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Drusbosky LM, Dawar R, Rodriguez E, Ikpeazu CV. Therapeutic strategies in METex14 skipping mutated non-small cell lung cancer. J Hematol Oncol 2021; 14:129. [PMID: 34425853 PMCID: PMC8381548 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-021-01138-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
METex14 skipping mutations occur in about 3–4% of lung adenocarcinoma patients and 1–2% of patients with other lung cancer histology. The MET receptor tyrosine kinase and its ligand hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) are established oncogenic drivers of NSCLC. A mutation that results in loss of exon 14 in the MET gene leads to dysregulation and inappropriate signaling that is associated with increased responsiveness to MET TKIs. Results from GEOMETRY mono-1 and VISION Phase I/II clinical trials demonstrated significant clinical activity in patients treated with the MET Exon 14 skipping mutation inhibitors capmatinib and tepotinib with tolerable toxicity profile. In the GEOMETRY mono-1 trial, capmatinib was especially active in treatment-naïve patients supporting the upfront testing of this oncogenic driver. Tepotinib demonstrated superior activity in the pretreated patients in the VISION trial. Savolitinib is another MET TKI that has shown efficacy in the first- and second-line settings, including patients with aggressive pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinoma. These studies have demonstrated that these TKIs can cross the blood brain barrier and demonstrated some activity toward CNS metastases. MET Exon 14 skipping mutation is detected by NGS-based testing of liquid or tissue biopsies, with preference for RNA-based NGS. The activity of capmatinib and tepotinib is limited by the development of acquired resistance. Current research is focused on strategies to overcome resistance and improve the effectiveness of these agents. Our aim is to review the current status of MET Exon 14 skipping mutation as it pertains NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richa Dawar
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1475 NW 12th Avenue, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Estelamari Rodriguez
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1475 NW 12th Avenue, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Chukwuemeka V Ikpeazu
- University of Miami Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, 8100 SW 10th Street, Ste 3310F, Plantation, FL, 33324, USA. .,Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1475 NW 12th Avenue, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
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2
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Malik R, Mambetsariev I, Fricke J, Chawla N, Nam A, Pharaon R, Salgia R. MET receptor in oncology: From biomarker to therapeutic target. Adv Cancer Res 2020; 147:259-301. [PMID: 32593403 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2020.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
First discovered in the 1984, the MET receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) and its ligand hepatocyte growth factor or HGF (also known as scatter factor or SF) are implicated as key players in tumor cell migration, proliferation, and invasion in a variety of cancers. This pathway also plays a key role during embryogenesis in the development of muscular and nervous structures. High expression of the MET receptor has been shown to correlate with poor prognosis and resistance to therapy. MET exon 14 splicing variants, initially identified by us in lung cancer, is actionable through various tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). For this reason, this pathway is of interest as a therapeutic target. In this chapter we will be discussing the history of MET, the genetics of this RTK, and give some background on the receptor biology. Furthermore, we will discuss directed therapeutics, mechanisms of resistance, and the future of MET as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raeva Malik
- George Washington University Hospital, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Isa Mambetsariev
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Jeremy Fricke
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Neal Chawla
- Department of Medicine, Advocate Illinois Masonic Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Arin Nam
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Rebecca Pharaon
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Ravi Salgia
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, United States.
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3
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Targeting the hepatocyte growth factor/Met pathway in cancer. Biochem Soc Trans 2017; 45:855-870. [PMID: 28673936 DOI: 10.1042/bst20160132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)-induced activation of its cell surface receptor, the Met tyrosine kinase, drives mitogenesis, motogenesis and morphogenesis in a wide spectrum of target cell types and embryologic, developmental and homeostatic contexts. Typical paracrine HGF/Met signaling is regulated by HGF activation at target cell surfaces, HGF binding-induced receptor activation, internalization and degradation. Despite these controls, HGF/Met signaling contributes to oncogenesis, tumor angiogenesis and invasiveness, and tumor metastasis in many types of cancer, leading to the rapid growth of pathway-targeted anticancer drug development programs. We review here HGF and Met structure and function, basic properties of HGF/Met pathway antagonists now in clinical development, and recent clinical trial results. Presently, the main challenges facing the effective use of HGF/Met-targeted antagonists for cancer treatment include optimal patient selection, diagnostic and pharmacodynamic biomarker development, and the identification and testing of effective therapy combinations. The wealth of basic information, analytical reagents and model systems available regarding normal and oncogenic HGF/Met signaling will continue to be invaluable in meeting these challenges and moving expeditiously toward more effective cancer treatment.
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4
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Pérez-Ramírez C, Cañadas-Garre M, Jiménez-Varo E, Faus-Dáder MJ, Calleja-Hernández MÁ. MET: a new promising biomarker in non-small-cell lung carcinoma. Pharmacogenomics 2015; 16:631-47. [PMID: 25893986 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.15.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) leads cancer-related deaths worldwide. Mutations in the kinase domain of the EGFR gene provide sensitivity to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) drugs. TKI show initial response rates over 75% in mutant EGFR-NSCLC patients, although most of these patients acquire resistance to EGFR inhibitors after therapy. EGFR-TKI resistance mechanisms include amplification in MET and its ligand, and also MET mutations. MET signaling dysregulation has been involved in tumor cell growth, survival, migration and invasion, angiogenesis and activation of several pathways, therefore representing an attractive target for anticancer drug development. In this review, we will discuss MET-related mechanisms of EGFR-TKI resistance in NSCLC, as well as the main drugs targeted to inhibit MET pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Pérez-Ramírez
- Pharmacogenetics Unit, UGC Provincial de Farmacia de Granada, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, Avda Fuerzas Armadas, 2, 18014 Granada, Spain
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5
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Nicastro HL, Firestone GL, Bjeldanes LF. 3,3'-diindolylmethane rapidly and selectively inhibits hepatocyte growth factor/c-Met signaling in breast cancer cells. J Nutr Biochem 2013; 24:1882-8. [PMID: 23968581 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 05/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
3,3'-Diindolylmethane (DIM), an indole derivative from vegetables of the Brassica genus, has antiproliferative activity in breast cancer cells. Part of this activity is thought to be due to DIM inhibition of Akt signaling, but an upstream mechanism of DIM-induced Akt inhibition has not been described. The goals of this study were to investigate the kinetics of inhibition of Akt by physiologically relevant concentrations of DIM and to identify an upstream factor that mediates this effect. Here we report that DIM (5-25 μM) inhibited Akt activation from 30 min to 24h in tumorigenic MDA-MB-231 cells but did not inhibit Akt activation in non-tumorigenic preneoplastic MCF10AT cells. DIM inhibited hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)-induced Akt activation by up to 46%, cell migration by 66% and cell proliferation by up to 54%, but did not inhibit induction of Akt by epidermal growth factor or insulin-like growth factor-1. DIM decreased phosphorylation of the HGF receptor, c-Met, at tyrosines 1234 and 1235, indicating decreased activation of the receptor. This decrease was reversed by pretreatment with inhibitors of p38 or calcineurin. Our results demonstrate the important role of HGF and c-Met in DIM's anti-proliferative effect on breast cancer cells and suggest that DIM could have preventive or clinical value as an inhibitor of c-Met signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly L Nicastro
- Department of Nutritional Science & Toxicology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3104.
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6
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Stamou M, Streifel KM, Goines PE, Lein PJ. Neuronal connectivity as a convergent target of gene × environment interactions that confer risk for Autism Spectrum Disorders. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2013; 36:3-16. [PMID: 23269408 PMCID: PMC3610799 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Revised: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Evidence implicates environmental factors in the pathogenesis of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). However, the identity of specific environmental chemicals that influence ASD risk, severity or treatment outcome remains elusive. The impact of any given environmental exposure likely varies across a population according to individual genetic substrates, and this increases the difficulty of identifying clear associations between exposure and ASD diagnoses. Heritable genetic vulnerabilities may amplify adverse effects triggered by environmental exposures if genetic and environmental factors converge to dysregulate the same signaling systems at critical times of development. Thus, one strategy for identifying environmental risk factors for ASD is to screen for environmental factors that modulate the same signaling pathways as ASD susceptibility genes. Recent advances in defining the molecular and cellular pathology of ASD point to altered patterns of neuronal connectivity in the developing brain as the neurobiological basis of these disorders. Studies of syndromic ASD and rare highly penetrant mutations or CNVs in ASD suggest that ASD risk genes converge on several major signaling pathways linked to altered neuronal connectivity in the developing brain. This review briefly summarizes the evidence implicating dysfunctional signaling via Ca(2+)-dependent mechanisms, extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK)/phosphatidylinositol-3-kinases (PI3K) and neuroligin-neurexin-SHANK as convergent molecular mechanisms in ASD, and then discusses examples of environmental chemicals for which there is emerging evidence of their potential to interfere with normal neuronal connectivity via perturbation of these signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Stamou
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California at Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis CA, 95616, United States
| | - Karin M. Streifel
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California at Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis CA, 95616, United States
| | - Paula E. Goines
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California at Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis CA, 95616, United States
| | - Pamela J. Lein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California at Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis CA, 95616, United States
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7
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Abstract
c-MET is a receptor tyrosine kinase that, after binding with its ligand, hepatocyte growth factor, activates a wide range of different cellular signaling pathways, including those involved in proliferation, motility, migration and invasion. Although c-MET is important in the control of tissue homeostasis under normal physiological conditions, it has also been found to be aberrantly activated in human cancers via mutation, amplification or protein overexpression. This paper provides an overview of the c-MET signaling pathway, including its role in the development of cancers, and provides a rationale for targeting the pathway as a possible treatment option.
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8
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Badamtseren B, Odkhuu E, Koide N, Haque A, Naiki Y, Hashimoto S, Komatsu T, Yoshida T, Yokochi T. Thalidomide inhibits interferon-γ-mediated nitric oxide production in mouse vascular endothelial cells. Cell Immunol 2011; 270:19-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2011.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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9
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Zhao Y, He D, Stern R, Usatyuk PV, Spannhake EW, Salgia R, Natarajan V. Lysophosphatidic acid modulates c-Met redistribution and hepatocyte growth factor/c-Met signaling in human bronchial epithelial cells through PKC delta and E-cadherin. Cell Signal 2007; 19:2329-38. [PMID: 17689924 PMCID: PMC2149844 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2007.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2007] [Accepted: 07/05/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Previously we demonstrated that ligation of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) to G protein-coupled LPA receptors induces transactivation of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), such as platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGF-Rbeta) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R), in primary cultures of human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEpCs). Here we examined the role of LPA on c-Met redistribution and modulation of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/c-Met pathways in HBEpCs. Treatment of HBEpCs with LPA-induced c-Met serine phosphorylation and redistribution to plasma membrane, while treatment with HGF-induced c-Met internalization. Pretreatment with LPA reversed HGF-induced c-Met internalization. Overexpression of dominant negative (Dn)-PKC delta or pretreatment with Rottlerin or Pertussis toxin (PTx) attenuated LPA-induced c-Met serine phosphorylation and redistribution. Co-immnuoprecipitation and immunocytochemistry showed that E-cadherin interacted with c-Met in HBEpCs. LPA treatment induced E-cadherin and c-Met complex redistribution to plasma membranes. Overexpression of Dn-PKC delta attenuated LPA-induced E-cadherin redistribution and E-cadherin siRNA attenuated LPA-induced c-Met redistribution to plasma membrane. Furthermore, pretreatment of LPA attenuated HGF-induced c-Met tyrosine phosphorylation and downstream signaling, such as Akt kinase phosphorylation and cell motility. These results demonstrate that LPA regulates c-Met function through PKC delta and E-cadherin in HBEpCs, suggesting an alternate function of the cross-talk between G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and RTKs in HBEpCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Zhao
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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10
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Munaron L, Antoniotti S, Lovisolo D. Intracellular calcium signals and control of cell proliferation: how many mechanisms? J Cell Mol Med 2005; 8:161-8. [PMID: 15256064 PMCID: PMC6740139 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2004.tb00271.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The progression through the cell cycle in non-transformed cells is under the strict control of extracellular signals called mitogens, that act by eliciting complex cascades of intracellular messengers. Among them, increases in cytosolic free calcium concentration have been long realized to play a crucial role; however, the mechanisms coupling membrane receptor activation to calcium signals are still only partially understood, as are the pathways of calcium entry in the cytosol. This article centers on the role of calcium influx from the extracellular medium in the control of proliferative processes, and reviews the current understanding of the pathways responsible for this influx and of the second messengers involved in their activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Munaron
- Department of Animal and Human Biology, University of Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Torino, Italy.
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11
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van der Voort R, Taher TE, Derksen PW, Spaargaren M, van der Neut R, Pals ST. The hepatocyte growth factor/Met pathway in development, tumorigenesis, and B-cell differentiation. Adv Cancer Res 2000; 79:39-90. [PMID: 10818677 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-230x(00)79002-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
This article summarizes the structure, signal transduction and physiologic functions of the HGF/Met pathway, as well as its role in tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis. Moreover, it highlights recent studies indicating a role for the HGF/Met pathway in antigen-specific B-cell development and B-cell neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- R van der Voort
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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12
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Stuart KA, Riordan SM, Lidder S, Crostella L, Williams R, Skouteris GG. Hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor-induced intracellular signalling. Int J Exp Pathol 2000; 81:17-30. [PMID: 10718861 PMCID: PMC2517792 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2613.2000.00138.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) identical to scatter factor (SF) is a glycoprotein involved in the development of a number of cellular phenotypes, including proliferation, mitogenesis, formation of branching tubules and, in the case of tumour cells, invasion and metastasis. This fascinating cytokine transduces its activities via its receptor encoded by the c-met oncogene, coupled to a number of transducers integrating the HGF/SF signal to the cytosol and the nucleus. The downstream transducers coupled to HGF/MET, most of which participate in overlapping pathways, determine the development of the cell's phenotype, which in most cell types is dual.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Stuart
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Royal Free and University College London Medical School, London, UK
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13
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Vigna E, Gramaglia D, Longati P, Bardelli A, Comoglio PM. Loss of the exon encoding the juxtamembrane domain is essential for the oncogenic activation of TPR-MET. Oncogene 1999; 18:4275-81. [PMID: 10435641 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1202791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
TPR-MET, a transforming counterpart of the c-MET proto-oncogene detected in experimental and human cancer, results from fusion of the MET kinase domain with a dimerization motif encoded by TPR. In this rearrangement the exons encoding the Met extracellular, transmembrane and juxtamembrane domains are lost. The juxtamembrane domain has been suggested to be a regulatory region endowed with negative feedback control. To understand whether its absence is critical for the generation of the Tpr-Met transforming potential, we produced a chimeric molecule (Tpr-juxtaMet) with a conserved juxtamembrane domain. The presence of the domain (aa 962-1009) strongly inhibited Tpr-Met dependent cell transformation. Cell proliferation, anchorage-independent growth, motility and invasion were also impaired. The enzymatic behavior of Tpr-Met and Tpr-juxtaMet was the same, while Tpr-juxtaMet ability to associate cytoplasmic signal transducers and to elicit downstream signaling was severely impaired. These data indicate that the presence of the juxtamembrane domain counterbalances the Tpr-Met transforming potential and therefore the loss of the exon encoding the juxtamembrane domain is crucial in the generation of the active TPR-MET oncogene.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
- Animals
- Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Dimerization
- Enzyme Activation
- Exons/genetics
- Feedback
- Fibroblasts
- GRB2 Adaptor Protein
- Humans
- Leucine Zippers/genetics
- Leucine Zippers/physiology
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/chemistry
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/physiology
- Phosphoproteins/genetics
- Phosphoproteins/metabolism
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Proteins/genetics
- Proteins/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Mas
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred F344
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/physiology
- Sequence Deletion
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Transfection
- Tumor Stem Cell Assay
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Affiliation(s)
- E Vigna
- Institute for Cancer Research and Treatment (IRCC), University of Torino School of Medicine, Italy
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14
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Yano K, Nakao K, Sayama K, Hamasaki K, Kato Y, Nakata K, Ishii N, Butterfield JH, Galli SJ. The HMC-1 human mast cell line expresses the hepatocyte growth factor receptor c-met. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997; 239:740-5. [PMID: 9367839 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1997.7546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) was originally characterized as a strong inducer of liver regeneration. However, it is now clear that HGF and its receptor, the proto-oncogene c-met, can be expressed in many other tissues, and that HGF can mediate diverse biological activities. We investigated the expression and function of c-met in a human mast cell line (HMC-1). We found that HMC-1 cells express c-met and that c-met expression can be upregulated by treatment of the cells with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). Although HGF did not detectably influence the proliferation or morphology of HMC-1 cells, HGF inhibited the cells' ability to release tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in response to stimulation with PMA and the calcium ionophore, A23187. These results add the inhibition of TNF-alpha production to the other recognized effects of HGF/c-met on cellular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yano
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Japan
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15
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Skouteris GG, Schröder CH. The hepatocyte growth factor receptor kinase-mediated phosphorylation of lipocortin-1 transduces the proliferating signal of the hepatocyte growth factor. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:27266-73. [PMID: 8910300 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.44.27266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), which is identical to scatter factor (SF) through coupling to its receptor the product of c-met oncogene, was found to induce proliferation of A549 lung carcinoma cell line, accompanied by release of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). This activity was sensitive to 0.1-100 microM indomethacin and to 5-50 nM of verapamil. Lipocortin-1, a dexamethasone-inducible inhibitor of phospholipase A2, was shown to be phosphorylated on tyrosine 10 min upon addition of HGF and to translocate to the membrane fraction for up to 6 h upon ligand stimulation. Lipocortin-1 was found to associate in vivo with the HGF receptor species, and this association was independent of the phosphorylation state of the beta-subunit of the HGF receptor (p145betaMET. Immobilized HGF receptor kinase species associated and phosphorylated in vitro lipocortin-1, thus providing evidence that lipocortin-1 is directly phosphorylated by the p145betaMET. Incubation of A549 cells with antisense 21-mer lipocortin-1 oligonucleotides reduced the synthesis and the HGF-stimulated phosphorylation of lipocortin-1 as well as the HGF-stimulated cell proliferation. In processes where the HGF receptor tyrosine kinase is activated, phosphorylation of lipocortin-1 may function as a "signal amplifier" promoting the release of intercellular messengers (PGE2) with pluripotent roles in cell proliferation, chemotaxis, and vascular remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- G G Skouteris
- Division of Virus-Host Interactions, Research Program of Applied Tumor Virology, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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16
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Webb CP, Lane K, Dawson AP, Vande Woude GF, Warn RM. C-Met signalling in an HGF/SF-insensitive variant MDCK cell line with constitutive motile/invasive behaviour. J Cell Sci 1996; 109 ( Pt 9):2371-81. [PMID: 8886986 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.109.9.2371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Met protein is a receptor tyrosine kinase for hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF), a multifunctional growth factor with mitogenic, motogenic and morphogenic properties. A morphologically altered variant of the MDCK cell line, MDCK-1, spontaneously exhibits a number of features associated with a partial HGF/SF-Met induced phenotype (less adhesive colonies in culture, enhanced invasion and motility, nascent tubule formation), but paradoxically does not respond to HGF/SF treatment. Although the overall cell surface expression and distribution of Met were found to be similar in parental MDCK cells and the MDCK-1 cell line, p145met autophosphorylation (+/ HGF/SF) was significantly reduced in MDCK-1 cells in vitro and in vivo when compared with parental MDCK cells. In contrast, EGF induced cell proliferation and EGF receptor autophosphorylation to similar levels in both cell lines. The basal levels of protein tyrosine phosphorylation were higher in MDCK-1 cells when compared with parental MDCK cells, including that of two prominent proteins with molecular masses of approximately 185 kDa and 220 kDa. Moreover, both p185 and p220 are present and tyrosine phosphorylated in Met immunoprecipitates from MDCK-1 cells (+/-HGF/SF), but not parental MDCK cells. In addition, Met immunocomplexes from MDCK-1 cells exhibited an approximately 3-fold increased tyrosine kinase activity in vitro when compared with MDCK cells, correlating with the higher basal levels of total phosphotyrosine. Treatment of MDCK-1 cells with the tyrosine kinase inhibitor herbimycin A reverted the cell phenotype to a more MDCK-like morphology in culture, with a concomitant reduction in the tyrosine phosphorylation predominantly of p220. Taken together these data suggest that aberrations in Met activity and associated signalling render MDCK-1 cells insensitive to HGF/SF, and may also mediate alterations in MDCK-1 cell behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Webb
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, UK
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17
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Cioce V, Csaky KG, Chan AM, Bottaro DP, Taylor WG, Jensen R, Aaronson SA, Rubin JS. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/NK1 is a naturally occurring HGF/scatter factor variant with partial agonist/antagonist activity. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:13110-5. [PMID: 8662798 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.22.13110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF) stimulates cell proliferation, motility, and morphogenesis by activation of its receptor, the c-Met tyrosine kinase. HGF/SF is structurally related to plasminogen, including an amino-terminal hairpin loop, four kringle domains, and a serine protease-like region. A truncated HGF/SF isoform, designated HGF/NK2, which extends through the second kringle domain and behaves as a competitive HGF/SF antagonist, was previously shown to be encoded by an alternative HGF/SF transcript. In this study, we describe a second naturally occurring HGF/SF variant, HGF/NK1, consisting of the HGF/SF amino-terminal sequence and first kringle domain. This product is encoded by a 2-kilobase alternative transcript containing intronic sequence that was contiguous with exon K1b. Analysis of baculovirus-expressed HGF/NK1 revealed that this isoform possesses the heparin binding properties of HGF/SF and modest mitogenic and scattering activity relative to HGF/SF. However, at a 40-fold molar excess, HGF/NK1 inhibited HGF/SF-dependent DNA synthesis. HGF/NK1 stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of Met, and covalent affinity cross-linking demonstrated a direct HGF/NK1-receptor interaction. These findings establish that the HGF/SF gene encodes multiple alternative products, which include not only a mitogenic agonist (HGF/SF) and a pure antagonist (HGF/NK2) but also a molecule with partial agonist/antagonist properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Cioce
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Abstract
Calcium is a potent mitogen and transmodulator of growth factor receptor activity, but does not activate tyrosine kinases in ligand-deprived cells (Epstein et al. 1992) Cell Growth Different. 3, 157-164). In this study the mitogenic and transcriptional effects of increased extracellular calcium and ionophore are shown to be identical in 3T3 cells, consistent with mediation of these effects via increased intracellular calcium availability. Near-maximal mitogenic and transcriptional effects are seen after brief exposure to increased extracellular calcium or ionophore, while additive effects occur with co-administration of calcium and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). Exposure of PDGF-primed cells to calcium or ionophore is associated with a substantial enhancement of receptor tyrosine autophosphorylation which is abrogated by calcium channel blockade or intracellular calcium chelation. In contrast, pretreatment of quiescent cells with calcium or ionophore significantly diminishes subsequent PDGF-inducible receptor autophosphorylation. Intracellular calcium thus appears to potentiate the kinase activity of ligand-stimulated PDGF receptors while inhibiting ligand-inducible activation of unstimulated receptors. These findings suggest a model of receptor tyrosine kinase regulation involving calcium-dependent positive and negative feedback loops which vary with the activation state of the receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Epstein
- Division of Cell, Molecular and Oncology Research, Charing Cross and Westminister Medical School, University of London, UK
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Bardelli A, Ponzetto C, Comoglio PM. Identification of functional domains in the hepatocyte growth factor and its receptor by molecular engineering. J Biotechnol 1994; 37:109-22. [PMID: 7765452 DOI: 10.1016/0168-1656(94)90002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF) is a heparin-binding polypeptide which shares structural domains with enzymes of the blood clotting cascade. HGF/SF is secreted by cells of mesodermal origin and has powerful mitogenic, motogenic and morphogenic activity on epithelial and endothelial cells. HGF/SF is produced as a biologically inactive single-chain precursor (pro-HGF/SF) most of which is sequestered on the cell surface or bound to the extracellular matrix. Maturation into the active alpha beta heterodimer results from proteolytic cleavage by a urokinase-type protease, which acts as a pro-HGF/SF convertase. The primary determinant for receptor binding appears to be located within the alpha-chain. The interaction of the alpha-chain with the receptor is sufficient for the activation of the signal cascade involved in the motility response. However, the complete HGF/SF protein seems to be required to elicit a mitogenic response. HGF/SF binds with high affinity to a transmembrane receptor, p190MET, encoded by the MET proto-oncogene. p190MET is the prototype of a distinct subfamily of heterodimeric tyrosine kinases, including the putative receptors Ron and Sea. The mature form of p190MET is a heterodimer of two disulfide-linked subunits (alpha and beta). The alpha-subunit is extracellular and heavily glycosylated. The beta-subunit consists of an extracellular portion involved in ligand binding, a membrane spanning segment, and a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase domain. Both subunits derive from glycosylation and proteolytic cleavage of a common precursor of 170 kDa. In polarized epithelial cells the HGF/SF receptor is selectively exposed in the basolateral plasmalemma, where it is associated with detergent-insoluble components. Two Met isoforms, carrying an intact ligand binding domain but lacking the kinase domain due to truncation of the beta-subunit, arise from alternative post-transcriptional processing of the mature form. One truncated form is soluble and released from the cells. HGF/SF binding triggers tyrosine autophosphorylation of the receptor beta-subunit. Autophosphorylation on the major phosphorylation site Y1235 upregulates the kinase activity of the receptor, increasing the Vmax of the phosphotransfer reaction. Negative regulation of the kinase activity occurs through phosphorylation of a unique serine residue (S985) located in the juxtamembrane domain of the receptor. This phosphorylation is triggered by two distinct pathways involving either protein kinase C activation or increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration. Upon ligand binding, the HGF/SF receptor recruits and activates several cytoplasmic effectors, including phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-K), phospholipase C-gamma (PLC-gamma), pp60c-Src, a tyrosine phosphatase, and a Ras-guanine nucleotide exchanger.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bardelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Oncology, University of Torino School of Medicine, Italy
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Stolz DB, Michalopoulos GK. Comparative effects of hepatocyte growth factor and epidermal growth factor on motility, morphology, mitogenesis, and signal transduction of primary rat hepatocytes. J Cell Biochem 1994; 55:445-64. [PMID: 7962176 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.240550405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) are major hepatocyte mitogens, but HGF, also known as scatter factor (SF), has also been shown as a potent motogen for epithelial and endothelial cells. The mechanisms by which HGF is a stronger motogen compared to other mitogens are not understood. Here we report a comparative study of the effect of the two growth factors on cultured primary rat hepatocytes regarding their differential effects on morphology, mitogenicity, and motility as well as the phosphorylation of cytoskeletal-associated proteins. Using three different motility assays, both HGF and EGF increased the motility of hepatocytes, but HGF consistently elicited a significantly greater motility response than EGF. Additionally, HGF induced a more flattened, highly spread morphology compared to EGF. To examine if HGF and EGF phosphorylated different cytoskeletal elements as signal transduction targets in view of the observed variation in morphology and motility, primary cultures of 32P-loaded rat hepatocytes were stimulated by either HGF or EGF for up to 60 min. Both mitogens rapidly stimulated four isoforms of MAP kinase with similar kinetics and also rapidly facilitated the phosphorylation of cytoskeletal-associated F-actin. Two cytoskeletal-associated proteins, however, were observed to undergo rapid phosphorylation by HGF and not EGF during the time points described. One protein of 28 kDa was observed to become phosphorylated fivefold over controls, while the EGF-stimulated cells showed only a slight increase in the phosphorylation of this protein. Another protein with an apparent mwt of 42 kDa was phosphorylated 20-fold at 1 min and remained phosphorylated over 50-fold over control up to the 60 min time point. This protein was observed to become phosphorylated by EGF only after 10 min, and to a lesser extent (20-fold). Taken together, the data suggest that HGF and EGF stimulate divergent as well as redundant signal transduction pathways in the hepatocyte cytoskeleton, and this may result in unique HGF- or EGF-specific motility, morphology, and mitogenicity in hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Stolz
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania 15261
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Boccaccio C, Gaudino G, Gambarotta G, Galimi F, Comoglio P. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) receptor expression is inducible and is part of the delayed-early response to HGF. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)99953-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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22
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Crepaldi T, Prat M, Giordano S, Medico E, Comoglio P. Generation of a truncated hepatocyte growth factor receptor in the endoplasmic reticulum. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)42091-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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23
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Gandino L, Longati P, Medico E, Prat M, Comoglio P. Phosphorylation of serine 985 negatively regulates the hepatocyte growth factor receptor kinase. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)42099-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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24
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Jiang WG, Hallett MB, Puntis MC. Hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor, liver regeneration and cancer metastasis. Br J Surg 1993; 80:1368-73. [PMID: 8252338 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.1800801104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is the most potent stimulator of hepatocyte growth and DNA synthesis identified; it is now known to be the same molecule as scatter factor, which increases the motility of a variety of cell types. HGF is becoming recognized as one of the most important factors in the regulation of liver regeneration after surgical resection or chemical damage. HGF is produced by several tissues, including neoplasms; it can therefore provide a stimulus for increased motility of malignant cells by both a paracrine and autocrine mechanism. The receptor for HGF has been identified as the product of the oncogene c-met, raising the possibility that this gene plays a key role in facilitating cellular invasion. HGF may therefore be important not only for liver cell growth but also in metastasis. This article summarizes the current position of research on HGF, and presents both clinical and scientific evidence that strongly implicates this factor in liver regeneration and cancer invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- W G Jiang
- Department of Surgery, University of Wales College of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
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Villa-Moruzzi E, Lapi S, Prat M, Gaudino G, Comoglio P. A protein tyrosine phosphatase activity associated with the hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor receptor. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)46826-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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26
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Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF) is secreted by cells of mesodermal origin and shows powerful mitogenic, motogenic and morphogenic activities on epithelial and endothelial cells. It is a heparin-binding polypeptide with an alpha/beta heterodimeric structure, showing structural homologies with enzymes of the blood clotting cascade. HGF binds with high affinity to the receptor encoded by the MET protooncogene (p190MET). The MET receptor is a heterodimer of two disulfide-linked subunits (alpha and beta); the alpha subunit is extracellular, while the beta is transmembrane and endowed with tyrosine kinase activity. The HGF-triggered signalling is mediated by different cytoplasmic effectors, including phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, phospholipase C-gamma, and Src-related tyrosine kinases. p190MET is expressed in several normal epithelial tissues (e.g., liver, gastrointestinal tract, kidney) and is often overexpressed in neoplastic cells. p190MET expression has been reported also in central nervous system microglia, a monocyte-derived cell population. We recently found that p190MET is expressed in selected peripheral blood cell populations, such as macrophages. The amount of both mRNA and protein is barely detectable, while it is dramatically increased upon activation. These findings suggest that HGF may play a role in hemopoietic cell signaling, during activation and differentiation of blood cell lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Galimi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Oncology, University of Turin, School of Medicine, Italy
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27
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Graziani A, Gramaglia D, Cantley L, Comoglio P. The tyrosine-phosphorylated hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor receptor associates with phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)54536-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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28
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Ferracini R, Longati P, Naldini L, Vigna E, Comoglio P. Identification of the major autophosphorylation site of the Met/hepatocyte growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)55031-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
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