goddard
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - James R. Heath
- Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Isik Kanik
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109
| | - J. L. Beauchamp
- Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
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25
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Spraggins JM, Lloyd JA, Johnston MV, Laskin J, Ridge DP. Fragmentation mechanisms of oxidized peptides elucidated by SID, RRKM modeling, and molecular dynamics. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2009; 20:1579-1592. [PMID: 19560936 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2009.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2008] [Revised: 03/06/2009] [Accepted: 04/20/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The gas-phase fragmentation reactions of singly charged angiotensin II (AngII, DR(+)VYIHPF) and the ozonolysis products AngII+O (DR(+)VY*IHPF), AngII+3O (DR(+)VYIH*PF), and AngII+4O (DR(+)VY*IH*PF) were studied using SID FT-ICR mass spectrometry, RRKM modeling, and molecular dynamics. Oxidation of Tyr (AngII+O) leads to a low-energy charge-remote selective fragmentation channel resulting in the b(4)+O fragment ion. Modification of His (AngII+3O and AngII+4O) leads to a series of new selective dissociation channels. For AngII+3O and AngII+4O, the formation of [MH+3O](+)-45 and [MH+3O](+)-71 are driven by charge-remote processes while it is suggested that b(5) and [MH+3O](+)-88 fragments are a result of charge-directed reactions. Energy-resolved SID experiments and RRKM modeling provide threshold energies and activation entropies for the lowest energy fragmentation channel for each of the parent ions. Fragmentation of the ozonolysis products was found to be controlled by entropic effects. Mechanisms are proposed for each of the new dissociation pathways based on the energies and entropies of activation and parent ion conformations sampled using molecular dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Spraggins
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
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26
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Abstract
Organisms are constantly exposed to various forms of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that lead to oxidation of proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. Protein oxidation can involve cleavage of the polypeptide chain, modification of amino acid side chains, and conversion of the protein to derivatives that are highly sensitive to proteolytic degradation. Unlike other types of modification (except cysteine oxidation), oxidation of methionine residues to methionine sulfoxide is reversible; thus, cyclic oxidation and reduction of methionine residues leads to consumption of ROS and thereby increases the resistance of proteins to oxidation. The importance of protein oxidation in aging is supported by the observation that levels of oxidized proteins increase with animal age. The age-related accumulation of oxidized proteins may reflect age-related increases in rates of ROS generation, decreases in antioxidant activities, or losses in the capacity to degrade oxidized proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Earl R Stadtman
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, MSC-8012, Bethesda, MD 20892-8012, USA.
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27
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Renaut J, Bohler S, Hausman JF, Hoffmann L, Sergeant K, Ahsan N, Jolivet Y, Dizengremel P. The impact of atmospheric composition on plants: a case study of ozone and poplar. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2009; 28:495-516. [PMID: 18985755 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Tropospheric ozone is the main atmospheric pollutant that causes damages to trees. The estimation of the threshold for ozone risk assessment depends on the evaluation of the means that this pollutant impacts the plant and, especially, the foliar organs. The available results show that, before any visible symptom appears, carbon assimilation and the underlying metabolic processes are decreased under chronic ozone exposure. By contrast, the catabolic pathways are enhanced, and contribute to the supply of sufficient reducing power necessary to feed the detoxification processes. Reactive oxygen species delivered during ozone exposure serve as toxic compounds and messengers for the signaling system. In this review, we show that the contribution of genomic tools (transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics) for a better understanding of the mechanistic cellular responses to ozone largely relies on spectrometric measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Renaut
- Centre de Recherche Public-Gabriel Lippmann, Department of Environment and Agrobiotechnologies (EVA), Belvaux, Luxembourg
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28
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Acid-induced change in ozone-reactive site in indole ring of tryptophan. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 380:498-502. [PMID: 19250632 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.01.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2009] [Accepted: 01/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that ozone as well as oxygen activated by tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase or indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase cleave the 2,3-C=C bond of the indole ring of tryptophan to produce N-formylkynurenine. In the present study, however, we found that exposure of tryptophan to aqueous ozone at and below pH 4.5 generated a different compound. The compound was identified as kynurenine by high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Exposure of N-formylkynurenine to acidic ozone did not generate a significant amount of kynurenine, indicating that the kynurenine was not produced via N-formylkynurenine. Acidic ozone thus appears to cleave the 1, 2-NAC bond in place of the 2,3-C=C bond of the indole ring, followed by liberation of the 2-C atom. The 1,2-NAC bond and 2,3-C=C bond are likely to undergo changes in their nature of bonding on acidification, enabling ozone to react with the former bond but not with the latter bond.
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Schulz S, Häussler U, Mandic R, Heverhagen JT, Neubauer A, Dünne AA, Werner JA, Weihe E, Bette M. Treatment with ozone/oxygen-pneumoperitoneum results in complete remission of rabbit squamous cell carcinomas. Int J Cancer 2008; 122:2360-7. [PMID: 18224691 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) represent a group of metastasizing tumors with a high mortality rate in man and animals. Since the biomolecule ozone was found to inhibit growth of various carcinoma cells in vitro we here applied the highly aggressive and lethal VX2 carcinoma HNSCC tumor model of the New Zealand White rabbit to test whether ozone exerts antitumorous effects in vivo. Therapeutic insufflation of medical ozone/oxygen (O(3)/O(2)) gas mixture into the peritoneum (O(3)/O(2)-pneumoperitoneum) at an advanced stage of tumor disease led to a survival rate of 7/14 rabbits. Six of the seven surviving rabbits presented full tumor regression and the absence of local or distant lung metastases. Insufflation of pure oxygen (O(2)) resulted in a survival rate of 3/13 animals accompanied by full tumor remission in 2 of the 3 surviving animals. Of the 14 sham-treated animals only 1 had spontaneous tumor remission and survived. No adverse effects or changes in standard blood parameters were observed after repeated intraperitoneal insufflations of the O(3)/O(2) or O(2) gas. Animals with O(3)/O(2)-induced tumor eradication developed tolerance against reimplantation of the VX2 tumor. This could be reversed by immune suppression with a combination of dexamethasone and cyclosporin A suggesting an antitumorous effect of O(3)/O(2)-mediated activation of the body's own immunosurveillance. Although the exact mechanisms of action are still unclear the present data point to O(3)/O(2)-pneumoperitoneum as a promising new strategy in anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siegfried Schulz
- Veterinary Services and Laboratory Animal Medicine, Philipps University Marburg, Germany
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30
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Hernández FA. To What Extent Does Ozone Therapy Need a Real Biochemical Control System? Assessment and Importance of Oxidative Stress. Arch Med Res 2007; 38:571-8. [PMID: 17560465 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2007.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2006] [Accepted: 03/20/2007] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Ozone therapy is not officially allowed in many countries, but private medical services are using this therapy worldwide. However, appropriate control systems to assess the benefits and risks of systemic ozone therapy are not always used and in such cases the treatment is based on anecdotal reports. Oxidative stress phenomenon is becoming a highlighted biological process for ozone therapy because it is deeply involved in its mechanism of action. On the contrary, ozone therapy is an efficient regulator of the oxidative stress processes. In terms of therapeutic effects, it is convenient to know the metabolic status of the organism to face new oxidative challenges before and during ozone therapy applications. Oxidative stress is also important because it is involved as a cause or effect of many diseases. Since the 1990s, there has been the necessity of developing reliable systems for measuring oxidative stress in humans. In this sense, we have proposed a system for oxidative stress diagnosis that can serve as a control system for systemic ozone therapy applications. The system is based on the blood measurement of eight biomarkers (GSH, GPx, GST, SOD, CAT, DC, SRATB, and HPT) and the interpretation of these values by a computer-developed algorithm yielding four new indices (total antioxidant activity, total prooxidant activity, redox index and grade of oxidative stress). The system shows the patient's redox status and estimation of the oxidative stress level, with this information being relevant regarding implications on dosage and therapeutic effectiveness of ozone therapy.
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Mirzaei H, Regnier F. Protein-RNA cross-linking in the ribosomes of yeast under oxidative stress. J Proteome Res 2007; 5:3249-59. [PMID: 17137326 DOI: 10.1021/pr060337l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Living systems have efficient degradative pathways for dealing with the fact that reactive oxygen species (ROS) derived from cellular metabolism and the environment oxidatively damage proteins and DNA. But aggregation and cross-linking can occur as well, leading to a series of problems including disruption of cellular regulation, mutations, and even cell death. The mechanism(s) by which protein aggregation occurs and the macromolecular species involved are poorly understood. In the study reported here, evidence is provided for a new type of aggregate between proteins and RNA in ribosomes. While studying the effect of oxidative stress induced in the yeast proteome it was noted that ribosomal proteins were widely oxidized. Eighty six percent of the proteins in yeast ribosomes were found to be carbonylated after stressing yeast cell cultures with hydrogen peroxide. Moreover, many of these proteins appeared to be cross-linked based on their coelution patterns during RPC separation. Since they were not in direct contact, it was not clear how this could occur unless it was through the RNA separating them in the ribosome. This was confirmed in a multiple-step process, the first being derivatization of all carbonylated proteins in cell lysates with biotin hydrazide through Schiff base formation. Following reduction of Schiff bases with sodium cyanoborohydride, biotinylated proteins were selected from cell lysates with avidin affinity chromatography. Oxidized proteins thus captured were then selected again using boronate affinity chromatography to capture vicinal diol-containing proteins. This would include proteins cross-linked to an RNA fragment containing a ribose residue with 2',3'-hydroxyl groups. Some glycoproteins would also be selected by this process. LC/MS/MS analyses of tryptic peptides derived from proteins captured by this process along with MASCOT searches resulted in the identification of 37 ribosomal proteins that appear to be cross-linked to RNA. Aggregation of proteins with ribosomal RNA has not been previously reported. The probable impact of this phenomenon cells is to diminish the protein synthesis capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Mirzaei
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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Lloyd JA, Spraggins JM, Johnston MV, Laskin J. Peptide ozonolysis: product structures and relative reactivities for oxidation of tyrosine and histidine residues. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2006; 17:1289-98. [PMID: 16820303 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2006.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2006] [Revised: 05/19/2006] [Accepted: 05/22/2006] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin II (DRVYIHPF) and two analogs, (DRVYIAPA and DRVAIHPA), were used as model systems to study the ozonolysis of peptides containing tyrosine and histidine residues. The ESI mass spectrum of angiotensin II following exposure to ozone showed the formation of adducts containing one, three, and four oxygen atoms. CID and SID spectra of these adducts were consistent with formation of Tyr + O and His + 3O as expected from previous work with amino acids. However, several fragment ions observed in the CID and SID spectra suggested formation of a rather unexpected adduct, Tyr + 3O, and a small amount of the Phe + O adduct. These findings were confirmed by examining two angiotensin analogs. Exposure of DRVYIAPA to ozone resulted in the addition of either one or three oxygen atoms on Tyr, while DRVAIHPA showed only the addition of three oxygen atoms--all on His. Other noteworthy minor oxidation products were observed from these analogs including Tyr + 34 Da, His + 5 Da, His + 34 Da, and His + 82 Da. The reaction rates of the peptides with ozone were found to be similar: second-order rate coefficients are 274 +/- 3, 379 +/- 6, and 439 +/- 34 M(-1) s(-1) for DRVYIAPA, DRVAIHPA, and angiotensin II, respectively. The relative rates indicate (1) an isolated His residue has a slightly greater ozone reactivity than an isolated Tyr residue, and (2) the reaction rates of isolated residues are not additive when both residues are present in the same molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Lloyd
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
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Abstract
Oxidative stress is a factor in a series of diseases and aging, primarily through irreversible oxidative modification of proteins. A major question is how nonenzymatic oxidation has the specificity to impact cellular regulation. Here, we report the degree to which in vivo protein oxidation to the ketone and aldehyde level is random using yeast as a simple model system and hydrogen peroxide as an environmental oxidative stress agent. Among 415 affinity-selected proteins identified throughout the matrix of stressed cells, oxidation sites were found in 87, predominantly on lysine, arginine, proline, histidine, threonine, and methionine residues. In almost all cases, one to two specific oxidation sites on the exterior of proteins were identified using MS-derived sequence and publicly available 3-D structural data. This suggests that, when regulation or disease progression is mediated by protein oxidation, specific new "allotypic active sites" are being created in proteins that trigger the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Mirzaei
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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Dimitrov JD, Ivanovska ND, Lacroix-Desmazes S, Doltchinkova VR, Kaveri SV, Vassilev TL. Ferrous Ions and Reactive Oxygen Species Increase Antigen-binding and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Immunoglobulin G. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:439-46. [PMID: 16246843 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m509190200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyspecific antibodies represent a first line of defense against infection and regulate inflammation, properties hypothesized to rely on their ability to interact with multiple antigens. We demonstrated that IgG exposure to pro-oxidative ferrous ions or to reactive oxygen species enhances paratope flexibility and hydrophobicity, leading to expansion of the spectrum of recognized antigens, regulation of cell proliferation, and protection in experimental sepsis. We propose that ferrous ions, released from transferrin and ferritin at sites of inflammation, synergize with reactive oxygen species to modify the immunoglobulins present in the surrounding microenvironment, thus quenching pro-inflammatory signals, while facilitating neutralization of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan D Dimitrov
- Department of Immunology, Stefan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
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Cataldo F, Gentilini L. Chemical kinetics measurements on the reaction between blood and ozone. Int J Biol Macromol 2005; 36:61-5. [PMID: 16022895 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2005.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2005] [Revised: 03/23/2005] [Accepted: 03/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The pseudofirst-order ozonization rate constant of whole bovine blood has been measured in comparison to that of free haemin. The free prosthetic group haemin (which has also the central iron atom in the oxidized form) shows k values in the range of 0.20-0.03 s(-1) while the haeme groups inside haemoglobin protein and contained in the whole blood sample show slightly lower k values, just in the range of 0.10-0.02 s(-1). It has been found that ozone even with whole blood reacts specifically with haemoglobin of the red cells because it is adsorbed selectively on the iron atoms of the haeme prosthetic groups of haemoglobin. The absorption implies the oxidation of the central iron atom of the haeme groups with formation of methaemoglobin followed by an oxidative fission of the haeme rings. The other blood components do not exert any significant protection to the reaction between ozone and haemoglobin, which appear extremely specific and selective like the reaction between CO or HCN and haemoglobin. By analogy with the behaviour of these other gases ozone may be classified as a blood poison. The results of this work are discussed in the frame of the risks connected to the ozonotherapy and autohaemotherapy involving the blood ozonization of human or animal subjects and the re-injection of ozonized blood into the bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Cataldo
- Soc. Lupi Chemical Research, Via Casilina 1626/A, 00133 Rome, Italy.
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37
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Bialas WA, Dryjańska A, Gomulkiewicz J. Effect of O(2)/O(3) atmosphere on the rate of osmotic hemolysis of bovine erythrocytes in the presence of some antioxidants. Toxicol In Vitro 2001; 15:163-8. [PMID: 11287175 DOI: 10.1016/s0887-2333(00)00063-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Purified red blood cells, exposed to an ozone atmosphere, show an increased rate of hemolysis on sudden osmotic stress. To determine this effect of ozone in the presence of natural antioxidants, bovine red blood cells, used as models, were suspended in blood plasma, or in physiological saline with one of the following antioxidants: albumin, glutathione, uric acid, glucose and a vitamin E analog (trolox). After exposure of the suspensions to oxygen and oxygen/ozone atmospheres the rates of osmotic hemolysis were measured, using a stop-flow technique, and compared with rates measured in air-exposed controls. Blood plasma, containing all natural antioxidants, caused a decreased rate of osmotic hemolysis of cells exposed to oxygen and also decreased the effect of ozone. Trolox cancelled the oxygen effects only. Albumin, glutathione and uric acid tended to protect the cells from the hemolytic effects of ozone. The antihemolytic effect of glucose, seen only in some samples, may depend on uncontrolled factors. The alteration of the rates correlates with an increased fluidity of red cell membranes exposed to ozone.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A Bialas
- Institute of Physics, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wybrzeze Stanislawa Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland.
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Sechi LA, Lezcano I, Nunez N, Espim M, Duprè I, Pinna A, Molicotti P, Fadda G, Zanetti S. Antibacterial activity of ozonized sunflower oil (Oleozon). J Appl Microbiol 2001; 90:279-84. [PMID: 11168731 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01235.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the antimicrobial effect of the ozonized sunflower oil (Oleozon) on different bacterial species isolated from different sites. METHODS AND RESULTS The effect of Oleozon on Mycobacteria, staphylococci, streptococci, enterococci, Pseudomonas and Escherichia coli was tested. The sunflower oil was ozonized at the Centro de Investigaciones del Ozone (CENIC, Havana, Cuba) by an ozone generator. MICs were determined by the agar dilution method. For Mycobacteria, the MIC of Oleozon was determined on solid medium by a microdrop agar proportion test. Oleozon showed antimicrobial activity against all strains analysed, with an MIC ranging from 1.18 to 9.5 mg ml-1. CONCLUSION Oleozon showed a valuable antimicrobial activity against all micro-organisms tested. Results suggest that Mycobacteria are more susceptible to Oleozon than the other bacteria tested. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The wide availability of sunflower oil makes Oleozon a competitive antimicrobial agent. These results should prompt the setting up of some clinical trials to compare Oleozon with other antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Sechi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Sezione di Microbiologia e Clinica, Università degli studi di Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43/B, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
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Abstract
The oxidative modification of proteins by reactive species, especially reactive oxygen species, is implicated in the etiology or progression of a panoply of disorders and diseases. These reactive species form through a large number of physiological and non-physiological reactions. An increase in the rate of their production or a decrease in their rate of scavenging will increase the oxidative modification of cellular molecules, including proteins. For the most part, oxidatively modified proteins are not repaired and must be removed by proteolytic degradation, and a decrease in the efficiency of proteolysis will cause an increase in the cellular content of oxidatively modified proteins. The level of these modified molecules can be quantitated by measurement of the protein carbonyl content, which has been shown to increase in a variety of diseases and processes, most notably during aging. Accumulation of modified proteins disrupts cellular function either by loss of catalytic and structural integrity or by interruption of regulatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Stadtman
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0320, USA.
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40
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Kotiaho T, Eberlin MN, Vainiotalo P, Kostiainen R. Electrospray mass and tandem mass spectrometry identification of ozone oxidation products of amino acids and small peptides. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2000; 11:526-535. [PMID: 10833026 DOI: 10.1016/s1044-0305(00)00116-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous ozonation of the 22 most common amino acids and some small peptides were studied by electrospray mass (ESI-MS) and tandem mass spectrometry. After 5 min of ozonation only His, Met, Trp, and Tyr form oxidation products clearly detectable by ESI-MS. For His, the main oxidation product is formed by the addition of three oxygen atoms, His + 30; for Met and Tyr by the addition of one oxygen atom, Met + O and Tyr + O, and for Trp by the addition of two oxygen atoms, Trp + 20. Ozone oxidation occurs rapidly, products are already detected after 30 s of ozonation, and the reactivity order is Met > Trp > Tyr > His. The structures of the oxygen addition products were investigated by electrospray product ion mass spectra, and by comparing these spectra to those of protonated intact amino acids, and when available, to those of model compounds. His + 30 was assigned as 2-amino-4-oxo-4-(3-formylureido)butanoic acid (1) formed by oxidation of the His imidazole ring, Met + O as methionine sulfoxide (2), Trp + 20 as N-formylkynurenine (4), and Tyr + O as a mixture of dihydroxyphenylalanines (7 and 8). Ozonation of peptides show that the same number of oxygen atoms are added as expected from the ozonation of the free amino acids. The product ion mass spectra of both the protonated intact peptides, MH+, and the main ozonation products (M + nO)H+ (n = 1-3) revealed b and y type ions as the main fragments, which allow one to assign the type and location of modified amino acid in the model peptides.
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41
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Yang C, Gu ZW, Yang M, Lin SN, Siuzdak G, Smith CV. Identification of modified tryptophan residues in apolipoprotein B-100 derived from copper ion-oxidized low-density lipoprotein. Biochemistry 1999; 38:15903-8. [PMID: 10625456 DOI: 10.1021/bi991464g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative modifications of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) may contribute to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Although the oxidation products of the lipid components of LDL have been studied extensively, less is known about the oxidation products of the apoprotein, apolipoprotein B-100. To identify the specific oxidative modifications, we oxidized LDL in the presence of Cu(2+), treated with DNPH, precipitated and delipidated the protein, digested the protein with trypsin, and analyzed the peptides by high-performance liquid chromatography. We isolated nine peptides that exhibited measurable absorbance at 365 nm, which is characteristic of hydrazones derived from DNPH and is not observed in peptides derived from unoxidized LDL. Unexpectedly, we obtained the same peptides with absorbance at 365 nm in Cu(2+)-oxidized LDL not treated with DNPH. N-terminal sequence analyses and mass spectrometry indicated that the peptides isolated from the Cu(2+)-oxidized LDL all contained kynurenine residues in place of Trp residues found in the native apoprotein. The product profile we observed in Cu(2+)-oxidized LDL was remarkably different from the profiles observed in LDL oxidized by HOCl or myeloperoxidase in vitro, and the preferential oxidation of Trp to kynurenine in Cu(2+)-catalyzed oxidation of LDL contrasts with the products observed following oxidation of LDL with HOCl or myeloperoxidase. Our studies to date support the working hypothesis that the specific products of protein oxidation are sufficiently distinct to be developed as biomarkers of proposed mechanisms of oxidation of LDL and biological molecules in other toxicities and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Yang
- Departments of Biochemistry, Medicine, and Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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42
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Dierickx PJ, Nuffel GV, Alvarez I. Glutathione protection against hydrogen peroxide, tert-butyl hydroperoxide and diamide cytotoxicity in rat hepatoma-derived Fa32 cells. Hum Exp Toxicol 1999; 18:627-33. [PMID: 10557015 DOI: 10.1191/096032799678839482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
1. Several ozonides, peroxides and aldehydes are formed during ozone therapy, recently introduced in medicine. tert-Butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP), H2O2 and diamide were investigated as model substrate in rat hepatoma-derived Fa32 cells. 2. The cytotoxicity was measured by the neutral red uptake inhibition assay after 1 h or 24 h treatment. The relative toxicities were quantified by the determination of the NI50. This is the concentration of test compound required to induce an inhibition of 50% in neutral red uptake as compared to the control cells. All test chemicals were more toxic after 24 h than after 1 h. 3. The influence of the glutathione (GSH) alteration on the cytotoxicity was measured by treating the cells with 2-oxo-4-thiazolidine carboxylic acid (OTC) or L-buthionine sulfoximine (BSO). OTC increased the endogenous GSH content in the cells. BSO pretreatment strongly decreased the NI50 of the three chemicals. OTC pretreatment increased the NI50 of H2O2 but not of t-BHP and diamide. This can be explained by the strong GSH-depletion after 1 h by t-BHP and diamide, which contrasted with a weak GSH-depletion by H2O2 after the same time period. 4. The three test chemicals increased the endogenous GSH content after 24 h. t-BHP and H2O2, but not diamide, increased the total GSH transferase (GST) activity. Several alterations of the GST subunits were observed. Most striking was the increase of class alpha GST subunits, also for diamide. 5. Since H2O2 and t-BHP are ozone metabolites thought to be responsible for the therapeutic effects of well-dosed ozone, the results show that Fa32 cells can be used as a valuable alternative model system for studying the effects encountered in human ozone therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Dierickx
- Scientific Institute of Public Health, Afdeling Toxikologie, Wytsmantraat 14, B-1050 Brussel, Belgium
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43
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Jezierski A, Jezierski A, Gomułkiewicz J. Decrease in 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO) EPR signal in ozone-treated erythrocyte membranes. Free Radic Res 1999; 31:201-10. [PMID: 10499777 DOI: 10.1080/10715769900300761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In ozone-treated erythrocyte membrane suspension a slow decrease occurs in the EPR signal of 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO). Because of the absence of such a phenomenon in control membranes and ozonized buffer, this effect must be caused by reaction of nitroxide radicals with products of ozone reactions with membrane components. To find out which components are responsible for the decrease in EPR signal we studied this effect in simple model systems. The same phenomenon was observed both in lipid and protein systems treated by ozone. For unsaturated fatty acids, the correlation between the rate of decrease in EPR signal and the number of double bonds in the lipid molecule was very strong. This suggests that the observed decrease in the nitroxide radical TEMPO EPR signal in ozone-treated erythrocyte membranes is a complex process, but probably the most important reaction is recombination of nitroxide radicals with organic free radicals produced both in the process of lipid peroxidation and ozonolysis of double bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jezierski
- Institute of Physics, Technical University of Wroclaw, Poland.
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44
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Postlethwait EM, Cueto R, Velsor LW, Pryor WA. O3-induced formation of bioactive lipids: estimated surface concentrations and lining layer effects. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1998; 274:L1006-16. [PMID: 9609740 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.1998.274.6.l1006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that inhaled ozone (O3) does not induce toxicity via direct epithelial interactions. Reactions with epithelial lining fluid (ELF) constituents limit cellular contact and generate products, including lipid ozonation products, postulated to initiate pathophysiological cascades. To delineate specific aspects of lipid ozonation product formation and to estimate in situ surface concentrations, we studied the O3 absorption characteristics of ELF constituent mixtures and measured hexanal, heptanal, and nonanal yields as a function of ascorbic acid (AH2) concentration. Exposures of isolated rat lungs, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and egg phosphatidylcholine (PC) liposomes were conducted. 1) O3 absorption by AH2, uric acid, and albumin exceeded that by egg PC and glutathione. O3 reaction with egg PC occurred when AH2 concentrations were reduced. 2) Aldehydes were produced in low yield during lung and BALF exposures in a time- and O3 concentration-dependent manner. 3) Diminishing BALF AH2 content lowered O3 uptake but increased aldehyde yields. Conversely, AH2 addition to egg PC increased O3 uptake but reduced aldehyde yields. Estimations of bioactive ozonation and autoxidation product accumulation within the ELF suggested possible nanomolar to low micromolar concentrations. The use of reaction products as metrics of O3 exposure may have intrinsic sensitivity and specificity limitations. Moreover, due to the heterogenous nature of O3 reactions within the ELF, dose-response relationships may not be linear with respect to O3 absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Postlethwait
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-0876, USA
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45
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Mudway IS, Kelly FJ. Modeling the interactions of ozone with pulmonary epithelial lining fluid antioxidants. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1998; 148:91-100. [PMID: 9465268 DOI: 10.1006/taap.1997.8318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Water soluble antioxidant--ascorbate (AA), urate (UA), and reduced glutathione (GSH)--consumption by ozone (O3) was investigated in a range of pulmonary epithelial lining fluid (ELF) models. Antioxidants were exposed individually and as a composite mixture, with and without human albumin to a range of ambient O3 concentrations: 0-1500 ppb using a continually mixed, interfacial exposure setup. We observed the following: (1) UA constituted the most o3-reactive substrate in each of the models examined. Reactivity hierarchies in each were as follows: UA > AA >> GSH (individual antioxidant), UA > AA > GSH (composite antioxidant), and UA >> AA approximately equal to GSH (composite antioxidant + albumin). Consumption of GSH as a pure antioxidant solution was associated with a 2:1 stoichiometric conversion of GSH to GSSG. This simplistic relationship was lost in the more complex models. (3) Consumption of antioxidants by O3 occurred without alteration of sample pH. (4) Protein carbonyl formation was observed when albumin alone was exposed to O3. However, in the presence of the composite antioxidant solution no evidence of this oxidative modification was apparent. These data indicate that GSH does not represent an important substrate for O3. In contrast, UA displays high reactivity consistent with its acting as a sacrificial substrate in the ELF. As UA concentrations are highest in the ELF of the proximal airways, its localization, allied to its reactivity, suggesting that it plays important roles, both in conferring protection locally and also by "scrubbing" O3, from inhaled air, limiting its penetration to the more sensitive distal lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- I S Mudway
- Rayne Institute, St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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46
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Kelly FJ, Mudway IS. Sensitivity to ozone: could it be related to an individual's complement of antioxidants in lung epithelium lining fluid? Redox Rep 1997; 3:199-206. [PMID: 27415020 DOI: 10.1080/13510002.1997.11747110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ozone, though not a free radical species, mediates its toxic effects through free radical reactions as a consequence of its high redox potential. Upon inspiration the first physical interface encountered by ozone is a thin layer of aqueous material, the epithelium lining fluid (ELF) which overlays, and is partially derived from, the underlying pulmonary epithelium. ELF is the first physical interface encountered by ozone and the majority of its primary actions are confined to this compartment. ELF contains a range of antioxidants, including the small molecular weight antioxidants: uric acid (UA), ascorbic acid (AH2) and reduced glutathione (GSH). These compounds are present in large quantities and display high intrinsic reactivities toward ozone, consistent with their role as sacrificial substrates in this setting. In this paper we examine the concept that antioxidants, in ELF, represent the first tier of defence against the oxidizing effects of ozone. Since the concentration of these antioxidants appears to differ between individuals, we propose that these protective substances may dictate, in part, an individual's sensitivity to oxidizing air pollutants such as ozone.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Kelly
- a Lung Biology, Cardiovascular Research , The Rayne Institute , St Thomas' Hospital , London , UK
| | - I S Mudway
- a Lung Biology, Cardiovascular Research , The Rayne Institute , St Thomas' Hospital , London , UK
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47
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Stadtman ER, Berlett BS. Reactive oxygen-mediated protein oxidation in aging and disease. Chem Res Toxicol 1997; 10:485-94. [PMID: 9168245 DOI: 10.1021/tx960133r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 492] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E R Stadtman
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0342, USA.
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48
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Mudd JB, Dawson PJ, Tseng S, Liu FP. Reaction of ozone with protein tryptophans: band III, serum albumin, and cytochrome C. Arch Biochem Biophys 1997; 338:143-9. [PMID: 9028865 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1996.9848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of red cell ghosts with ozone inhibited both AChE (marking the outside of the membrane) and G3PDH (marking the inside of the membrane). There was no change in tryptophan fluorescence of the ghosts after the ozone treatment. Band 3 protein was isolated from the ozone-treated ghosts. The protein was digested with trypsin to obtain water soluble peptides from the cytoplasmic N-terminal tail and the interhelical loops. Fluorescent peptides included GWVIHPLGLR from the outer loop between helices 7 and 8, and peptide WMEAAR from the N-terminal cytoplasmic tail. Neither one of these peptides was oxidized by ozone. This was true whether or not the ghosts were sealed. We conclude that the position of these tryptophans either in the membrane structure, or because of binding to other proteins in the cytoplasmic tail, protects them from oxidation by ozone. Treatment of horse heart cytochrome c with ozone did not change the absorbance spectrum in the heme region or the tryptophan absorbing region. HPLC of the ozone-treated cytochrome c showed that cytochrome c was being modified, indicated by a change in the elution time. Treatment of cytochrome c with ozone did not change the activity in the NADH-cytochrome c reductase assay. Digestion of the ozone-treated cytochrome c with trypsin gave peptides which demonstrated normal fluorescence. (Cytochrome c has abnormally low fluorescence, which is not changed by ozone exposure.) The peptides were separated by HPLC. The fluorescence of the tryptophan-containing peptide (GITWK) was not decreased by treatment of the cytochrome c by ozone. Amino acid analysis of the ozone-treated cytochrome c indicated that methionine was oxidized. We conclude that tryptophan in cytochrome c is protected from oxidation by ozone because of the interaction with the porphyrin ring. Bovine serum albumin and human serum albumin were treated with ozone. There was a monotonic decrease in tryptophan fluorescence in both cases. Digestion of BSA with trypsin produced two fluorescent peptides. The peptide FWGK was identified by coelution with the authentic peptide. The putative peptide AWSVAR was not the same as the chemically synthesized peptide. The peptide sequences FWGK and "AWSVAR" were both oxidized in ozone-treated bovine serum albumin, with no detectable discrimination. Tryptic digestion of the ozone-treated human serum albumin produced a single fluorescent peptide, which was oxidized by ozone. The putative peptide AWAVAR in the tryptic digest of HSA was distinct from chemically synthesized peptide. The oxidation of tryptophans in proteins by ozone is markedly influenced by position in tertiary structure, position in membrane structure, and by chemical interactions within the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Mudd
- Department of Botany and Statewide Air Pollution Research Center, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California, 92521, USA
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