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Shi K, Bagchi S, Bickel J, Esfahani SH, Yin L, Cheng T, Karamyan VT, Aihara H. Structural basis of divergent substrate recognition and inhibition of human neurolysin. Sci Rep 2024; 14:18420. [PMID: 39117724 PMCID: PMC11310207 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-67639-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
A zinc metallopeptidase neurolysin (Nln) processes diverse bioactive peptides to regulate signaling in the mammalian nervous system. To understand how Nln interacts with various peptides with dissimilar sequences, we determined crystal structures of Nln in complex with diverse peptides including dynorphins, angiotensin, neurotensin, and bradykinin. The structures show that Nln binds these peptides in a large dumbbell-shaped interior cavity constricted at the active site, making minimal structural changes to accommodate different peptide sequences. The structures also show that Nln readily binds similar peptides with distinct registers, which can determine whether the peptide serves as a substrate or a competitive inhibitor. We analyzed the activities and binding of Nln toward various forms of dynorphin A peptides, which highlights the promiscuous nature of peptide binding and shows how dynorphin A (1-13) potently inhibits the Nln activity while dynorphin A (1-8) is efficiently cleaved. Our work provides insights into the broad substrate specificity of Nln and may aid in the future design of small molecule modulators for Nln.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Shi
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Sounak Bagchi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Jordis Bickel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Shiva H Esfahani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
- Department of Foundational Medical Studies, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, 48309, USA
| | - Lulu Yin
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Tiffany Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Vardan T Karamyan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA.
- Department of Foundational Medical Studies, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, 48309, USA.
| | - Hideki Aihara
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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2
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Caprioli B, Eichler RAS, Silva RNO, Martucci LF, Reckziegel P, Ferro ES. Neurolysin Knockout Mice in a Diet-Induced Obesity Model. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15190. [PMID: 37894869 PMCID: PMC10607720 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurolysin oligopeptidase (E.C.3.4.24.16; Nln), a member of the zinc metallopeptidase M3 family, was first identified in rat brain synaptic membranes hydrolyzing neurotensin at the Pro-Tyr peptide bond. The previous development of C57BL6/N mice with suppression of Nln gene expression (Nln-/-), demonstrated the biological relevance of this oligopeptidase for insulin signaling and glucose uptake. Here, several metabolic parameters were investigated in Nln-/- and wild-type C57BL6/N animals (WT; n = 5-8), male and female, fed either a standard (SD) or a hypercaloric diet (HD), for seven weeks. Higher food intake and body mass gain was observed for Nln-/- animals fed HD, compared to both male and female WT control animals fed HD. Leptin gene expression was higher in Nln-/- male and female animals fed HD, compared to WT controls. Both WT and Nln-/- females fed HD showed similar gene expression increase of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4), a peptidase related to glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) metabolism. The present data suggest that Nln participates in the physiological mechanisms related to diet-induced obesity. Further studies will be necessary to better understand the molecular mechanism responsible for the higher body mass gain observed in Nln-/- animals fed HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Caprioli
- Pharmacology Department, Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICB), São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil; (B.C.); (R.A.S.E.); (R.N.O.S.); (L.F.M.)
| | - Rosangela A. S. Eichler
- Pharmacology Department, Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICB), São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil; (B.C.); (R.A.S.E.); (R.N.O.S.); (L.F.M.)
| | - Renée N. O. Silva
- Pharmacology Department, Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICB), São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil; (B.C.); (R.A.S.E.); (R.N.O.S.); (L.F.M.)
| | - Luiz Felipe Martucci
- Pharmacology Department, Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICB), São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil; (B.C.); (R.A.S.E.); (R.N.O.S.); (L.F.M.)
| | - Patricia Reckziegel
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (FCF), University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil;
| | - Emer S. Ferro
- Pharmacology Department, Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICB), São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil; (B.C.); (R.A.S.E.); (R.N.O.S.); (L.F.M.)
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3
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Chartier M, Desgagné M, Sousbie M, Rumsby C, Chevillard L, Théroux L, Haroune L, Côté J, Longpré JM, Boudreault PL, Marsault É, Sarret P. Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profiles of a neurotensin receptor type 2 (NTS2) analgesic macrocyclic analog. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 141:111861. [PMID: 34229249 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The current opioid crisis highlights the urgent need to develop safe and effective pain medications. Thus, neurotensin (NT) compounds represent a promising approach, as the antinociceptive effects of NT are mediated by activation of the two G protein-coupled receptor subtypes (i.e., NTS1 and NTS2) and produce potent opioid-independent analgesia. Here, we describe the synthesis and pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties of the first constrained NTS2 macrocyclic NT(8-13) analog. The Tyr11 residue of NT(8-13) was replaced with a Trp residue to achieve NTS2 selectivity, and a rationally designed side-chain to side-chain macrocyclization reaction was applied between Lys8 and Trp11 to constrain the peptide in an active binding conformation and limit its recognition by proteolytic enzymes. The resulting macrocyclic peptide, CR-01-64, exhibited high-affinity for NTS2 (Ki 7.0 nM), with a more than 125-fold selectivity over NTS1, as well as an improved plasma stability profile (t1/2 > 24 h) compared with NT (t1/2 ~ 2 min). Following intrathecal administration, CR-01-64 exerted dose-dependent and long-lasting analgesic effects in acute (ED50 = 4.6 µg/kg) and tonic (ED50 = 7.1 µg/kg) pain models as well as strong mechanical anti-allodynic effects in the CFA-induced chronic inflammatory pain model. Of particular importance, this constrained NTS2 analog exerted potent nonopioid antinociceptive effects and potentiated opioid-induced analgesia when combined with morphine. At high doses, CR-01-64 did not cause hypothermia or ileum relaxation, although it did induce mild and short-term hypotension, all of which are physiological effects associated with NTS1 activation. Overall, these results demonstrate the strong therapeutic potential of NTS2-selective analogs for the management of pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali Chartier
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
| | - Michael Desgagné
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
| | - Marc Sousbie
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
| | - Charles Rumsby
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
| | | | - Léa Théroux
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
| | - Lounès Haroune
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
| | - Jérôme Côté
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
| | - Jean-Michel Longpré
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
| | - Pierre-Luc Boudreault
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
| | - Éric Marsault
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
| | - Philippe Sarret
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
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4
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Mirali S, Botham A, Voisin V, Xu C, St-Germain J, Sharon D, Hoff FW, Qiu Y, Hurren R, Gronda M, Jitkova Y, Nachmias B, MacLean N, Wang X, Arruda A, Minden MD, Horton TM, Kornblau SM, Chan SM, Bader GD, Raught B, Schimmer AD. The mitochondrial peptidase, neurolysin, regulates respiratory chain supercomplex formation and is necessary for AML viability. Sci Transl Med 2021; 12:12/538/eaaz8264. [PMID: 32269163 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaz8264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Neurolysin (NLN) is a zinc metallopeptidase whose mitochondrial function is unclear. We found that NLN was overexpressed in almost half of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and inhibition of NLN was selectively cytotoxic to AML cells and stem cells while sparing normal hematopoietic cells. Mechanistically, NLN interacted with the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Genetic and chemical inhibition of NLN impaired oxidative metabolism and disrupted the formation of respiratory chain supercomplexes (RCS). Furthermore, NLN interacted with the known RCS regulator, LETM1, and inhibition of NLN disrupted LETM1 complex formation. RCS were increased in patients with AML and positively correlated with NLN expression. These findings demonstrate that inhibiting RCS formation selectively targets AML cells and stem cells and highlights the therapeutic potential of pharmacologically targeting NLN in AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Mirali
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 1A8, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aaron Botham
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto M5G 1L7, Ontario, Canada
| | - Veronique Voisin
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Changjiang Xu
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
| | | | - David Sharon
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Fieke W Hoff
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, Netherlands.,Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yihua Qiu
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Rose Hurren
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Marcela Gronda
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Yulia Jitkova
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Boaz Nachmias
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Neil MacLean
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Andrea Arruda
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Mark D Minden
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 1A8, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto M5G 1L7, Ontario, Canada
| | - Terzah M Horton
- Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Centers, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Steven M Kornblau
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Steven M Chan
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto M5G 1L7, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gary D Bader
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 1A8, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian Raught
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto M5G 1L7, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aaron D Schimmer
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada. .,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 1A8, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto M5G 1L7, Ontario, Canada
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5
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Chartier M, Desgagné M, Sousbie M, Côté J, Longpré JM, Marsault E, Sarret P. Design, Structural Optimization, and Characterization of the First Selective Macrocyclic Neurotensin Receptor Type 2 Non-opioid Analgesic. J Med Chem 2021; 64:2110-2124. [PMID: 33538583 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neurotensin (NT) receptor type 2 (NTS2) represents an attractive target for the development of new NT-based analgesics. Here, we report the synthesis and functional in vivo characterization of the first constrained NTS2-selective macrocyclic NT analog. While most chemical optimization studies rely on the NT(8-13) fragment, we focused on NT(7-12) as a scaffold to design NTS2-selective macrocyclic peptides. Replacement of Ile12 by Leu, and Pro7/Pro10 by allylglycine residues followed by cyclization via ring-closing metathesis led to macrocycle 4, which exhibits good affinity for NTS2 (50 nM), high selectivity over NTS1 (>100 μM), and improved stability compared to NT(8-13). In vivo profiling in rats reveals that macrocycle 4 produces potent analgesia in three distinct rodent pain models, without causing the undesired effects associated with NTS1 activation. We further provide evidence of its non-opioid antinociceptive activity, therefore highlighting the strong therapeutic potential of NTS2-selective analogs for the management of acute and chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali Chartier
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Michael Desgagné
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Marc Sousbie
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Jérôme Côté
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Jean-Michel Longpré
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Eric Marsault
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Philippe Sarret
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H 5N4, Canada
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6
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Vivancos M, Fanelli R, Besserer-Offroy É, Beaulieu S, Chartier M, Resua-Rojas M, Mona CE, Previti S, Rémond E, Longpré JM, Cavelier F, Sarret P. Metabolically stable neurotensin analogs exert potent and long-acting analgesia without hypothermia. Behav Brain Res 2021; 405:113189. [PMID: 33607165 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The endogenous tridecapeptide neurotensin (NT) has emerged as an important inhibitory modulator of pain transmission, exerting its analgesic action through the activation of the G protein-coupled receptors, NTS1 and NTS2. Whereas both NT receptors mediate the analgesic effects of NT, NTS1 activation also produces hypotension and hypothermia, which may represent obstacles for the development of new pain medications. In the present study, we implemented various chemical strategies to improve the metabolic stability of the biologically active fragment NT(8-13) and assessed their NTS1/NTS2 relative binding affinities. We then determined their ability to reduce the nociceptive behaviors in acute, tonic, and chronic pain models and to modulate blood pressure and body temperature. To this end, we synthesized a series of NT(8-13) analogs carrying a reduced amide bond at Lys8-Lys9 and harboring site-selective modifications with unnatural amino acids, such as silaproline (Sip) and trimethylsilylalanine (TMSAla). Incorporation of Sip and TMSAla respectively in positions 10 and 13 of NT(8-13) combined with the Lys8-Lys9 reduced amine bond (JMV5296) greatly prolonged the plasma half-life time over 20 h. These modifications also led to a 25-fold peptide selectivity toward NTS2. More importantly, central delivery of JMV5296 was able to induce a strong antinociceptive effect in acute (tail-flick), tonic (formalin), and chronic inflammatory (CFA) pain models without inducing hypothermia. Altogether, these results demonstrate that the chemically-modified NT(8-13) analog JMV5296 exhibits a better therapeutic profile and may thus represent a promising avenue to guide the development of new stable NT agonists and improve pain management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Vivancos
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada; Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.
| | - Roberto Fanelli
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR-CNRS 5247, Université Montpellier, ENSCM, Montpellier, France.
| | - Élie Besserer-Offroy
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada; Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.
| | - Sabrina Beaulieu
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada; Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.
| | - Magali Chartier
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada; Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Martin Resua-Rojas
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada; Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.
| | - Christine E Mona
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Santo Previti
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR-CNRS 5247, Université Montpellier, ENSCM, Montpellier, France.
| | - Emmanuelle Rémond
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR-CNRS 5247, Université Montpellier, ENSCM, Montpellier, France.
| | - Jean-Michel Longpré
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada; Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.
| | - Florine Cavelier
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR-CNRS 5247, Université Montpellier, ENSCM, Montpellier, France.
| | - Philippe Sarret
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada; Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.
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Proteomic Characterization of Synaptosomes from Human Substantia Nigra Indicates Altered Mitochondrial Translation in Parkinson's Disease. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122580. [PMID: 33276480 PMCID: PMC7761546 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD) is the loss of neuromelanin-containing dopaminergic neurons within the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). Additionally, numerous studies indicate an altered synaptic function during disease progression. To gain new insights into the molecular processes underlying the alteration of synaptic function in PD, a proteomic study was performed. Therefore, synaptosomes were isolated by density gradient centrifugation from SNpc tissue of individuals at advanced PD stages (N = 5) as well as control subjects free of pathology (N = 5) followed by mass spectrometry-based analysis. In total, 362 proteins were identified and assigned to the synaptosomal core proteome. This core proteome comprised all proteins expressed within the synapses without regard to data analysis software, gender, age, or disease. The differential analysis between control subjects and PD cases revealed that CD9 antigen was overrepresented and fourteen proteins, among them Thymidine kinase 2 (TK2), mitochondrial, 39S ribosomal protein L37, neurolysin, and Methionine-tRNA ligase (MARS2) were underrepresented in PD suggesting an alteration in mitochondrial translation within synaptosomes.
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8
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Neurotensins and their therapeutic potential: research field study. Future Med Chem 2020; 12:1779-1803. [PMID: 33032465 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2020-0124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The natural tridecapeptide neurotensin has been emerged as a promising therapeutic scaffold for the treatment of neurological diseases and cancer. In this work, we aimed to identify the top 100 most cited original research papers as well as recent key studies related to neurotensins. The Web of Science Core Collection database was searched and the retrieved research articles were analyzed by using the VOSviewer software. The most cited original articles were published between 1973 and 2013. The top-cited article was by Carraway and Leeman reporting the discovery of neurotensin in 1973. The highly cited terms were associated with hypotension and angiotensin-converting-enzyme. The conducted analysis reveals the therapeutic potentials of neurotensin, and further impactful research toward its clinical development is warrantied.
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Previti S, Vivancos M, Rémond E, Beaulieu S, Longpré JM, Ballet S, Sarret P, Cavelier F. Insightful Backbone Modifications Preventing Proteolytic Degradation of Neurotensin Analogs Improve NT S1-Induced Protective Hypothermia. Front Chem 2020; 8:406. [PMID: 32582624 PMCID: PMC7291367 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic hypothermia represents a brain-protective strategy for multiple emergency situations, such as stroke or traumatic injury. Neurotensin (NT), which exerts its effects through activation of two G protein-coupled receptors, namely NTS1 and NTS2, induces a strong and long-lasting decrease in core body temperature after its central administration. Growing evidence demonstrates that NTS1 is the receptor subtype mediating the hypothermic action of NT. As such, potent NTS1 agonists designed on the basis of the minimal C-terminal NT(8-13) bioactive fragment have been shown to produce mild hypothermia and exert neuroprotective effects under various clinically relevant conditions. The high susceptibility of NT(8-13) to protease degradation (half-life <2 min) represents, however, a serious limitation for its use in pharmacological therapy. In light of this, we report here a structure-activity relationship study in which pairs of NT(8-13) analogs have been developed, based on the incorporation of a reduced Lys8-Lys9 bond. To further stabilize the peptide bonds, a panel of backbone modifications was also inserted along the peptide sequence, including Sip10, D-Trp11, Dmt11, Tle12, and TMSAla13. Our results revealed that the combination of appropriate chemical modifications leads to compounds exhibiting improved resistance to proteolytic cleavages (>24 h; 16). Among them, the NT(8-13) analogs harboring the reduced amine bond combined with the unnatural amino acids TMSAla13 (4) and Sip10 (6) or the di-substitution Lys11 - TMSAla13 (12), D-Trp11-TMSAla13 (14), and Dmt11-Tle12 (16) produced sustained hypothermic effects (−3°C for at least 1 h). Importantly, we observed that hypothermia was mainly driven by the increased stability of the NT(8-13) derivatives, instead of the high binding-affinity at NTS1. Altogether, these results reveal the importance of the reduced amine bond in optimizing the metabolic properties of the NT(8-13) peptide and support the development of stable NTS1 agonists as first drug candidate in neuroprotective hypothermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santo Previti
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, IBMM, UMR-5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, Montpellier, France.,Departments of Bioengineering Sciences and Chemistry, Research Group of Organic Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mélanie Vivancos
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Emmanuelle Rémond
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, IBMM, UMR-5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Sabrina Beaulieu
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Michel Longpré
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Steven Ballet
- Departments of Bioengineering Sciences and Chemistry, Research Group of Organic Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Philippe Sarret
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Florine Cavelier
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, IBMM, UMR-5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
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10
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Neurolysin: From Initial Detection to Latest Advances. Neurochem Res 2018; 43:2017-2024. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2624-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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11
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Maschauer S, Prante O. Radiopharmaceuticals for imaging and endoradiotherapy of neurotensin receptor-positive tumors. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2018; 61:309-325. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Maschauer
- Molecular Imaging and Radiochemistry, Department of Nuclear Medicine; Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU); Erlangen Germany
| | - Olaf Prante
- Molecular Imaging and Radiochemistry, Department of Nuclear Medicine; Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU); Erlangen Germany
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12
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Masuyer G, Cozier GE, Kramer GJ, Bachmann BO, Acharya KR. Crystal structure of a peptidyl-dipeptidase K-26-DCP from Actinomycete in complex with its natural inhibitor. FEBS J 2016; 283:4357-4369. [PMID: 27754586 PMCID: PMC5157764 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Several soil‐derived Actinobacteria produce secondary metabolites that are proven specific and potent inhibitors of the human angiotensin‐I‐converting enzyme (ACE), a key target for the modulation of hypertension through its role in the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system. K‐26‐DCP is a zinc dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase (DCP) produced by Astrosporangium hypotensionis, and an ancestral homologue of ACE. Here we report the high‐resolution crystal structures of K‐26‐DCP and of its complex with the natural microbial tripeptide product K‐26. The experimental results provide the structural basis for better understanding the specificity of K‐26 for human ACE over bacterial DCPs. Database Structural data are available in the PDB under the accession numbers 5L43 and 5L44.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gyles E Cozier
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, UK
| | - Glenna J Kramer
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Brian O Bachmann
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - K Ravi Acharya
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, UK
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13
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Preparation and preliminary characterization of recombinant neurolysin for in vivo studies. J Biotechnol 2016; 234:105-115. [PMID: 27496565 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to produce milligram quantities of pure, catalytically active, endotoxin-free recombinant neurolysin (rNln) in standard laboratory conditions for use as a research tool. To this end, we transformed E. coli cells with a plasmid construct for polyhistidine-tagged rNln, selected a high-expressing clone and determined the optimal time-point for translation of rNln. rNln was purified to homogeneity from the soluble pool of the cell lysate using Ni-NTA affinity and size-exclusion chromatography, followed by removal of endotoxins. Using this protocol ∼3mg pure, catalytically active and nearly endotoxin-free (≈0.003EU/μg protein) rNln was reproducibly obtained from 1l of culture. Lack of cytotoxicity of rNln preparation was documented in cultured mouse cells, whereas stability in whole mouse blood. Intraperitonealy administered rNln in mice reached the systemic circulation in intact and enzymatically active form with Tmax of 1h and T1/2 of ∼30min. Administration of rNln (2 and 10mg/kg) did not alter arterial blood pressure, heart rate, body temperature and blood glucose levels in mice. These studies demonstrate that the rNln preparation is suitable for cell culture and in vivo studies and can serve as a research tool to investigate the (patho)physiological function of this peptidase.
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14
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Kropotova ES, Mosevitsky MI. A Group of Weakly Bound to Neurons Extracellular Metallopeptidases (NEMPs). Neurochem Res 2016; 41:2666-2674. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-1979-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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15
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Peptidomic analysis of the neurolysin-knockout mouse brain. J Proteomics 2014; 111:238-48. [PMID: 24727097 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED A large number of intracellular peptides are constantly produced following protein degradation by the proteasome. A few of these peptides function in cell signaling and regulate protein-protein interactions. Neurolysin (Nln) is a structurally defined and biochemically well-characterized endooligopeptidase, and its subcellular distribution and biological activity in the vertebrate brain have been previously investigated. However, the contribution of Nln to peptide metabolism in vivo is poorly understood. In this study, we used quantitative mass spectrometry to investigate the brain peptidome of Nln-knockout mice. An additional in vitro digestion assay with recombinant Nln was also performed to confirm the identification of the substrates and/or products of Nln. Altogether, the data presented suggest that Nln is a key enzyme in the in vivo degradation of only a few peptides derived from proenkephalin, such as Met-enkephalin and octapeptide. Nln was found to have only a minor contribution to the intracellular peptide metabolism in the entire mouse brain. However, further studies appear necessary to investigate the contribution of Nln to the peptide metabolism in specific areas of the murine brain. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Neurolysin was first identified in the synaptic membranes of the rat brain in the middle 80's by Frederic Checler and colleagues. Neurolysin was well characterized biochemically, and its brain distribution has been confirmed by immunohistochemical methods. The neurolysin contribution to the central and peripheral neurotensin-mediated functions in vivo has been delineated through inhibitor-based pharmacological approaches, but its genuine contribution to the physiological inactivation of neuropeptides remains to be firmly established. As a result, the main significance of this work is the first characterization of the brain peptidome of the neurolysin-knockout mouse. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Proteomics, mass spectrometry and peptidomics, Cancun 2013. Guest Editors: César López-Camarillo, Victoria Pando-Robles and Bronwyn Jane Barkla.
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16
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Cavalcanti DMLP, Castro LM, Rosa Neto JC, Seelaender M, Neves RX, Oliveira V, Forti FL, Iwai LK, Gozzo FC, Todiras M, Schadock I, Barros CC, Bader M, Ferro ES. Neurolysin knockout mice generation and initial phenotype characterization. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:15426-40. [PMID: 24719317 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.539148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The oligopeptidase neurolysin (EC 3.4.24.16; Nln) was first identified in rat brain synaptic membranes and shown to ubiquitously participate in the catabolism of bioactive peptides such as neurotensin and bradykinin. Recently, it was suggested that Nln reduction could improve insulin sensitivity. Here, we have shown that Nln KO mice have increased glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, and gluconeogenesis. KO mice have increased liver mRNA for several genes related to gluconeogenesis. Isotopic label semiquantitative peptidomic analysis suggests an increase in specific intracellular peptides in gastrocnemius and epididymal adipose tissue, which likely is involved with the increased glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in the KO mice. These results suggest the exciting new possibility that Nln is a key enzyme for energy metabolism and could be a novel therapeutic target to improve glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leandro M Castro
- Pharmacology, Support Center for Research in Proteolysis and Cell Signaling, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil, the Department of Biophysics, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 04039-032, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Vitor Oliveira
- the Department of Biophysics, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 04039-032, Brazil
| | - Fábio L Forti
- the Department of Biochemistry, Support Center for Research in Proteolysis and Cell Signaling, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Leo K Iwai
- the Special Laboratory of Applied Toxinology, Center of Toxins, Immune Response and Cell Signaling, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP 05503-000, Brazil
| | - Fabio C Gozzo
- the Institute of Chemistry, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Mihail Todiras
- the Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, D-13125, Berlin, Germany, and
| | - Ines Schadock
- the Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, D-13125, Berlin, Germany, and
| | - Carlos C Barros
- the Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, D-13125, Berlin, Germany, and the Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS 96010-610, Brazil
| | - Michael Bader
- the Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, D-13125, Berlin, Germany, and
| | - Emer S Ferro
- Pharmacology, Support Center for Research in Proteolysis and Cell Signaling, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil,
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17
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Checler F. Experimental stroke: neurolysin back on stage. J Neurochem 2014; 129:1-3. [PMID: 24386939 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Checler
- IPMC, CNRS/UNS, Laboratory of Excellence 'DISTALZ', Valbonne, France
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18
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Rashid M, Wangler NJ, Yang L, Shah K, Arumugam TV, Abbruscato TJ, Karamyan VT. Functional up-regulation of endopeptidase neurolysin during post-acute and early recovery phases of experimental stroke in mouse brain. J Neurochem 2013; 129:179-89. [PMID: 24164478 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we provide evidence for the first time that membrane-bound endopeptidase neurolysin is up-regulated in different parts of mouse brain affected by focal ischemia-reperfusion in a middle cerebral artery occlusion model of stroke. Radioligand binding, enzymatic and immunoblotting experiments in membrane preparations of frontoparietal cortex, striatum, and hippocampus isolated from the ischemic hemisphere of mouse brain 24 h after reperfusion revealed statistically significant increase (≥ twofold) in quantity and activity of neurolysin compared with sham-operated controls. Cerebellar membranes isolated from the ischemic hemisphere served as negative control supporting the observations that up-regulation of neurolysin occurs in post-ischemic brain regions. This study also documents sustained functional up-regulation of neurolysin in frontoparietal cortical membranes for at least 7 days after stroke, which appears not to be transcriptionally or translationally regulated, but rather depends on translocation of cytosolic neurolysin to the membranes and mitochondria. Considering diversity of endogenous neurolysin substrates (neurotensin, bradykinin, angiotensins I/II, substance P, hemopressin, dynorphin A(1-8), metorphamide, somatostatin) and the well-documented role of these peptidergic systems in pathogenesis of stroke, resistance to ischemic injury and/or post-stroke brain recovery, our findings suggest that neurolysin may play a role in processes modulating the brain's response to stroke and its recovery after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamoon Rashid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas, USA
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19
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Fuchs JE, von Grafenstein S, Huber RG, Kramer C, Liedl KR. Substrate-driven mapping of the degradome by comparison of sequence logos. PLoS Comput Biol 2013; 9:e1003353. [PMID: 24244149 PMCID: PMC3828135 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Sequence logos are frequently used to illustrate substrate preferences and specificity of proteases. Here, we employed the compiled substrates of the MEROPS database to introduce a novel metric for comparison of protease substrate preferences. The constructed similarity matrix of 62 proteases can be used to intuitively visualize similarities in protease substrate readout via principal component analysis and construction of protease specificity trees. Since our new metric is solely based on substrate data, we can engraft the protease tree including proteolytic enzymes of different evolutionary origin. Thereby, our analyses confirm pronounced overlaps in substrate recognition not only between proteases closely related on sequence basis but also between proteolytic enzymes of different evolutionary origin and catalytic type. To illustrate the applicability of our approach we analyze the distribution of targets of small molecules from the ChEMBL database in our substrate-based protease specificity trees. We observe a striking clustering of annotated targets in tree branches even though these grouped targets do not necessarily share similarity on protein sequence level. This highlights the value and applicability of knowledge acquired from peptide substrates in drug design of small molecules, e.g., for the prediction of off-target effects or drug repurposing. Consequently, our similarity metric allows to map the degradome and its associated drug target network via comparison of known substrate peptides. The substrate-driven view of protein-protein interfaces is not limited to the field of proteases but can be applied to any target class where a sufficient amount of known substrate data is available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian E. Fuchs
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Susanne von Grafenstein
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Roland G. Huber
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christian Kramer
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Klaus R. Liedl
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- * E-mail:
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20
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Fuchs JE, von Grafenstein S, Huber RG, Margreiter MA, Spitzer GM, Wallnoefer HG, Liedl KR. Cleavage entropy as quantitative measure of protease specificity. PLoS Comput Biol 2013; 9:e1003007. [PMID: 23637583 PMCID: PMC3630115 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A purely information theory-guided approach to quantitatively characterize protease specificity is established. We calculate an entropy value for each protease subpocket based on sequences of cleaved substrates extracted from the MEROPS database. We compare our results with known subpocket specificity profiles for individual proteases and protease groups (e.g. serine proteases, metallo proteases) and reflect them quantitatively. Summation of subpocket-wise cleavage entropy contributions yields a measure for overall protease substrate specificity. This total cleavage entropy allows ranking of different proteases with respect to their specificity, separating unspecific digestive enzymes showing high total cleavage entropy from specific proteases involved in signaling cascades. The development of a quantitative cleavage entropy score allows an unbiased comparison of subpocket-wise and overall protease specificity. Thus, it enables assessment of relative importance of physicochemical and structural descriptors in protease recognition. We present an exemplary application of cleavage entropy in tracing substrate specificity in protease evolution. This highlights the wide range of substrate promiscuity within homologue proteases and hence the heavy impact of a limited number of mutations on individual substrate specificity. Proteases show a broad range of cleavage specificities. Promiscuous proteases as digestive enzymes unspecifically degrade peptides, whereas highly specific proteases are involved in signaling cascades. As a quantitative index of substrate specificity was lacking, we introduce cleavage entropy as a measure of substrate specificity of proteases. This quantitative score allows for straight-forward rationalization of substrate recognition by a subpocket-wise assessment of substrate readout leading to specificity profiles of individual proteases as well as an estimate of overall substrate promiscuity. We present an exemplary application of the descriptor ‘cleavage entropy’ to trace substrate specificity through the evolution of different protease folds. Our score highlights the diversity of substrate specificity within evolutionary related proteases and hence the complex relationship between sequence, structure and substrate recognition. By taking into account the whole distribution of known substrates rather than simple substrate counting, cleavage entropy provides the unique opportunity to dissect the molecular origins of protease substrate specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian E. Fuchs
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Susanne von Grafenstein
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Roland G. Huber
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael A. Margreiter
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gudrun M. Spitzer
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hannes G. Wallnoefer
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Klaus R. Liedl
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- * E-mail:
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21
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Camargo ACM, Fernandes BL, Cruz L, Ferro ES. Bioactive Peptides Produced by Limited Proteolysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4199/c00056ed1v01y201204npe002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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22
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Wangler NJ, Santos KL, Schadock I, Hagen FK, Escher E, Bader M, Speth RC, Karamyan VT. Identification of membrane-bound variant of metalloendopeptidase neurolysin (EC 3.4.24.16) as the non-angiotensin type 1 (non-AT1), non-AT2 angiotensin binding site. J Biol Chem 2011; 287:114-122. [PMID: 22039052 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.273052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, we discovered a novel non-angiotensin type 1 (non-AT1), non-AT2 angiotensin binding site in rodent and human brain membranes, which is distinctly different from angiotensin receptors and key proteases processing angiotensins. It is hypothesized to be a new member of the renin-angiotensin system. This study was designed to isolate and identify this novel angiotensin binding site. An angiotensin analog, photoaffinity probe 125I-SBpa-Ang II, was used to specifically label the non-AT1, non-AT2 angiotensin binding site in mouse forebrain membranes, followed by a two-step purification procedure based on the molecular size and isoelectric point of the photoradiolabeled binding protein. Purified samples were subjected to two-dimensional gel electrophoresis followed by mass spectrometry identification of proteins in the two-dimensional gel sections containing radioactivity. LC-MS/MS analysis revealed eight protein candidates, of which the four most abundant were immunoprecipitated after photoradiolabeling. Immunoprecipitation studies indicated that the angiotensin binding site might be the membrane-bound variant of metalloendopeptidase neurolysin (EC 3.4.24.16). To verify these observations, radioligand binding and photoradiolabeling experiments were conducted in membrane preparations of HEK293 cells overexpressing mouse neurolysin or thimet oligopeptidase (EC 3.4.24.15), a closely related metalloendopeptidase of the same family. These experiments also identified neurolysin as the non-AT1, non-AT2 angiotensin binding site. Finally, brain membranes of mice lacking neurolysin were nearly devoid of the non-AT1, non-AT2 angiotensin binding site, further establishing membrane-bound neurolysin as the binding site. Future studies will focus on the functional significance of this highly specific, high affinity interaction between neurolysin and angiotensins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi J Wangler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas, 79106
| | - Kira L Santos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33328
| | - Ines Schadock
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin 13092, Germany
| | - Fred K Hagen
- Proteomics Center, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642
| | - Emanuel Escher
- Department of Pharmacology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H5N4, Canada
| | - Michael Bader
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin 13092, Germany
| | - Robert C Speth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33328; Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
| | - Vardan T Karamyan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas, 79106; Vascular Drug Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas 79106.
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23
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Probing the catalytically essential residues of a recombinant dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase from Escherichia coli. Biologia (Bratisl) 2010. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-010-0040-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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24
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Machado MFM, Marcondes MF, Rioli V, Ferro ES, Juliano MA, Juliano L, Oliveira V. Catalytic properties of thimet oligopeptidase H600A mutant. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 394:429-33. [PMID: 20226173 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Accepted: 03/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Thimet oligopeptidase (EC 3.4.24.15, TOP) is a metallo-oligopeptidase that participates in the intracellular metabolism of peptides. Predictions based on structurally analogous peptidases (Dcp and ACE-2) show that TOP can present a hinge-bend movement during substrate hydrolysis, what brings some residues closer to the substrate. One of these residues that in TOP crystallographic structure are far from the catalytic residues, but, moves toward the substrate considering this possible structural reorganization is His(600). In the present work, the role of His(600) of TOP was investigated by site-directed mutagenesis. TOP H600A mutant was characterized through analysis of S(1) and S(1)' specificity, pH-activity profile and inhibition by JA-2. Results showed that TOP His(600) residue makes important interactions with the substrate, supporting the prediction that His(600) moves toward the substrate due to a hinge movement similar to the Dcp and ACE-2. Furthermore, the mutation H600A affected both K(m) and k(cat), showing the importance of His(600) for both substrate binding and/or product release from active site. Changes in the pH-profile may indicate also the participation of His(600) in TOP catalysis, transferring a proton to the newly generated NH2-terminus or helping Tyr(605) and/or Tyr(612) in the intermediate oxyanion stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurício F M Machado
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, 04044-020 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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25
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SHIBASAKI S, MAEDA H, UEDA M. Molecular Display Technology Using Yeast-Arming Technology-. ANAL SCI 2009; 25:41-9. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.25.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seiji SHIBASAKI
- Laboratory of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Hyogo University of Health Sciences
| | - Hatsuo MAEDA
- Laboratory of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Hyogo University of Health Sciences
| | - Mitsuyoshi UEDA
- Laboratory of Biomacromolecular Chemistry, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University
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26
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27
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Identifying common metalloprotease inhibitors by protein fold types using Fourier Transform Mass Spectrometry. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:6521-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.09.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2007] [Revised: 09/24/2007] [Accepted: 09/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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28
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Machado M, Rioli V, Dalio F, Castro L, Juliano M, Tersariol I, Ferro E, Juliano L, Oliveira V. The role of Tyr605 and Ala607 of thimet oligopeptidase and Tyr606 and Gly608 of neurolysin in substrate hydrolysis and inhibitor binding. Biochem J 2007; 404:279-88. [PMID: 17313369 PMCID: PMC1868798 DOI: 10.1042/bj20070060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The physicochemical properties of TOP (thimet oligopeptidase) and NEL (neurolysin) and their hydrolytic activities towards the FRET (fluorescence resonance energy transfer) peptide series Abz-GFSXFRQ-EDDnp [where Abz is o-aminobenzoyl; X=Ala, Ile, Leu, Phe, Tyr, Trp, Ser, Gln, Glu, His, Arg or Pro; and EDDnp is N-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-ethylenediamine] were compared with those of site-mutated analogues. Mutations at Tyr605 and Ala607 in TOP and at Tyr606 and Gly608 in NEL did not affect the overall folding of the two peptidases, as indicated by their thermal stability, CD analysis and the pH-dependence of the intrinsic fluorescence of the protein. The kinetic parameters for the hydrolysis of substrates with systematic variations at position P1 showed that Tyr605 and Tyr606 of TOP and NEL respectively, played a role in subsite S1. Ala607 of TOP and Gly608 of NEL contributed to the flexibility of the loops formed by residues 600-612 (GHLAGGYDGQYYG; one-letter amino acid codes used) in NEL and 599-611 (GHLAGGYDAQYYG; one-letter amino acid codes used) in TOP contributing to the distinct substrate specificities, particularly with an isoleucine residue at P1. TOP Y605A was inhibited less efficiently by JA-2 {N-[1-(R,S)-carboxy-3-phenylpropyl]Ala-Aib-Tyr-p-aminobenzoate}, which suggested that the aromatic ring of Tyr605 was an important anchor for its interaction with wild-type TOP. The hydroxy groups of Tyr605 and Tyr606 did not contribute to the pH-activity profiles, since the pKs obtained in the assays of mutants TOP Y605F and NEL Y606F were similar to those of wild-type peptidases. However, the pH-kcat/Km dependence curve of TOP Y605A differed from that of wild-type TOP and from TOP Y606F. These results provide insights into the residues involved in the substrate specificities of TOP and NEL and how they select cytosolic peptides for hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurício F. M. Machado
- *Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), 04044-020 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Rioli
- †Laboratório Especial de Toxinologia Aplicada (CAT/CEPID) Instituto Butantan, 05467-010, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- ‡Departamento de Biologia Celular e Desenvolvimento, Programa de Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda M. Dalio
- §Laboratório de Neurociências, Universidade Cidade de São Paulo, 03071-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Leandro M. Castro
- ‡Departamento de Biologia Celular e Desenvolvimento, Programa de Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria A. Juliano
- *Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), 04044-020 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ivarne L. Tersariol
- ∥Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Bioquímica (CIIB), Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes, 08780-911, Mogi das Cruzes, SP, Brazil
| | - Emer S. Ferro
- ‡Departamento de Biologia Celular e Desenvolvimento, Programa de Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luiz Juliano
- *Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), 04044-020 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Vitor Oliveira
- *Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), 04044-020 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- §Laboratório de Neurociências, Universidade Cidade de São Paulo, 03071-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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Kadonosono T, Kato M, Ueda M. Substrate specificity of rat brain neurolysin disclosed by molecular display system and putative substrates in rat tissues. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2007; 75:1353-60. [PMID: 17401561 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-007-0943-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2007] [Revised: 03/05/2007] [Accepted: 03/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
To search for the substrates, other than neurotensin, of rat brain neurolysin, a novel method of determining peptidase activity was developed using a yeast molecular display system. This is a useful and convenient method of handling homogenously pure proteins to evaluate the properties of neurolysin. The neurolysin gene was ligated to the C-terminal half of the alpha-agglutinin gene with a FLAG tag sequence and a yeast cell-surface molecular displaying plasmid was constructed. Display of neurolysin with correct folding and appropriate activity was verified by immunofluorescence staining and activity measurement of a bradykinin-related peptide. The cleavage sites of peptides were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). The results showed the amino acid preferences of hydrophobic, aromatic, and basic residues, which were the same as those of soluble neurolysin. Moreover, this method clearly showed the presence of two recognition motifs in neurolysin. By using these motifs, novel substrate candidates of neurolysin in rat tissues were screened, and several bioactive peptides that regulate feeding were found. We also discussed the ubiquitous distribution of neurolysin in rat tissues and the functions of substrate candidate peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Kadonosono
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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Lim EJ, Sampath S, Coll-Rodriguez J, Schmidt J, Ray K, Rodgers DW. Swapping the Substrate Specificities of the Neuropeptidases Neurolysin and Thimet Oligopeptidase. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:9722-9732. [PMID: 17251185 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m609897200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Thimet oligopeptidase (EC 3.4.24.15) and neurolysin (EC 3.4.24.16) are closely related zinc-dependent metallopeptidases that metabolize small bioactive peptides. They cleave many substrates at the same sites, but they recognize different positions on others, including neurotensin, a 13-residue peptide involved in modulation of dopaminergic circuits, pain perception, and thermoregulation. On the basis of crystal structures and previous mapping studies, four sites (Glu-469/Arg-470, Met-490/Arg-491, His-495/Asn-496, and Arg-498/Thr-499; thimet oligopeptidase residues listed first) in their substrate-binding channels appear positioned to account for differences in specificity. Thimet oligopeptidase mutated so that neurolysin residues are at all four positions cleaves neurotensin at the neurolysin site, and the reverse mutations in neurolysin switch hydrolysis to the thimet oligopeptidase site. Using a series of constructs mutated at just three of the sites, it was determined that mutations at only two (Glu-469/Arg-470 and Arg-498/Thr-499) are required to swap specificity, a result that was confirmed by testing the two-mutant constructs. If only either one of the two sites is mutated in thimet oligopeptidase, then the enzyme cleaves almost equally at the two hydrolysis positions. Crystal structures of both two-mutant constructs show that the mutations do not perturb local structure, but side chain conformations at the Arg-498/Thr-499 position differ from those of the mimicked enzyme. A model for differential recognition of neurotensin based on differences in surface charge distribution in the substrate binding sites is proposed. The model is supported by the finding that reducing the positive charge on the peptide results in cleavage at both hydrolysis sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jeong Lim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry and Center for Structural Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
| | - Sowmya Sampath
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry and Center for Structural Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
| | - Jerry Coll-Rodriguez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry and Center for Structural Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
| | - Jack Schmidt
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry and Center for Structural Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
| | - Kallol Ray
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry and Center for Structural Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
| | - David W Rodgers
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry and Center for Structural Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536.
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Karamyan VT, Speth RC. Identification of a novel non-AT1, non-AT2 angiotensin binding site in the rat brain. Brain Res 2007; 1143:83-91. [PMID: 17306233 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2006] [Revised: 01/09/2007] [Accepted: 01/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Efforts to protect radiolabeled angiotensins from metabolism during receptor binding assays date back more than 30 years. However, this continues to be a problem. This study focused on the effects of a protease inhibitor, p-chloromercuribenzoate (PCMB), on the binding of (125)I-Ang II to rat brain membranes. Addition of PCMB to the incubation medium revealed a high affinity binding site for (125)I-Ang II in brain membranes (K(d)=1-4 nM) with a greater amount of binding than revealed in previous studies of brain Ang II receptors. Further characterization of this binding, revealed it to be insensitive to inhibition by losartan (an AT(1) receptor antagonist) and PD123319 (an AT(2) receptor antagonist). This non-AT1, non-AT2 binding site was not present in liver or adrenal membranes. It was activated by a limited range of concentrations of PCMB, with maximal activation at 0.3-1 mM. This binding site was equally abundant in cerebral cortex (a brain region with few Ang II receptors) and the hypothalamus (a brain region with abundant Ang II receptors). The binding site was also present in mouse brain, but not mouse liver. The binding site shows high affinity for Ang I, Ang II and Ang III (K(i) approximately 40-100 nM), but lesser affinity for smaller angiotensin fragments and other neuropeptides. This binding site shares some characteristics with the liver cytosolic Ang II binding proteins, later identified as endopeptidases EC 3.4.24.15 and/or EC 3.4.24.16. However, some unique characteristics of this non-AT1, non-AT2 binding site suggest that it may be a novel angiotensin binding substance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vardan T Karamyan
- Department of Pharmacology and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
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Kitabgi P. Inactivation of neurotensin and neuromedin N by Zn metallopeptidases. Peptides 2006; 27:2515-22. [PMID: 16904239 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2005.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2005] [Accepted: 12/01/2005] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The two related peptides neurotensin (NT) and neuromedin N (NN) are efficiently inactivated by peptidases in vitro. Whereas NT is primarily degraded by a combination of three Zn metallo-endopeptidases, namely endopeptidases 24.11, 24.15 and 24.16, in all systems examined, NN is essentially inactivated by the Zn metallo-exopeptidase aminopeptidase M. In this paper we review the work that has led to the identification of the NT- and NN-degrading enzymes and to the purification and cloning of EP 24.16, a previously unidentified peptidase. We provide a brief description of the three NT-inactivating endopeptidases and of their specific and mixed inhibitors, some of them developed in the course of studying NT degradation. Finally, we review in vivo data obtained with these inhibitors that strongly support a physiological role for EP 24.11, 24.15 and 24.16 in the termination of NT-generated signals and for aminopeptidase in terminating NN action. Knowledge of the NT and NN inactivation mechanisms offers the perspective to develop metabolically stable analogs of these peptides with potential therapeutic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Kitabgi
- INSERM, UMR S 732, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Hopital St-Antoine, 184 rue du Faubourg St-Antoine, 75571 Paris Cedex 12, France.
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Machado MFM, Cunha FM, Berti DA, Heimann AS, Klitzke CF, Rioli V, Oliveira V, Ferro ES. Substrate phosphorylation affects degradation and interaction to endopeptidase 24.15, neurolysin, and angiotensin-converting enzyme. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 339:520-5. [PMID: 16300734 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2005] [Accepted: 11/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent findings from our laboratory suggest that intracellular peptides containing putative post-translational modification sites (i.e., phosphorylation) could regulate specific protein interactions. Here, we extend our previous observations showing that peptide phosphorylation changes the kinetic parameters of structurally related endopeptidase EP24.15 (EC 3.4.24.15), neurolysin (EC 3.4.24.16), and angiotensin-converting enzyme (EC 3.4.15.1). Phosphorylation of peptides that are degraded by these enzymes leads to reduced degradation, whereas phosphorylation of peptides that interacted as competitive inhibitors of these enzymes alters only the K(i)'s. These data suggest that substrate phosphorylation could be one of the mechanisms whereby some intracellular peptides would escape degradation and could be regulating protein interactions within cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F M Machado
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Universidade da Cidade de São Paulo, 03071-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Comellas-Bigler M, Lang R, Bode W, Maskos K. Crystal structure of the E. coli dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase Dcp: further indication of a ligand-dependent hinge movement mechanism. J Mol Biol 2005; 349:99-112. [PMID: 15876371 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2005.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2004] [Revised: 03/01/2005] [Accepted: 03/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Dcp from Escherichia coli is a 680 residue cytoplasmic peptidase, which shows a strict dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase activity. Although Dcp had been assigned to the angiotensin I-converting enzymes (ACE) due to blockage by typical ACE inhibitors, it is currently grouped into the M3 family of mono zinc peptidases, which also contains the endopeptidases neurolysin and thimet oligopeptidase (TOP). We have cloned, expressed, purified, and crystallized Dcp in the presence of an octapeptide "inhibitor", and have determined its 2.0A crystal structure using MAD methods. The analysis revealed that Dcp consists of two half shell-like subdomains, which enclose an almost closed two-chamber cavity. In this cavity, two dipeptide products presumably generated by Dcp cleavage of the octapeptide bind to the thermolysin-like active site fixed to side-chains, which are provided by both subdomains. In particular, an Arg side-chain backed by a Glu residue, together with two Tyr phenolic groups provide a charged anchor for fixing the C-terminal carboxylate group of the P2' residue of a bound substrate, explaining the strict dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase specificity of Dcp. Tetrapeptidic substrates are fixed only via their main-chain functions from P2 to P2', suggesting a broad residue specificity for Dcp. Both subdomains exhibit very similar chain folds as the equivalent but abducted subdomains of neurolysin and TOP. Therefore, this "product-bound" Dcp structure seems to represent the inhibitor/substrate-bound "closed" form of the M3 peptidases, generated from the free "open" substrate-accessible form by a hinge-bending mechanism. A similar mechanism has recently been demonstrated experimentally for ACE2.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Comellas-Bigler
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie, Am Klopferspitz 18a, D 82152 Martinsried, Germany
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Cotter EJ, von Offenberg Sweeney N, Coen PM, Birney YA, Glucksman MJ, Cahill PA, Cummins PM. Regulation of Endopeptidases EC3.4.24.15 and EC3.4.24.16 in Vascular Endothelial Cells by Cyclic Strain: Role of Gi Protein Signaling. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004; 24:457-63. [PMID: 14726412 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000117176.71143.a1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Endopeptidase EC3.4.24.15 (EP24.15)- and EC3.4.24.16 (EP24.16)-specific peptide hydrolysis plays an important role in endothelium-mediated vasoregulation. Given the significant influence of hemodynamic forces on vascular homeostasis and pathology, we postulated that these related peptidases may be mechanosensitive. The objective of this study, therefore, was to investigate the putative role of cyclic strain in regulating the expression and enzymatic activity of EP24.15 and EP24.16 in bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs). METHODS AND RESULTS BAECs were cultured under conditions of defined cyclic strain (0% to 10% stretch, 60 cycles/min, 0 to 24 hours). Strain significantly increased EP24.15 and EP24.16 soluble activity in a force- and time-dependent manner, with elevations of 2.3+/-0.4- and 1.9+/-0.3-fold for EP24.15 and EP24.16, respectively, after 24 hours at 10% strain. Pharmacological agents and dominant-negative G protein mutants used to selectively disrupt Gi(alpha)- and Gbetagamma-mediated signaling pathways attenuated strain-dependent (24 hours, 5%) increases for both enzymes. Differences in the inhibitory profile for both enzymes were also noted, with EP24.15 displaying greater sensitivity to Gi(alpha2/3) inhibition and EP24.16 exhibiting greater sensitivity to Gi(alpha1/2) and Gbetagamma inhibition. Cyclic strain also increased levels of secreted EP24.15 and EP24.16 activity by 2.6+/-0.02- and 3.6+/-0.2-fold, respectively, in addition to mRNA levels for both enzymes (EP24.15 +42%, EP24.16 +56%). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that cyclic strain putatively regulates both the mRNA expression and enzymatic function of EP24.15 and EP24.16 in BAECs via alternate Gi protein signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eoin J Cotter
- Vascular Health Research Centre, Faculty of Science and Health, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland
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Kim SI, Grum-Tokars V, Swanson TA, Cotter EJ, Cahill PA, Roberts JL, Cummins PM, Glucksman MJ. Novel roles of neuropeptide processing enzymes: EC3.4.24.15 in the neurome. J Neurosci Res 2003; 74:456-67. [PMID: 14598322 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.10779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptide processing metalloenzymes, such as angiotensin converting enzyme, neprilysin, endothelin converting enzyme, neurolysin, and EC3.4.24.15 (EP24.15), are central to the formation and degradation of bioactive peptides. We present EP24.15 as a paradigm for novel functions ascribed to these enzymes in the neurome. Although the neurome typically encompasses proteomes of the brain and central nervous system, exciting new roles of these neuropeptidases have been demonstrated in other organ systems. We discuss the involvement of EP24.15 with clinical sequelae involving the use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH; LHRH) analogs that act as enzyme inhibitors, in vascular physiology (blood pressure regulation), and in the hematologic system (immune surveillance). Hemodynamic forces, such as cyclic strain and shear stress, on vascular cells, induce an increase in EP24.15 transcription, suggesting that neuropeptidase-mediated hydrolysis of pressor/depressor peptides is likely regulated by changes in hemodynamic force and blood pressure. Lastly, EP24.15 regulates surface expression of major histocompatibility complex Class I proteins in vivo, suggesting that EP24.15 may play an important role in maintenance of immune privilege in sites of increased endogenous expression. In these extraneural systems, regulation of both neuropeptide and other peptide substrates by neuropeptidases indicates that the influence of these enzymes may be more global than was anticipated previously, and suggests that their attributed role as neuropeptidases underestimates their physiologic actions in the neural system.
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Affiliation(s)
- S I Kim
- Midwest Proteome Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Finch University of Health Sciences/Chicago Medical School, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, USA
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Oliveira V, Araújo MC, Rioli V, de Camargo ACM, Tersariol ILS, Juliano MA, Juliano L, Ferro ES. A structure-based site-directed mutagenesis study on the neurolysin (EC 3.4.24.16) and thimet oligopeptidase (EC 3.4.24.15) catalysis. FEBS Lett 2003; 541:89-92. [PMID: 12706825 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(03)00310-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Neurolysin (EP24.16) and thimet oligopeptidase (EP24.15) are closely related metalloendopeptidases. Site-directed mutagenesis of Tyr(613) (EP24.16) or Tyr(612) (EP24.15) to either Phe or Ala promoted a strong reduction of k(cat)/K(M) for both enzymes. These data suggest the importance of both hydroxyl group and aromatic ring at this specific position during substrate hydrolysis by these peptidases. Furthermore, the EP24.15 A607G mutant showed a k(cat)/K(M) of 2x10(5) M(-1) s(-1) for the Abz-GFSIFRQ-EDDnp substrate, similar to that of EP24.16 (k(cat)/K(M)=3x10(5) M(-1) s(-1)) which contains Gly at the corresponding position; the wild type EP24.15 has a k(cat)/K(M) of 2.5x10(4) M(-1) s(-1) for this substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor Oliveira
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil.
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Abstract
Peptidases play a vital and often highly specific role in the physiological and pathological generation and termination of peptide hormone signals. The thermolysin-like family of metalloendopeptidases involved in the extracellular processing of neuroendocrine and cardiovascular peptides are of particular significance, reflecting both their specificity for particular peptide substrates and their utility as therapeutic targets. Although the functions of the membrane-bound members of this family, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme and neutral endopeptidase, are well established, a role for the predominantly soluble family members in peptide metabolism is only just emerging. This review will focus on the biochemistry, cell biology, and physiology of the soluble metalloendopeptidases EC 3.4.24.15 (thimet oligopeptidase) and EC 3.4.24.16 (neurolysin), as well as presenting evidence that both peptidases play an important role in such diverse functions as reproduction, nociception, and cardiovascular homeostasis.
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Woulfe J, Checler F, Beaudet A. Light and Electron Microscopic Localization of the Neutral Metalloendopeptidase EC 3.4.24.16 in the Mesencephalon of the Rat. Eur J Neurosci 2002; 4:1309-1319. [PMID: 12106394 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.1992.tb00156.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The topographic and cellular distribution of the neurotensin-hydrolysing neutral metalloendopeptidase 24.16 (EC 3.4.24.16) was examined by light and electron microscopic immunohistochemistry in adult rat mesencephalon. Light microscopic immunoradioautography revealed a ubiquitous distribution of the enzyme throughout the midbrain with a relative enrichment of grey matter areas including the substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area, interfascicular nucleus, interpeduncular nucleus, rostral and caudal linear raphe nuclei, central grey and superficial grey of the superior colliculus. Peroxidase - antiperoxidase immunocytochemistry revealed two distinct cellular patterns of immunostaining: (1) weakly labelled neuronal perikarya more or less uniformly distributed throughout the grey matter, and (2) intensely immunoreactive glial cells heterogeneously distributed across the mesencephalon. Areas exhibiting dense concentrations of endopeptidase 24.16-containing glial cells corresponded to those displaying enhanced immunoreactivity in immunoradioautographs, suggesting that a major proportion of brain endopeptidase 24.16 is associated with glia. Electron microscopic examination of the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area confirmed the association of the enzyme with a subpopulation of neurons and allowed identification of labelled glial cells as protoplasmic astrocytes. In neurons, endopeptidase 24.16 immunoreactivity was distributed heterogeneously within the cytoplasm of perikarya, dendrites and axons. Reaction product was also characteristically associated with restricted zones of the plasma membrane and underlying neuroplasm. In astrocytes, endopeptidase 24.16 immunostaining was densely and uniformly distributed throughout the cytoplasm of cell bodies and processes. Many of these processes were in direct contact with endopeptidase 24.16-immunopositive neuronal elements. The present results demonstrate that within the midbrain, endopeptidase 24.16 is both intracytoplasmic and membrane-associated in neurons and predominantly intracytoplasmic in glia. The presence of a large number of immunostained elements within areas of the midbrain known to display high levels of neurotensin and/or neurotensin receptors, together with the demonstrated catabolic activity of the enzyme on neurotensin in vitro, is consistent with a role of endopeptidase 24.16 in the functional inactivation of endogenous neurotensin in this region of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Woulfe
- Neuroanatomy Laboratory, Montreal Neurological Institute, 3801 University Street, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
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40
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Chapter VI Neurotensin receptors in the central nervous system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0924-8196(02)80008-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Fontenele-Neto JD, Massarelli EE, Gurgel Garrido PA, Beaudet A, Ferro ES. Comparative fine structural distribution of endopeptidase 24.15 (EC3.4.24.15) and 24.16 (EC3.4.24.16) in rat brain. J Comp Neurol 2001; 438:399-410. [PMID: 11559896 DOI: 10.1002/cne.1323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Endopeptidase 24.15 (EP24.15) and 24.16 (EP24.16) are closely related metalloendopeptidases implicated in the metabolism of several neuropeptides and widely expressed in mammalian brain. To gain insight into the functional role of these two enzymes in the central nervous system, we examined their cellular and subcellular distribution in rat brain by using electron microscopic immunogold labeling. In all areas examined, EP24.15 and EP24.16 immunoreactivity were observed in selective subpopulations of neuronal and glial cells. Subcellular localization of EP24.15 in neurons revealed that this enzyme was predominantly concentrated in the nucleus, whereas EP24.16 was almost exclusively cytoplasmic. The amount of EP24.15 found in the nucleus was inversely correlated with that found in the cytoplasm, suggesting that the enzyme could be mobilized from one compartment to the other. Within the cytoplasm, EP24.15 and EP24.16 immunoreactivity showed comparable distributional patterns. Both enzymes were detected throughout perikarya and dendrites, as well as within axons and axon terminals. In all neuronal compartments, EP24.15 and EP24.16 showed a major association with membranes of neurosecretory elements, including Golgi cisternae, tubulovesicular organelles, synaptic vesicles, and endosomes. However, whereas EP24.15 always faced the cytoplasmic face of the membranes, EP24.16 was observed on both cytoplasmic and luminal sides, suggesting that the latter was more likely to contribute to the processing of peptides or to the degradation of internalized ligands. Taken together, the present results suggest that EP24.15 could play a major role in the hydrolysis of intranuclear substrates, whereas EP24.16 would be predominantly involved in the processing and inactivation of signaling peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Fontenele-Neto
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Cell Biology Program, Biomedical Sciences Institute, USP, São Paulo 05508-900, SP, Brazil
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Oliveira V, Campos M, Hemerly JP, Ferro ES, Camargo AC, Juliano MA, Juliano L. Selective Neurotensin-Derived Internally Quenched Fluorogenic Substrates for Neurolysin (EC 3.4.24.16): Comparison with Thimet Oligopeptidase (EC 3.4.24.15) and Neprilysin (EC 3.4.24.11). Anal Biochem 2001; 292:257-65. [PMID: 11355859 DOI: 10.1006/abio.2001.5083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Internally quenched fluorescent peptides derived from neurotensin (pELYENKPRRPYIL) sequence were synthesized and assayed as substrates for neurolysin (EC 3.4.24.16), thimet oligopeptidase (EC 3.4.24.15 or TOP), and neprilysin (EC 3.4.24.11 or NEP). Abz-LYENKPRRPYILQ-EDDnp (where EDDnp is N-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)ethylenediamine and Abz is ortho-aminobenzoic acid) was derived from neurotensin by the introduction of Q-EDDnp at the C-terminal end of peptide and by the substitution of the pyroglutamic (pE) residue at N-terminus for Abz and a series of shorter peptides was obtained by deletion of amino acids residues from C-terminal, N-terminal, or both sides. Neurolysin and TOP hydrolyzed the substrates at P--Y or Y--I or R--R bonds depending on the sequence and size of the peptides, while NEP cleaved P-Y or Y-I bonds according to its S'(1) specificity. One of these substrates, Abz-NKPRRPQ-EDDnp was a specific and sensitive substrate for neurolysin (k(cat) = 7.0 s(-1), K(m) = 1.19 microM and k(cat)/K(m) = 5882 mM(-1). s(-1)), while it was completely resistant to NEP and poorly hydrolyzed by TOP and also by prolyl oligopeptidase (EC 3.4.21.26). Neurolysin concentrations as low as 1 pM were detected using this substrate under our conditions and its analogue Abz-NKPRAPQ-EDDnp was hydrolyzed by neurolysin with k(cat) = 14.03 s(-1), K(m) = 0.82 microM, and k(cat)/K(m) = 17,110 mM(-1). s(-1), being the best substrate so far described for this peptidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Oliveira
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Três de Maio, 100, São Paulo, SP, 04044-020, Brazil
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Hayashi MA, Pires RS, Rebouças NA, Britto LR, Camargo AC. Expression of endo-oligopeptidase A in the rat central nervous system: a non-radioactive in situ hybridization study. BRAIN RESEARCH. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 2001; 89:86-93. [PMID: 11311978 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-328x(01)00066-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Endo-oligopeptidase A (EOPA, formerly EC 3.4.22.19), a thiol-activated oligopeptidase, is able to degrade both bradykinin and neurotensin, and also to convert enkephalin-containing peptides into enkephalins. The expression of this enzyme was studied in the rat brain by in situ hybridization using non-radiotopic probes. The distribution of EOPA transcripts included many regions of the rat central nervous system, with higher expression in some regions, such as the hippocampus, cerebellum, and basal nucleus of Meynert. The marked EOPA expression in these areas could be anticipated, since they are rich in neuropeptides that are known to be EOPA substrates in vitro. The data characterize a widespread occurrence of EOPA in the rat brain and reinforce the suggestion of a critical role for EOPA in peptide processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Hayashi
- Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
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Oliveira V, Campos M, Melo RL, Ferro ES, Camargo AC, Juliano MA, Juliano L. Substrate specificity characterization of recombinant metallo oligo-peptidases thimet oligopeptidase and neurolysin. Biochemistry 2001; 40:4417-25. [PMID: 11284698 DOI: 10.1021/bi002715k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report a systematic and detailed analysis of recombinant neurolysin (EC 3.4.24.16) specificity in parallel with thimet oligopeptidase (TOP, EC 3.4.24.15) using Bk sequence and its C- and N-terminal extensions as in human kininogen as motif for synthesis of internally quenched fluorescent substrates. The influence of the substrate size was investigated, and the longest peptide susceptible to TOP and neurolysin contains 17 amino acids. The specificities of both oligopeptidases to substrate sites P(4) to P(3)' were also characterized in great detail using seven series of peptides based on Abz-GFSPFRQ-EDDnp taken as reference substrate. Most of the peptides were hydrolyzed at the bond corresponding to P(4)-F(5) in the reference substrate and some of them were hydrolyzed at this bond or at F(2)-S(3) bond. No restricted specificity was found for P(1)' as found in thermolysin as well for P(1) substrate position, however the modifications at this position (P(1)) showed to have large influence on the catalytic constant and the best substrates for TOP contained at P(1), Phe, Ala, or Arg and for neurolysin Asn or Arg. Some amino acid residues have large influence on the K(m) constants independently of its position. On the basis of these results, we are hypothesizing that some amino acids of the substrates can bind to different sub-sites of the enzyme fitting P-F or F-S bond, which requires rapid interchange for the different forms of interaction and convenient conformations of the substrate in order to expose and fit the cleavage bonds in correct position for an efficient hydrolysis. Finally, this plasticity of interaction with the substrates can be an essential property for a class of cytosolic oligopeptidases that are candidates to participate in the selection of the peptides to be presented by the MHC class I.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Oliveira
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Três de Maio, 100 São Paulo - SP - 04044-020, Brazil
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45
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Tyler-McMahon BM, Boules M, Richelson E. Neurotensin: peptide for the next millennium. REGULATORY PEPTIDES 2000; 93:125-36. [PMID: 11033059 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-0115(00)00183-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Neurotensin is an endogenous tridecapeptide neurotransmitter (pGlu-Leu-Tyr-Glu-Asn-Lys-Pro-Arg-Arg-Pro-Try-Ile-Leu-OH) that was discovered by Carraway and Leeman in bovine hypothalami in the early 1970s. Since then this peptide has been the subject of a multitude of articles detailing discoveries related to its activity, receptors, localization, synthesis, and interactions with other systems. This review article does not intend to summarize again all the history of this fascinating peptide and its receptors, since this has been done quite well by others. The reader will be directed to these other reviews, where appropriate. Instead, this review attempts to provide a summary of current knowledge about neurotensin, why it is an important peptide to study, and where the field is heading. Special emphasis is placed on the behavioral studies, particularly with reference to agonists, antagonists, and antisense studies, as well as, the interaction of neurotensin with other neurotransmitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Tyler-McMahon
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Mayo Foundation for Medical and Educational Research, 4500 San Pablo Rd., 32224, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
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Tyler BM, Douglas CL, Fauq A, Pang YP, Stewart JA, Cusack B, McCormick DJ, Richelson E. In vitro binding and CNS effects of novel neurotensin agonists that cross the blood-brain barrier. Neuropharmacology 1999; 38:1027-34. [PMID: 10428421 DOI: 10.1016/s0028-3908(99)00011-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Animal studies with neurotensin (NT) directly injected into brain suggest that it has pharmacological properties similar to those of antipsychotic drugs. Here, we present radioligand binding data for some novel hexapeptide analogs of NT(8-13) at the molecularly cloned rat and human neurotensin receptors (NTR-1), along with behavioral and physiological effects of several of these peptides after intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration in rats. One unique analog, NT66L, which had high affinity (0.85 nM) for the molecularly cloned rat neurotensin receptor (NTR-1), caused a drop in body temperature and antinociception at doses as low as 0.1 mg/kg after i.p. injection. At 30 min post-injection, the ED50 for NT66L-induced hypothermia (rectal temperature) and antinociception (hot plate test) was 0.5 and 0.07 mg/kg, respectively. At a dose of 1 mg/kg i.p., NT66L caused 100% of the maximum possible effect for antinociception for up to 2 h after administration. At this dose body temperature lowering was greater than -2.5 degrees C from 20 to 120 min after i.p. administration. These results in animals suggest that NT66L has agonist properties at NTR-1 in vivo after extracranial administration and provide support for its further study in behavioral tests predictive of neuroleptic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Tyler
- Neuropsychopharmacology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.
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Barelli H, Petit A, Hirsch E, Wilk S, De Nanteuil G, Morain P, Checler F. S 17092-1, a highly potent, specific and cell permeant inhibitor of human proline endopeptidase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999; 257:657-61. [PMID: 10208839 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1999.0366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Several lines of evidence indicate that proline endopeptidase (PE) could participate to the symptomatology and/or etiology of Alzheimer's disease. Thus, proline endopeptidase appears to contribute to the degradation of neuropeptides involved in learning and memory and could also control the production of the amyloidogenic peptide Abeta. Therefore the design of potent, selective and permeant inhibitors of human PE should lead to potential probes to assess the genuine contribution of this enzyme in Alzheimer's pathology. A novel perhydroindol carboxylic derivative, S17092-1 inhibits the hydrolysis of Z-Gly-Pro-7AMC-hydrolysing activity present in human brain nuclei with a high affinity (Ki = 1 nM) and behaves as a highly potent (Ki = 1.5 nM) inhibitor of partially purified human PE. By contrast, S17092-1 is unable to affect a series of other peptidases including aminopeptidases B and M, dipeptidylaminopeptidase IV, endopeptidases 3.4.24.11, 3.4.24.15, 3.4.24.16, calpains and angiotensin-converting enzyme. Furthermore, we show that the embryonic human kidney 293 cell line displays an intracellular PE-like activity that is blocked after preincubating cells with S17092-1, indicating that this inhibitor penetrates in HEK293 cells and could affect intracellular human PE. Altogether, we establish that S17092-1 behaves as a highly potent, specific and cell permeant inhibitor of human proline endopeptidase and can be seen as a probe to examine PE contribution in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Barelli
- IPMC du CNRS, UPR411, 660 Route des Lucioles, Valbonne, 06560, France
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Krause DR, Piva TJ, Brown SB, Ellem KA. Characterization and localization of mitochondrial oligopeptidase (MOP) (EC 3.4.24.16) activity in the human cervical adenocarcinoma cell line HeLa. J Cell Biochem 1997; 66:297-308. [PMID: 9257187 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4644(19970901)66:3<297::aid-jcb3>3.0.co;2-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study we describe the partial purification and characterization of the HeLa cell oligopeptidase M or endopeptidase 3.4.24.16. The HeLa enzyme was isolated initially by its ability to hydrolyse a nonapeptide substrate (P9) which was cognate to the N-terminal cleavage site of preproTGF alpha. The enzyme was shown to be a metalloprotease as it was inhibited by Zn(2+)-chelating agents and DTT, and had an approximate molecular weight of 55-63 kD determined by gel filtration. Neurotensin, dynorphin A1-17 and GnRH1-9 were rapidly degraded by the enzyme while GnRH1-10 and somatostatin were not. Neurotensin was cleaved at the Pro10-Tyr11 bond, leading to the formation of neurotensin (1-10) and neurotensin (11-13). The K(m) for neurotensin cleavage was 7 microM and the Ki for the specific 24.16 dipeptide inhibitor (Pro-ile) was 140 microM which were similar to those observed from the human brain enzyme [Vincent et al. (1996): Brain Res 709:51-58]. Through the use of specific antibodies, the purified HeLa enzyme was shown to be oligopeptidase M. This enzyme and its closely related family member thimet oligopeptidase were shown to co-elute during the isolation procedure but were finally separated using a MonoQ column. Oligopeptidase M is located mainly in mitochondria though it was detected on the plasma membrane in an inactive form. The results obtained demonstrate the first recorded instance of this enzyme in human tissue cultured cells, and raise the issue of its function therein.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Krause
- QCF Cancer Research Unit, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Post Office Royal Brisbane Hospital, Australia
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Ibrahim-Granet O, D'Enfert C. The Aspergillus fumigatus mepB gene encodes an 82 kDa intracellular metalloproteinase structurally related to mammalian thimet oligopeptidases. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 1997; 143 ( Pt 7):2247-2253. [PMID: 9245813 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-143-7-2247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus produces an 82 kDa intracellular metalloproteinase that hydrolyses the Pz-peptide, 4-phenylazobenzyloxycarbonyl-Pro-Leu-Gly-Pro-Arg, a typical substrate of members of the thimet oligopeptidase family which is ubiquitously distributed across animal species. The A. fumigatus mepB gene encoding this 82 kDa metalloproteinase was cloned and sequenced. Analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence of mepB showed that the MepB protein is a cytosolic zinc metalloproteinase of the thimet oligopeptidase family (M3) and as such is probably involved in the intracellular degradation of small peptides. An A. fumigatus mutant that lacks the MepB Pz-peptidolytic activity was constructed by gene disruption at the mepB locus. Analysis of this mutant did not reveal any detectable phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oumaïma Ibrahim-Granet
- Laboratoire des Aspergillus, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Christophe D'Enfert
- Laboratoire des Aspergillus, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
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50
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Kato A, Sugiura N, Saruta Y, Hosoiri T, Yasue H, Hirose S. Targeting of endopeptidase 24.16 to different subcellular compartments by alternative promoter usage. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:15313-22. [PMID: 9182559 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.24.15313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Endopeptidase 24.16 or mitochondrial oligopeptidase, abbreviated here as EP 24.16 (MOP), is a thiol- and metal-dependent oligopeptidase that is found in multiple intracellular compartments in mammalian cells. From an analysis of the corresponding gene, we found that the distribution of the enzyme to appropriate subcellular locations is achieved by the use of alternative sites for the initiation of transcription. The pig EP 24.16 (MOP) gene spans over 100 kilobases and is organized into 16 exons. The core protein sequence is encoded by exons 5-16 which match perfectly with exons 2-13 of the gene for endopeptidase 24.15, another member of the thimet oligopeptidase family. These two sets of 11 exons share the same splice sites, suggesting a common ancestor. Multiple species of mRNA for EP 24.16 (MOP) were detected by the 5'-rapid amplification of cDNA ends and they were shown to have been generated from a single gene by alternative choices of sites for the initiation of transcription and splicing. Two types of transcript were prepared, corresponding to transcription from distal and proximal sites. Their expression in vitro in COS-1 cells indicated that they encoded two isoforms (long and short) which differed only at their amino termini: the long form contained a cleavable mitochondrial targeting sequence and was directed to mitochondria; the short form, lacking such a signal sequence, remained in the cytosol. The complex structure of the EP 24.16 (MOP) gene thus allows, by alternative promoter usage, a fine transcriptional regulation of coordinate expression, in the different subcellular compartments, of the two isoforms arising from a single gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kato
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226, Japan
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