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Takahashi M, Shirai Y, Sugawa S. Free-Radical Generation from Bulk Nanobubbles in Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions: ESR Spin-Trap Observation of Microbubble-Treated Water. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:5005-5011. [PMID: 33857377 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c00469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microbubbles are very fine bubbles that shrink and collapse underwater within several minutes, leading to the generation of free radicals. Electron spin resonance spectroscopy (ESR) confirmed the generation of hydroxyl radicals under strongly acidic conditions. The drastic environmental change caused by the collapse of the microbubbles may trigger radical generation via the dispersion of the elevated chemical potential that had accumulated around the gas-water interface. The present study also confirmed the generation of ESR signals from the microbubble-treated waters even after several months had elapsed following the dispersion of the microbubbles. Bulk nanobubbles were expected to be the source of the spin-adducts of hydroxyl radicals. Such microbubble stabilization and conversion might be caused by the formation of solid microbubble shells generated by iron ions in the condensed ionic cloud around the microbubble. Therefore, the addition of a strong acid might cause drastic changes in the environment and destroy the stabilized condition. This would restart the collapsing process, leading to hydroxyl radical generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Takahashi
- New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, 6-6-10 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Shirai
- New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, 6-6-10 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Shigetoshi Sugawa
- New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, 6-6-10 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
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2
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Levy M, Courtney CM, Chowdhury PP, Ding Y, Grey EL, Goodman SM, Chatterjee A, Nagpal P. Assessing Different Reactive Oxygen Species as Potential Antibiotics: Selectivity of Intracellular Superoxide Generation Using Quantum Dots. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2018; 1:529-537. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.8b00292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Max Levy
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Colleen M. Courtney
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Partha P. Chowdhury
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Yuchen Ding
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Emerson L. Grey
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Samuel M. Goodman
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Anushree Chatterjee
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Prashant Nagpal
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
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3
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Activation of Anthracene Endoperoxides in Leishmania and Impairment of Mitochondrial Functions. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23071680. [PMID: 29996524 PMCID: PMC6100073 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease caused by protozoal Leishmania. Because of resistance development against current drugs, new antileishmanial compounds are urgently needed. Endoperoxides (EPs) are successfully used in malaria therapy, and experimental evidence of their potential against leishmaniasis exists. Anthracene endoperoxides (AcEPs) have so far been only technically used and not explored for their leishmanicidal potential. This study verified the in vitro efficiency and mechanism of AcEPs against both Leishmania promastigotes and axenic amastigotes (L. tarentolae and L. donovani) as well as their toxicity in J774 macrophages. Additionally, the kinetics and radical products of AcEPs’ reaction with iron, the formation of radicals by AcEPs in Leishmania, as well as the resulting impairment of parasite mitochondrial functions were studied. Using electron paramagnetic resonance combined with spin trapping, photometry, and fluorescence-based oximetry, AcEPs were demonstrated to (i) show antileishmanial activity in vitro at IC50 values in a low micromolar range, (ii) exhibit host cell toxicity in J774 macrophages, (iii) react rapidly with iron (II) resulting in the formation of oxygen- and carbon-centered radicals, (iv) produce carbon-centered radicals which could secondarily trigger superoxide radical formation in Leishmania, and (v) impair mitochondrial functions in Leishmania during parasite killing. Overall, the data of different AcEPs demonstrate that their structures besides the peroxo bridge strongly influence their activity and mechanism of their antileishmanial action.
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Prado TMD, Cincotto FH, Machado SA. Spectroelectrochemical study of acetylsalicylic acid in neutral medium and its quantification in clinical and environmental samples. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Malisza KL, Hasinoff BB. Hydroxyl radical production by the iron complex of the hydrolysis product of the antioxidant cardioprotective agent ICRF-187 (dexrazoxane). Redox Rep 2016; 2:69-73. [DOI: 10.1080/13510002.1996.11747029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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6
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Tomita M. Studies on paraquat toxicity on deoxyribonucleic acid of cultured mammalian cells using flow cytometry. Redox Rep 2016; 2:19-24. [DOI: 10.1080/13510002.1996.11747022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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7
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Sosan A, Svistunenko D, Straltsova D, Tsiurkina K, Smolich I, Lawson T, Subramaniam S, Golovko V, Anderson D, Sokolik A, Colbeck I, Demidchik V. Engineered silver nanoparticles are sensed at the plasma membrane and dramatically modify the physiology of Arabidopsis thaliana plants. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 85:245-57. [PMID: 26676841 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Revised: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) are the world's most important nanomaterial and nanotoxicant. The aim of this study was to determine the early stages of interactions between Ag NPs and plant cells, and to investigate their physiological roles. We have shown that the addition of Ag NPs to cultivation medium, at levels above 300 mg L(-1) , inhibited Arabidopsis thaliana root elongation and leaf expansion. This also resulted in decreased photosynthetic efficiency and the extreme accumulation of Ag in tissues. Acute application of Ag NPs induced a transient elevation of [Ca(2+) ]cyt and the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS; partially generated by NADPH oxidase). Whole-cell patch-clamp measurements on root cell protoplasts demonstrated that Ag NPs slightly inhibited plasma membrane K(+) efflux and Ca(2+) influx currents, or caused membrane breakdown; however, in excised outside-out patches, Ag NPs activated Gd(3+) -sensitive Ca(2+) influx channels with unitary conductance of approximately 56 pS. Bulk particles did not modify the plasma membrane currents. Tests with electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy showed that Ag NPs were not able to catalyse hydroxyl radical generation, but that they directly oxidized the major plant antioxidant, l-ascorbic acid. Overall, the data presented shed light on mechanisms of the impact of nanosilver on plant cells, and show that these include the induction of classical stress signalling reactions (mediated by [Ca(2+) ]cyt and ROS) and a specific effect on the plasma membrane conductance and the reduced ascorbate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arifa Sosan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex, CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Dimitri Svistunenko
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex, CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Darya Straltsova
- Department of Plant Cell Biology and Bioengineering, Biological Faculty, Belarusian State University, 4 Independence Square, Minsk, 220030, Belarus
| | - Katsiaryna Tsiurkina
- Department of Plant Cell Biology and Bioengineering, Biological Faculty, Belarusian State University, 4 Independence Square, Minsk, 220030, Belarus
| | - Igor Smolich
- Department of Plant Cell Biology and Bioengineering, Biological Faculty, Belarusian State University, 4 Independence Square, Minsk, 220030, Belarus
| | - Tracy Lawson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex, CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Sunitha Subramaniam
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex, CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Vladimir Golovko
- Department of Chemistry, The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8041, New Zealand
| | - David Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8041, New Zealand
| | - Anatoliy Sokolik
- Department of Plant Cell Biology and Bioengineering, Biological Faculty, Belarusian State University, 4 Independence Square, Minsk, 220030, Belarus
| | - Ian Colbeck
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex, CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Vadim Demidchik
- Department of Plant Cell Biology and Bioengineering, Biological Faculty, Belarusian State University, 4 Independence Square, Minsk, 220030, Belarus
- Russian Academy of Sciences, Komarov Botanical Institute, 2 Professora Popova Street, 197376, St.-Petersburg, Russia
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8
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Wang P, Lei J, Su M, Liu Y, Hao Q, Ju H. Highly Efficient Visual Detection of Trace Copper(II) and Protein by the Quantum Photoelectric Effect. Anal Chem 2013; 85:8735-40. [DOI: 10.1021/ac401749u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical
Chemistry for Life Science, Department of Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jianping Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical
Chemistry for Life Science, Department of Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Mengqi Su
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical
Chemistry for Life Science, Department of Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yueting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical
Chemistry for Life Science, Department of Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Qing Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical
Chemistry for Life Science, Department of Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Huangxian Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical
Chemistry for Life Science, Department of Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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9
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Allouch A, Lauricella R, Tuccio B. Effect of pH on superoxide/hydroperoxyl radical trapping by nitrones: an EPR/kinetic study. Mol Phys 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00268970701494024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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10
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Du LB, Wang LF, Liu YP, Jia HY, Liu Y, Liu KJ, Tian Q. Effect of 2, 5-substituents on the stability of cyclic nitrone superoxide spin adducts: A density functional theory approach. Free Radic Res 2010; 44:751-78. [PMID: 20370568 PMCID: PMC3074479 DOI: 10.3109/10715761003758130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, five cyclic nitrone superoxide spin adducts, i.e. DMPO-OOH, M(3)PO-OOH, EMPO-OOH, DEPMPO-OOH and DEPDMPO-OOH, were chosen as model compounds to investigate the effect of 2,5-subsitituents on their stability, through structural analysis and decay thermodynamics using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Analysis of the optimized geometries reveals that none of the previously proposed stabilizing factors, including intramolecular H-bonds, intramolecular non-bonding interactions, bulky steric protection nor the C(2)-N(1) bond distance can be used to clearly explain the effect of 2,5-substituents on the stability of the spin adducts. Subsequent study found that spin densities on the nitroxyl nitrogen and oxygen are well correlated with the half-lives of the spin adducts and consequently are the proper parameters to characterize the effect of 2,5-substituents on their stability. Examination of the decomposition thermodynamics further supports the effect of the substituents on the persistence of cyclic nitrone superoxide spin adducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Bo Du
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Center for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China, and Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Lan-Fen Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Center for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China, and Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yang-Ping Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Center for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China, and Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- Center for Biomedical EPR Spectroscopy and Imaging, The Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Hong-Ying Jia
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Center for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China, and Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Center for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China, and Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Ke Jian Liu
- College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, 2502 Marble NE, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Qiu Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Center for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China, and Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
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11
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Mishin V, Gray JP, Heck DE, Laskin DL, Laskin JD. Application of the Amplex red/horseradish peroxidase assay to measure hydrogen peroxide generation by recombinant microsomal enzymes. Free Radic Biol Med 2010; 48:1485-91. [PMID: 20188819 PMCID: PMC3643635 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2009] [Revised: 02/04/2010] [Accepted: 02/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The formation of reactive oxygen species by the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase system is thought to be due to autoxidation of NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase and the nonproductive decay of oxygen-bound cytochrome P450 intermediates. To characterize this process in recombinant microsomal enzymes, we used a highly sensitive hydrogen peroxide assay based on Amplex red oxidation. This assay is 20 times more sensitive (LLD=5.0pmol/assay and LLQ=30pmol/assay) than the standard ferrous thiocyanate assay for detection of hydrogen peroxide. We found low, but detectable, spontaneous generation of hydrogen peroxide by recombinant human NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase complexes (0.09nmol hydrogen peroxide/min/100Units of NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase). Significantly higher rates of hydrogen peroxide production were observed when recombinant cytochrome P450 enzymes were coexpressed with NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (0.31nmol of hydrogen peroxide/min/100Units of NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase). This was independent of the addition of any exogenous cytochrome P450 substrates. These data demonstrate that cytochrome P450s are a major source of hydrogen peroxide in the recombinant cytochrome P450 monooxygenase system. Moreover, substrate binding is not required for the cytochrome P450s to generate reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Mishin
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | | | - Diane E. Heck
- Environmental Health Science, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595
| | - Debra L. Laskin
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Jeffrey D. Laskin
- Environmental and Occupational Medicine, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854
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12
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Demidchik V, Cuin TA, Svistunenko D, Smith SJ, Miller AJ, Shabala S, Sokolik A, Yurin V. Arabidopsis root K+-efflux conductance activated by hydroxyl radicals: single-channel properties, genetic basis and involvement in stress-induced cell death. J Cell Sci 2010; 123:1468-79. [PMID: 20375061 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.064352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are central to plant stress response, signalling, development and a multitude of other processes. In this study, the plasma-membrane hydroxyl radical (HR)-activated K(+) channel responsible for K(+) efflux from root cells during stress accompanied by ROS generation is characterised. The channel showed 16-pS unitary conductance and was sensitive to Ca(2+), tetraethylammonium, Ba(2+), Cs(+) and free-radical scavengers. The channel was not found in the gork1-1 mutant, which lacks a major plasma-membrane outwardly rectifying K(+) channel. In intact Arabidopsis roots, both HRs and stress induced a dramatic K(+) efflux that was much smaller in gork1-1 plants. Tests with electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy showed that NaCl can stimulate HR generation in roots and this might lead to K(+)-channel activation. In animals, activation of K(+)-efflux channels by HRs can trigger programmed cell death (PCD). PCD symptoms in Arabidopsis roots developed much more slowly in gork1-1 and wild-type plants treated with K(+)-channel blockers or HR scavengers. Therefore, similar to animal counterparts, plant HR-activated K(+) channels are also involved in PCD. Overall, this study provides new insight into the regulation of plant cation transport by ROS and demonstrates possible physiological properties of plant HR-activated K(+) channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Demidchik
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex CO4 5AP, UK.
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Mitsuta K. The Evaluation Theory of Free Radical Scavenging and the Application to Xanthine Oxidase. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2010. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20090311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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14
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Lauricella RP, Bouteiller JCH, Tuccio BN. Evidence of overestimation of rate constants for the superoxide trapping by nitrones in aqueous media. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009; 7:399-404. [PMID: 19785165 DOI: 10.1039/b413931c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Since major disagreements exist regarding the kinetics of superoxide trapping by nitrones, the underlying theory of one of the most popular method used in these studies was reinvestigated. It involves a competition between the nitrone of interest and a superoxide scavenger, and implies that the superoxide spontaneous dismutation, the spin adduct decay, and the consumption of the competitor during the course of the experiments are negligible events. Evidences of the importance of these three unduly neglected reactions are given, and errors connected to their omission are estimated. Hence this Stern-Volmer-like method should be avoided in the determination of rate constants for the trapping of superoxide by nitrones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Lauricella
- Laboratoire TRACES, JE 2421, Case 541, Université de Provence, Faculté de Saint Jérôme, Av. Escadrille Normandie Niemen, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
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15
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Floyd RA, Kopke RD, Choi CH, Foster SB, Doblas S, Towner RA. Nitrones as therapeutics. Free Radic Biol Med 2008; 45:1361-74. [PMID: 18793715 PMCID: PMC2796547 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2008] [Revised: 08/08/2008] [Accepted: 08/08/2008] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Nitrones have the general chemical formula X-CH=NO-Y. They were first used to trap free radicals in chemical systems and then subsequently in biochemical systems. More recently several nitrones, including alpha-phenyl-tert-butylnitrone (PBN), have been shown to have potent biological activity in many experimental animal models. Many diseases of aging, including stroke, cancer development, Parkinson disease, and Alzheimer disease, are known to have enhanced levels of free radicals and oxidative stress. Some derivatives of PBN are significantly more potent than PBN and have undergone extensive commercial development for stroke. Recent research has shown that PBN-related nitrones also have anti-cancer activity in several experimental cancer models and have potential as therapeutics in some cancers. Also, in recent observations nitrones have been shown to act synergistically in combination with antioxidants in the prevention of acute acoustic-noise-induced hearing loss. The mechanistic basis of the potent biological activity of PBN-related nitrones is not known. Even though PBN-related nitrones do decrease oxidative stress and oxidative damage, their potent biological anti-inflammatory activity and their ability to alter cellular signaling processes cannot readily be explained by conventional notions of free radical trapping biochemistry. This review is focused on our studies and others in which the use of selected nitrones as novel therapeutics has been evaluated in experimental models in the context of free radical biochemical and cellular processes considered important in pathologic conditions and age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Floyd
- Experimental Therapeutics Research Program, Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
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16
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Chun YS, Yeo EJ, Suh HJ, Park JW. Spontaneous generation of reactive oxygen species in the mixture of cyanide and glycerol. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2005; 1030:43-51. [PMID: 15659779 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1329.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species are involved in tumor promotion or apoptosis. In assaying prooxidant or antioxidant activities, cyanide has been commonly used as an inhibitor of mitochondrial oxidases, peroxidases, or Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase, which have an influence on intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species. It has also been used to chemically mimic hypoxia. On the other hand, glycerol has been widely used as a stabilizer of various enzymes. In particular, glycerol is required to maintain the enzymatic activities of membrane-bound NAD(P)H oxidases extracted from surrounding phospholipids. Since both cyanide and glycerol are relatively inert, they have been used concomitantly regardless of any mutual interference. In this study, we demonstrate that a mixture of glycerol and cyanide reduced cytochrome c and nitroblue tetrazolium, both of which are superoxide anion indicators. The mixture also enhanced the production of superoxide anion in the presence of redox-cycling compounds. Superoxide production by the mixture was confirmed by electron spin resonance spectra. Moreover, the mixture induced lipid peroxidation and hemolysis in human erythrocytes. These results suggest that cyanide and glycerol should be used carefully in reaction systems used to measure superoxide production or antioxidant activity. However, sucrose and sodium azide in combination do not produce such artifacts and thus may be used as an alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Sook Chun
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, 28 Yongon-dong, Chongno-gu, Seoul 110-799 Korea
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17
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Allouch A, Roubaud V, Lauricella R, Bouteiller JC, Tuccio B. Spin trapping of superoxide by diester-nitrones. Org Biomol Chem 2005; 3:2458-62. [PMID: 15976863 DOI: 10.1039/b502836a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The nitrone N-[(1-oxidopyridin-1-ium-4-yl)-methylidene]-1,1-bis(ethoxycarbonyl)ethylamine N-oxide (DEEPyON) was synthesized and used as a spin trapping agent. The kinetic aspects of the superoxide detection by this new spin trap and by two other diester-nitrones, i.e. 2,2-diethoxycarbonyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrole-1-oxide (DEPO) and N-benzylidene-1,1-bis(ethoxycarbonyl)ethylamine N-oxide (DEEPN), were examined by determining the rate constants for the trapping reaction and for the spin adduct decay at pH 7.2. Comparing the results obtained to those given by analogous monoester-nitrones showed that both the spin trapping and the adduct decay reactions were faster in the presence of a second ester group in the cyclic nitrone series, while the superoxide trapping capacities of linear diester-nitrones were found to be dramatically weak. It follows from this study that DEPO and 2-ethoxycarbonyl-2-methyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrole-1-oxide (EMPO) are superior when it comes to superoxide detection. Below 0.005 mol dm(-3), DEPO is to date the only nitrone capable of clearly detecting superoxide, while EMPO should be preferred at higher spin trap concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Allouch
- Laboratoire TRACES, case 541, Universités d'Aix-Marseille 1 et 3, Faculté de St. Jérôme, 13397 Marseille cedex 20, France.
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Abstract
Electron paramagnetic resonance spin trapping has become an indispensable tool for the specific detection of reactive oxygen free radicals in biological systems. In this review we describe some of the advantages as well as some experimental considerations of this technique and how it can be applied to biological systems to measure oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick A Villamena
- Center for Biomedical EPR Spectroscopy and Imaging, and The Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Keszler A, Kalyanaraman B, Hogg N. Comparative investigation of superoxide trapping by cyclic nitrone spin traps: the use of singular value decomposition and multiple linear regression analysis. Free Radic Biol Med 2003; 35:1149-57. [PMID: 14572617 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(03)00497-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The kinetics of the reaction between superoxide and the spin trapping agents 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO), 5-(diethoxyphosphoryl)-5-methyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DEPMPO), and 5-tert-butoxycarbonyl-5-methyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (BMPO) were re-examined in the superoxide-generating xanthine/xanthine oxidase system, by competition with spontaneous dismutation. The approach used singular value decomposition (SVD), multiple linear regression, and spectral simulation. The experiments were carried out using a two-syringe mixing arrangement with fast scan acquisition of 100 consecutive EPR spectra. Using SVD analysis, the extraction of both temporal and spectral information could be obtained from in a single run. The superoxide spin adduct was the exclusive EPR active species in the case of DEPMPO and BMPO, and the major component when DMPO was used. In the latter case a very low concentration of hydroxyl adduct was also observed, which did not change during the decay of the DMPO-superoxide adduct. This indicates that the hydroxyl radical adduct is not formed from the spontaneous decay of the superoxide radical adduct, as has been previously suggested [correction]. It was established that in short-term studies (up to 100 s) DMPO was the superior spin trapping agent, but for reaction times longer than 100 s the other two spin traps were more advantageous. The second order rate constants for the spin trapping reaction were found to be DMPO (2.4 M(-1)s(-1)), DEPMPO (0.53 M(-1)s(-1)), and BMPO (0.24 M(-1)s(-1)) determined through competition with spontaneous dismutation of superoxide, at pH 7.4 and 20 degrees C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Keszler
- Department of Biophysics and Free Radical Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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20
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Cheng SA, Fung WK, Chan KY, Shen PK. Optimizing electron spin resonance detection of hydroxyl radical in water. CHEMOSPHERE 2003; 52:1797-1805. [PMID: 12871746 DOI: 10.1016/s0045-6535(03)00369-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The parameters affecting the electron spin resonance (ESR) detection of hydroxyl free radical in water are studied and optimized. The hydroxyl radical is generated by the Fenton reaction with iron (II) ammonium sulfate and hydrogen peroxide reacting in a phosphate buffer using N-tert-butyl-alpha-phenylnitron as the spin trap. The concentrations of Fe(2+), H(2)O(2), and phosphate buffer are the parameters studied. The Taguchi method and the orthogonal experiment design were used to evaluate the effects of these parameters on the ESR signal intensity. By the analysis of the signal-to-noise ratio and the analysis of variance, the order of importance of the various parameters on the hydroxyl radical formation is determined for optimal ESR detection of hydroxyl radical. The results will help the development of water purification technologies using hydroxyl free radical as a green oxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-An Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, SAR, Hong Kong, China
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21
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Oettl K, Wirleitner B, Baier-Bitterlich G, Grammer T, Fuchs D, Reibnegger G. Formation of oxygen radicals in solutions of 7,8-dihydroneopterin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999; 264:262-7. [PMID: 10527875 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1999.1520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neopterin and 7,8-dihydroneopterin, two compounds which are secreted by activated macrophages, have been shown to interfere with radicals generated by cellular and certain chemical systems. Reduced pterins were reported to scavenge whereas aromatic pterins promoted or reduced radical mediated reactions or had no effect. However, recently it was found that high concentrations of 7, 8-dihydroneopterin enhanced luminol dependent chemiluminescence and T-cell apoptosis, suggesting an enhancement of free radical formation. In this study hydroxylation of salicylic acid was used for detection of hydroxyl radicals. It is shown that in solutions of 7,8-dihydroneopterin hydroxyl radicals were formed in the absence of any radical source. The presence of EDTA chelated iron enhanced hydroxyl radical formation. Whereas the addition of iron accelerated the hydroxylation reaction, 7,8-dihydroneopterin was responsible for the amount of hydroxylation products. In the presence of superoxide dismutase or catalase, as well as by helium purging, hydroxylation was inhibited. Our data suggest that in solutions of 7, 8-dihydroneopterin superoxide radicals are generated which are converted to hydroxyl radicals by Fenton or Haber-Weiss type reactions. While superoxide might be generated during autoxidation of ferrous iron, dihydroneopterin seems to be involved in regeneration of ferrous iron from the ferric form.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Oettl
- Institute for Medical Chemistry and Pregl Laboratory, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Harrachgasse 21/II, Graz, A-8010, Austria
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22
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Ghersi-Egea JF, Maupoil V, Ray D, Rochette L. Electronic spin resonance detection of superoxide and hydroxyl radicals during the reductive metabolism of drugs by rat brain preparations and isolated cerebral microvessels. Free Radic Biol Med 1998; 24:1074-81. [PMID: 9626560 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(97)00387-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A spin trapping technique was used to analyze by electron spin resonance (ESR) the formation of oxygen-derived free radicals during the cerebral reductive metabolism of xenobiotics able to undergo a single electron reduction, i.e. quinones, pyridinium compounds and nitroheterocyclics. Paraquat, menadione and nitrofurazone were used as model compounds of these three classes of molecules. ESR spectra indicative of superoxide and hydroxyl radical formation were obtained by incubation of brain homogenates directly within the ESR cavity at 37 degrees C for each of the three molecules tested. These signals were dependent on nucleotide cofactors, and increased in a time-dependent manner. The NADPH and NADH dependent free radical production was further characterized in brain microsomal and mitochondrial fractions, respectively. By using various combinations of reactive species inactivating enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase), a metal chelator (deferoxamine), and an hydroxyl trapping agent (dimethylsulfoxide), it was shown that (1) the primary radical generated was the superoxide anion; and (2) a significant production of the hydroxyl radical also occurred, that was secondary to the superoxide anion production. Consistent signals indicative of the production of both oxygen-derived free radicals were obtained when isolated cerebral microvessels which constitute the blood-brain barrier were incubated with the model molecules. This is of particular toxicological relevance, because this barrier represents a key element in the protection of the brain, and is in close contact with blood-born exogenous molecules.
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23
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Liu KJ, Jiang JJ, Ji LL, Shi X, Swartz HM. An HPLC and EPR investigation on the stability of DMPO and DMPO spin adducts in vivo. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 1996. [DOI: 10.1163/156856796x00700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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24
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Roubaud V, Lauricella R, Tuccio B, Bouteiller JC, Tordo P. Decay of superoxide spin adducts of new PBN-type phosphorylated nitrones. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 1996. [DOI: 10.1163/156856796x00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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25
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Hasinoff BB. NADPH-cytochrome-P450 reductase promotes hydroxyl radical production by the iron complex of ADR-925, the hydrolysis product of ICRF-187 (dexrazoxane). Free Radic Res 1995; 22:319-25. [PMID: 7633562 DOI: 10.3109/10715769509145644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
ICRF-187 (dexrazoxane) is currently in clinical trials as a cardioprotective agent for the prevention of doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. ICRF-187 likely acts through its strongly metal ion-binding rings-opened hydrolysis product ADR-925 by removing iron from its complex with doxorubicin or by chelating free iron. The ability of NADPH-cytochrome-P450 reductase to promote hydroxyl radical formation by iron complexes of ADR-925 and EDTA was compared by EPR spin trapping. The iron-EDTA complex produced hydroxyl radicals at six times the rate that the iron-ADR-925 complex did. The aerobic oxidation of ferrous complexes of ADR-925, its tetraacid analog, EDTA and DTPA was followed spectrophotometrically. The iron(II)-ADR-925 complex was aerobically oxidized 700 times slower than was the EDTA complex. It is concluded that even though ADR-925 does not completely eliminate iron-based hydroxyl radical production, it likely protects by preventing site-specific hydroxyl radical damage by the iron-doxorubicin complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- B B Hasinoff
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba Winnipeg, Canada
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26
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Zeghdaoui A, Tuccio B, Finet JP, Cerri V, Tordo P. β-Phosphorylated α-phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone (PBN) analogues: a new series of spin traps for oxyl radicals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1039/p29950002087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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Tuccio B, Lauricella R, Fréjaville C, Bouteiller JC, Tordo P. Decay of the hydroperoxyl spin adduct of 5-diethoxyphosphoryl-5-methyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide: an EPR kinetic study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1039/p29950000295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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28
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Tanigawa T, Yoshikawa T, Takahashi S, Naito Y, Kondo M. Spin trapping of superoxide in aqueous solutions of fresh and aged cigarette smoke. Free Radic Biol Med 1994; 17:361-5. [PMID: 8001840 DOI: 10.1016/0891-5849(94)90022-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Superoxide generation in aqueous solutions of cigarette smoke was determined as a function of the age of smoke using spin trapping. As a spin trap, 5,5-dimethylpyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO) was used. The superoxide adduct of DMPO was detected in a solution of fresh main-stream smoke for over 1 h. The superoxide-generating potential of smoke was rapidly lost as the smoke was kept in a plastic syringe. The smoke that was aged for 3 min did not generate superoxide. Additional evidence of superoxide generation in aqueous solutions of cigarette smoke was obtained by the chemiluminescence method.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tanigawa
- First Department of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Japan
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29
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Kotake Y, Reinke LA, Tanigawa T, Koshida H. Determination of the rate of superoxide generation from biological systems by spin trapping: use of rapid oxygen depletion to measure the decay rate of spin adducts. Free Radic Biol Med 1994; 17:215-23. [PMID: 7982627 DOI: 10.1016/0891-5849(94)90077-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A method was developed to measure the superoxide generation rate from biological systems using the spin trapping method. Kinetic treatment of the decay rate of the superoxide adduct of 5,5-dimethylpyrroline N-oxide (DMPO) revealed that the EPR signal intensity of the system is proportional to the superoxide generation rate. Rapid depletion of oxygen in the sample was utilized to terminate superoxide generation so that the decay rate of the DMPO superoxide adduct (DMPO-OOH) could be determined. For this decay measurement, a controlled atmosphere EPR cavity was developed and was used with an open-air sample cell. Superoxide generation rates determined with this method for stimulated neutrophils and for the hypoxanthine-xanthine oxidase system were comparable to those obtained with the cytochrome c reduction method. This method is specifically applicable to the system in which dissolved oxygen supplied from the gas phase is utilized as a source of superoxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kotake
- National Biomedical Center for Spin Trapping and Free Radicals, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City 73104
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30
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Tomita M, Okuyama T. Effect of paraquat on the malondialdehyde level in rat liver microsomes (in vitro). Arch Toxicol 1994; 68:187-92. [PMID: 8024466 DOI: 10.1007/s002040050053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Toxicosis due to paraquat, a redox cycling xenobiotic, is still a subject of much debate. In the present study on lipid peroxidation, paraquat had a biphasic effect on the malondialdehyde (MDA) level in rat liver microsomes; stimulation at the initial stage (within 10 min) and depression at the later stage. Although paraquat increased the initial rate of NADPH oxidation dose-dependently, the rate was not necessarily parallel with the increase in the MDA level. The MDA level increased linearly up to 0.1 mM paraquat added, but then it attained a plateau. The stimulation obtained by paraquat within 10 min was absolutely dependent on exogenous Fe2+ ion and NADPH, and the stimulation was entirely SOD sensitive, while the iron-driven increase in MDA was 20% sensitive. Thus, there were different mechanisms between iron-driven lipid peroxidation and paraquat-modified peroxidation. Catalase increased the level, but mannitol, a scavenger of OH, had no effect. EPR spectra showed that superoxide was formed dose-dependently up to 0.1 mM paraquat and that it attained a plateau at the same as MDA level described above. From these results, we concluded that paraquat stimulates lipid peroxidation through a mechanism dependent on the superoxide complex involving Fe2+ ion.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tomita
- Department of Legal Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
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31
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Mitsuta K, Hiramatsu M, Ohya-Nishiguchi H, Kamada H, Fujii K. A Kinetic Analysis of Superoxide Adduct Formation in the Presence of Typical Scavengers. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1994. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.67.529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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32
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Rosen GM, Pou S, Britigan BE, Cohen MS. Spin trapping of hydroxyl radicals in biological systems. Methods Enzymol 1994; 233:105-11. [PMID: 8015448 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(94)33012-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G M Rosen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore
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33
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Tomasi A, Iannone A. ESR Spin-Trapping Artifacts in Biological Model Systems. EMR OF PARAMAGNETIC MOLECULES 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-2892-0_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
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34
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Tomita M, Okuyama T, Ueki A, Watanabe H, Kawai S. Combined action of paraquat and superoxide on the peroxidation of detergent-dispersed linolenic acid. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1992; 1128:174-80. [PMID: 1329974 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(92)90304-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the peroxidative effect of paraquat and active oxygens on detergent-dispersed linolenic acid in phosphate buffer (pH 7.5) from the malondialdehyde (MDA) level. Our complete system and further inclusion of catalase were effective in stimulating MDA formation. On the other hand, xanthine oxidase (XOD) or paraquat omission, superoxide dismutase (SOD) inclusion or anaerobic incubation inhibited the formation of MDA. Ferrous ion was weakly associated with phosphate of the buffer, forming a complex, and the release of ferrous ion from the complex intensified the MDA levels with the complete and catalase inclusion systems. The electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra using 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO) showed that superoxide, produced immediately after the addition of XOD, played a crucial role. We could obtain a DMPO-OOH signal at the starting stage whenever MDA stimulation was observed. The omission of paraquat, however, produced no increase in MDA level in spite of an appearance of DMPO-OOH signal, indicating that paraquat also plays an important role. On the other hand, Desferal, a ferric chelator, showed a concentration-dependent inhibition effect. There was an immediate strong intensity of DMPO-OOH and paraquat signals. We did not, however, observe MDA stimulation at 250 microM Desferal, which confirms that ferrous ion plays an essential role in the lipid peroxidation. These results indicate a combined action of paraquat (or its radical) and superoxide on the accessibility of ferrous ion, including its release from the complex with phosphate, which may be an endogenous chelator. The possibility of ternary complex participation is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tomita
- Department of Legal Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki City, Japan
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35
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Vásquez-Vivar J, Augusto O. Hydroxylated metabolites of the antimalarial drug primaquine. Oxidation and redox cycling. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)50504-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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36
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Kosaka H, Katsuki Y, Shiga T. Spin trapping study on the kinetics of Fe2+ autoxidation: formation of spin adducts and their destruction by superoxide. Arch Biochem Biophys 1992; 293:401-8. [PMID: 1311166 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(92)90412-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The oxidation of Fe2+ was investigated by electron spin resonance spin trapping techniques with N-t-butyl-alpha-phenylnitrone (PBN) and dimethyl sulfoxide. Under pure oxygen, the spin adduct PBN/.OCH3 was rapidly generated by the addition of Fe2+ (0.2-1.2 mM) into phosphate buffer containing ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA), dimethyl sulfoxide, and PBN at pH 7.4, but it decayed. The decay process of PBN/.OCH3 consists of two components. The fast decay was dependent on Fe2+ concentration. Another was due to destruction of the spin adduct by superoxide anion (.O2-), because superoxide dismutase (SOD) markedly prevented the decay. Catalase decreased the yield of PBN/.OCH3. When EDTA was replaced by diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), both the generation and decay process of PBN/.OCH3 were slow. SOD and catalase effects were similar to those in EDTA. Fe2+ produced PBN/.OCH3 even in the absence of chelators. We could estimate the kinetic parameters by computer simulation, comparing the Fe2+ oxidation in EDTA with that in DTPA. These results demonstrate that Fe2+ reacts with O2 to generate .O2- and then H2O2, which produces .CH3 by reaction with Fe2+ and dimethyl sulfoxide.(.)OCH3 results from the reaction between .CH3 and O2. The adduct PBN/.OCH3 decays by reaction with Fe2+ and .O2-.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kosaka
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, Osaka University, Japan
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37
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Michel C, Vincent F, Duval C, Poelman MC, Adolphe M. Toxic effects and detection of oxygen free radicals on cultured articular chondrocytes generated by menadione. FREE RADICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 1992; 17:279-89. [PMID: 1335430 DOI: 10.3109/10715769209079520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to study the proliferation pathological perturbations of cultured chondrocytes in response to menadione, an oxygen free radicals producing drug. Rabbit articular chondrocytes in monolayer culture were treated with 10(-5) M, 1.5.10(-5) M and 2.10(-5) M of menadione during three days. A dose dependent decrease of the proliferative capacity was observed. Flow cytometry analysis revealed a perturbation of the cell cycle progression consisting in an accumulation of cells in the S and G2 + M phases. This growth perturbation was due to oxygen radicals production since a treatment with catalase suppressed these toxic effects. Furthermore, to identify oxygen derived radicals in the cellular suspension of cultures treated with menadione, we used a technique of spin-trapping coupled with electron spin resonance (ESR). The ESR signal corresponding to the DMPO hydroxyl radical adduct (DMPO-OH) has been detected. The spectra observation indicated the actual production of hydroxyl radical. However, superoxide anions have not been identified; this fact can be explained by the low reactivity of these anions with DMPO and by the decomposition of signal DMPO-OOH to DMPO-OH.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Michel
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie Cellulaire, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Centre de Recherches Biomédicales des Cordeliers, Paris, France
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38
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Britigan BE, Roeder TL, Buettner GR. Spin traps inhibit formation of hydrogen peroxide via the dismutation of superoxide: implications for spin trapping the hydroxyl free radical. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1991; 1075:213-22. [PMID: 1659450 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(91)90269-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
To enhance the sensitivity of EPR spin trapping for radicals of limited reactivity, high concentrations (10-100 mM) of spin traps are routinely used. We noted that in contrast to results with other hydroxyl radical detection systems, superoxide dismutase (SOD) often increased the amount of hydroxyl radical-derived spin adducts of 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO) produced by the reaction of hypoxanthine, xanthine oxidase and iron. One possible explanation for these results is that high DMPO concentrations (approximately 100 mM) inhibit dismutation of superoxide (O2.-) to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Therefore, we examined the effect of DMPO on O2.- dismutation to H2O2. Lumazine +/- 100 mM DMPO was placed in a Clark oxygen electrode following which xanthine oxidase was added. The amount of H2O2 formed in this reaction was determined by introducing catalase and measuring the amount of generated via O2.- dismutation as compared to direct divalent O2 reduction. In the presence of 100 mM DMPO, H2O2 generation decreased 43%. DMPO did not scavenge H2O2 nor alter the rate of O2.- production. The effect of DMPO was concentration-dependent with inhibition of H2O2 production observed at [DMPO] greater than 10 mM. Inhibition of H2O2 production by DMPO was not observed if SOD was present or if the rate of O2.- formation increased. The spin trap 2-methyl-2-nitroso-propane (MNP, 10 mM) also inhibited H2O2 formation (81%). However, alpha-phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone (PBN, 10 mM), 3,3,5,5 tetramethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (M4PO, 100 mM), alpha-(4-pyridyl-1-oxide)-N-tert-butylnitrone (4-POBN, 100 mM) had no effect. These data suggest that in experimental systems in which the rate of O2.- generation is low, formation of H2O2 and thus other H2O2-derived species (e.g., OH) may be inhibited by commonly used concentrations of some spin traps. Thus, under some experimental conditions spin traps may potentially prevent production of the very free radical species they are being used to detect.
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Affiliation(s)
- B E Britigan
- Department of Internal Medicine, VA Medical Center, Iowa City, IA
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39
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Ghersi-Egea JF, Livertoux MH, Minn A, Perrin R, Siest G. Enzyme mediated superoxide radical formation initiated by exogenous molecules in rat brain preparations. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1991; 110:107-17. [PMID: 1651570 DOI: 10.1016/0041-008x(91)90294-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The ability of brain tissue preparation to generate superoxide from xenobiotic interactions has been investigated. We showed that a significant superoxide production occurred with different molecules known to undergo a single electron reductive pathway of metabolism, both in a homogenate derived from neuronal and glial cells and in isolated cerebral microvessels which form the blood-brain barrier. Determination of the nucleotide cofactors requirement and data obtained with different subcellular fractions indicated that this production was largely associated with the microsomal fraction in a NADPH-dependent pathway and was probably mediated by NADPH-cytochrome P450 (c) reductase. A significant xenobiotic-mediated production of superoxide also occurred in mitochondria under in vitro conditions. Thus the evidence of reductive pathways of xenobiotic metabolism and the generation of oxygenated free radicals observed are of neurotoxicological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Ghersi-Egea
- Université de NANCY I, Centre du Médicament, CNRS URA 597, Nancy, France
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40
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Fujimori K, Nakajima H. Steady-state kinetics of autoxidation of NAD(P)H initiated by hydroperoxyl radical, the acid form of superoxide anion radical. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1991; 176:846-51. [PMID: 1851006 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(05)80263-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Rates of autoxidation of NAD(P)H initiated by hydroperoxyl radical, the acid form of superoxide anion radical which was generated by xanthine/xanthine oxidase, followed a typical autoxidation kinetic equation. Second-order rate constants for the reactions of NADPH and NADH with hydroperoxyl radical were found to be 9.82 +/- 0.13 x 10(4) M-1s-1 and 9.26 +/- 0.58 x 10(4) M-1s-1 at 25 degrees C, respectively. Rates of the reactions between NAD(P)H and superoxide to give degraded products other than NAD(P)+ were also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Fujimori
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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41
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Pou S, Rosen GM. Spin-trapping of superoxide by 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide: application to isolated perfused organs. Anal Biochem 1990; 190:321-5. [PMID: 1963276 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(90)90202-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Of the available techniques used to identify free radicals, spin-trapping offers the unique opportunity to simultaneously measure and distinguish among a variety of important biologically generated free radicals. For superoxide and hydroxyl radical, the spin trap 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline 1-oxide (DMPO) is most frequently used. However, this nitrone has several drawbacks. For example, its reaction with superoxide is slow, having a second-order rate constant around 10 M-1 s-1. Because of this, high concentrations of DMPO are essential in order to observe the corresponding spin-trapped adduct, 5,5-dimethyl-2-hydroperoxy-1-pyrrolidinyloxy. This may, in some cases, lead to cellular toxicity. In an attempt to circumvent this serious limitation, it has been proposed that an indirect approach be employed to detect and identify free radicals generated as a consequence of ischemia/reperfusion injury. In the direct (most frequently used) approach, the spin trap is first added to an isolated perfused organ under the appropriate experimental conditions. Then, the infusion buffer containing the spin-trap adduct(s) is placed into an quartz flat cell to be inserted into an ESR spectrometer. In the indirect method, the spin trap is added to the perfusate, which had previously exited the organ. Therefore, with this method one can prevent any spin-trap-mediated toxicities to the isolated perfused organ. However, because of the very rapid rate of free radical reactions catalyzed by either superoxide or hydroxyl radical, it is questionable whether ESR spectra recorded using this indirect method result from the actual spin-trapping of free radicals. In this report, we evaluated the indirect spin-trapping technique in light of the kinetic considerations discussed above.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pou
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore 21201
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Evidence against transition metal-independent hydroxyl radical generation by xanthine oxidase. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)44820-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Yamazaki I, Piette L. ESR spin-trapping studies on the reaction of Fe2+ ions with H2O2-reactive species in oxygen toxicity in biology. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)77389-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Affiliation(s)
- P Aisen
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
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