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Kipouros I, Solomon EI. New mechanistic insights into coupled binuclear copper monooxygenases from the recent elucidation of the ternary intermediate of tyrosinase. FEBS Lett 2023; 597:65-78. [PMID: 36178078 PMCID: PMC9839588 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosinase is the most predominant member of the coupled binuclear copper (CBC) protein family. The recent trapping and spectroscopic definition of the elusive catalytic ternary intermediate (enzyme/O2 /monophenol) of tyrosinase dictates a monooxygenation mechanism that revises previous proposals and involves cleavage of the μ-η2 :η2 -peroxide dicopper(II) O-O bond to accept the phenolic proton, followed by monophenolate coordination to copper concomitant with aromatic hydroxylation by the non-protonated μ-oxo. Here, we compare and contrast previously proposed and current mechanistic models for monophenol monooxygenation of tyrosinase. Next, we discuss how these recent insights provide new opportunities towards uncovering structure-function relationships in CBC enzymes, as well as understanding fundamental principles for O2 activation and reactivity by bioinorganic active sites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edward I Solomon
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, CA, USA
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, CA, USA
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2
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Kampatsikas I, Rompel A. Similar but Still Different: Which Amino Acid Residues Are Responsible for Varying Activities in Type-III Copper Enzymes? Chembiochem 2020; 22:1161-1175. [PMID: 33108057 PMCID: PMC8049008 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Type-III copper enzymes like polyphenol oxidases (PPOs) are ubiquitous among organisms and play a significant role in the formation of pigments. PPOs comprise different enzyme groups, including tyrosinases (TYRs) and catechol oxidases (COs). TYRs catalyze the o-hydroxylation of monophenols and the oxidation of o-diphenols to the corresponding o-quinones (EC 1.14.18.1). In contrast, COs only catalyze the oxidation of o-diphenols to the corresponding o-quinones (EC 1.10.3.1). To date (August 2020), 102 PDB entries encompassing 18 different proteins from 16 organisms and several mutants have been reported, identifying key residues for tyrosinase activity. The structural similarity between TYRs and COs, especially within and around the active center, complicates the elucidation of their modes of action on a structural basis. However, mutagenesis studies illuminate residues that influence the two activities and show that crystallography on its own cannot elucidate the enzymatic activity mode. Several amino acid residues around the dicopper active center have been proposed to play an essential role in the two different activities. Herein, we critically review the role of all residues identified so far that putatively affect the two activities of PPOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Kampatsikas
- Universität Wien, Fakultät für Chemie, Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Althanstraße 14, 1090, Wien, Austria
| | - Annette Rompel
- Universität Wien, Fakultät für Chemie, Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Althanstraße 14, 1090, Wien, Austria
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3
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ivanhoe K. H. Leung
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Green Chemical Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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4
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What causes the different functionality in type-III-copper enzymes? A state of the art perspective. Inorganica Chim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2017.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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5
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Cook BJ, Di Francesco GN, Kieber-Emmons MT, Murray LJ. A Tricopper(I) Complex Competent for O Atom Transfer, C–H Bond Activation, and Multiple O2 Activation Steps. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:11361-11368. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b00921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian J. Cook
- Center for Catalysis and Florida Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Gianna N. Di Francesco
- Center for Catalysis and Florida Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | | | - Leslie J. Murray
- Center for Catalysis and Florida Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
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6
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A new crystal form of Aspergillus oryzae catechol oxidase and evaluation of copper site structures in coupled binuclear copper enzymes. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196691. [PMID: 29715329 PMCID: PMC5929527 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Coupled binuclear copper (CBC) enzymes have a conserved type 3 copper site that binds molecular oxygen to oxidize various mono- and diphenolic compounds. In this study, we found a new crystal form of catechol oxidase from Aspergillus oryzae (AoCO4) and solved two new structures from two different crystals at 1.8-Å and at 2.5-Å resolutions. These structures showed different copper site forms (met/deoxy and deoxy) and also differed from the copper site observed in the previously solved structure of AoCO4. We also analysed the electron density maps of all of the 56 CBC enzyme structures available in the protein data bank (PDB) and found that many of the published structures have vague copper sites. Some of the copper sites were then re-refined to find a better fit to the observed electron density. General problems in the refinement of metalloproteins and metal centres are discussed.
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Toledo L, Aguirre C. Enzymatic browning in avocado (Persea americana) revisited: History, advances, and future perspectives. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 57:3860-3872. [PMID: 27172067 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2016.1175416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Considering nearly 80 years of research regarding one of the enzymes responsible for catalyzing the formation of pigments in higher animals, plants, fungi and bacteria, this review will focus on collecting and categorizing the existing information about polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in fruits, with particular emphasis on the information in relation to avocado, which is one of the hardiest species in terms of inactivation, has documented dual activity (EC 1.14.18.1/EC 1.10.3.1), and represents one of the oldest challenges for food science research and fruit processors. It is expected that this review will contribute to the further development of the field by highlighting the questions that have arisen during the characterization of PPO, the progress that has been made and the questions that remain today, in addition to new methodologies that are being applied to study this system. Holistic methodologies offer unexplored potential for advancing our understanding of the complex phenomena that govern PPO activity in fruits, because these methodologies will enable the characterization of this family of enzymes in all of its complexity. Subsequently, it will be possible to develop better techniques for controlling enzymatic browning in this valuable fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Toledo
- a School of Food Engineering , Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso , Valparaíso , Chile
| | - Carolina Aguirre
- b Research Center for Biodiversity and Sustainable Environments (CIBAS) , Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción , Concepción , Chile
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8
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Cieńska M, Labus K, Lewańczuk M, Koźlecki T, Liesiene J, Bryjak J. Effective L-Tyrosine Hydroxylation by Native and Immobilized Tyrosinase. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164213. [PMID: 27711193 PMCID: PMC5053437 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroxylation of L-tyrosine to 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) by immobilized tyrosinase in the presence of ascorbic acid (AH2), which reduces DOPA-quinone to L-DOPA, is characterized by low reaction yields that are mainly caused by the suicide inactivation of tyrosinase by L-DOPA and AH2. The main aim of this work was to compare processes with native and immobilized tyrosinase to identify the conditions that limit suicide inactivation and produce substrate conversions to L-DOPA of above 50% using HPLC analysis. It was shown that immobilized tyrosinase does not suffer from partitioning and diffusion effects, allowing a direct comparison of the reactions performed with both forms of the enzyme. In typical processes, additional aeration was applied and boron ions to produce the L-DOPA and AH2 complex and hydroxylamine to close the cycle of enzyme active center transformations. It was shown that the commonly used pH 9 buffer increased enzyme stability, with concomitant reduced reactivity of 76%, and that under these conditions, the maximal substrate conversion was approximately 25 (native) to 30% (immobilized enzyme). To increase reaction yield, the pH of the reaction mixture was reduced to 8 and 7, producing L-DOPA yields of approximately 95% (native enzyme) and 70% (immobilized). A three-fold increase in the bound enzyme load achieved 95% conversion in two successive runs, but in the third one, tyrosinase lost its activity due to strong suicide inactivation caused by L-DOPA processing. In this case, the cost of the immobilized enzyme preparation is not overcome by its reuse over time, and native tyrosinase may be more economically feasible for a single use in L-DOPA production. The practical importance of the obtained results is that highly efficient hydroxylation of monophenols by tyrosinase can be obtained by selecting the proper reaction pH and is a compromise between complexation and enzyme reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Cieńska
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Wrocław University of Technology, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Karolina Labus
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Wrocław University of Technology, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marcin Lewańczuk
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Wrocław University of Technology, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Tomasz Koźlecki
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Wrocław University of Technology, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jolanta Liesiene
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Jolanta Bryjak
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Wrocław University of Technology, Wrocław, Poland
- * E-mail:
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10
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Sanzhaeva U, Vorontsova Y, Glazachev Y, Slepneva I. Dual effect of nitric oxide on phenoloxidase-mediated melanization. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2015; 31:1063-8. [PMID: 26406272 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2015.1088843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The study has demonstrated a dual effect of nitric oxide on phenoloxidase (PO)-mediated DOPA oxidation and melanization process. NO generated at low rates proportionally increased in PO-mediated DOPA oxidation. Competitive PO inhibitor, phenylthiourea, resulted in significant inhibition of NO-mediated DOPA oxidation. Further analysis using fluorescent and EPR methods demonstrated that the effect of NO on DOPA oxidation is explained by oxidation of NO to NO2 at the active site of PO followed by oxidation of DOPA by NO2. On the contrary, the bolus addition of NO gas solution resulted in a significant decrease in observed PO activity. Similar dose-dependent effect of NO was observed for the insect's haemocytes quantified as percentage of melanized cells after treatment with nitric oxide. In conclusion, the results of the study suggest that NO may have a significant regulatory role on melanization process in invertebrates as well as in human and result in protective or damaging effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urikhan Sanzhaeva
- a Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences , Novosibirsk , Russia and
| | - Yana Vorontsova
- b Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences , Novosibirsk , Russia
| | - Yuriy Glazachev
- a Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences , Novosibirsk , Russia and
| | - Irina Slepneva
- a Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences , Novosibirsk , Russia and
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11
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Washington C, Maxwell J, Stevenson J, Malone G, Lowe EW, Zhang Q, Wang G, McIntyre NR. Mechanistic studies of the tyrosinase-catalyzed oxidative cyclocondensation of 2-aminophenol to 2-aminophenoxazin-3-one. Arch Biochem Biophys 2015; 577-578:24-34. [PMID: 25982123 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosinase (EC 1.14.18.1) catalyzes the monophenolase and diphenolase reaction associated with vertebrate pigmentation and fruit/vegetable browning. Tyrosinase is an oxygen-dependent, dicopper enzyme that has three states: Emet, Eoxy, and Edeoxy. The diphenolase activity can be carried out by both the met and the oxy states of the enzyme while neither mono- nor diphenolase activity results from the deoxy state. In this study, the oxidative cyclocondensation of 2-aminophenol (OAP) to the corresponding 2-aminophenoxazin-3-one (APX) by mushroom tyrosinase was investigated. Using a combination of various steady- and pre-steady state methodologies, we have investigated the kinetic and chemical mechanism of this reaction. The kcat for OAP is 75 ± 2s(-1), K(OAP)M = 1.8 ± 0.2mM, K(O2)M =25 ± 4 μM with substrates binding in a steady-state preferred fashion. Stopped flow and global analysis support a model where OAP preferentially binds to the oxy form over the met (k7 ≫ k1). For the met form, His269 and His61 are the proposed bases, while the oxy form uses the copper-peroxide and His61 for the sequential deprotonation of anilinic and phenolic hydrogens. Solvent KIEs show proton transfer to be increasingly rate limiting for kcat/K(OAP)M as [O2] → 0 μM (1.38 ± 0.06) decreasing to 0.83 ± 0.03 as [O2] → ∞ reflecting a partially rate limiting μ-OH bond cleavage (E met) and formation (E oxy) following protonation in the transition state. The coupling and cyclization reactions of o-quinone imine and OAP pass through a phenyliminocyclohexadione intermediate to APX, forming at a rate of 6.91 ± 0.03 μM(-1)s(-1) and 2.59E-2 ± 5.31E-4s(-1). Differences in reactivity attributed to the anilinic moiety of OAP with o-diphenols are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Washington
- Division of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA
| | - Jamere Maxwell
- Division of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA
| | - Joenathan Stevenson
- Division of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA
| | - Gregory Malone
- Division of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA
| | - Edward W Lowe
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Division of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA
| | - Guangdi Wang
- Division of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA
| | - Neil R McIntyre
- Division of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA.
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12
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Qin L, Wu Y, Liu Y, Chen Y, Zhang P. Dual effects of alpha-arbutin on monophenolase and diphenolase activities of mushroom tyrosinase. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109398. [PMID: 25303458 PMCID: PMC4193772 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of α-arbutin on the monophenolase and diphenolase activities of mushroom tyrosinase were investigated. The results showed that α-arbutin inhibited monophenolase activity but it activated diphenolase activity. For monophenolase activity, IC50 value was 4.5 mmol·L−1 and 4.18 mmol·L−1 of α-arbutin could extend the lag time from 40.5 s to 167.3 s. Alpha- arbutin is proposed to be regarded as a triphenolic substrate by the enzyme during catalyzation, leading to the suicide inactivation of the active site of tyrosinase. For diphenolase activity, α-arbutin acted as an activator and its activation mechanism was mixed type activation. To reveal such activation, it should be mainly refered to the conformational changes in tyrosinase caused by the interaction of α-arbutin with residues located at the entrance to the active site, and the decrease of the effect of suicide inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Qin
- Beijing Bioprocess Key Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Wu
- Beijing Bioprocess Key Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Youting Liu
- Beijing Bioprocess Key Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yiming Chen
- Beijing Bioprocess Key Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Beijing Bioprocess Key Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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13
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Culpepper MA, Cutsail GE, Gunderson WA, Hoffman BM, Rosenzweig AC. Identification of the valence and coordination environment of the particulate methane monooxygenase copper centers by advanced EPR characterization. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:11767-75. [PMID: 25059917 PMCID: PMC4140498 DOI: 10.1021/ja5053126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Particulate methane monooxygenase (pMMO) catalyzes the oxidation of methane to methanol in methanotrophic bacteria. As a copper-containing enzyme, pMMO has been investigated extensively by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, but the presence of multiple copper centers has precluded correlation of EPR signals with the crystallographically identified monocopper and dicopper centers. A soluble recombinant fragment of the pmoB subunit of pMMO, spmoB, like pMMO itself, contains two distinct copper centers and exhibits methane oxidation activity. The spmoB protein, spmoB variants designed to disrupt one or the other or both copper centers, as well as native pMMO have been investigated by EPR, ENDOR, and ESEEM spectroscopies in combination with metal content analysis. The data are remarkably similar for spmoB and pMMO, validating the use of spmoB as a model system. The results indicate that one EPR-active Cu(II) ion is present per pMMO and that it is associated with the active-site dicopper center in the form of a valence localized Cu(I)Cu(II) pair; the Cu(II), however, is scrambled between the two locations within the dicopper site. The monocopper site observed in the crystal structures of pMMO can be assigned as Cu(I). (14)N ENDOR and ESEEM data are most consistent with one of these dicopper-site signals involving coordination of the Cu(II) ion by residues His137 and His139, the other with Cu(II) coordinated by His33 and the N-terminal amino group. (1)H ENDOR measurements indicate there is no aqua (HxO) ligand bound to the Cu(II), either terminally or as a bridge to Cu(I).
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Affiliation(s)
- Megen A Culpepper
- Departments of ‡Molecular Biosciences and of §Chemistry, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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14
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García-Molina MDM, Muñoz Muñoz JL, Martinez-Ortiz F, Martinez JR, García-Ruiz PA, Rodriguez-López JN, García-Cánovas F. Tyrosinase-catalyzed hydroxylation of hydroquinone, a depigmenting agent, to hydroxyhydroquinone: A kinetic study. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:3360-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Zekiri F, Molitor C, Mauracher SG, Michael C, Mayer RL, Gerner C, Rompel A. Purification and characterization of tyrosinase from walnut leaves (Juglans regia). PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2014; 101:5-15. [PMID: 24613318 PMCID: PMC3989047 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) is a type-3 copper enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of phenolic compounds to their quinone derivates, which are further converted to melanin, a ubiquitous pigment in living organisms. In this study a plant originated tyrosinase was isolated from walnut leaves (Juglans regia) and biochemically characterized. It was possible to isolate and purify the enzyme by means of an aqueous two-phase extraction method followed by chromatographic purification and identification. Interestingly, the enzyme showed a rather high monophenolase activity considering that the main part of plant PPOs with some exceptions solely possess diphenolase activity. The average molecular mass of 39,047 Da (Asp(101)→Arg(445)) was determined very accurately by high resolution mass spectrometry. This proteolytically activated tyrosinase species was identified as a polyphenol oxidase corresponding to the known jrPPO1 sequence by peptide sequencing applying nanoUHPLC-ESI-MS/MS. The polypeptide backbone with sequence coverage of 96% was determined to start from Asp(101) and not to exceed Arg(445).
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Affiliation(s)
- Florime Zekiri
- Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Universität Wien, Althanstraße 14, A-1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Christian Molitor
- Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Universität Wien, Althanstraße 14, A-1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Stephan G Mauracher
- Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Universität Wien, Althanstraße 14, A-1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Claudia Michael
- Institut für Analytische Chemie, Universität Wien, Währinger Straße 38, A-1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Rupert L Mayer
- Institut für Analytische Chemie, Universität Wien, Währinger Straße 38, A-1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Christopher Gerner
- Institut für Analytische Chemie, Universität Wien, Währinger Straße 38, A-1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Annette Rompel
- Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Universität Wien, Althanstraße 14, A-1090 Wien, Austria.
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Solomon EI, Heppner DE, Johnston EM, Ginsbach JW, Cirera J, Qayyum M, Kieber-Emmons MT, Kjaergaard CH, Hadt RG, Tian L. Copper active sites in biology. Chem Rev 2014; 114:3659-853. [PMID: 24588098 PMCID: PMC4040215 DOI: 10.1021/cr400327t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1129] [Impact Index Per Article: 112.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - David E. Heppner
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305
| | | | - Jake W. Ginsbach
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305
| | - Jordi Cirera
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305
| | - Munzarin Qayyum
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305
| | | | | | - Ryan G. Hadt
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305
| | - Li Tian
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305
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Ramsden CA, Riley PA. Tyrosinase: the four oxidation states of the active site and their relevance to enzymatic activation, oxidation and inactivation. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:2388-95. [PMID: 24656803 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosinase is an enzyme widely distributed in the biosphere. It is one of a group of proteins with a strongly conserved bicopper active centre able to bind molecular oxygen. Tyrosinase manifests two catalytic properties; monooxygenase and oxidase activity. These actions reflect the oxidation states of the active centre. Tyrosinase has four possible oxidation states and the details of their interaction are shown to give rise to the unusual kinetic behaviour of the enzyme. The resting state of the enzyme is met-tyrosinase [Cu(II)2] and activation, associated with a 'lag period', involves reduction to deoxy-tyrosinase [Cu(I)2] which is capable of binding dioxygen to form oxy-tyrosinase [Cu(II)2·O2]. Initially the conversion of met- to deoxy-tyrosinase is brought about by a catechol that is indirectly formed from an ortho-quinone product of tyrosinase action. The primary function of the enzyme is monooxygenation of phenols to ortho-quinones by oxy-tyrosinase. Inactivation of the enzyme results from monooxygenase processing of catechols which can lead to reductive elimination of one of the active-site copper ions and conversion of oxy-tyrosinase to the inactive deact-tyrosinase [Cu(II)Cu(0)]. This review describes the tyrosinase pathways and the role of each oxidation state in the enzyme's oxidative transformations of phenols and catechols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Ramsden
- Lennard-Jones Laboratories, School of Physical and Geographical Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
| | - Patrick A Riley
- Totteridge Institute for Advanced Studies, The Grange, Grange Avenue, London N20 8AB, UK
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Hydrogen peroxide helps in the identification of monophenols as possible substrates of tyrosinase. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2013; 77:2383-8. [PMID: 24317051 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.130500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosinase exists in three forms in the catalytic cycle depending on the oxidation state of the copper: met- (Em), oxy- (E(ox)), and deoxy- (Ed). When O-quinones, products of the enzymatic reaction, evolve chemically to generate an O-diphenol in the reaction medium, the enzyme acts on a monophenol with O-diphenol as reductant, converting Em to Ed. The binding of Ed to molecular oxygen gives E(ox), which is active on monophenols, but when the O-quinone product does not generate O-diphenol through chemical evolution, the monophenol does not act as an enzyme substrate. The fact that E(ox) can be formed from Em with hydrogen peroxide can be used to help identify whether a monophenol is a substrate of tyrosinase. The results obtained in this study confirm that compounds previously described as inhibitors of the enzyme are true substrates of it.
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Rodríguez-Hermida S, Wende C, Lago AB, Carballo R, Kulak N, Vázquez-López EM. Reaction of a Bis(benzoylhydrazone) with Copper(II): Complex Formation, Hydroxylation, and DNA Cleavage Activity. Eur J Inorg Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201300968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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The crystal structure of an extracellular catechol oxidase from the ascomycete fungus Aspergillus oryzae. J Biol Inorg Chem 2013; 18:917-29. [PMID: 24043469 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-013-1038-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Catechol oxidases (EC 1.10.3.1) catalyse the oxidation of o-diphenols to their corresponding o-quinones. These oxidases contain two copper ions (CuA and CuB) within the so-called coupled type 3 copper site as found in tyrosinases (EC 1.14.18.1) and haemocyanins. The crystal structures of a limited number of bacterial and fungal tyrosinases and plant catechol oxidases have been solved. In this study, we present the first crystal structure of a fungal catechol oxidase from Aspergillus oryzae (AoCO4) at 2.5-Å resolution. AoCO4 belongs to the newly discovered family of short-tyrosinases, which are distinct from other tyrosinases and catechol oxidases because of their lack of the conserved C-terminal domain and differences in the histidine pattern for CuA. The sequence identity of AoCO4 with other structurally known enzymes is low (less than 30 %), and the crystal structure of AoCO4 diverges from that of enzymes belonging to the conventional tyrosinase family in several ways, particularly around the central α-helical core region. A diatomic oxygen moiety was identified as a bridging molecule between the two copper ions CuA and CuB separated by a distance of 4.2-4.3 Å. The UV/vis absorption spectrum of AoCO4 exhibits a distinct maximum of absorbance at 350 nm, which has been reported to be typical of the oxy form of type 3 copper enzymes.
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Liu YF, Yu JG, Siegbahn PEM, Blomberg MRA. Theoretical Study of the Oxidation of Phenolates by the [Cu2O2(N,N′-di-tert-butylethylenediamine)2]2+Complex. Chemistry 2013; 19:1942-54. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201203052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Umasankar Y, Ramasamy RP. On the bio-electrocatalytic activity of tyrosinase for oxygen reduction reaction. Catal Sci Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cy00180f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Rompel A, Büldt-Karentzopoulos K, Molitor C, Krebs B. Purification and spectroscopic studies on catechol oxidase from lemon balm (Melissa officinalis). PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2012; 81:19-23. [PMID: 22727580 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
A catechol oxidase from lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) moCO which only catalyzes the oxidation of catechols to quinones without hydroxylating tyrosine was purified. The molecular mass of the M. officinalis enzyme of 39,370 Da was obtained by MALDI mass spectrometry and the isoelectric point was determined to be 3.4. Addition of 2 eq. H(2)O(2) to the enzyme leads to oxy catechol oxidase. In the UV/Vis spectrum two new absorption bands occur at 343 nm (ε=8510 M(-1)cm(-1)) and 580 nm (ε=580 M(-1)cm(-1)) due to O(2)(2-)Cu (II) charge transfer transitions in accordance with the oxy forms of other type 3 copper proteins. The N-terminal sequence has been determined by Edman degradation to NPVQAPELDKCGTAT, exhibiting a proline at the second and sixth position conserved in other polyphenol oxidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Rompel
- Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Universität Wien, Wien, Austria.
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25
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Culpepper MA, Cutsail GE, Hoffman BM, Rosenzweig AC. Evidence for oxygen binding at the active site of particulate methane monooxygenase. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:7640-3. [PMID: 22540911 DOI: 10.1021/ja302195p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Particulate methane monooxygenase (pMMO) is an integral membrane metalloenzyme that converts methane to methanol in methanotrophic bacteria. The enzyme consists of three subunits, pmoB, pmoA, and pmoC, organized in an α(3)β(3)γ(3) trimer. Studies of intact pMMO and a recombinant soluble fragment of the pmoB subunit (denoted as spmoB) indicate that the active site is located within the soluble region of pmoB at the site of a crystallographically modeled dicopper center. In this work, we have investigated the reactivity of pMMO and spmoB with oxidants. Upon reduction and treatment of spmoB with O(2) or H(2)O(2) or pMMO with H(2)O(2), an absorbance feature at 345 nm is generated. The energy and intensity of this band are similar to those of the μ-η(2):η(2)-peroxo-Cu(II)(2) species formed in several dicopper enzymes and model compounds. The feature is not observed in inactive spmoB variants in which the dicopper center is disrupted, consistent with O(2) binding to the proposed active site. Reaction of the 345 nm species with CH(4) results in the disappearance of the spectroscopic feature, suggesting that this O(2) intermediate is mechanistically relevant. Taken together, these observations provide strong new support for the identity and location of the pMMO active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megen A Culpepper
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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Extracellular tyrosinase from the fungus Trichoderma reesei shows product inhibition and different inhibition mechanism from the intracellular tyrosinase from Agaricus bisporus. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2012; 1824:598-607. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2011.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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27
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Fujieda N, Hasegawa A, Ishihama KI, Itoh S. Artificial Dicopper Oxidase: Rational Reprogramming of Bacterial Metallo-β-lactamase into a Catechol Oxidase. Chem Asian J 2012; 7:1203-7. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201101014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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28
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Fujieda N, Murata M, Yabuta S, Ikeda T, Shimokawa C, Nakamura Y, Hata Y, Itoh S. Multifunctions of MelB, a fungal tyrosinase from Aspergillus oryzae. Chembiochem 2011; 13:193-201. [PMID: 22213164 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201100609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The pro form of melB tyrosinase from the melB gene of Aspergillus oryzae was over-produced from E. coli and formed a homodimer that exhibited the spectral features of met-tyrosinase. In the presence of NH(2)OH (reductant), the proenzyme bound dioxygen to give a stable (μ-η(2):η(2) -peroxo)dicopper(II) species (oxy form), thus indicating that the pro form tyrosinase can function as an oxygen carrier or storage protein like hemocyanin. The pro form tyrosinase itself showed no catalytic activity toward external substrates, but proteolytic digestion with trypsin activated it to induce tyrosinase activity. Mass spectroscopy analyses, mutagenesis experiments, and colorimetry assays have demonstrated that the tryptic digestion induced cleavage of the C-terminal domain (Glu458-Ala616), although the dimeric structure of the enzyme was retained. The structural changes induced by proteolytic digestion might open the entrance to the enzyme active site for substrate incorporation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobutaka Fujieda
- Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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Muñoz-Muñoz JL, Garcia-Molina F, Garcia-Ruiz PA, Varon R, Tudela J, Rodriguez-Lopez JN, Garcia-Canovas F. Catalytic oxidation of o-aminophenols and aromatic amines by mushroom tyrosinase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2011; 1814:1974-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2011.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Revised: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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30
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Ryazanova AD, Alekseev AA, Slepneva IA. The phenylthiourea is a competitive inhibitor of the enzymatic oxidation of DOPA by phenoloxidase. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2011; 27:78-83. [PMID: 21534859 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2011.576010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenoloxidase is a key enzyme of melanization catalyzing the oxidation of phenols. Phenylthiourea (PTU) is the well-known and widely used inhibitor of phenoloxidase. However, the mechanism of its action is not quite clear. In the present work, the effect of PTU on the enzymatic oxidation of 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-l-alanine (DOPA) by phenoloxidase was studied by spectrophotometric methods. The inhibition constant of PTU was estimated as 0.21 ± 0.09 µM and the competitive type of inhibition was determined for this reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra D Ryazanova
- Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Laboratory of Chemistry and Physics of Free Radicals, Institutskaya 3, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation.
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Budagumpi S, Revankar VK. Interaction of E. coli DNA with diazine-bridged late first row transition metal complexes derived from hexadentate compartmental ligands: an approach to DNA cleavage/binding studies. TRANSIT METAL CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11243-010-9376-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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32
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Jiménez-Atiénzar M, Pérez-Gilabert M, Cabanes J, Escribano J, Gandía-Herrero F, García-Carmona F. A continuous spectrophotometric assay for determination of the aureusidin synthase activity of tyrosinase. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2010; 21:273-278. [PMID: 20029997 DOI: 10.1002/pca.1197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Aurones (aureusidin glycosides) are plant flavonoids that provide yellow colour to the flowers of some ornamental plants. In this study we analyse the capacity of tyrosinase to catalyse the synthesis of aureusidin by tyrosinase from the chalcone THC (2',4',6',4-tetrahydroxychalcone). OBJECTIVE To develop a simple continuous spectrophotometric assay for the analysis of the spectrophotometric and kinetic characteristics of THC oxidation by tyrosinase. METHODOLOGY THC oxidation was routinely assayed by measuring the increase in absorbance at 415 nm vs. reaction time. RESULTS According to the mechanism proposed for tyrosinase, the enzymatic reaction involves the o-hydroxylation of the monophenol THC to the o-diphenol (PHC, 2',4',6',3,4 - pentahydroxychalcone), which is then oxidised to the corresponding o-quinone in a second enzymatic step. This product is highly unstable and thus undergoes a series of fast chemical reactions to produce aureusidin. In these experimental conditions, the optimum pH for THC oxidation is 4.5. The progress curves obtained for THC oxidation showed the appearance of a lag period. The following kinetic parameters were also determined: K(m )= 0.12 mM, V(m )= 13 microM/min, V(m)/K(m )= 0.11/min. CONCLUSION This method has made it possible to analyse the spectrophotometric and kinetic characteristics of THC by tyrosinase. This procedure has the advantages of a short analysis time, straightforward measurement techniques and reproducibility. In addition, it also allows the study of tyrosinase inhibitors, such as tropolone.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jiménez-Atiénzar
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Universidad de Murcia, Espinardo 30080, Murcia, Spain.
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Muñoz-Muñoz JL, Acosta-Motos JR, Garcia-Molina F, Varon R, Garcia-Ruíz PA, Tudela J, Garcia-Cánovas F, Rodríguez-López JN. Tyrosinase inactivation in its action on dopa. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2010; 1804:1467-75. [PMID: 20215052 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2010.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2009] [Revised: 02/01/2010] [Accepted: 02/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Under aerobic or anaerobic conditions, tyrosinase undergoes a process of irreversible inactivation induced by its physiological substrate L-dopa. Under aerobic conditions, this inactivation occurs through a process of suicide inactivation involving the form oxy-tyrosinase. Under anaerobic conditions, both the met- and deoxy-tyrosinase forms undergo irreversible inactivation. Suicide inactivation in aerobic conditions is slower than the irreversible inactivation under anaerobic conditions. The enzyme has less affinity for the isomer D-dopa than for L-dopa but the velocity of inactivation is the same. We propose mechanisms to explain these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Muñoz-Muñoz
- GENZ: Grupo de Investigación Enzimología, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular-A, Facultad de Biologia, Universidad de Murcia, E-30100, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
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Muñoz-Muñoz J, García-Molina F, García-Ruiz P, Varon R, Tudela J, García-Cánovas F, Rodríguez-López J. Some kinetic properties of deoxytyrosinase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2009.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Melanogenesis inhibition by tetrahydropterines. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2009; 1794:1766-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2009.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2009] [Revised: 07/21/2009] [Accepted: 08/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Munoz-Munoz JL, García-Molina F, Varón R, Tudela J, García-Cánovas F, Rodríguez-López JN. Generation of hydrogen peroxide in the melanin biosynthesis pathway. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2009; 1794:1017-29. [PMID: 19374959 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2009.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2008] [Revised: 04/01/2009] [Accepted: 04/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The generation of H(2)O(2) in the melanin biosynthesis pathway is of great importance because of its great cytotoxic capacity. However, there is controversy concerning the way in which H(2)O(2) is generated in this pathway. In this work we demonstrate that it is generated in a series of chemical reactions coupled to the enzymatic formation of o-quinones by tyrosinase acting on monophenols and o-diphenols and during the auto-oxidation of the o-diphenols and other intermediates in the pathway. The use of the enzymes such as catalase, superoxide dismutase and peroxidase helps reveal the H(2)O(2) generated. Based on the results obtained, we propose a scheme of enzymatic and non-enzymatic reactions that lead to the biosynthesis of melanins, which explains the formation of H(2)O(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Luis Munoz-Munoz
- GENZ: Grupo de Investigación de Enzimología, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular-A, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, E-30100, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
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Stereospecific inactivation of tyrosinase by l- and d-ascorbic acid. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2009; 1794:244-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2008.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2008] [Revised: 09/30/2008] [Accepted: 10/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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38
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Detoni C, Carvalho NMF, de Souza ROMA, Aranda DAG, Antunes OAC. Oxidation of Benzene Catalyzed by 2,2′-Bipyridine and 1,10-Phenantroline Cu(II) Complexes. Catal Letters 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-008-9830-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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39
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Comparison of substrate specificity of tyrosinases from Trichoderma reesei and Agaricus bisporus. Enzyme Microb Technol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2008.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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40
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Moghaddam AB, Ganjali MR, Niasari M, Ahadi S. Bioelectrocatalysis of Dopamine Using Adsorbed Tyrosinase on Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. ANAL LETT 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710802463923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Inoue T, Shiota Y, Yoshizawa K. Quantum Chemical Approach to the Mechanism for the Biological Conversion of Tyrosine to Dopaquinone. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:16890-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ja802618s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshinori Inoue
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Shiota
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kazunari Yoshizawa
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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Hirota S, Kawahara T, Beltramini M, Di Muro P, Magliozzo RS, Peisach J, Powers LS, Tanaka N, Nagao S, Bubacco L. Molecular basis of the Bohr effect in arthropod hemocyanin. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:31941-8. [PMID: 18725416 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m803433200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Flash photolysis and K-edge x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) were used to investigate the functional and structural effects of pH on the oxygen affinity of three homologous arthropod hemocyanins (Hcs). Flash photolysis measurements showed that the well-characterized pH dependence of oxygen affinity (Bohr effect) is attributable to changes in the oxygen binding rate constant, k(on), rather than changes in k(off). In parallel, coordination geometry of copper in Hc was evaluated as a function of pH by XAS. It was found that the geometry of copper in the oxygenated protein is unchanged at all pH values investigated, while significant changes were observed for the deoxygenated protein as a function of pH. The interpretation of these changes was based on previously described correlations between spectral lineshape and coordination geometry obtained for model compounds of known structure (Blackburn, N. J., Strange, R. W., Reedijk, J., Volbeda, A., Farooq, A., Karlin, K. D., and Zubieta, J. (1989) Inorg. Chem., 28, 1349-1357). A pH-dependent change in the geometry of cuprous copper in the active site of deoxyHc, from pseudotetrahedral toward trigonal was assigned from the observed intensity dependence of the 1s --> 4p(z) transition in x-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectra. The structural alteration correlated well with increase in oxygen affinity at alkaline pH determined in flash photolysis experiments. These results suggest that the oxygen binding rate in deoxyHc depends on the coordination geometry of Cu(I) and suggest a structural origin for the Bohr effect in arthropod Hcs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Hirota
- Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, 630-0192 Japan.
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Selinheimo E, Saloheimo M, Ahola E, Westerholm-Parvinen A, Kalkkinen N, Buchert J, Kruus K. Production and characterization of a secreted, C-terminally processed tyrosinase from the filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei. FEBS J 2006; 273:4322-35. [PMID: 16939623 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2006.05429.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A homology search of the genome database of the filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei identified a new T. reesei tyrosinase gene tyr2, encoding a protein with a putative signal sequence. The gene was overexpressed in the native host under the strong cbh1 promoter, and the tyrosinase enzyme was secreted into the culture supernatant. This is the first report on a secreted fungal tyrosinase. Expression of TYR2 in T. reesei resulted in good yields, corresponding to approximately 0.3 and 1 g.L(-1) tyrosinase in shake flask cultures and laboratory-scale batch fermentation, respectively. T. reesei TYR2 was purified with a three-step purification procedure, consisting of desalting by gel filtration, cation exchange chromatography and size exclusion chromatography. The purified TYR2 protein had a significantly lower molecular mass (43.2 kDa) than that calculated from the putative amino acid sequence (61.151 kDa). According to N-terminal and C-terminal structural analyses by fragmentation, chromatography, MS and peptide sequencing, the mature protein is processed from the C-terminus by a cleavage of a peptide fragment of about 20 kDa. The T. reesei TYR2 polypeptide chain was found to be glycosylated at its only potential N-glycosylation site, with a glycan consisting of two N-acetylglucosamines and five mannoses. Also, low amounts of shorter glycan forms were detected at this site. T. reesei TYR2 showed the highest activity and stability within a neutral and alkaline pH range, having an optimum at pH 9. T. reesei tyrosinase retained its activity well at 30 degrees C, whereas at higher temperatures the enzyme started to lose its activity relatively quickly. T. reesei TYR2 was active on both l-tyrosine and l-dopa, and it showed broad substrate specificity.
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Synthesis and Structure of a Binuclear Cu(II) Complex of 1,3- bis [N,N-bis(2-picolyl)amino]propan-2-ol. Int J Mol Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.3390/i7050179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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45
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Wang N, Hebert DN. Tyrosinase maturation through the mammalian secretory pathway: bringing color to life. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 19:3-18. [PMID: 16420243 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0749.2005.00288.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosinase has been extensively utilized as a model substrate to study the maturation of glycoproteins in the mammalian secretory pathway. The visual nature of its enzymatic activity (melanin production) has facilitated the identification and characterization of the proteins that assist it becoming a functional enzyme, localized to its proper cellular location. Here, we review the steps involved in the maturation of tyrosinase from when it is first synthesized by cytosolic ribosomes until the mature protein reaches its post-Golgi residence in the melanosomes. These steps include protein processing, covalent modifications, chaperone binding, oligomerization, and trafficking. The disruption of any of these steps can lead to a wide range of pigmentation disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
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Battaini G, Granata A, Monzani E, Gullotti M, Casella L. Biomimetic Oxidations by Dinuclear and Trinuclear Copper Complexes. ADVANCES IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s0898-8838(05)58005-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Hirota S, Kawahara T, Lonardi E, de Waal E, Funasaki N, Canters GW. Oxygen Binding to Tyrosinase from Streptomyces antibioticus Studied by Laser Flash Photolysis. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:17966-7. [PMID: 16366523 DOI: 10.1021/ja0541128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosinases catalyze the o-hydroxylation of monophenols (monophenolase activity) and the oxidation of o-diphenols to o-quinones (diphenolase activity) and possess a dinuclear copper active site. The O2 binding kinetics of oxytyrosinase is studied by flash-photolysis measurements, and the O2 binding rate constant (kO2) is obtained as kO2 = 13 +/- 3 muM-1 s-1. Small molecules, such as carbon monoxide and p-nitrophenol (a substrate-analogue inhibitor), are demonstrated to affect O2 binding kinetics. The activation enthalpy of the rate-limiting step of O2 binding is calculated by the temperature dependence of kO2 to be 12.8 +/- 2.6 kcal/mol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Hirota
- Department of Physical Chemistry, 21st Century COE Program, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 5 Nakauchi-cho, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan.
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Gandía-Herrero F, Escribano J, García-Carmona F. Characterization of the monophenolase activity of tyrosinase on betaxanthins: the tyramine-betaxanthin/dopamine-betaxanthin pair. PLANTA 2005; 222:307-18. [PMID: 15968512 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-005-1526-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2005] [Accepted: 02/22/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosinase or polyphenol oxidase (EC 1.14.18.1) is the key enzyme responsible for melanin biosynthesis and for the enzymatic browning of fruits and vegetables. Although the function of tyrosinase in the secondary metabolism of plants remains unclear, it has been proposed that the enzyme plays a role in the betalain biosynthetic pathway. Betalains are an important class of water-soluble pigments, characteristic of plants belonging to the order Caryophyllales. In the present work, the betaxanthins tyramine-betaxanthin (miraxanthin III) and dopamine-betaxanthin (miraxanthin V) are reported as new natural substrates for tyrosinase. The result of the diphenolase activity of the enzyme on dopamine-betaxanthin was a series of products identified by HPLC and ESI-MS as quinone-derivatives. Data indicate that dopamine-betaxanthin-quinone is obtained and evolves to more stable species by intramolecular cyclization. The kinetic parameters evaluated for the diphenolase activity were V(m) = 74.4 microM min(-1), K(m) = 94.7 microM. Monophenolase activity on tyramine-betaxanthin yielded the same compounds in the absence of a reducing agent, but when ascorbic acid was present enzymatic conversion to dopamine-betaxanthin could be found. For the first time, kinetic characterization of the monophenolase activity of tyrosinase on betaxanthins is provided (V(m) = 10.4 microM min(-1) and K(m) = 126.9 microM) and a lag period is described and analyzed according to the mechanism of action of the enzyme. The high affinity shown by tyrosinase for these substrates may be indicative of a previously unconsidered physiological role in betalain metabolism. A possible mechanism for the formation of 2-descarboxy-betacyanins from tyramine-betaxanthin by tyrosinase is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Gandía-Herrero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, 30100, Espinardo, Spain
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García-Molina F, Hiner ANP, Fenoll LG, Rodríguez-Lopez JN, García-Ruiz PA, García-Cánovas F, Tudela J. Mushroom tyrosinase: catalase activity, inhibition, and suicide inactivation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2005; 53:3702-9. [PMID: 15853423 DOI: 10.1021/jf048340h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Mushroom tyrosinase exhibits catalase activity with hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) as substrate. In the absence of a one-electron donor substrate, H(2)O(2) is able to act as both oxidizing and reducing substrate. The kinetic parameters V(max) and K(m) that characterize the reaction were determined from the initial rates of oxygen gas production (V(0)(O)()2) under anaerobic conditions. The reaction can start from either of the two enzyme species present under anaerobic conditions: met-tyrosinase (E(m)) and deoxy-tyrosinase (E(d)). Thus, a molecule of H(2)O(2) can reduce E(m) to E(d) via the formation of oxy-tyrosinase (E(ox)) (E(m) + H(2) <==> O(2) right harpoon over left harpoon E(ox)), E(ox) releases oxygen into the medium and is transformed into E(d), which upon binding another molecule of H(2)O(2) is oxidized to E(m). The effect of pH and the action of inhibitors have also been studied. Catalase activity is favored by increased pH, with an optimum at pH = 6.4. Inhibitors that are analogues of o-diphenol, binding to the active site coppers diaxially, do not inhibit catalase activity but do reduce diphenolase activity. However, chloride, which binds in the equatorial orientation to the protonated enzyme (E(m)H), inhibits both catalase and diphenolase activities. Suicide inactivation of the enzyme by H(2)O(2) has been demonstrated. A kinetic mechanism that is supported by the experimental results is presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco García-Molina
- GENZ: Grupo de Investigación de Enzimología, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molceular-A, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, E-0100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
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Wojtasek H. Regulation of tyrosinase by tetrahydropteridines--what is real? A comment on the work published by Wood et al. on December 24, 2004. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 329:801-3. [PMID: 15752727 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Wojtasek
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Opole, Ul. Oleska 48, 45-052 Opole, Poland
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