1
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On the Use of Surface Plasmon Resonance-Based Biosensors for Advanced Bioprocess Monitoring. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9111996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomanufacturers are being incited by regulatory agencies to transition from a quality by testing framework, where they extensively test their product after their production, to more of a quality by design or even quality by control framework. This requires powerful analytical tools and sensors enabling measurements of key process variables and/or product quality attributes during production, preferably in an online manner. As such, the demand for monitoring technologies is rapidly growing. In this context, we believe surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based biosensors can play a role in enabling the development of improved bioprocess monitoring and control strategies. The SPR technique has been profusely used to probe the binding behavior of a solution species with a sensor surface-immobilized partner in an investigative context, but its ability to detect binding in real-time and without a label has been exploited for monitoring purposes and is promising for the near future. In this review, we examine applications of SPR that are or could be related to bioprocess monitoring in three spheres: biotherapeutics production monitoring, vaccine monitoring, and bacteria and contaminant detection. These applications mainly exploit SPR’s ability to measure solution species concentrations, but performing kinetic analyses is also possible and could prove useful for product quality assessments. We follow with a discussion on the limitations of SPR in a monitoring role and how recent advances in hardware and SPR response modeling could counter them. Mainly, throughput limitations can be addressed by multi-detection spot instruments, and nonspecific binding effects can be alleviated by new antifouling materials. A plethora of methods are available for cell growth and metabolism monitoring, but product monitoring is performed mainly a posteriori. SPR-based biosensors exhibit potential as product monitoring tools from early production to the end of downstream processing, paving the way for more efficient production control. However, more work needs to be done to facilitate or eliminate the need for sample preprocessing and to optimize the experimental protocols.
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2
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Ogata M. Middle-molecular-weight Glycoclusters for the Crosslinking of Multivalent Lectins. TRENDS GLYCOSCI GLYC 2021. [DOI: 10.4052/tigg.2016.7e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Ogata
- Faculty of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Fukushima University
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3
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Ogata M. Middle-molecular-weight Glycoclusters for the Crosslinking of Multivalent Lectins. TRENDS GLYCOSCI GLYC 2021. [DOI: 10.4052/tigg.2016.7j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Ogata
- Faculty of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Fukushima University
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4
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Zhang Q, Liang T, Nandakumar KS, Liu S. Emerging and state of the art hemagglutinin-targeted influenza virus inhibitors. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2020; 22:715-728. [PMID: 33327812 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2020.1856814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Seasonal influenza vaccination, together with FDA-approved neuraminidase (NA) and polymerase acidic (PA) inhibitors, is the most effective way for prophylaxis and treatment of influenza infections. However, the low efficacy of prevailing vaccines to newly emerging influenza strains and increasing resistance to available drugs drives intense research to explore more effective inhibitors. Hemagglutinin (HA), one of the major surface proteins of influenza strains, represents an attractive therapeutic target to develop such new inhibitors.Areas covered: This review summarizes the current progress of HA-based influenza virus inhibitors and their mechanisms of action, which may facilitate further research in developing novel antiviral inhibitors for controlling influenza infections.Expert opinion: HA-mediated entry of influenza virus is an essential step for successful infection of the host, which makes HA a promising target for the development of antiviral drugs. Recent progress in delineating the crystal structures of HA, especially HA-inhibitors complexes, has revealed a number of key residues and conserved binding pockets within HA. This has opened up important insights for developing HA-based antiviral inhibitors that have a high resistance barrier and broad-spectrum activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Taizhen Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Kutty Selva Nandakumar
- Southern Medical University-Karolinska Institute United Medical Inflammation Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Shuwen Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Institute of Kidney Disease of Guangdong, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
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5
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Ogata M, Onoda T, Koizumi A, Tokunaga Y, Ohta I, Nukuzuma S, Park EY, Usui T, Suzuki T. Agglutination of Human Polyomaviruses by Using a Tetravalent Glycocluster as a Cross-Linker. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:21940-21947. [PMID: 32905316 PMCID: PMC7469642 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c03269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Two kinds of tetravalent double-headed sialo-glycosides with short/long spacers between the Neu5Acα2,6Galβ1,4GlcNAc unit and ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid (EGTA) scaffold were found to be capable of binding to virus-like particles of Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV-LP). The binding process and time course of interaction between the tetravalent ligand and MCPyV-LP were assessed by dynamic light scattering (DLS). On the addition of increasing concentrations of ligand to MCPyV-LP, larger cross-linked aggregates formed until a maximum size was reached. The binding was stronger for the tetravalent ligand with a short spacer than for that with a long spacer. The binding of the former ligand to the virus was observed to proceed in two stages during agglutination. The first step was the spontaneous formation of small aggregates comprising the cross-linked ligand-virus complex. In the second step, the aggregates grew successively larger by cooperative binding among the initially produced small aggregates. In transmission electron microscopy, the resulting complex was observed to form aggregates in which the ligands were closely packed with the virus particles. The cross-linked interaction was further confirmed by a simple membrane filtration assay in which the virus-like particles were retained on the membrane when complexed with a ligand. The assay also showed the effective capture of particles of pathogenic, infectious human polyomavirus JCPyV when complexed with a ligand, suggesting its possible application as a method for trapping viruses by filtration under conditions of virus aggregation. Collectively, these results show that the tetravalent glycocluster serves as a ligand not only for agglutinating MCPyV-LP but also for trapping the pathogenic virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Ogata
- Faculty
of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Fukushima
University, 1 Kanayagawa, Fukushima City, Fukushima 960-1296, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry,
National Institute of Technology, Fukushima
College, 30 Nagao, Iwaki, Fukushima 970-8034, Japan
| | - Takashi Onoda
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry,
National Institute of Technology, Fukushima
College, 30 Nagao, Iwaki, Fukushima 970-8034, Japan
| | - Ami Koizumi
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry,
National Institute of Technology, Fukushima
College, 30 Nagao, Iwaki, Fukushima 970-8034, Japan
| | - Yuhei Tokunaga
- Advanced
Research Facilities and Services, Preeminent Medical Photonics Education
& Research Center, Hamamatsu University
School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
| | - Isao Ohta
- Advanced
Research Facilities and Services, Preeminent Medical Photonics Education
& Research Center, Hamamatsu University
School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
| | - Souichi Nukuzuma
- Department
of Infectious Diseases, Kobe Institute of
Health, 4-6-5, Minatojima,
Nakamachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0046, Japan
| | - Enoch Y. Park
- Research
Institute of Green science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Taichi Usui
- Integrated
Bioscience Research Division, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Suzuki
- Department
of Virology and Parasitology, Hamamatsu
University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
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6
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Lu W, Du W, Somovilla VJ, Yu G, Haksar D, de Vries E, Boons GJ, de Vries RP, de Haan CAM, Pieters RJ. Enhanced Inhibition of Influenza A Virus Adhesion by Di- and Trivalent Hemagglutinin Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2019; 62:6398-6404. [PMID: 31251606 PMCID: PMC6627469 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Multivalent carbohydrate-based ligands
were synthesized and evaluated
as inhibitors of the adhesion protein HA of the influenza A virus
(IAV). HA relies on multivalency for strong viral adhesion. While
viral adhesion inhibition by large polymeric molecules has proven
viable, limited success was reached for smaller multivalent compounds.
By linking of sialylated LAcNAc units to di- and trivalent scaffolds,
inhibitors were obtained with an up to 428-fold enhanced inhibition
in various assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Lu
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences , Utrecht University , P.O. Box 80082, NL-3508 TB Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Wenjuan Du
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Utrecht University , NL-3584 CL Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Victor J Somovilla
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences , Utrecht University , P.O. Box 80082, NL-3508 TB Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Guangyun Yu
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences , Utrecht University , P.O. Box 80082, NL-3508 TB Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Diksha Haksar
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences , Utrecht University , P.O. Box 80082, NL-3508 TB Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Erik de Vries
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Utrecht University , NL-3584 CL Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences , Utrecht University , P.O. Box 80082, NL-3508 TB Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Robert P de Vries
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences , Utrecht University , P.O. Box 80082, NL-3508 TB Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis A M de Haan
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Utrecht University , NL-3584 CL Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Roland J Pieters
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences , Utrecht University , P.O. Box 80082, NL-3508 TB Utrecht , The Netherlands
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7
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Kiran P, Bhatia S, Lauster D, Aleksić S, Fleck C, Peric N, Maison W, Liese S, Keller BG, Herrmann A, Haag R. Exploring Rigid and Flexible Core Trivalent Sialosides for Influenza Virus Inhibition. Chemistry 2018; 24:19373-19385. [PMID: 30295350 PMCID: PMC6587447 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201804826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Herein, the chemical synthesis and binding analysis of functionalizable rigid and flexible core trivalent sialosides bearing oligoethylene glycol (OEG) spacers interacting with spike proteins of influenza A virus (IAV) X31 is described. Although the flexible Tris-based trivalent sialosides achieved micromolar binding constants, a trivalent binder based on a rigid adamantane core dominated flexible tripodal compounds with micromolar binding and hemagglutination inhibition constants. Simulation studies indicated increased conformational penalties for long OEG spacers. Using a systematic approach with molecular modeling and simulations as well as biophysical analysis, these findings emphasize on the importance of the scaffold rigidity and the challenges associated with the spacer length optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Kiran
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie Organische ChemieFreie Universität BerlinTakustr. 314195BerlinGermany
| | - Sumati Bhatia
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie Organische ChemieFreie Universität BerlinTakustr. 314195BerlinGermany
| | - Daniel Lauster
- Institut für Biologie, Molekulare Biophysik, IRI Life SciencesHumboldt-Universität zu BerlinInvalidenstr. 4210115BerlinGermany
| | - Stevan Aleksić
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Physikalische und Theoretische ChemieFreie Universität BerlinTakustr. 314195BerlinGermany
| | - Carsten Fleck
- Fachbereich ChemieInstitut für PharmazieUniversität HamburgBundesstr. 4520146HamburgGermany
| | - Natalija Peric
- Fachbereich ChemieInstitut für PharmazieUniversität HamburgBundesstr. 4520146HamburgGermany
| | - Wolfgang Maison
- Fachbereich ChemieInstitut für PharmazieUniversität HamburgBundesstr. 4520146HamburgGermany
| | - Susanne Liese
- Department of MathematicsUniversity of Oslo, P.O Box1053 Blinder0316OsloNorway
- Department of PhysicsFreie Universität BerlinArnimallee 1414195BerlinGermany
| | - Bettina G. Keller
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Physikalische und Theoretische ChemieFreie Universität BerlinTakustr. 314195BerlinGermany
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- Institut für Biologie, Molekulare Biophysik, IRI Life SciencesHumboldt-Universität zu BerlinInvalidenstr. 4210115BerlinGermany
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie Organische ChemieFreie Universität BerlinTakustr. 314195BerlinGermany
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8
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Jacobi F, Camaleño de la Calle A, Boden S, Grafmüller A, Hartmann L, Schmidt S. Multivalent Binding of Precision Glycooligomers on Soft Glycocalyx Mimicking Hydrogels. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:3479-3488. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fawad Jacobi
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitatsstraße 1, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Alberto Camaleño de la Calle
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitatsstraße 1, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Sophia Boden
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitatsstraße 1, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Andrea Grafmüller
- Department of Theory and Bio-Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14478 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Laura Hartmann
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitatsstraße 1, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Stephan Schmidt
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitatsstraße 1, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany
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9
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Ji Y, White YJ, Hadden JA, Grant OC, Woods RJ. New insights into influenza A specificity: an evolution of paradigms. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2017; 44:219-231. [PMID: 28675835 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the molecular origin of influenza receptor specificity is complicated by the paucity of quantitative affinity measurements, and the qualitative and variable nature of glycan array data. Further obstacles arise from the varied impact of viral glycosylation and the relatively narrow spectrum of biologically relevant receptors present on glycan arrays. A survey of receptor conformational properties is presented, leading to the conclusion that conformational entropy plays a key role in defining specificity, as does the newly reported ability of biantennary receptors that terminate in Siaα2-6Gal sequences to form bidentate interactions to two binding sites in a hemagglutinin trimer. Bidentate binding provides a functional explanation for the observation that Siaα2-6 receptors adopt an open-umbrella topology when bound to hemagglutinins from human-infective viruses, and calls for a reassessment of virus avidity and tissue tropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Ji
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Yohanna Jb White
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Jodi A Hadden
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Oliver C Grant
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Robert J Woods
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd, Athens, GA 30602, United States.
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10
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Kwon SJ, Na DH, Kwak JH, Douaisi M, Zhang F, Park EJ, Park JH, Youn H, Song CS, Kane RS, Dordick JS, Lee KB, Linhardt RJ. Nanostructured glycan architecture is important in the inhibition of influenza A virus infection. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 12:48-54. [PMID: 27775724 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2016.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Rapid change and zoonotic transmission to humans have enhanced the virulence of the influenza A virus (IAV). Neutralizing antibodies fail to provide lasting protection from seasonal epidemics. Furthermore, the effectiveness of anti-influenza neuraminidase inhibitors has declined because of drug resistance. Drugs that can block viral attachment and cell entry independent of antigenic evolution or drug resistance might address these problems. We show that multivalent 6'-sialyllactose-polyamidoamine (6SL-PAMAM) conjugates, when designed to have well-defined ligand valencies and spacings, can effectively inhibit IAV infection. Generation 4 (G4) 6SL-PAMAM conjugates with a spacing of around 3 nm between 6SL ligands (S3-G4) showed the strongest binding to a hemagglutinin trimer (dissociation constant of 1.6 × 10-7 M) and afforded the best inhibition of H1N1 infection. S3-G4 conjugates were resistant to hydrolysis by H1N1 neuraminidase. These conjugates protected 75% of mice from a lethal challenge with H1N1 and prevented weight loss in infected animals. The structure-based design of multivalent nanomaterials, involving modulation of nanoscale backbone structures and number and spacing between ligands, resulted in optimal inhibition of IAV infection. This approach may be broadly applicable for designing effective and enduring therapeutic protection against human or avian influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok-Joon Kwon
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Biotech 4005, 110 8th St., Troy, New York 12180, USA
| | - Dong Hee Na
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hwan Kwak
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Marc Douaisi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Biotech 4005, 110 8th St., Troy, New York 12180, USA
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Biotech 4005, 110 8th St., Troy, New York 12180, USA
| | - Eun Ji Park
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hwan Park
- Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 302-718, Republic of Korea
| | - Hana Youn
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Seon Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Ravi S Kane
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Biotech 4005, 110 8th St., Troy, New York 12180, USA
| | - Jonathan S Dordick
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Biotech 4005, 110 8th St., Troy, New York 12180, USA
| | - Kyung Bok Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 302-718, Republic of Korea
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Biotech 4005, 110 8th St., Troy, New York 12180, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Biotech 4005, 110 8th St., Troy, New York 12180, USA
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Sofiyev V, Kaur H, Snyder BA, Hogan PA, Ptak RG, Hwang P, Gochin M. Enhanced potency of bivalent small molecule gp41 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:408-420. [PMID: 27908751 PMCID: PMC5260928 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Low molecular weight peptidomimetic inhibitors with hydrophobic pocket binding properties and moderate fusion inhibitory activity against HIV-1 gp41-mediated cell fusion were elaborated by increasing the available surface area for interacting with the heptad repeat-1 (HR1) coiled coil on gp41. Two types of modifications were tested: 1) increasing the overall hydrophobicity of the molecules with an extension that could interact in the HR1 groove, and 2) forming symmetrical dimers with two peptidomimetic motifs that could potentially interact simultaneously in two hydrophobic pockets on the HR1 trimer. The latter approach was more successful, yielding 40-60times improved potency against HIV fusion over the monomers. Biophysical characterization, including equilibrium binding studies by fluorescence and kinetic analysis by Surface Plasmon Resonance, revealed that inhibitor potency was better correlated to off-rates than to binding affinity. Binding and kinetic data could be fit to a model of bidentate interaction of dimers with the HR1 trimer as an explanation for the slow off-rate, albeit with minimal cooperativity due to the highly flexible ligand structures. The strong cooperativity observed in fusion inhibitory activity of the dimers implied accentuated potency due to the transient nature of the targeted intermediate. Optimization of monomer, dimer or higher order structures has the potential to lead to highly potent non-peptide fusion inhibitors by targeting multiple hydrophobic pockets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Sofiyev
- Department of Basic Sciences, Touro University-California, Vallejo, CA 94592, United States
| | - Hardeep Kaur
- Department of Basic Sciences, Touro University-California, Vallejo, CA 94592, United States
| | - Beth A Snyder
- Southern Research Institute, 431 Aviation Way, Frederick, MD 21701, United States
| | - Priscilla A Hogan
- Southern Research Institute, 431 Aviation Way, Frederick, MD 21701, United States
| | - Roger G Ptak
- Southern Research Institute, 431 Aviation Way, Frederick, MD 21701, United States
| | - Peter Hwang
- Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, University of California San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
| | - Miriam Gochin
- Department of Basic Sciences, Touro University-California, Vallejo, CA 94592, United States; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, CA 94143, United States.
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12
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Heparin octasaccharide decoy liposomes inhibit replication of multiple viruses. Antiviral Res 2015; 116:34-44. [PMID: 25637710 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) is a ubiquitous glycosaminoglycan that serves as a cellular attachment site for a number of significant human pathogens, including respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human parainfluenza virus 3 (hPIV3), and herpes simplex virus (HSV). Decoy receptors can target pathogens by binding to the receptor pocket on viral attachment proteins, acting as 'molecular sinks' and preventing the pathogen from binding to susceptible host cells. Decoy receptors functionalized with HS could bind to pathogens and prevent infection, so we generated decoy liposomes displaying HS-octasaccharide (HS-octa). These decoy liposomes significantly inhibited RSV, hPIV3, and HSV infectivity in vitro to a greater degree than the original HS-octa building block. The degree of inhibition correlated with the density of HS-octa displayed on the liposome surface. Decoy liposomes with HS-octa inhibited infection of viruses to a greater extent than either full-length heparin or HS-octa alone. Decoy liposomes were effective when added prior to infection or following the initial infection of cells in vitro. By targeting the well-conserved receptor-binding sites of HS-binding viruses, decoy liposomes functionalized with HS-octa are a promising therapeutic antiviral agent and illustrate the utility of the liposome delivery platform.
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13
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Bhatia S, Dimde M, Haag R. Multivalent glycoconjugates as vaccines and potential drug candidates. MEDCHEMCOMM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4md00143e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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14
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Strategies for the Development of Influenza Drugs: Basis for New Efficient Combination Therapies. TOPICS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/7355_2014_84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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15
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Hendricks GL, Weirich KL, Viswanathan K, Li J, Shriver ZH, Ashour J, Ploegh HL, Kurt-Jones EA, Fygenson DK, Finberg RW, Comolli JC, Wang JP. Sialylneolacto-N-tetraose c (LSTc)-bearing liposomal decoys capture influenza A virus. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:8061-8073. [PMID: 23362274 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.437202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza is a severe disease in humans and animals with few effective therapies available. All strains of influenza virus are prone to developing drug resistance due to the high mutation rate in the viral genome. A therapeutic agent that targets a highly conserved region of the virus could bypass resistance and also be effective against multiple strains of influenza. Influenza uses many individually weak ligand binding interactions for a high avidity multivalent attachment to sialic acid-bearing cells. Polymerized sialic acid analogs can form multivalent interactions with influenza but are not ideal therapeutics due to solubility and toxicity issues. We used liposomes as a novel means for delivery of the glycan sialylneolacto-N-tetraose c (LSTc). LSTc-bearing decoy liposomes form multivalent, polymer-like interactions with influenza virus. Decoy liposomes competitively bind influenza virus in hemagglutination inhibition assays and inhibit infection of target cells in a dose-dependent manner. Inhibition is specific for influenza virus, as inhibition of Sendai virus and respiratory syncytial virus is not observed. In contrast, monovalent LSTc does not bind influenza virus or inhibit infectivity. LSTc decoy liposomes prevent the spread of influenza virus during multiple rounds of replication in vitro and extend survival of mice challenged with a lethal dose of virus. LSTc decoy liposomes co-localize with fluorescently tagged influenza virus, whereas control liposomes do not. Considering the conservation of the hemagglutinin binding pocket and the ability of decoy liposomes to form high avidity interactions with influenza hemagglutinin, our decoy liposomes have potential as a new therapeutic agent against emerging influenza strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel L Hendricks
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Kim L Weirich
- Biomolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106
| | - Karthik Viswanathan
- Department of Biological Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Biological Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Zachary H Shriver
- Department of Biological Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Joseph Ashour
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - Hidde L Ploegh
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - Evelyn A Kurt-Jones
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Deborah K Fygenson
- Biomolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106; Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106
| | - Robert W Finberg
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - James C Comolli
- Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Jennifer P Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605.
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Modeling the intracellular dynamics of influenza virus replication to understand the control of viral RNA synthesis. J Virol 2012; 86:7806-17. [PMID: 22593159 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00080-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses transcribe and replicate their negative-sense RNA genome inside the nucleus of host cells via three viral RNA species. In the course of an infection, these RNAs show distinct dynamics, suggesting that differential regulation takes place. To investigate this regulation in a systematic way, we developed a mathematical model of influenza virus infection at the level of a single mammalian cell. It accounts for key steps of the viral life cycle, from virus entry to progeny virion release, while focusing in particular on the molecular mechanisms that control viral transcription and replication. We therefore explicitly consider the nuclear export of viral genome copies (vRNPs) and a recent hypothesis proposing that replicative intermediates (cRNA) are stabilized by the viral polymerase complex and the nucleoprotein (NP). Together, both mechanisms allow the model to capture a variety of published data sets at an unprecedented level of detail. Our findings provide theoretical support for an early regulation of replication by cRNA stabilization. However, they also suggest that the matrix protein 1 (M1) controls viral RNA levels in the late phase of infection as part of its role during the nuclear export of viral genome copies. Moreover, simulations show an accumulation of viral proteins and RNA toward the end of infection, indicating that transport processes or budding limits virion release. Thus, our mathematical model provides an ideal platform for a systematic and quantitative evaluation of influenza virus replication and its complex regulation.
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Papp I, Sieben C, Sisson AL, Kostka J, Böttcher C, Ludwig K, Herrmann A, Haag R. Inhibition of Influenza Virus Activity by Multivalent Glycoarchitectures with Matched Sizes. Chembiochem 2011; 12:887-95. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201000776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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18
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Dondoni A, Marra A. Calixarene and calixresorcarene glycosides: their synthesis and biological applications. Chem Rev 2010; 110:4949-77. [PMID: 20496911 DOI: 10.1021/cr100027b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Dondoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Laboratorio di Chimica Organica, Universita di Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44100 Ferrara, Italy.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES The cell surface receptor used by an influenza virus to infect that cell is an N-acetyl neuraminic acid (NANA) residue terminally linked by an alpha2,3 or alpha2,6 bond to a carbohydrate moiety of a glycoprotein or glycolipid. Our aim was to determine a quick and technically simple method to determine cell receptor usage by whole influenza A virus particles. METHODS We employed surface plasmon resonance to detect the binding of viruses to fetuin, a naturally occurring glycoprotein that has both alpha2,3- and alpha2,6-linked NANA, and free 3'-sialyllactose or 6'-sialyllactose to compete virus binding. All virus stocks were produced in embryonated chicken's eggs. RESULTS The influenza viruses tested bound preferentially to NANAalpha2,3Gal or to NANAalpha2,6Gal, or showed no preference. Two PR8 viruses had different binding preferences. Binding preferences of viruses correlated well with their known biological properties. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that it is not easy to predict receptor usage by influenza viruses. However, direct experimental determination as described here can inform experiments concerned with viral pathogenesis, biology and structure. In principle, the methodology can be used for any virus that binds to a terminal NANA residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Meng
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
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20
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Kulkarni AA, Weiss AA, Iyer SS. Glycan-based high-affinity ligands for toxins and pathogen receptors. Med Res Rev 2010; 30:327-93. [DOI: 10.1002/med.20196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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21
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Moni L, Pourceau G, Zhang J, Meyer A, Vidal S, Souteyrand E, Dondoni A, Morvan F, Chevolot Y, Vasseur JJ, Marra A. Design of triazole-tethered glycoclusters exhibiting three different spatial arrangements and comparative study of their affinities towards PA-IL and RCA 120 by using a dna-based glycoarray. Chembiochem 2009; 10:1369-78. [PMID: 19405074 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200900024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Sugar-coated chips: Glycoside clusters are valuable tools for carbohydrate-lectin recognition studies. However, the spatial arrangement of the sugar residues is a key issue in the design of high-affinity glycoclusters. Here the affinities of linear and antenna- and calixarene-based galactoside clusters towards two lectins derived from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Ricinus communis were compared by means of glycoarrays.Interactions between proteins and carbohydrates are involved in a large number of crucial biological events. Many efforts have been devoted to the design and synthesis of unnatural saccharides displaying high affinities towards targeted lectins. Among others, glycoside clusters have proven to be valuable tools for these recognition studies. However, the spatial arrangements of the sugar residues are a key issue in the design of high-affinity glycoclusters. Here, the affinities of linear and antenna- and calixarene-based galactoside clusters against two lectins, derived from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Ricinus communis, have been compared by means of glycoarrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Moni
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Laboratorio di Chimica Organica, Università di Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44100, Ferrara, Italy
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22
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Carlescu I, Scutaru D, Popa M, Uglea CV. Synthetic sialic-acid-containing polyvalent antiviral inhibitors. Med Chem Res 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-008-9139-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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23
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Mandenius CF, Wang R, Aldén A, Bergström G, Thébault S, Lutsch C, Ohlson S. Monitoring of influenza virus hemagglutinin in process samples using weak affinity ligands and surface plasmon resonance. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 623:66-75. [PMID: 18611459 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2008] [Revised: 05/23/2008] [Accepted: 06/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) was used to screen the interaction between a variety of affinity ligands and hemagglutinin (HA) from human influenza virus, with the aim of identifying low affinity ligands useful for the development of a rapid bioanalytical sensor. Three sialic acid-based structures and four lectins were evaluated as sensor ligands. The sialic acid-based ligands included a natural sialic acid-containing glycoprotein, human alpha1-acid glycoprotein (alpha1-AGP), and two synthetic 6'-sialyllactose-conjugates, with varying degree of substitution. The interaction of HA with the four lectin-based ligands, concanavalin A (Con A), wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), Maackia amurensis lectin (MAL), and Sambucus nigra agglutinin (SNA), showed a wide variation of affinity strengths. Affinity and kinetics data were estimated. Strong affinities were observed for Con A, WGA, alpha1-AGP, and a 6'-sialyllactose-conjugate with a high substitution degree, and low affinities were observed for MAL and a 6'-sialyllactose-conjugate with low substitution. The main objective, to identify a low affinity ligand which could be used for on-line monitoring and product quantification, was met by a 6'-sialyllactose-ovalbumin conjugate that had 0.6 mol ligand per mol carrier protein. The apparent affinity of this ligand was estimated to be 1.5+/-0.03 microM (K(D)) on the SPR surface. Vaccine process samples containing HA were analyzed in the range 10-100 microg HA mL(-1) and correlated with single-radial immunodiffusion. The coefficient of variation on the same chip was between 0.010 and 0.091.
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24
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Whittington A, Bethell R. Review: Anti-infectives Recent developments in the antiviral therapy of influenza. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2008. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.5.8.793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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25
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Abstract
Annual epidemics of influenza virus infection are responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality, and pandemics are much more devastating. Considerable knowledge of viral infectivity and replication has been acquired, but many details still have to be elucidated and the virus remains a challenging target for drug design and development. This review provides an overview of the antiviral drugs targeting the influenza viral replicative cycle. Included are a brief description of their chemical syntheses and biological activities. For other reviews, see References1-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene M. Lagoja
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B‐3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erik De Clercq
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B‐3000 Leuven, Belgium
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26
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Marra A, Moni L, Pazzi D, Corallini A, Bridi D, Dondoni A. Synthesis of sialoclusters appended to calix[4]arene platforms via multiple azide-alkyne cycloaddition. New inhibitors of hemagglutination and cytopathic effect mediated by BK and influenza A viruses. Org Biomol Chem 2008; 6:1396-409. [DOI: 10.1039/b800598b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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Yu L, Huang M, Wang PG, Zeng X. Cross-linked surface-grafted glycopolymer for multivalent recognition of lectin. Anal Chem 2007; 79:8979-86. [PMID: 17973352 DOI: 10.1021/ac071453q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An alpha-link mannose-conjugated acrylamide monomer was synthesized. This monomer was polymerized by free radical polymerization with acrylamide, a cross-linker, and a surface linker directly on the gold surface. The surface linker, with an active carbon-carbon double bond, was preimmobilized on the gold surface by the thiol anchor. Thus, a cross-linked mannose-conjugated polymer thin layer was grafted onto a gold surface. This thin layer of polymer showed high binding sensitivity and excellent selectivity to its target lectin, concanavalin A (Con A), surpassing the formerly used linear glycopolymer and self-assembled glycol monolayers, validated by the techniques of quartz crystal microbalance, atomic force microscopy, and surface plasmon resonance. Remarkable response was observed to Con A at a concentration as low as 5 x 10(-10) M. The response is proportional to the Con A concentration up to 10(-7) M in phosphate-buffered saline. The use of cross-linked polymer decreased the flexibility of the polymer backbone between the carbohydrate binding sites. Therefore, the cost of conformational entropy for multivalent binding was minimized. The binding constants of the so-prepared cross-linked polymer with Con A were measured to be between 2.5 x 10(6) and 3.2 x 10(6) M(-1). These values are significantly larger than that obtained in our early study with a carbohydrate self-assembled monolayer. In addition to the carbohydrate-lectin recognition, additional selectivity may be achieved by controlling the degree of cross-linking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan 48309, USA
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28
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Paduch M, Biernat M, Stefanowicz P, Derewenda ZS, Szewczuk Z, Otlewski J. Bivalent peptides as models for multimeric targets of PDZ domains. Chembiochem 2007; 8:443-52. [PMID: 17279591 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200600389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
PDZ domains are among the most common modules in eukaryotic, including human, genomes. They are found exclusively in large, multidomain cytosolic proteins--often with other domains that belong to a variety of families--and are involved in a plethora of physiological and pathophysiological events. PDZ domains mediate protein-protein interactions by binding to solvent-exposed and extended C-terminal short fragments of membrane-associated proteins, such as receptors and ion channels. Most of what is known about the mechanisms of target binding by PDZ domains is inferred from studies that involve isolated recombinant PDZ domains and short synthetic peptides that represent the targets. These binary systems constitute an obvious oversimplification and disregard factors such as noncanonical modes of binding and enhanced affinity due to multimeric interactions mediated by clusters and oligomers of PDZ-domain-containing proteins. We have tested whether the interaction between a dimeric form of PDZ domain that mimics a functional dimeric guanine nucleotide exchange factor, PDZ-RhoGEF (PDZ-containing RhoA-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor) or LARG (leukemia-associated RhoA specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor), and a bivalent peptide that mimics the dimer of the plexin B receptor, could enhance the interaction between the two moieties. Peptide dimerization was achieved by cross-linking the N-terminal ends of peptides attached to Wang resin with poly(ethylene glycol) spacers (30-45 Angstroms in length). The interaction of dimeric PDZ domains with dimeric peptides resulted in an up to 20-fold increase in affinity compared to the simple binary system. This is consistent with the notion that multimerization of both receptors and PDZ-containing proteins might constitute an important regulatory mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Paduch
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, University of Wrocław, Tamka 2, 54-137 Wrocław, Poland
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Lu C, Shi Q, Chen X, Lu T, Xie Z, Hu X, Ma J, Jing X. Sugars-grafted aliphatic biodegradable poly(L-lactide-co-carbonate)s by click reaction and their specific interaction with lectin molecules. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.22070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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30
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Barrett OJ, Childs JL, Disney MD. Chemical Microarrays to Identify Ligands that Bind Pathogenic Cells. Chembiochem 2006; 7:1882-5. [PMID: 17009274 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200600260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olivia J Barrett
- Center for Excellence in Bioinformatics & Life Sciences and Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
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Terabayashi T, Morita M, Ueno M, Nakamura T, Urashima T. Inhibition of influenza-virus-induced cytopathy by sialylglycoconjugates. Carbohydr Res 2006; 341:2246-53. [PMID: 16854400 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2006.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2005] [Revised: 06/12/2006] [Accepted: 06/23/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The anti-viral activity of gangliosides such as SPG (sialylparagloboside), GD1a, GM3, and GM4 was assessed by inhibition of the cytopathy of MDCK cells due to infection with the influenza virus A/PR/8/34. The inhibitory effect was in the following sequence: SPG>GD1a>GM3>GM4. The IC50 of SPG and GD1a was 7 and 70 microM, respectively, indicating that they are more effective than the representative inhibitor amantadine. Although 3'-sialyllactose (3'-SL) and 3'-sialyllactosamine (3'-SLN), which are identical to the terminal trisaccharides of GM3 and SPG, respectively, did not show any inhibitory effect, introduction of an amino group to the reducing end of 3'-SL following amidation with lauroyl chloride gave the inhibitory potency, which was comparable to that of GM3. These results suggest that the viral hemagglutinin recognizes exogenous sialyloligosaccharides rather than inherent sialyloligosaccharides expressed on MDCK cells, since introduction of the hydrophobic moiety to oligosaccharides might cause micelle formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Terabayashi
- Department of Physics, School of Science, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara 228-8555, Japan.
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Abstract
Influenza viruses continue to be a major health challenge due to antigenic variation in envelope proteins and animal reservoirs for the viruses. Of particular concern is an anticipated influenza pandemic in the near future. Vaccination is currently the most effective means of reducing morbidity and mortality during influenza epidemics. In addition, neuraminidase inhibitors have substantially improved antiviral therapy for influenza. However, influenza infection in children and the elderly remain problematic. Furthermore, major innovations in prevention and therapy will be needed to deal with an influenza pandemic. This review assesses available and investigational antivirals and vaccines for influenza, emphasising novel approaches that may improve ability to cope with infection in children and the elderly or during a pandemic. Some adverse sequelae of influenza appear to relate to impairment or pathogenic activation of immune responses. Exciting recent findings in this area, with relevance to influenza treatment, are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Kandel
- Harvard University School of Medicine, Hebrew Rehabilitation Center for Aged Internal Medicine/Geriatrics, 1200 Centre Street, Boston, MA 02131-1097, USA
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Lu C, Chen X, Xie Z, Lu T, Wang X, Ma J, Jing X. Biodegradable Amphiphilic Triblock Copolymer Bearing Pendant Glucose Residues: Preparation and Specific Interaction with Concanavalin A Molecules. Biomacromolecules 2006; 7:1806-10. [PMID: 16768401 DOI: 10.1021/bm0601225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A novel biodegradable amphiphilic block copolymer PLGG-PEG-PLGG bearing pendant glucose residues is successfully prepared by the coupling reaction of 3-(2-aminoethylthio)propyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside with the pendant carboxyl groups of PLGG-PEG-PLGG in the presence of N,N'-carbonyldiimidazole. The polymer PLGG-PEG-PLGG, i.e., poly{(lactic acid)-co-[(glycolic acid)-alt-(L-glutamic acid)]}-block-poly(ethylene glycol)-block- poly{(lactic acid)-co-[(glycolic acid)-alt-(L-glutamic acid)]}, is prepared by ring-opening copolymerization of L-lactide (LLA) with (3s)-benzoxylcarbonylethylmorpholine-2,5-dione (BEMD) in the presence of dihydroxyl PEG with molecular weight of 2000 as macroinitiator and Sn(Oct)2 as catalyst, and then by catalytic hydrogenation. The glucose-grafted copolymer shows a lower degree of cytotoxicity to ECV-304 cells and improved specific recognition and binding with Concanavalin A (Con A). Therefore, this kind of glucose-grafted copolymer may find biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhai Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, PR China
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Kiessling LL, Gestwicki JE, Strong LE. Synthetische multivalente Liganden als Sonden für die Signaltransduktion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200502794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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35
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Kiessling LL, Gestwicki JE, Strong LE. Synthetic multivalent ligands as probes of signal transduction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 45:2348-68. [PMID: 16557636 PMCID: PMC2842921 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200502794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 687] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cell-surface receptors acquire information from the extracellular environment and coordinate intracellular responses. Many receptors do not operate as individual entities, but rather as part of dimeric or oligomeric complexes. Coupling the functions of multiple receptors may endow signaling pathways with the sensitivity and malleability required to govern cellular responses. Moreover, multireceptor signaling complexes may provide a means of spatially segregating otherwise degenerate signaling cascades. Understanding the mechanisms, extent, and consequences of receptor co-localization and interreceptor communication is critical; chemical synthesis can provide compounds to address the role of receptor assembly in signal transduction. Multivalent ligands can be generated that possess a variety of sizes, shapes, valencies, orientations, and densities of binding elements. This Review focuses on the use of synthetic multivalent ligands to characterize receptor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura L Kiessling
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1101 University Ave., Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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Lata S, Reichel A, Brock R, Tampé R, Piehler J. High-affinity adaptors for switchable recognition of histidine-tagged proteins. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:10205-15. [PMID: 16028931 DOI: 10.1021/ja050690c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We aspired to create chemical recognition units, which bind oligohistidine tags with high affinity and stability, as tools for selectively attaching spectroscopic probes and other functional elements to recombinant proteins. Several supramolecular entities containing 2-4 nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) moieties were synthesized, which additionally contained an amino group, to which fluorescein was coupled as a sensitive reporter probe. These multivalent chelator heads (MCH) (termed bis-, tris-, and tetrakis-NTA) were characterized with respect to their interaction with hexahistidine (H6)- and decahistidine (H10)-tagged targets. Substantially increased binding stability with increasing number of NTA moieties was observed by analytical size exclusion chromatography. The binding enthalpies as determined by isothermal titration calorimetry increased nearly additively with the number of possible coordinative bonds between chelator heads and tags. Yet, a substantial excess of histidines in the oligohistidine tag was required for obtaining fully additive binding enthalpies. Dissociation kinetics of MCH/oligohistidine complexes measured by fluorescence dequenching showed an increase in stability by 4 orders of magnitude compared to that of mono-NTA, and subnanomolar affinity was reached for tris-NTA. The gain in free energy with increasing multivalency was accompanied by an increasing loss of entropy, which was ascribed to the high flexibility of the binding partners. Numerous applications of these MCHs for noncovalent, high affinity, yet reversible tethering of spectroscopic probes and other functional elements to the recombinant proteins can be envisioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Lata
- Institute of Biochemistry, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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Gambaryan AS, Boravleva EY, Matrosovich TY, Matrosovich MN, Klenk HD, Moiseeva EV, Tuzikov AB, Chinarev AA, Pazynina GV, Bovin NV. Polymer-bound 6' sialyl-N-acetyllactosamine protects mice infected by influenza virus. Antiviral Res 2005; 68:116-23. [PMID: 16214231 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2005.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2005] [Revised: 07/29/2005] [Accepted: 07/29/2005] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
To develop a mouse model for testing receptor attachment inhibitors of human influenza viruses, the human clinical virus isolate in MDCK cells A/NIB/23/89M (H1N1) was adapted to mice by serial passaging through mouse lungs. The adaptation enhanced the viral pathogenicity for mice, but preserved the virus receptor binding phenotype, preferential binding to 2-6-linked sialic acid receptors and low affinity for 2-3-linked receptors. Sequencing of the HA gene of the mouse-adapted virus A/NIB/23/89-MA revealed a loss of the glycosylation sites in positions 94 and 163 of HA1 and substitutions 275Asp-->Gly in HA1 and 145Asn-->Asp in HA2. The four mouse strains tested differed significantly in their sensitivity to A/NIB/23/89-MA with the sensitivity increasing in the order of BALB/cJCitMoise, C57BL/6LacSto, CBA/CaLacSto and A/SnJCitMoise strains. Testing of protective efficacy of the polyacrylamide conjugate bearing Neu5Acalpha2-6Galbeta1-4GlcNAc trisaccharide under conditions of lethal or sublethal virus infection demonstrated a strong protective effect of this preparation. In particular, aerosol treatment of mice with the polymeric attachment inhibitor on 24-110 h after infection completely prevented mortality in sensitive animals and lessened disease symptoms in more resistant mouse strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Gambaryan
- M.P. Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 142782 Moscow, Russia
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38
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Carrillo A, Gujraty KV, Rai PR, Kane RS. Design of water-soluble, thiol-reactive polymers of controlled molecular weight: a novel multivalent scaffold. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2005; 16:S416-S421. [PMID: 21727461 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/16/7/016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Multivalent molecules, i.e. scaffolds presenting multiple copies of a suitable ligand, constitute an emerging class of nanoscale therapeutics. We present a novel approach for the design of multivalent ligands, which allows the biofunctionalization of polymers with proteins or peptides in a controlled orientation. It consists of the synthesis of water-soluble, activated polymer scaffolds of controlled molecular weight, which can be biofunctionalized with various thiolated ligands in aqueous media under mild conditions. These polymers were synthesized by ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) and further modified to make them water-soluble. The incorporation of chloride groups activated the polymers to react with thiol-containing peptides or proteins, and the formation of multivalent ligands in aqueous media was demonstrated. This strategy represents a convenient route for synthesizing multivalent ligands of controlled dimensions and valency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Carrillo
- The Howard P Isermann Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
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39
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Pickens JC, Mitchell DD, Liu J, Tan X, Zhang Z, Verlinde CLMJ, Hol WGJ, Fan E. Nonspanning Bivalent Ligands as Improved Surface Receptor Binding Inhibitors of the Cholera Toxin B Pentamer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 11:1205-15. [PMID: 15380181 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2004.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2004] [Revised: 05/17/2004] [Accepted: 06/09/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A series of bivalent ligands of varying length were synthesized to inhibit the receptor-binding process of cholera toxin. Competitive surface receptor binding assays showed that significant potency gains relative to the constituent monovalent ligands were achieved independently from the ability of the extended bivalent ligands to span binding sites within the toxin pentamer. Several models that could account for the unexpected improvement in IC(50) values are examined, taking into account crystallographic analysis of each ligand in complex with the toxin pentamer. Evidence is presented that steric blocking at the receptor binding surface may play a role. The results of our study suggest that the use of relatively short, "nonspanning" bivalent ligands, or monovalent ligands of similar topology and bulk may be an effective way of blocking the interaction of multimeric proteins with their cell surface receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason C Pickens
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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40
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Huskens J, Mulder A, Auletta T, Nijhuis CA, Ludden MJW, Reinhoudt DN. A Model for Describing the Thermodynamics of Multivalent Host−Guest Interactions at Interfaces. J Am Chem Soc 2004; 126:6784-97. [PMID: 15161307 DOI: 10.1021/ja049085k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A model has been described for interpreting the binding of multivalent molecules to interface-immobilized monovalent receptors through multiple, independent interactions. It is based on the concept of effective concentration, C(eff), which has been developed before for multivalent binding in solution and which incorporates effects of lengths and flexibilities of linkers between interacting sites. The model assumes: (i). the interactions are independent, (ii). the maximum number of interactions, p(max), is known, (iii). C(eff) is estimated from (simple) molecular models. Simulations of the thermodynamics and kinetics of multivalent host-guest binding to interfaces have been discussed, and competition with a monovalent competitor in solution has been incorporated as well. The model was successfully used to describe the binding of a divalent guest to self-assembled monolayers of a cyclodextrin host. The adsorption data of more complex guest-functionalized dendrimers, for which p(max) was not known beforehand, was interpreted as well. Finally, it has been shown that the model can aid to deconvolute contributions of multivalency and cooperativity to stability enhancements observed for the adsorption of multivalent molecules to interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurriaan Huskens
- Laboratory of Supramolecular Chemistry and Technology, MESA Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
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41
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Abstract
A quantitative model is proposed for the analysis of the thermodynamic parameters of multivalent interactions in dilute solutions or with immobilized multimeric receptor. The model takes into account all bound species and describes multivalent binding via two microscopic binding energies corresponding to inter- and intramolecular interactions (Delta G(o)inter and Delta G(o)intra), the relative contributions of which depend on the distribution of complexes with different numbers of occupied binding sites. The third component of the overall free energy, which we call the "avidity entropy" term, is a function of the degeneracy of bound states, Omega(i), which is calculated on the basis of the topology of interaction and the distribution of all bound species. This term grows rapidly with the number of receptor sites and ligand multivalency, it always favors binding, and explains why multivalency can overcome the loss of conformational entropy when ligands displayed at the ends of long tethers are bound. The microscopic parameters and may be determined from the observed binding energies for a set of oligovalent ligands by nonlinear fitting with the theoretical model. Here binding data obtained from two series of oligovalent carbohydrate inhibitors for Shiga-like toxins were used to verify the theory. The decavalent and octavalent inhibitors exhibit subnanomolar activity and are the most active soluble inhibitors yet seen that block Shiga-like toxin binding to its native receptor. The theory developed here in conjunction with our protocol for the optimization of tether length provides a predictive approach to design and maximize the avidity of multivalent ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel I Kitov
- Chemistry Department, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada T6G 2G2.
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42
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Matrosovich M, Klenk HD. Natural and synthetic sialic acid-containing inhibitors of influenza virus receptor binding. Rev Med Virol 2003; 13:85-97. [PMID: 12627392 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Influenza viruses attach to susceptible cells via multivalent interactions of their haemagglutinins with sialyloligosaccharide moieties of cellular glycoconjugates. Soluble macromolecules containing sialic acid from animal sera and mucosal fluids can act as decoy receptors and competitively inhibit virus-mediated haemagglutination and infection. Although a role for these natural inhibitors in the innate anti-influenza immunity is still not clear, studies are in progress on the design of synthetic sialic acid-containing inhibitors of receptor binding which could be used as anti-influenza drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Matrosovich
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University, Robert Koch Str. 17, 35037 Marburg, Germany.
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43
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Bracci L, Lozzi L, Pini A, Lelli B, Falciani C, Niccolai N, Bernini A, Spreafico A, Soldani P, Neri P. A branched peptide mimotope of the nicotinic receptor binding site is a potent synthetic antidote against the snake neurotoxin alpha-bungarotoxin. Biochemistry 2002; 41:10194-9. [PMID: 12162733 DOI: 10.1021/bi0256025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We previously produced synthetic peptides mimicking the snake neurotoxin binding site of the nicotinic receptor. These peptide mimotopes bind the snake neurotoxin alpha-bungarotoxin with higher affinity than peptides reproducing native receptor sequences and inhibit toxin binding to nicotinic receptors in vitro; yet their efficiency in vivo is low. Here we synthesized one of the peptide mimotopes in a tetrabranched MAP form. The MAP peptide binds alpha-bungarotoxin in solution and inhibits its binding to the receptor with a K(A) and an IC(50) similar to the monomeric peptide. Nonetheless, it is at least 100 times more active in vivo. The MAP completely neutralizes toxin lethality when injected in mice at a dose compatible with its use as a synthetic antidote in humans. The in vivo efficacy of the tetrameric peptide cannot be ascribed to a kinetic and thermodynamic effect and is probably related to different pharmacokinetic behavior of the tetrameric molecule, with respect to the monomer. Our findings bring new perspectives to the therapeutic use of multimeric peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Bracci
- Department of Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Biotechnology, University of Siena, Italy.
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Merritt EA, Zhang Z, Pickens JC, Ahn M, Hol WGJ, Fan E. Characterization and crystal structure of a high-affinity pentavalent receptor-binding inhibitor for cholera toxin and E. coli heat-labile enterotoxin. J Am Chem Soc 2002; 124:8818-24. [PMID: 12137534 DOI: 10.1021/ja0202560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Multivalent ligand design constitutes an attractive avenue to the inhibition of receptor recognition and other biological events mediated by oligomeric proteins with multiple binding sites. One example is the design of multivalent receptor blockers targeting members of the AB(5) bacterial toxin family. We report here the synthesis and characterization of a pentavalent inhibitor for cholera toxin and Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin. This inhibitor is an advance over the symmetric pentacyclen-derived inhibitor described in our earlier work in that it presents five copies of m-nitrophenyl-alpha-D-galactoside (MNPG) rather than five copies of beta-D-galactose. The approximately 100-fold higher single-site affinity of MNPG for the toxin receptor binding site relative to galactose is found to yield a proportionate increase in the affinity and IC50 measured for the respective pentavalent constructs. We show by dynamic light scattering that inhibition of receptor binding by the pentavalent inhibitor is due to 1:1 inhibitor:toxin association rather than to inhibitor-mediated aggregation. This 1:1 association is in complete agreement with a 1.46 A resolution crystal structure of the pentavalent inhibitor:toxin complex, which shows that the favorable single-site binding interactions of MNPG are retained by the five arms of the 5256 Da pentavalent MNPG-based inhibitor and that the initial segment of the linking groups interacts with the surface of the toxin B pentamer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan A Merritt
- Department of Biochemistry and Biological Structure, University of Washington, Box 357742, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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Guo CT, Sun XL, Kanie O, Shortridge KF, Suzuki T, Miyamoto D, Hidari KIPJ, Wong CH, Suzuki Y. An O-glycoside of sialic acid derivative that inhibits both hemagglutinin and sialidase activities of influenza viruses. Glycobiology 2002; 12:183-90. [PMID: 11971862 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/12.3.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The compound Neu5Ac3alphaF-DSPE (4), in which the C-3 position was modified with an axial fluorine atom, inhibited the catalytic hydrolysis of influenza virus sialidase and the binding activity of hemagglutinin. The inhibitory activities to sialidases were independent of virus isolates examined. With the positive results obtained for inhibition of hemagglutination and hemolysis induced by A/Aichi/2/68 virus, the inhibitory effect of Neu5Ac3alphaF-DSPE (4) against MDCK cells was examined, and it was found that 4 inhibits the viral infection with IC50 value of 5.6 microM based on the cytopathic effects. The experimental results indicate that compound 4 not only inhibits the attachment of virus to the cell surface receptor but also disturbs the release of the progeny viruses from infected cells by inhibiting both hemagglutinin and sialidase of the influenza viruses. The study suggested that the compound is a new class of bifunctional drug candidates for the future chemotherapy of influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Tan Guo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Shizuoka School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 52-1 Yada, Shizuoka-shi 422-8526, Japan
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Abstract
Influenza virus infections remain an important cause of morbidity and mortality. Furthermore, a recurrence of pandemic influenza remains a real possibility. There are now effective ways to both prevent and treat influenza. Prevention of infection is most effectively accomplished by vaccination. Vaccination with the inactivated, intramuscular influenza vaccine has been clearly demonstrated to reduce serious morbidity and mortality associated with influenza infection, especially in groups of patients at high risk (e.g. the elderly). However, the inactivated, intramuscular vaccine does not strongly induce cell-mediated or mucosal immune responses, and protection induced by the vaccine is highly strain specific. Live, attenuated influenza vaccines administered intranasally have been studied in clinical trials and shown to elicit stronger mucosal and cell-mediated immune responses. Live, attenuated vaccines appear to be more effective for inducing protective immunity in children or the elderly than inactivated, intramuscular vaccines. Additionally, novel vaccine methodologies employing conserved components of influenza virus or viral DNA are being developed. Preclinical studies suggest that these approaches may lead to methods of vaccination that could induce immunity against diverse strains or subtypes of influenza. Because of the limitations of vaccination, antiviral therapy continues to play an important role in the control of influenza. Two major classes of antivirals have demonstrated ability to prevent or treat influenza in clinical trials: the adamantanes and the neuraminidase inhibitors. The adamantanes (amantadine and rimantadine) have been in use for many years. They inhibit viral uncoating by blocking the proton channel activity of the influenza A viral M2 protein. Limitations of the adamantanes include lack of activity against influenza B, toxicity (especially in the elderly), and the rapid development of resistance. The neuraminidase inhibitors were designed to interfere with the conserved sialic acid binding site of the viral neuraminidase and act against both influenza A and B with a high degree of specificity when administered by the oral (oseltamivir) or inhaled (zanamivir) route. The neuraminidase inhibitors have relatively low toxicity, and viral resistance to these inhibitors appears to be uncommon. Additional novel antivirals that target other phases of the life cycle of influenza are in preclinical development. For example, recombinant collectins inhibit replication of influenza by binding to the viral haemagglutinin as well as altering phagocyte responses to the virus. Recombinant techniques have been used for generation of antiviral proteins (e.g. modified collectins) or oligonucleotides. Greater understanding of the biology of influenza viruses has already resulted in significant advances in the management of this important pathogen. Further advances in vaccination and antiviral therapy of influenza should remain a high priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kandel
- Hebrew Rehabilitation Center for Aged, Harvard University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02131-1097, USA
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Schaschke N, Matschiner G, Zettl F, Marquardt U, Bergner A, Bode W, Sommerhoff CP, Moroder L. Bivalent inhibition of human beta-tryptase. CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY 2001; 8:313-27. [PMID: 11325588 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-5521(01)00011-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human beta-tryptase is a mast cell specific trypsin-like serine protease that is thought to play a key role in the pathogenesis of diverse allergic and inflammatory disorders like asthma and psoriasis. The recently resolved crystal structure revealed that the enzymatically active tetramer consists of four quasi-identical monomers. The spatial display of the four identical active sites represents an ideal basis for the rational design of bivalent inhibitors. RESULTS Based on modeling experiments homobivalent inhibitors were constructed using (i) 6A,6D-dideoxy-6A,6D-diamino-beta-cyclodextrin as a rigid template to bridge the space between the two pairs of identical active sites and (ii) 3-(aminomethyl)benzene as a headgroup to occupy the arginine/lysine specific S1 subsites. A comparative analysis of the inhibitory potencies of synthetic constructs that differ in size and type of the spacer between headgroup and template revealed that the construct contained two 3-(aminomethyl)benzenesulfonyl-glycine groups linked to the 6A,6D-diamino groups of beta-cyclodextrin as an almost ideal bivalent inhibitor with a cooperativity factor of 1.9 vs. the ideal value of 2. The bivalent binding mode is supported by the inhibitor/tetramer ratio of 2:1 required for inactivation of tryptase and by X-ray analysis of the inhibitor/tryptase complex. CONCLUSION The results obtained with the rigid cyclodextrin template underlined the importance of a minimal loss of conformational entropy in bivalent binding, but also showed the limitations imposed by such rigid core molecules in terms of optimal occupancy of binding sites and thus of enthalpic strains in bidentate binding modes. The main advantage of bivalent inhibitors is their high selectivity for the target enzyme that can be achieved utilizing the principle of multivalency.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Schaschke
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie, Am Klopferspitz 18a, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
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48
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Abstract
Hemagglutinin (HA) is the receptor-binding and membrane fusion glycoprotein of influenza virus and the target for infectivity-neutralizing antibodies. The structures of three conformations of the ectodomain of the 1968 Hong Kong influenza virus HA have been determined by X-ray crystallography: the single-chain precursor, HA0; the metastable neutral-pH conformation found on virus, and the fusion pH-induced conformation. These structures provide a framework for designing and interpreting the results of experiments on the activity of HA in receptor binding, the generation of emerging and reemerging epidemics, and membrane fusion during viral entry. Structures of HA in complex with sialic acid receptor analogs, together with binding experiments, provide details of these low-affinity interactions in terms of the sialic acid substituents recognized and the HA residues involved in recognition. Neutralizing antibody-binding sites surround the receptor-binding pocket on the membrane-distal surface of HA, and the structures of the complexes between neutralizing monoclonal Fabs and HA indicate possible neutralization mechanisms. Cleavage of the biosynthetic precursor HA0 at a prominent loop in its structure primes HA for subsequent activation of membrane fusion at endosomal pH (Figure 1). Priming involves insertion of the fusion peptide into a charged pocket in the precursor; activation requires its extrusion towards the fusion target membrane, as the N terminus of a newly formed trimeric coiled coil, and repositioning of the C-terminal membrane anchor near the fusion peptide at the same end of a rod-shaped molecule. Comparison of this new HA conformation, which has been formed for membrane fusion, with the structures determined for other virus fusion glycoproteins suggests that these molecules are all in the fusion-activated conformation and that the juxtaposition of the membrane anchor and fusion peptide, a recurring feature, is involved in the fusion mechanism. Extension of these comparisons to the soluble N-ethyl-maleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) protein complex of vesicle fusion allows a similar conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Skehel
- National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, England
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49
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Abstract
High-resolution crystal structures of AB(5) toxins in their native form or in complex with a variety of ligands have led to the structure-based design and discovery of inhibitors targeting different areas of the toxins. The most significant progress is the development of highly potent multivalent ligands that block binding of the toxins to their receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Fan
- Department of Biological Structure, Biomolecular Structure Center, WA Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Erlanson DA, Braisted AC, Raphael DR, Randal M, Stroud RM, Gordon EM, Wells JA. Site-directed ligand discovery. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:9367-72. [PMID: 10944209 PMCID: PMC16870 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.97.17.9367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a strategy (called "tethering") to discover low molecular weight ligands ( approximately 250 Da) that bind weakly to targeted sites on proteins through an intermediary disulfide tether. A native or engineered cysteine in a protein is allowed to react reversibly with a small library of disulfide-containing molecules ( approximately 1,200 compounds) at concentrations typically used in drug screening (10 to 200 microM). The cysteine-captured ligands, which are readily identified by MS, are among the most stable complexes, even though in the absence of the covalent tether the ligands may bind very weakly. This method was applied to generate a potent inhibitor for thymidylate synthase, an essential enzyme in pyrimidine metabolism with therapeutic applications in cancer and infectious diseases. The affinity of the untethered ligand (K(i) approximately 1 mM) was improved 3,000-fold by synthesis of a small set of analogs with the aid of crystallographic structures of the tethered complex. Such site-directed ligand discovery allows one to nucleate drug design from a spatially targeted lead fragment.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Erlanson
- Sunesis Pharmaceuticals, Incorporated, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA.
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