1
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Mizumoto S, Yamada S. Histories of Dermatan Sulfate Epimerase and Dermatan 4- O-Sulfotransferase from Discovery of Their Enzymes and Genes to Musculocontractural Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:509. [PMID: 36833436 PMCID: PMC9957132 DOI: 10.3390/genes14020509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Dermatan sulfate (DS) and its proteoglycans are essential for the assembly of the extracellular matrix and cell signaling. Various transporters and biosynthetic enzymes for nucleotide sugars, glycosyltransferases, epimerase, and sulfotransferases, are involved in the biosynthesis of DS. Among these enzymes, dermatan sulfate epimerase (DSE) and dermatan 4-O-sulfotranserase (D4ST) are rate-limiting factors of DS biosynthesis. Pathogenic variants in human genes encoding DSE and D4ST cause the musculocontractural type of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, characterized by tissue fragility, joint hypermobility, and skin hyperextensibility. DS-deficient mice exhibit perinatal lethality, myopathy-related phenotypes, thoracic kyphosis, vascular abnormalities, and skin fragility. These findings indicate that DS is essential for tissue development as well as homeostasis. This review focuses on the histories of DSE as well as D4ST, and their knockout mice as well as human congenital disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Mizumoto
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan
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2
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Noborn F, Sterky FH. Role of neurexin heparan sulfate in the molecular assembly of synapses - expanding the neurexin code? FEBS J 2023; 290:252-265. [PMID: 34699130 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Synapses are the minimal information processing units of the brain and come in many flavors across distinct circuits. The shape and properties of a synapse depend on its molecular organisation, which is thought to largely depend on interactions between cell adhesion molecules across the synaptic cleft. An established example is that of presynaptic neurexins and their interactions with structurally diverse postsynaptic ligands: the diversity of neurexin isoforms that arise from alternative promoters and alternative splicing specify synaptic properties by dictating ligand preference. The recent finding that a majority of neurexin isoforms exist as proteoglycans with a single heparan sulfate (HS) polysaccharide adds to this complexity. Sequence motifs within the HS polysaccharide may differ between neuronal cell types to contribute specificity to its interactions, thereby expanding the coding capacity of neurexin diversity. However, an expanding number of HS-binding proteins have been found capable to recruit neurexins via the HS chain, challenging the concept of a code provided by neurexin splice isoforms. Here we discuss the possible roles of the neurexin HS in light of what is known from other HS-protein interactions, and propose a model for how the neurexin HS polysaccharide may contribute to synaptic assembly. We also discuss how the neurexin HS may be regulated by co-secreted carbonic anhydrase-related and FAM19A proteins, and highlight some key issues that should be resolved to advance the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Noborn
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Fredrik H Sterky
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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3
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Nikpour M, Noborn F, Nilsson J, Van Damme T, Kaye O, Syx D, Malfait F, Larson G. Glycosaminoglycan linkage region of urinary bikunin as a potentially useful biomarker for β3GalT6-deficient spondylodysplastic Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. JIMD Rep 2022; 63:462-467. [PMID: 36101818 PMCID: PMC9458601 DOI: 10.1002/jmd2.12311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The spondylodysplastic type of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (spEDS) is caused by genetic defects in the B4GALT7 or B3GALT6 genes both deranging the biosynthesis of the glycosaminoglycan linkage region of chondroitin/dermatan sulfate and heparan sulfate proteoglycans. In this study, we have analyzed the linkage regions of urinary chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans of three siblings, diagnosed with spEDS and carrying biallelic pathogenic variants of the B3GALT6 gene. Proteoglycans were digested with trypsin, glycopeptides enriched on anion-exchange columns, depolymerized with chondroitinase ABC, and analyzed by nLC-MS/MS. In urine of the unaffected mother, the dominating glycopeptide of bikunin/protein AMBP appeared as only one dominating (99.9%) peak with the canonical tetrasaccharide linkage region modification. In contrast, the samples of the three affected siblings contained two different glycopeptide peaks, corresponding to the canonical tetrasaccharide and to the non-canonical trisaccharide linkage region modifications in individual ratios of 61/38, 73/27, and 59/41. We propose that the relative distribution of glycosaminoglycan linkage regions of urinary bikunin glycopeptides may serve as a phenotypic biomarker in a diagnostic test but also as a biomarker to follow the effect of future therapies in affected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahnaz Nikpour
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Fredrik Noborn
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Jonas Nilsson
- Proteomics Core Facility, Sahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Tim Van Damme
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Center for Medical GeneticsGhent University HospitalGhentBelgium
| | | | - Delfien Syx
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Center for Medical GeneticsGhent University HospitalGhentBelgium
| | - Fransiska Malfait
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Center for Medical GeneticsGhent University HospitalGhentBelgium
| | - Göran Larson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
- Laboratory of Clinical ChemistrySahlgrenska University HospitalGothenburgSweden
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4
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Noborn F, Nilsson J, Larson G. Site-specific glycosylation of proteoglycans: a revisited frontier in proteoglycan research. Matrix Biol 2022; 111:289-306. [PMID: 35840015 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Proteoglycans (PGs), a class of carbohydrate-modified proteins, are present in essentially all metazoan organisms investigated to date. PGs are composed of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains attached to various core proteins and are important for embryogenesis and normal homeostasis. PGs exert many of their functions via their GAG chains and understanding the details of GAG-ligand interactions has been an essential part of PG research. Although PGs are also involved in many diseases, the number of GAG-related drugs used in the clinic is yet very limited, indicating a lack of detailed structure-function understanding. Structural analysis of PGs has traditionally been obtained by first separating the GAG chains from the core proteins, after which the two components are analyzed separately. While this strategy greatly facilitates the analysis, it precludes site-specific information and introduces either a "GAG" or a "core protein" perspective on the data interpretation. Mass-spectrometric (MS) glycoproteomic approaches have recently been introduced, providing site-specific information on PGs. Such methods have revealed a previously unknown structural complexity of the GAG linkage regions and resulted in identification of several novel CSPGs and HSPGs in humans and in model organisms, thereby expanding our view on PG complexity. In light of these findings, we discuss here if the use of such MS-based techniques, in combination with various functional assays, can also be used to expand our functional understanding of PGs. We have also summarized the site-specific information of all human PGs known to date, providing a theoretical framework for future studies on site-specific functional analysis of PGs in human pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Noborn
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sundsvall County Hospital, Sweden.
| | - Jonas Nilsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Proteomics Core Facility, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Göran Larson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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5
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Mizumoto S, Kwok JCF, Whitelock JM, Li F, Perris R. Editorial: Roles of Chondroitin Sulfate and Dermatan Sulfate as Regulators for Cell and Tissue Development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:941178. [PMID: 35757004 PMCID: PMC9217097 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.941178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Mizumoto
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Jessica C F Kwok
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.,Centre for Reconstructive Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - John M Whitelock
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Adelaide, NSW, Australia
| | - Fuchuan Li
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Carbohydrate-Based Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Roberto Perris
- Department of Chemical and Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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Xyloside Derivatives as Molecular Tools to Selectively Inhibit Heparan Sulfate and Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycan Biosynthesis. Methods Mol Biol 2021. [PMID: 34626420 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1398-6_56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) side chains of proteoglycans are involved in a wide variety of developmental and pathophysiological functions. Similar to a gene knockout, the ability to inhibit GAG biosynthesis would allow us to examine the function of endogenous GAG chains. However, ubiquitously and irreversibly knocking out all GAG biosynthesis would cause multiple effects, making it difficult to attribute a specific biological role to a specific GAG structure in spatiotemporal manner. Reversible and selective inhibition of GAG biosynthesis would allow us to examine the importance of endogenous GAGs to specific cellular, tissue, or organ systems. In this chapter, we describe the chemical synthesis and biological evaluation of xyloside derivatives as selective inhibitors of heparan sulfate and chondroitin/dermatan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthesis.
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7
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Noborn F, Nikpour M, Persson A, Nilsson J, Larson G. Expanding the Chondroitin Sulfate Glycoproteome - But How Far? Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:695970. [PMID: 34490248 PMCID: PMC8418075 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.695970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) are found at cell surfaces and in connective tissues, where they interact with a multitude of proteins involved in various pathophysiological processes. From a methodological perspective, the identification of CSPGs is challenging, as the identification requires the combined sequencing of specific core proteins, together with the characterization of the CS polysaccharide modification(s). According to the current notion of CSPGs, they are often considered in relation to a functional role in which a given proteoglycan regulates a specific function in cellular physiology. Recent advances in glycoproteomic methods have, however, enabled the identification of numerous novel chondroitin sulfate core proteins, and their glycosaminoglycan attachment sites, in humans and in various animal models. In addition, these methods have revealed unexpected structural complexity even in the linkage regions. These findings indicate that the number and structural complexity of CSPGs are much greater than previously perceived. In light of these findings, the prospect of finding additional CSPGs, using improved methods for structural and functional characterizations, and studying novel sample matrices in humans and in animal models is discussed. Further, as many of the novel CSPGs are found in low abundance and with not yet assigned functions, these findings may challenge the traditional notion of defining proteoglycans. Therefore, the concept of proteoglycans is considered, discussing whether "a proteoglycan" should be defined mainly on the basis of an assigned function or on the structural evidence of its existence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Noborn
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mahnaz Nikpour
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andrea Persson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jonas Nilsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Proteomics Core Facility, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Göran Larson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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8
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Toledo AG, Pihl J, Spliid CB, Persson A, Nilsson J, Pereira MA, Gustavsson T, Choudhary S, Oo HZ, Black PC, Daugaard M, Esko JD, Larson G, Salanti A, Clausen TM. An affinity chromatography and glycoproteomics workflow to profile the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans that interact with malarial VAR2CSA in the placenta and in cancer. Glycobiology 2020; 30:989-1002. [PMID: 32337544 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwaa039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is the placental receptor for the VAR2CSA malaria protein, expressed at the surface of infected erythrocytes during Plasmodium falciparum infection. Infected cells adhere to syncytiotrophoblasts or get trapped within the intervillous space by binding to a determinant in a 4-O-sulfated CS chains. However, the exact structure of these glycan sequences remains unclear. VAR2CSA-reactive CS is also expressed by tumor cells, making it an attractive target for cancer diagnosis and therapeutics. The identities of the proteoglycans carrying these modifications in placental and cancer tissues remain poorly characterized. This information is clinically relevant since presentation of the glycan chains may be mediated by novel core proteins or by a limited subset of established proteoglycans. To address this question, VAR2CSA-binding proteoglycans were affinity-purified from the human placenta, tumor tissues and cancer cells and analyzed through a specialized glycoproteomics workflow. We show that VAR2CSA-reactive CS chains associate with a heterogenous group of proteoglycans, including novel core proteins. Additionally, this work demonstrates how affinity purification in combination with glycoproteomics analysis can facilitate the characterization of CSPGs with distinct CS epitopes. A similar workflow can be applied to investigate the interaction of CSPGs with other CS binding lectins as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Gómez Toledo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jessica Pihl
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department for Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charlotte B Spliid
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department for Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andrea Persson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of SE405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jonas Nilsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of SE405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marina Ayres Pereira
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department for Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tobias Gustavsson
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department for Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Swati Choudhary
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department for Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Htoo Zarni Oo
- Vancouver Prostate Center, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H3Z6, Canada
| | - Peter C Black
- Vancouver Prostate Center, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H3Z6, Canada
| | - Mads Daugaard
- Vancouver Prostate Center, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H3Z6, Canada
| | - Jeffrey D Esko
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Göran Larson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of SE405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ali Salanti
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department for Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Mandel Clausen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department for Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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9
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Heparanase – Discovery and Targets. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1221:61-69. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-34521-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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10
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Preparation of chondroitin sulfates with different molecular weights from bovine nasal cartilage and their antioxidant activities. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 152:1047-1055. [PMID: 31751707 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.10.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Biological functions of chondroitin sulfate, including anti-oxidation and anti-inflammation, are associated with its molecular weight. This study aimed to evaluate the correlation between antioxidant activity and molecular weights of chondroitin sulfate derived from bovine nasal cartilage (BCS). BCS extracted by compound enzymatic method was further purified via DEAE-cellulose column separation to obtain BCS-II (129.4 kDa), which was further degraded by H2O2-Vc to obtain four subfractions: BCS-II-1 (92.7 kDa), BCS-II-2 (54.1 kDa), BCS-II-3 (26.3 kDa), and BCS-II-4 (19.7 kDa). Changes in the physicochemical properties of BCS-II before and after degradation were compared via FT-IR, NMR and monosaccharide composition analysis. Finally, antioxidant activities of BCS-II and its subfractions BCS-II-1-4 were compared. Our results showed that the H2O2-Vc system did not disrupt the primary functional group of BCS-II, with no significant change in sulfate content between BCS-II and its degraded fractions; however, uronic acid levels increased in degraded fractions when compared with BCS-II. In vitro, BCS-II-4 displayed the lowest molecular weight and had the strongest antioxidant activity. Therefore, the antioxidant activity of chondroitin sulfate in vitro is robustly associated with its molecular weight, and low-molecular-weight chondroitin sulfate can be used as an antioxidant in the food and pharmaceutical industries and other sectors.
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11
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The Basement Membrane Proteoglycans Perlecan and Agrin: Something Old, Something New. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2015; 76:255-303. [PMID: 26610917 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Several members of the proteoglycan family are integral components of basement membranes; other proteoglycan family members interact with or bind to molecular residents of the basement membrane. Proteoglycans are polyfunctional molecules, for they derive their inherent bioactivity from the amino acid motifs embedded in the core protein structure as well as the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains that are covalently attached to the core protein. The presence of the covalently attached GAG chains significantly expands the "partnering" potential of proteoglycans, permitting them to interact with a broad spectrum of targets, including growth factors, cytokines, chemokines, and morphogens. Thus proteoglycans in the basement membrane are poised to exert diverse effects on the cells intimately associated with basement membranes.
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12
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Zhu H, Chen X, Zhang X, Liu L, Cong D, Zhao X, Yu G. Acidolysis-based component mapping of glycosaminoglycans by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with off-line electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry: evidence and tags to distinguish different glycosaminoglycans. Anal Biochem 2014; 465:63-9. [PMID: 25086363 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2014.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Diverse monosaccharide analysis methods have been established for a long time, but few methods are available for a complete monosaccharide analysis of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and certain acidolysis-resistant components derived from GAGs. In this report, a reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method with pre-column 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone (PMP) derivatization was established for a complete monosaccharide analysis of GAGs. Good separation of glucosamine/mannosamine (GlcN/ManN) and glucuronic acid/iduronic acid (GlcA/IdoA) was achieved. This method can also be applied to analyze the acidolysis-resistant disaccharides derived from GAGs, and the sequences of these disaccharides were confirmed by electrospray ionization-collision-induced dissociation-tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-CID-MS/MS). These unique disaccharides could be used as markers to distinguish heparin/heparan sulfate (HP/HS), chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate (CS/DS), and hyaluronic acid (HA).
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Affiliation(s)
- He Zhu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xuan Chen
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Lili Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Dapeng Cong
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xia Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Guangli Yu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
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13
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Lord MS, Whitelock JM. Bioengineered heparin: is there a future for this form of the successful therapeutic? Bioengineered 2014; 5:222-6. [PMID: 24902029 PMCID: PMC4140866 DOI: 10.4161/bioe.29388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparin is a widely used drug for the control of blood coagulation. The majority of heparin that is produced commercially is derived from animal sources, is poly-disperse in nature and therefore ill-defined in structure. This makes regulation of heparin challenging with respect to identifying its absolute structural identity, purity, and efficacy. This raises the question as to whether there might be alternative methods of producing commercial grade heparin. The commentary highlights ways that we might manufacture heparin using bioengineering approaches to yield a successful therapeutic replacement for animal-derived heparin in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan S Lord
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering; The University of New South Wales; Sydney, Australia
| | - John M Whitelock
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering; The University of New South Wales; Sydney, Australia
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14
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Tsuzuki Y, Nguyen TKN, Garud DR, Kuberan B, Koketsu M. 4-Deoxy-4-fluoro-xyloside derivatives as inhibitors of glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:7269-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.10.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Revised: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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15
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Heinegård D. Fell-Muir Lecture: Proteoglycans and more--from molecules to biology. Int J Exp Pathol 2010; 90:575-86. [PMID: 19958398 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2613.2009.00695.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article the organization and functional details of the extracellular matrix, with particular focus on cartilage, are described. All tissues contain a set of molecules that are arranged to contribute structural elements. Examples are fibril-forming collagens forming major fibrillar networks in most tissues. The assembly process is regulated by a number of proteins (thrombospondins, LRR-proteins, matrilins and other collagens) that can bind to the collagen molecule and in many cases remain bound to the formed fibre providing additional stability and enhancing networking to other structural networks. One such network is formed by collagen VI molecules assembled to beaded filaments in the matrix catalysed by interactions with small proteoglycans of the LRR-family, which remain bound to the filament providing for interactions via a linker of a matrilin to other matrix constituents like collagen fibres and the large proteoglycans, e.g. aggrecan in cartilage. Aggrecan is contributing an extreme anionic charge density to the extracellular matrix, which by osmotic effects leads to water retention and strive to swelling, resisted by the tensile properties of the collagen fibres. Aggrecan is bound via one end to hyaluronan, including such molecules retained at the cell surface, to form very large molecular entities that interact with other constituents of the matrix, e.g. fibulins that can form their own network. Other important interactions are those with cell surface receptors such as integrins, heparan sulphfate proteoglycans, hyaluronan receptors and others. Many of the molecules with an ability to interact with these receptors can also bind to molecules in the matrix and provide a bridge from the matrix to the cell and induce various responses. In pathology, there is an imbalance in matrix turnover with often excessive proteolytic breakdown. This results in the formation of protein fragments, where cleavage provides information on the active enzyme. Those fragments released can be specifically detected employing antibodies specific to the cleavage site and used to diagnose and monitor e.g. joint disease at early stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dick Heinegård
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section for Rheumatology, Molecular Skeletal Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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Garud DR, Tran VM, Victor XV, Koketsu M, Kuberan B. Inhibition of heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan biosynthesis. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:28881-7. [PMID: 18708345 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m805939200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteoglycans (PGs) are composed of a protein moiety and a complex glycosaminoglycan (GAG) polysaccharide moiety. GAG chains are responsible for various biological activities. GAG chains are covalently attached to serine residues of the core protein. The first step in PG biosynthesis is xylosylation of certain serine residues of the core protein. A specific linker tetrasaccharide is then assembled and serves as an acceptor for elongation of GAG chains. If the production of endogenous GAG chains is selectively inhibited, one could determine the role of these endogenous molecules in physiological and developmental functions in a spatiotemporal manner. Biosynthesis of PGs is often blocked with the aid of nonspecific agents such as chlorate, a bleaching agent, and brefeldin A, a fungal metabolite, to elucidate the biological roles of GAG chains. Unfortunately, these agents are highly lethal to model organisms. Xylosides are known to prime GAG chains. Therefore, we hypothesized that modified xylose analogs may able to inhibit the biosynthesis of PGs. To test this, we synthesized a library of novel 4-deoxy-4-fluoroxylosides with various aglycones using click chemistry and examined each for its ability to inhibit heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate using Chinese hamster ovary cells as a model cellular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh R Garud
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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Little PJ, Drennon KD, Tannock LR. Glucosamine inhibits the synthesis of glycosaminoglycan chains on vascular smooth muscle cell proteoglycans by depletion of ATP. Arch Physiol Biochem 2008; 114:120-6. [PMID: 18484279 DOI: 10.1080/13813450802033909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Glucosamine via GlcNAc is a precursor for the synthesis of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains on proteoglycans. We previously found that proteoglycans synthesized and secreted by vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) in the presence of supplementary glucosamine had GAG of decreased not increased size. We investigated the possibility that the inhibition of GAG chains synthesis on proteoglycans might be related to cellular ATP depletion. Confluent primate VSMCs were exposed to glucosamine, azide, or 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG). Each of these agents depleted cell ATP content by 25-30%. All agents decreased (35)S-SO(4) incorporation and reduced the size of the proteoglycans, decorin and biglycan as assessed by SDS-PAGE. On withdrawal of the glucosamine, azide or 2-DG ATP levels and proteoglycan synthesis returned towards baseline values. Glucosamine decreased glucose uptake and consumption suggesting that ATP depletion was due preferential phosphorylation of glucosamine over glucose. Thus, glucosamine inhibition of proteoglycan synthesis is due, at least in part, to depletion of cellular ATP content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Little
- Baker Heart Research Institute, Cell Biology of Diabetes Laboratory, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
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Lamari FN, Karamanos NK. Structure of Chondroitin Sulfate. CHONDROITIN SULFATE: STRUCTURE, ROLE AND PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITY 2006; 53:33-48. [PMID: 17239761 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(05)53003-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fotini N Lamari
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry of Natural Products, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece
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Lamari FN, Theocharis AD, Asimakopoulou AP, Malavaki CJ, Karamanos NK. Metabolism and biochemical/physiological roles of chondroitin sulfates: analysis of endogenous and supplemental chondroitin sulfates in blood circulation. Biomed Chromatogr 2006; 20:539-50. [PMID: 16779785 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a linear heteropolysaccharide consisting of repeating disaccharide units of glucuronic acid and galactosamine, which is commonly sulfated at C-4 and/or C-6 of galactosamine. The administration of CS as a supplement or a drug for the treatment of osteoarthrosis, the prevention of subsequent coronary events, treatment of psoriasis and ophthalmic diseases has been suggested. Much debate on the metabolism of CS and therefore the effectiveness of these treatments, especially after oral administration, has arisen due to the macromolecular nature of CS. Difficulties in analysing CS in blood due to the low endogenous concentrations and the covalent and anionic complexes with proteins have hampered the resolution of these issues. In this review, the information on the pharmacokinetics of CS obtained from studies in experimental animals and in humans is presented. Emphasis has been given to the analytical methods used for the determination of glycosaminoglycans, intact CS and CS-derived disaccharides in blood serum and plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fotini N Lamari
- Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry of Natural Products, University of Patras, Greece
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Iwafune M, Kakizaki I, Nakazawa H, Nukatsuka I, Endo M, Takagaki K. A glycomic approach to proteoglycan with a two-dimensional polysaccharide chain map. Anal Biochem 2004; 325:35-40. [PMID: 14715282 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2697(03)00391-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycan chains were liberated from proteoglycans (bovine lung, tracheal cartilage, and cerebrum) by successive digestion with actinase and with cellulase from Aspergillus niger, which has endo-beta-xylosidase activity. The glycosaminoglycan chains were fluorescence-labeled with 2-aminopyridine after digestion with Streptomyces hyaluronidase. The resulting pyridylamino-glycosaminoglycans, including heparan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate, and heparin, were separated by high-performance liquid chromatography. Each separated fraction was analyzed by two types of high-performance liquid chromatography: gel-filtration chromatography and anion-exchange chromatography. The correlation between molecular weight and degree of sulfation could be shown on the two-dimensional polysaccharide chain map. Use of a commonly available cellulase with endo-beta-xylosidase activity together with the two-dimensional polysaccharide chain map allows easy analysis of various glycosaminoglycan chains and comprehensive comparison among the structures. These techniques will become useful tools in the further development of glycotechnology and glycome analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mito Iwafune
- Department of Biochemistry, Hirosaki University, School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
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Rolny C, Spillmann D, Lindahl U, Claesson-Welsh L. Heparin amplifies platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)- BB-induced PDGF alpha -receptor but not PDGF beta -receptor tyrosine phosphorylation in heparan sulfate-deficient cells. Effects on signal transduction and biological responses. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:19315-21. [PMID: 11912193 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111805200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) induces mitogenic and migratory responses in a wide variety of cells, by activating specific receptor tyrosine kinases denoted the PDGF alpha- and beta-receptors. Different PDGF isoforms bind in a distinct manner to glycosaminoglycans, particularly heparan sulfate. In the present study, we show potentiation by exogenous heparin of PDGF-BB-induced PDGF alpha-receptor tyrosine phosphorylation in heparan sulfate-deficient Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) 677 cells. This effect was not seen for PDGF-AA treatment, and heparin lacked a potentiating effect on PDGF-BB stimulation of the PDGF beta-receptor. Heparin did not affect the affinity of PDGF-BB binding for the PDGF receptors on CHO 677 cells. The PDGF-BB-stimulated PDGF alpha-receptor phosphorylation was enhanced in a dose-dependent fashion by heparin at low concentration. The effect was modulated by 2-O- and 6-O-desulfation of the polysaccharide. Maximal induction of PDGF alpha-receptor tyrosine phosphorylation (6-fold) in CHO 677 cells was achieved by treatment with a heparin decasaccharide, but shorter oligosaccharides consisting of four or more monosaccharide units were also able to augment PDGF alpha-receptor phosphorylation, albeit at higher concentrations. Heparin potentiated PDGF-BB-induced activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and protein kinase B (Akt) and allowed increased chemotaxis of the CHO 677 cells toward PDGF-BB. In conclusion, heparin modulates PDGF-BB-induced PDGF alpha-receptor phosphorylation and downstream signaling, with consequences for cellular responsiveness to the growth factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Rolny
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory, Dag Hammarskjölds v. 20, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
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Higuchi T, Tamura S, Tanaka K, Takagaki K, Saito Y, Endo M. Effects of ATP on regulation of galactosyltransferase-I activity responsible for synthesis of the linkage region between the core protein and glycosaminoglycan chains of proteoglycans. Biochem Cell Biol 2001. [DOI: 10.1139/o00-124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We report that ATP enhances the activity of galactosyltransferase-I, which synthesizes the linkage region between glycosaminoglycan chains and the core proteins of proteoglycans. The enzyme activity in cell-free fractions prepared from cultured human skin fibroblasts was measured by high-performance liquid chromatographic detection of galactosyl-xylosyl-(4-methylumbelliferone) produced from 4-methylumbelliferyl-β-D-xyloside used as an acceptor. ATP at 2 mM increased the enzyme activity by about 60% in the 110 × g supernatant of the cell homogenate, but not in the supernatant or precipitate fractions obtained by 100 000 × g centrifugation. When both fractions (the 100 000 × g supernatant and precipitate) were mixed, the additional ATP increased the enzyme activity. This increase was canceled by heat treatment or trypsin digestion of the 100 000 × g supernatant. In addition, the 100 000 × g precipitate, which was prepared from the 110 × g supernatant preincubated with ATP, exhibited increased activity, and this increase was abolished by alkaline phosphatase treatment. These results suggest that a protein kinase in the 100 000 × g supernatant activates galactosyltransferase-I activity.Key words: ATP, enzyme activator, galactosyltransferase-I, proteoglycan linkage region.
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Wong YC, Wang YZ. Growth factors and epithelial-stromal interactions in prostate cancer development. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 2000; 199:65-116. [PMID: 10874577 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(00)99002-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial-stromal interactions are important not only in growth, development, and functional cytodifferentiation of the prostate but also in derangements of prostate gland such as BPH and prostate carcinoma. This chapter explores the roles of epithelium and stroma during this delicate process and highlights the role and mutual influence of each on the other. It also examines the importance of ECM in mediating the effects of androgens and drawn attention to estrogen and genetic factors in the process. During this process of epithelial-stromal interaction, growth factors play a central role in mediating the interactions. This chapter focuses on the role of several growth factors including epidermal growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, transforming growth factor alpha, transforming growth factor beta, insulin-like growth factor-1, vascular endothelial growth factor, nerve growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, and hepatocyte growth factor. This chapter emphasizes the importance of epithelial-stromal interactions in tumorigenesis and highlights the switch of paracrine to autocrine mode during the process of carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y C Wong
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong
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Higuchi T, Tamura S, Takagaki K, Nakamura T, Morikawa A, Tanaka K, Tanaka A, Saito Y, Endo M. A method for determination of galactosyltransferase I activity synthesizing the proteoglycan linkage region. JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL METHODS 1994; 29:135-42. [PMID: 7836658 DOI: 10.1016/0165-022x(94)90049-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
An assay method was devised for measuring the activity of galactosyltransferase I (UDP-D-galactose:D-xylose galactosyltransferase), which is one of the enzymes synthesizing the linkage region between the core protein and glycosaminoglycan chains of proteoglycan. For this method, the reaction mixture contained a fluorescent substrate, 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-xyloside as an acceptor, UDP-galactose as a donor and D-galactal as a competitive inhibitor of endogenous beta-galactosidase in the enzyme solution. The reaction mixture was incubated at 37 degrees C with enzyme solution prepared from an extract of cultured cells, and galactosyl-xylosyl-4-methylumbelliferone was produced as a reaction product. Measurement of galactosyltransferase I activity was performed by separation and quantitative analysis of this reaction product using high-performance liquid chromatography. Utilizing this method, easier and more sensitive detection of galactosyltransferase I activity in a cell-free system became possible. Application of the method revealed that cultured human skin fibroblasts contained galactosyltransferase I activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Higuchi
- Department of Biochemistry, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, Japan
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26
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Wong YC, Chan L. Effects of p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-xylopyranoside (beta-D-xyloside) on the androgen-induced growth of the lateral prostate of the prepubertally castrated guinea pig. Prostate 1993; 23:37-59. [PMID: 8337185 DOI: 10.1002/pros.2990230105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the effects of beta-D-xyloside (XYL), a compound which interferes with stromal proteoglycan (PG) synthesis, on androgen induced growth of the lateral prostate (LP). Young male guinea pigs were castrated at 3 weeks of age and divided into three groups 6 weeks after castration. In group one, the animals were injected subcutaneously daily with 80 mg/kg of XYL, followed 3 days later by a daily dose of 10 mg/kg of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) for 2 more weeks. The second group served as control and received DHT only. In the third group, animals were treated first with XYL, like those in group one, and then followed by DHT alone for 2 weeks to check reversibility of the XYL effect. At the end of the experiment, the lateral prostate was removed and processed for morphological and cytochemical examination. The results showed that XYL inhibited the DHT stimulated growth of the lateral prostate. The fibroblasts showed a dilated granular endoplasmic reticulum filled with granular substances. In the interstitial spaces, there was a drastic increase in Cuprolinic Blue (CB) positive filaments and polygonal granules believed to be PGs or glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Their number was much greater than the control. The distribution and density of the collagen fibers appeared similar to the control. The secretory alveoli were lined by epithelium with few secretory granules of low electron density and a larger number of clear vesicles. There was a slight reduction in glycoconjugate reactivities in the epithelial cells. The lectin binding patterns and the structural features were comparable between the control and recovery groups, indicating the XYL effects were reversible. The results suggest that stromal PG biosynthesis may play a role in epithelial function and an altered stromal matrix would hamper the effects of DHT on the target organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y C Wong
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong
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Takagaki K, Nakamura T, Takeda Y, Daidouji K, Endo M. A new endo-beta-galactosidase acting on the Gal beta 1-3Gal linkage of the proteoglycan linkage region. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)36998-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Takagaki K, Kon A, Kawasaki H, Nakamura T, Tamura S, Endo M. Presence of an endo-beta-galactosidase degrading the linkage region between the chondroitin sulfate chain and core peptide of proteoglycan. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1990; 169:15-21. [PMID: 2112379 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(90)91426-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Pyridylamino chondroitin sulfate, of which the reducing terminal xylose was coupled with a fluorescent 2-aminopyridine, was incubated at pH 4.0 with an extract from the mid-gut gland of Patnopecten. The high- and low-molecular-weight products were separated by ethanol precipitation, and identified by high-performance liquid chromatography analysis. The enzyme was found to expose a galactose residue at the reducing terminus of chondroitin sulfate, and also released the pyridylamino disaccharide, galactosylxylose, from the reducing terminal site of pyridylamino chondroitin sulfate. These results suggest that endo-beta-galactosidase activity, which hydrolyzes the galactosylgalactose linkage of peptidochondroitin sulfate, is present in the mid-gut gland of Patnopecten.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Takagaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, Japan
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Paulsen H, Brenken M. Synthese vonL-Alanyl-3-O-(β-D-xylopyranosyl)-L-seryl-glycyl-L-isoleucin. Direkte Glycosidierung von Peptiden. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1002/jlac.198819880706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Structural studies on sulfated glycopeptides from the carbohydrate-protein linkage region of chondroitin 4-sulfate proteoglycans of swarm rat chondrosarcoma. Demonstration of the structure Gal(4-O-sulfate)beta 1-3Gal beta 1-4XYL beta 1-O-Ser. J Biol Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)81492-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Takagaki K, Nakamura T, Majima M, Endo M. Isolation and characterization of a chondroitin sulfate-degrading endo-beta-glucuronidase from rabbit liver. J Biol Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)68595-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Matsue H, Endo M. Heterogeneity of reducing terminals of urinary chondroitin sulfates. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1987; 923:470-7. [PMID: 3103693 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(87)90056-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Human urinary chondroitin sulfates were isolated by precipitation with cetylpyridinium chloride of the non-dialyzable fraction of pooled urine, followed by ethanol fractionation and successive enzymic digestions with neuraminidase and mucopolysaccharides. Further purification was achieved by Dowex-1 chromatography with stepwise elution by increasing the concentration of NaCl at intervals of 0.25 M from 0.75 M to 1.5 M. The chondroitin sulfates thus obtained were characterized by the analysis and quantification on of carbohydrate, amino acid and sulfate, and by electrophoresis on cellulose acetate membrane. Then reducing terminals were identified by gas liquid chromatographic analyses of the acetyl and butaneboronate derivatives of hydrolysates, after reduction of the reducing terminals with sodium borohydride. About 22.8% of the urinary chondroitin sulfate in the 1.5 M fraction was peptide-bound, and the remainder was peptide-free, with xylose (29.8%), galactose (23.6%) and glucuronic acid (18.7%) at the reducing terminal. The amount of peptide-free chondroitin sulfate with xylose and galactose at its reducing terminals in the 0.75 M-, 1.0 M-, 1.25 M- and 1.5 M-fractions increased in the order described in parallel with the increase of sulfation and the decrease of peptide content. It was thus suggested that the endo-types of beta-xylosidase, beta-galactosidase and beta-glucuronidase acted on the carbohydrate-peptide linkage region of proteo-chondroitin sulfate in the tissues and produced various types of urinary chondroitin sulfate with heterogeneity at reducing terminals.
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Gunnarsson A, Svensson S, Rodén L. Degradation of chondroitin 4-sulphate by tri-fluoroacetolysis: isolation of oligosaccharides from the carbohydrate-protein linkage region. Carbohydr Res 1984; 133:75-82. [PMID: 6437677 DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(84)85184-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Oligosaccharides from the linkage-region tetrasaccharide, beta-D-GlcpA-(1----3)-beta-D-Galp-(1----3)-beta-D-Galp-(1----4)-D- Xylp, of chondroitin 4-sulphate were isolated after trifluoroacetolysis. The oligosaccharides were purified by ion-exchange chromatography and paper chromatography and subjected to sugar and methylation analysis and g.l.c.-m.s. The recovery of linkage-region oligosaccharides was approximately 45% after trifluoroacetolysis, calculated according to the D-xylose present in the chondroitin 4-sulphate preparation. The following structures were identified: beta-D-Galp-(1----4)-D-Xylp, beta-D-Galp-(1----3)-D-Galp, beta-D-Galp-(1----3)-beta-D-Galp-(1----4)-D-Xylp, beta-D-GlcpA-(1----3)-beta-D-Galp-(1----3)-beta-D-Galp-(1----4)-D- Xylp.
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Swann DA, Garg HG, Silver FH, Larsson A. On the structure of bovine articular cartilage high density proteoglycans. Isolation of the keratan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate side chains. J Biol Chem 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)42848-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Campbell P, Jacobsson I, Benzing-Purdie L, Rodén L, Fessler JH. Silk--a new substrate for UDP-d-xylose:proteoglycan core protein beta-D-xylosyltransferase. Anal Biochem 1984; 137:505-16. [PMID: 6731831 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(84)90119-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The formation of most connective tissue polysaccharides is initiated by transfer of D-xylose from UDP-D-xylose to specific serine residues in the core proteins of the putative proteoglycans. The substrate specificity of the xylosyltransferase catalyzing this reaction has not yet been examined in detail, but it appears that a -Ser-Gly- pair is an essential part of the substrate structure. Since the preparation of the known acceptors (e.g., Smith-degraded or HF-treated cartilage proteoglycan) involves a substantial effort, we have searched for readily available proteins with the -Ser-Gly-sequence, which might serve as alternative substrates. In the present work, it was found that silk fibroin from Bombyx mori, which consists, in large part, of the repeating hexapeptide, Ser-Gly-Ala-Gly-Ala-Gly, is an excellent substrate for the xylosyltransferase from embryonic chick cartilage. Pieces of silk were used directly in the reaction mixtures, and [14C]xylose transferred from UDP-D-[14C]xylose was measured by liquid scintillation spectrometry after rinsing the silk in 1 M NaCl and water. Substantially greater incorporation was observed with preparations of silk or fibroin which had been dissolved in 60% LiSCN and subsequently dialyzed exhaustively or diluted appropriately. Under standard reaction conditions, the Vmax for fibroin was 531 pmol/h/mg enzyme protein, as compared to 223 pmol/h/mg for Smith-degraded proteoglycan. Km values were 182 mg/liter (fibroin) and 143 mg/liter (Smith-degraded proteoglycan). The product of [14C]xylose transfer to silk was alkali labile, and [14C]xylitol was formed when [14C]xylosylsilk was treated with borohydride in alkali. Proteolytic digestion with papain, Pronase, leucine aminopeptidase, and carboxypeptidase A yielded a radioactive product which was identified as [14C]xylosylserine by electrophoresis and chromatography. The identity of the isolated [14C]xylosylserine was further supported by its resistance to treatment with alkali (0.5 M KOH; 100 degrees C; 8 h) and by acid hydrolysis which yielded [14C]xylose. Tryptic and chymotryptic fragments from fibroin were also good xylose acceptors and had Vmax values 60-70% of that observed for the intact protein. Substantial acceptor activity was displayed also by the sericin fraction of silk and by the silk sequence hexapeptide. Ser-Gly-Ala-Gly-Ala-Gly; the latter had a Vmax value close to 20% of that of intact fibroin.
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Tanaka Y, Takazono I. Isolation and characterization of peptidoglycans in urine from patients with mucopolysaccharidoses. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1984; 16:435-46. [PMID: 6233194 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(84)90159-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Urinary dermatan sulfate (DS) and heparan sulfate (HS) were purified from mucopolysaccharidosis patients. DS shows average mol. wt 8600-12,000 (approx. one half of tissue DS), iduronic acid content 99.1-99.6% (81.8% in tissue DS), core peptide mostly di- or tri-peptide (--Ser--Gly--or--Ser--Gly--Glu--). Molecular weight of HS ranged from 2500 to 20,000, averaging about 5000. Highly sulfated HS was found in the low molecular weight fraction, and no bound core peptide. By contrast, HS in the high molecular weight fraction bound one sulfate per repeating unit, which include core peptide.
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Bland CE, Ginsburg H, Silbert JE, Metcalfe DD. Mouse heparin proteoglycan. Synthesis by mast cell-fibroblast monolayers during lymphocyte-dependent mast cell proliferation. J Biol Chem 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)34179-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Hadfield AF, Lazo JS, Sartorelli AC. The synthesis and cytotoxic activity of some haloacetamidoalkyl β-D-xylopyranosides. Carbohydr Res 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(00)83792-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Isolation and characterization of glycosaminoglycans (mucopolysaccharides) from the skin of the fish Labeo rohita. Carbohydr Res 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(00)86075-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Kleine TO. Hyaluronate-proteoglycan complex: evidence for separate biosynthesis mechanisms of the macromolecules. Connect Tissue Res 1978; 5:195-9. [PMID: 150958 DOI: 10.3109/03008207809152272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In cartilage cells biosynthesis of hyaluronate and chondroitin-4-,-6-sulfate from proteoglycan takes place via two different distinct precursor pools; the synthesis of hyaluronate appears to require the unaffected formation of nucleotides and nucleic acids, whereas that of proteoglycan is very sensitive to the modulation of protein biosynthesis.
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Hurley JC, Bunde TA, Dell JC, Kirkpatrick DS, Bishop SH. Phosphonoglycoprotein from Metridium senile--heterogeneity of glycoproteins containing aminoethylphosphonic acid. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1977; 58:253-9. [PMID: 45526 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(77)90199-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
1. After separation by SDS gel-chromatography, analysis of AEP-containing glycoproteins from M. senile, indicated 66% amino acids with 220 AEP res./1000 res. and 30% carbohydrate for high mol. wt (greater than 10(7) forms and 80% amino acids with 25-50 AEP res./1000 res. and 10% carbohydrate for low mol. wt (2-4 x 10(4) forms. 2. Uronic acids, sulfate, lipid, and sialic acids were absent. 3. Mild base digestion released AEP-hexosamine containing oligosaccharides and destroyed ser-thr residues in the high mol. wt components. 4. Phosphonoglycoproteins appear to be acidic connective tissue components with AEP linked to hexosamine containing oligosaccharide side chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Hurley
- Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
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Schiller S. The effect of hormones on synthesis of the region linking chondroitin sulfate to protein. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1976; 451:457-64. [PMID: 999865 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(76)90140-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
1. Particulate fractions of costal cartilage from young rats are capable of catalyzing the formation of the first two monosaccharide units of the chondroitin sulfate-protein linkage region. 2. Hormonal imbalance has been shown to influence the activity of the glycosyltransferases responsible for the sequential transfer of xylose and galactose from UDPxylose and UDPgalactose, respectively, in the formation of the linkage region. 3. The activity of xylosyltransferase was found to be decreased in costal cartilage of diabetic, thyroidectomized and hypophysectomized rats, but not in rats injected with either testosterone or hydrocortisone. In the latter two treatment groups, galactosyltransferase activity was decreased only in the group receiving hydrocortisone. 4. The combined results of this and previous studies suggest that decreased levels of chondroitin sulfate in diabetic, thyroidectomized and hypophysectomized animals are due to interference in the synthesis of the linkage region of the proteoglycan at the xylosyltransferase level whereas hydrocortisone acts primarily at the level of the galactosyltransferase.
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Yamagishi T, Matsuda K, Watanabe Y. Characterization of the fragments obtained by enzymic and alkaline degradation of rice-bran proteoglycans. Carbohydr Res 1976; 50:63-74. [PMID: 975120 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(00)84083-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Repeated digestion of the proteoglycan B from rice bran with Pronase and hemicellulase yielded two types of glycopeptides. The first group, obtained from the third enzymic digest, was a type of low molecular-weight glycopeptide and was fractionated into two subfractions by paper electrophoresis. The second group, obtained from the fourth enzymic digest, was a mixture of glycopeptides of relatively high molecular-weight and was fractionated into three subfractions by gel filtration on Sephadex G-75. Alkaline degradation of these glycopeptides or the intact proteoglycan A yielded a sugar-amino acid compound, whose structure was established as O-alpha-L-arabinofuranosyl-hydroxyproline. These results indicate that the carbohydrate-protein linkage of the rice-bran proteoglycan is an O-glycosyl linkage between L-arabinose and hydroxyproline.
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Kennedy JF. Chemical and biochemical aspects of the glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans in health and disease. Adv Clin Chem 1976; 18:1-101. [PMID: 130790 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2423(08)60296-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Kinoshita S. Some observations on a protein-mucopolysaccharide complex found in sea urchin embryos. Exp Cell Res 1974; 85:31-40. [PMID: 4275068 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(74)90209-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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McDevitt CA. Biochemistry of articular cartilage. Nature of proteoglycans and collagen of articular cartilage and their role in ageing and in osteoarthrosis. Ann Rheum Dis 1973; 32:364-78. [PMID: 4269430 PMCID: PMC1006117 DOI: 10.1136/ard.32.4.364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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