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Singh-Makkar S, Pandav K, Hathaway D, Paul T, Youssef P. Multidimensional mechanisms of metformin in cancer treatment. TUMORI JOURNAL 2021; 108:111-118. [PMID: 34139918 DOI: 10.1177/03008916211023548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Metformin has been in clinical use for more than half a century, yet its molecular mechanism of action is not entirely understood. Metformin has been shown to have antiproliferative and synergistic effects on various types of cancers. The anticancer effects of metformin are potentially applicable to both diabetic and nondiabetic patients. Areas of ongoing investigation focus on metformin's ability to activate adenosine monophosphate kinase (AMPK), in addition to its effect on Myc mRNA, monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1), hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF1), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). Additional anticancer effects are exhibited by acting on liver kinase B1 (LKB1), CREB-regulated transcription coactivator 2 (CRTC2), nitric oxide, and reactive oxygen species. Further investigation will be focused on elucidating metformin's metal-binding properties and how they may be harnessed for their anticancer effect. The acquired knowledge about metformin properties has expanded the number of targets for drug discovery such as microRNA, hexokinase, adenylate cyclase, transcription factors, various cyclins, and copper. In order to design anticancer drugs that mimic metformin's mechanism of action, binding assay studies must be conducted to fully understand and utilize the AMPK-dependent and independent mechanisms. Metformin's complex mechanisms that can potentially make this drug a multifaceted therapy targeting tumorigenesis in addition to information from ongoing clinical trials implicate that metformin can be a potential chemotherapeutic drug or adjuvant that could prove to be vital to future strategies against several types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarabjot Singh-Makkar
- Division of Research & Academic Affairs, Larkin Community Hospital, South Miami, FL, USA
| | - Krunal Pandav
- Division of Research & Academic Affairs, Larkin Community Hospital, South Miami, FL, USA
| | - Donald Hathaway
- Division of Research & Academic Affairs, Larkin Community Hospital, South Miami, FL, USA
| | - Trissa Paul
- Division of Research & Academic Affairs, Larkin Community Hospital, South Miami, FL, USA
| | - Pamela Youssef
- Neuroscience Department, Larkin University, Miami, FL, USA
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2
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Cameron AR, Logie L, Patel K, Erhardt S, Bacon S, Middleton P, Harthill J, Forteath C, Coats JT, Kerr C, Curry H, Stewart D, Sakamoto K, Repiščák P, Paterson MJ, Hassinen I, McDougall G, Rena G. Metformin selectively targets redox control of complex I energy transduction. Redox Biol 2018; 14:187-197. [PMID: 28942196 PMCID: PMC5609876 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Many guanide-containing drugs are antihyperglycaemic but most exhibit toxicity, to the extent that only the biguanide metformin has enjoyed sustained clinical use. Here, we have isolated unique mitochondrial redox control properties of metformin that are likely to account for this difference. In primary hepatocytes and H4IIE hepatoma cells we found that antihyperglycaemic diguanides DG5-DG10 and the biguanide phenformin were up to 1000-fold more potent than metformin on cell signalling responses, gluconeogenic promoter expression and hepatocyte glucose production. Each drug inhibited cellular oxygen consumption similarly but there were marked differences in other respects. All diguanides and phenformin but not metformin inhibited NADH oxidation in submitochondrial particles, indicative of complex I inhibition, which also corresponded closely with dehydrogenase activity in living cells measured by WST-1. Consistent with these findings, in isolated mitochondria, DG8 but not metformin caused the NADH/NAD+ couple to become more reduced over time and mitochondrial deterioration ensued, suggesting direct inhibition of complex I and mitochondrial toxicity of DG8. In contrast, metformin exerted a selective oxidation of the mitochondrial NADH/NAD+ couple, without triggering mitochondrial deterioration. Together, our results suggest that metformin suppresses energy transduction by selectively inducing a state in complex I where redox and proton transfer domains are no longer efficiently coupled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy R Cameron
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK
| | - Lisa Logie
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK
| | - Kashyap Patel
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK; MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - Stefan Erhardt
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, School of Engineering & Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, Scotland, UK
| | - Sandra Bacon
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK; Environmental and Biochemical Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland, UK
| | - Paul Middleton
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK; Environmental and Biochemical Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland, UK
| | - Jean Harthill
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK
| | - Calum Forteath
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK
| | - Josh T Coats
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK; Environmental and Biochemical Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland, UK
| | - Calum Kerr
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK; Environmental and Biochemical Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland, UK
| | - Heather Curry
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK; Environmental and Biochemical Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland, UK
| | - Derek Stewart
- Environmental and Biochemical Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland, UK; Institute of Mechanical, Process and Energy Engineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Kei Sakamoto
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - Peter Repiščák
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, School of Engineering & Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, Scotland, UK
| | - Martin J Paterson
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, School of Engineering & Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, Scotland, UK
| | - Ilmo Hassinen
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Gordon McDougall
- Environmental and Biochemical Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland, UK
| | - Graham Rena
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK.
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Glossmann H, Reider N. A marriage of two "Methusalem" drugs for the treatment of psoriasis?: Arguments for a pilot trial with metformin as add-on for methotrexate. DERMATO-ENDOCRINOLOGY 2014; 5:252-63. [PMID: 24194965 PMCID: PMC3772913 DOI: 10.4161/derm.23874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this article we present arguments that the “antidiabetic” drug metformin could be useful as an add-on therapy to methotrexate for the treatment of psoriasis and, perhaps, for rheumatoid arthritis as well. Biochemical data suggest that both drugs may share a common cellular target, the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). This enzyme is a master regulator of metabolism and controls a number of downstream targets, e.g., important for cellular growth or function in many tissues including T-lymphocytes. Clinical observations as well as experimental results argue for anti-inflammatory, antineoplastic and antiproliferative activities of metformin and a case-control study suggests that the drug reduces the risk for psoriasis.
Patients with psoriasis have higher risk of metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular mortality. Metformin has proven efficacy in the treatment of prediabetes and leads to a pronounced and sustained weight loss in overweight individuals. We expect that addition of metformin to methotrexate can lead to positive effects with respect to the PASI score, reduction of the weekly methotrexate dose and of elevated cardiovascular risk factors in patients with metabolic syndrome and psoriasis. For reasons explained later we suggest that only male, overweight patients are to be included in a pilot trial. On the other side of the coin are concerns that the gastrointestinal side effects of metformin are intolerable for patients under low dose, intermittent methotrexate therapy. Metformin has another side effect, namely interference with vitamin B12 and folate metabolism, leading to elevated homocysteine serum levels. As patients must receive folate supplementation and will be controlled with respect to their B12 status increased hematological toxicity is unlikely to result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hartmut Glossmann
- Institute for Biochemical Pharmacology; Department of Dermatology; Medical University of Innsbruck; Innsbruck, Austria
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Pięta E, Proniewicz E, Kim Y, Proniewicz LM. Vibrational characterization and adsorption mode on SERS-active surfaces of guanidino-(bromophenyl)methylphosphonic acid. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2013; 121:121-128. [PMID: 24231748 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2013.09.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This work presents adsorption geometry of [N-butyl-guanidino-(4-bromophenyl)methyl] phosphonic acid (4-BrPhG(n-But)P) on different SERS-active substrates (colloidal and specifically prepared Ag and Au roughened substrates). The adsorption mode is deduced from the SERS selection rules and several characteristic bands of the 4-BrPhG(n-But)P molecular fragments. The SERS spectra are compared to the experimental FT-Raman spectrum. In addition, the vibrational wavenumbers and PED's obtained for 4-BrPhG(n-But)P by using density functional theory methods with B3LYP/6-311++G(**) level of theory and PCM model is briefly presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Pięta
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, ul. Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow, Poland
| | - Edyta Proniewicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, ul. Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow, Poland; Faculty of Foundry Engineering, AGH University of Science and Technology, ul. Reymonta 23, 30-059 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Younkyoo Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin, Kyunggi-Do 449-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Leonard M Proniewicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, ul. Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow, Poland
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Rena G, Pearson ER, Sakamoto K. Molecular mechanism of action of metformin: old or new insights? Diabetologia 2013; 56:1898-906. [PMID: 23835523 PMCID: PMC3737434 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-013-2991-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Metformin is the first-line drug treatment for type 2 diabetes. Globally, over 100 million patients are prescribed this drug annually. Metformin was discovered before the era of target-based drug discovery and its molecular mechanism of action remains an area of vigorous diabetes research. An improvement in our understanding of metformin's molecular targets is likely to enable target-based identification of second-generation drugs with similar properties, a development that has been impossible up to now. The notion that 5' AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) mediates the anti-hyperglycaemic action of metformin has recently been challenged by genetic loss-of-function studies, thrusting the AMPK-independent effects of the drug into the spotlight for the first time in more than a decade. Key AMPK-independent effects of the drug include the mitochondrial actions that have been known for many years and which are still thought to be the primary site of action of metformin. Coupled with recent evidence of AMPK-independent effects on the counter-regulatory hormone glucagon, new paradigms of AMPK-independent drug action are beginning to take shape. In this review we summarise the recent research developments on the molecular action of metformin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Rena
- Cardiovascular and Diabetes Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY UK
| | - Ewan R. Pearson
- Cardiovascular and Diabetes Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY UK
| | - Kei Sakamoto
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences SA, Campus EPFL, Quartier de l’innovation, bâtiment G, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Vytla VS, Ochs RS. Metformin increases mitochondrial energy formation in L6 muscle cell cultures. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:20369-77. [PMID: 23720772 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.482646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A popular hypothesis for the action of metformin, the widely used anti-diabetes drug, is the inhibition of mitochondrial respiration, specifically at complex I. This is consistent with metformin stimulation of glucose uptake by muscle and inhibition of gluconeogenesis by liver. Yet, mitochondrial inhibition is inconsistent with metformin stimulation of fatty acid oxidation in both tissues. In this study, we measured mitochondrial energy production in intact cells adapting an in vivo technique of phosphocreatine (PCr) formation following energy interruption ("PCr recovery") to cell cultures. Metformin increased PCr recovery from either dinitrophenol (DNP) or azide in L6 cells. We found that metformin alone had no effect on cell viability as measured by total ATP concentration, trypan blue exclusion, or 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide reduction. However, treatments with low concentrations of DNP or azide reversibly decreased ATP concentration. Metformin increased 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide reduction during recovery from either agent. Viability measured by trypan blue exclusion indicated that cells were intact under these conditions. We also found that metformin increased free AMP and, to a smaller extent, free ADP concentrations in cells, an action that was duplicated by a structurally unrelated AMP deaminase inhibitor. We conclude that, in intact cells, metformin can lead to a stimulation of energy formation, rather than an inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veeravenkata S Vytla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, New York 11439, USA
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7
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Rena G, Pearson ER, Sakamoto K. Molecular action and pharmacogenetics of metformin: current understanding of an old drug. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.2217/dmt.12.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Mitchell P. Chemiosmotic coupling in oxidative and photosynthetic phosphorylation. 1966. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2012; 1807:1507-38. [PMID: 22082452 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2011.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
50 years ago Peter Mitchell proposed the chemiosmotic hypothesis for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1978. His comprehensive review on chemiosmotic coupling known as the first "Grey Book", has been reprinted here with permission, to offer an electronic record and easy access to this important contribution to the biochemical literature. This remarkable account of Peter Mitchell's ideas originally published in 1966 is a landmark and must-read publication for any scientist in the field of bioenergetics. As far as was possible, the wording and format of the original publication have been retained. Some changes were required for consistency with BBA formats though these do not affect scientific meaning. A scanned version of the original publication is also provided as a downloadable file in Supplementary Information and can be found online at doi:10.1016/j.bbabio.2011.09.018. See also Editorial in this issue by Peter R. Rich. Original title: CHEMIOSMOTIC COUPLING IN OXIDATIVE AND PHOTOSYNTHETIC PHOSPHORYLATION, by Peter Mitchell, Glynn Research Laboratories, Bodmin, Cornwall, England.
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Ketoconazole and miconazole alter potassium homeostasis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2010; 1808:433-45. [PMID: 20932953 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2010.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Revised: 09/24/2010] [Accepted: 09/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The effects of ketoconazole and miconazole uptake on K(+) transport and the internal pH of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were studied. The uptake of both drugs was very fast, linear with concentration and not dependent on glucose, indicating entrance by diffusion and concentrating inside. Low (5.0μM) to intermediate concentrations (40μM) of both drugs produced a glucose-dependent K(+) efflux; higher ones also produced a small influx of protons, probably through a K(+)/H(+) exchanger, resulting in a decrease of the internal pH of the cells and the efflux of material absorbing at 260nm and phosphate. The cell membrane was not permeabilized. The K(+) efflux with miconazole was dependent directly on the medium pH. This efflux results in an increased membrane potential, responsible for an increased Ca(2+) uptake and other effects. These effects were not observed with two triazolic antifungals. A decrease of the Zeta (ζ) potential was observed at low concentrations of miconazole. Although the main effect of these antifungals is the inhibition of ergosterol synthesis, K(+) efflux is an important additional effect to be considered in their therapeutic use. Under certain conditions, the use of single mutants of several transporters involved in the movements of K(+) allowed to identify the participation of several antiporters in the efflux of the cation.
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Gutiérrez-Aguilar M, Pérez-Vázquez V, Bunoust O, Manon S, Rigoulet M, Uribe S. In yeast, Ca2+ and octylguanidine interact with porin (VDAC) preventing the mitochondrial permeability transition. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2007; 1767:1245-51. [PMID: 17707764 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2007.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2007] [Revised: 07/03/2007] [Accepted: 07/10/2007] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In yeast, Ca(2+) and long chain alkylguanidines interact with mitochondria modulating the opening of the yeast mitochondrial unspecific channel. Mammalians possess a similar structure, the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. The composition of these pores is under debate. Among other components, the voltage-dependent anion channel has been proposed as a component of either pore. In yeast from an industrial strain, octylguanidine and calcium closed the yeast mitochondrial unspecific channel. Here, the effects of the cations Ca(2+) or octylguanidine and the voltage-dependent anion channel effector decavanadate were evaluated in yeast mitochondria from either a wild type or a voltage-dependent anion channel deletion laboratory strain. It was observed that in the absence of voltage-dependent anion channel, the yeast mitochondrial unspecific channel was desensitized to Ca(2+), octylguanidine or decavanadate but remained sensitive to phosphate. It is thus suggested that in yeast mitochondria, the voltage-dependent anion channel has a cation binding site where Ca(2+) and octylguanidine interact, conferring cation sensitivity to the yeast mitochondrial unspecific channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Gutiérrez-Aguilar
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 México D. F., Mexico
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Zhang Q, Guan J, Sacci J, Ager A, Ellis W, Milhous W, Kyle D, Lin AJ. Unambiguous synthesis and prophylactic antimalarial activities of imidazolidinedione derivatives. J Med Chem 2005; 48:6472-81. [PMID: 16190773 DOI: 10.1021/jm0504252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
WR182393, a guanidinoimidazolidinedione derivatives with potent causal prophylactic antimalarial activity by intramuscular injection, was previously prepared by treatment of chloroproguanil and diethyl oxalate, yielding a mixture of two closely related isomers. Poor solubility of the mixture made the separation and purification impossible. To overcome the separation problem, new and facile unambiguous syntheses of the two active components were reported. The new synthetic methods facilitate the synthesis of not only the active components, but also their derivatives. To search for compounds with good oral efficacy, a series of carbamate derivatives of the active components were prepared by the new procedure, many of which showed profound causal prophylactic antimalarial activity against Plasmodium yoelii in mouse by oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Zhang
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, USA
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Korotkov SM, Glazunov VV, Rozengart EV, Suvorov AA, Nikitina ER. Effects of Cd2+ and two cadmium organic complexes on isolated rat liver mitochondria. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2000; 13:149-57. [PMID: 10098900 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-0461(1999)13:3/4<149::aid-jbt5>3.0.co;2-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Effects of Cd2+ and two complexes of bivalent cadmium with 1,3-bis(4-chlorbenzylidenamino)-guanidine and anabasine on ion permeability of the inner membrane and respiration of isolated rat liver mitochondria were studied. Starting from 5 microM, Cd2+ decreased state 3 and DNP-stimulated respiration of mitochondria and increased their state 4 respiration. At 30 microM, Cd2+ decreased state 4 respiration. The complexes, particularly complex of Cd2+ with 1,3-bis(4-chlorbenzylidenamino)-guanidine, inhibited the mitochondrial respiration at lower concentration of Cd2+. Nonenergized mitochondria incubated in media containing 125 mM of NH4NO3 or KNO3 showed more pronounced swelling in experiments with 10 microM of the complexes than with Cd2+. The complexes produced swelling of the mitochondria energized by 5 mM of succinate and incubated in medium containing 25 mM K-acetate and 100 mM sucrose. Uptake of 137-Cs by succinate-energized mitochondria in the presence of 10(-8) M of valinomycin was substantially decreased in experiments with 10 microM of the complexes than with Cd2+. Ruthenium red (7.5 microM) prevented this effect with 10 microM of complex of Cd2+ with 1,3-bis(4-chlorbenzylidenamino)-guanidine and especially complex of Cd2+ with anabasine and Cd2+. These results indicate that the cadmium organic complexes affect respiration and perturb ion permeability significantly stronger than Cd2+.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Korotkov
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg.
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13
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PRESSMAN BC, PARK JK. Competition between magnesium and guanidine for mitochondrial binding sites. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998; 11:182-6. [PMID: 13986065 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(63)90331-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Abstract
Atractyloside (Atr) is a diterpenoid glycoside that occurs naturally in plants (many of which are used in ethnomedicines) found in Europe, Africa, South America, Asia and the far East. It is also present in animal grazing forage. Atr (and its analogues) may be present at levels as high as 600 mg/kg dried plant material. Consumption of the plants containing Atr or carboxyatractyloside (carboxyAtr) has caused fatal renal proximal tubule necrosis and/or centrilobular hepatic necrosis in man and farm animals. Although pure Atr and crude plant extracts disrupt carbohydrate homeostasis and induce similar pathophysiological lesions in the kidney and liver, it is also possible that the toxicity of Atr may be confounded by the presence of other natural constituents in plants. Atr competitively inhibits the adenine nucleoside carrier in isolated mitochondria and thus blocks oxidative phosphorylation. This has been assumed to explain changes in carbohydrate metabolism and the toxic effects in liver and kidney. Although the acute toxicity of Atr is well described, many aspects of Atr toxicity (subchronic and chronic toxicity, reproductive toxicity, mutagenicity and carcinogenicity) have not been investigated and pharmacokinetic and metabolism data are limited. In vitro proximal tubular cells are selectively sensitive to Atr, whereas other renal cell types are quite resistant. There are also differences in the response of liver and renal tissue to Atr. Thus, not all of the clinical, biochemical and morphological changes caused by Atr can simply be explained on the basis of inhibition of mitochondrial phosphorylation. The relevance to a wider human risk is shown by the presence of Atr analogues in dried roasted Coffea arabica beans (17.5 32 mg/kg). There are no data to help identify the risk of low dose chronic exposure in human coffee consumers, nor is there information on the levels of Atr or its analogues in other commonly consumed human foodstuffs.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Obatomi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Jos, Nigeria
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BRUNI A, LUCIANI S, BORTIGNON C. COMPETITIVE REVERSAL BY ADENINE NUCLEOTIDES OF ATRACTYLOSIDE EFFECT ON MITOCHONDRIAL ENERGY TRANSFER. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 1996; 97:434-41. [PMID: 14323588 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(65)90154-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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BRUNI A, CONTESSA AR, SCALELLA P. THE BINDING OF ATRACTYLOSIDE AND OLIGOMYCIN TO LIVER MITOCHONDRIA. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 1996; 100:1-12. [PMID: 14323623 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(65)90421-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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GUILLORY RJ. THE ACTION OF DIO-9: AN INHIBITOR AND AN UNCOUPLER OF OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996; 89:197-207. [PMID: 14203167 DOI: 10.1016/0926-6569(64)90208-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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HAAS D. PHOSPHORYLATION COUPLED TO THE OXIDATION OF NADH BY FUMARATE IN DIGITONIN FRAGMENTS OF BEEF-HEART MITOCHONDRIA. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996; 92:433-9. [PMID: 14264876 DOI: 10.1016/0926-6569(64)90002-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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GREGG CT, JOHNSON JR, HEISLER CR, REMMERT LF. INHIBITION OF OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION AND RELATED REACTIONS IN INSECT MITOCHONDRIA. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 1996; 82:343-9. [PMID: 14123568 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(64)90305-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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20
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HOMMES F, ESTABROOK RW, CHANCE B, RASMUSSEN UF. IMIDAZOLE INHIBITION OF THE ENERGY-LINKED REDUCTION OF NAD+ BY SUCCINATE. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996; 81:585-7. [PMID: 14170328 DOI: 10.1016/0926-6569(64)90142-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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21
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Chapter 17. Recent Advancements in the Discovery and Development of Agents for the Treatment of Diabetes. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(08)60930-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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22
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Fields JZ, Albores RR, Neafsey EJ, Collins MA. Inhibition of mitochondrial succinate oxidation--similarities and differences between N-methylated beta-carbolines and MPP+. Arch Biochem Biophys 1992; 294:539-43. [PMID: 1314543 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(92)90722-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
N-Methylated beta-carbolinium compounds (N-Me-BCs), including 2-N-methyl and 2,9-N,N-dimethyl analogs, structural analogs of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+), may be endogenously bioactivated, MPP(+)-like toxins, capable of inducing parkinsonism. Both MPP+ and selected N-Me-BCs inhibit NADH-linked mitochondrial respiration (Complex I). We now show that both also inhibit succinate-supported (Complex II) respiration, the greatest inhibition (80%) being seen for 2,9-dimethylharmanium. Complex I inhibition occurs at MPP+ concentrations (IC50 = 0.17 mM) about one order of magnitude lower than Complex II inhibition (greater than 1.2 mM). In contrast, Complex I and Complex II inhibition by the N-Me-BCs tested occurred at similar concentrations (I, 0.1 mM; II, 0.25 mM) and concentrations similar to Complex I inhibition by MPP+. 2,9-N,N-Dimethyl-BCs, which are the permanently charged BC analogs of MPP+, show inhibitory characteristics similar to MPP+: slow onset of inhibition, potentiation by TPB, and reversal by DNP. The fact that succinate oxidation cannot bypass the Complex II inhibition by N-Me-BCs could enhance any chronic neurotoxicity of N-Me-BCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Z Fields
- Department of Pharmacology, University Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois 60153
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23
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Singh MP, Wang FJ, Hoppel CL, Sayre LM. Inhibition of mitochondrial respiration by neutral, monocationic, and dicationic bis-pyridines related to the dopaminergic neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium cation (MPP+). Arch Biochem Biophys 1991; 286:138-46. [PMID: 1897943 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(91)90019-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The cytotoxic effect of the dopaminergic neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) is believed to be associated with a compromise in cellular energy arising as a consequence of its persistent inhibition of mitochondrial respiration. MPP+ is a rather weak inhibitor of electron transport, but it undergoes passive accumulation inside actively respiring mitochondria in response to the transmembrane electrochemical potential gradient. In order to test the prediction that dicationic analogs of MPP+ might be concentrated to a much greater extent and thereby exert especially potent inhibition of respiration on the intact organelle, we synthesized four differently spaced bis-pyridines, each in neutral, monocationic, and dicationic forms, and evaluated their inhibitory activities in intact mitochondria and in electron transport particles (ETP). Compared to the neutrals, the monocations and especially the dications exhibit reduced inhibition in ETP, but the inhibition in mitochondria is enhanced selectively for the cationic inhibitors presumably on account of their accumulation in the mitochondrial matrix. This enhancement is limited by the relatively poor ability of the cationic bis-pyridines to enter mitochondria, as judged from experiments which evaluated the rate of onset of inhibition (without preincubation), in the absence and presence of tetraphenylborate (TPB-). The dications appear to be transported less well than the monocations, and only the most lipophilic dication exhibited a substantially greater accumulation-dependent enhancement of inhibitory activity on mitochondria than did the corresponding monocation. The compounds studied here constitute a novel class of respiratory chain probes which may be useful for a variety of studies on mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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24
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Michel PP, Dandapani BK, Efange SM, Hefti F. Potential environmental neurotoxins related to 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium: selective toxicity of 1-methyl-4-(4'-acetamidophenyl)-pyridinium and 1-methyl-4-cyclohexylpyridinium for dopaminergic neurons in culture. Exp Neurol 1990; 108:141-50. [PMID: 2335192 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4886(90)90021-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mesencephalic cells in culture were exposed to various compounds which we hypothesized to be selective toxins for dopaminergic neurons. The culture system was previously shown suitable for assessing selective dopaminergic neurotoxicity, since 1-methyl-4-phenyl-pyridinium (MPP+), the active metabolite of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridinium, destroyed dopaminergic neurons without affecting other cells. Some compounds tested were selected to fulfill two criteria believed to underly the selective dopaminergic neurotoxicity of MPP+, i.e., to be a potential substrate for the uptake carrier for dopamine and to possess a strong delocalized positive charge to inhibit the mitochondrial respiratory system. Other compounds were chosen on the basis of clinical or anecdotal evidence linking them to Parkinson's disease. Among the tested compounds two pyridinium analogs, 1-methyl-4-(4'-acetamidophenyl)pyridinium (MACPP+) and 1-methyl-4-cyclohexylpyridinium (MCP+) were found to be selectively toxic toward dopaminergic neurons. Incubation of cultures with both MACPP+ and MCP+ produced a dramatic reduction in the number of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive cells and the uptake of [3H]dopamine without reducing the number of cells visualized by phase-contrast microscopy or the uptake of [3H]aminobutyric acid. Besides MACPP+ and MCP+ none of the tested compounds exhibited any selective dopaminergic neurotoxicity. Together with earlier findings, these data suggest that the structural requirements are rather strict for a chemical to be a selective dopaminergic neurotoxin and make it unlikely that there is a wide spectrum of environmental dopaminergic toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- P P Michel
- Andrus Gerontology Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90089
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25
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Diwan JJ, Yune HH, Bawa R, Haley T, Mannella CA. Enhanced uptake of spermidine and methylglyoxal-bis(guanylhydrazone) by rat liver mitochondria following outer membrane lysis. Biochem Pharmacol 1988; 37:957-61. [PMID: 3345205 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(88)90188-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Isolated rat liver mitochondria rapidly bound the 14C-labeled organic cations spermidine, a physiologically important polyamine, and methylglyoxal-bis(guanylhydrazone) (MGBG), an anticancer drug. This rapid, Mg2+-sensitive, respiration-independent binding is assumed to involve adsorption to anionic surface groups. A slower progressive uptake of the organic cations exhibited respiration dependence, indicating that it involves transport across the inner mitochondrial membrane into the matrix compartment. Addition of digitonin, to lyse the outer mitochondrial membrane, caused an increase in the mitochondrial content of the organic cations and enhanced the rate of progressive, respiration-dependent cation uptake. The data are consistent with the interpretation that the outer mitochondrial membrane limits access of the organic cations, spermidine and MGBG, to the inner mitochondrial membrane. This conclusion is supported also by published data indicating that outer membrane lysis enhances inhibitory effects of the organic cations on mitochondrial respiration. The uptake of spermidine by mitochondria was inhibited by MGBG.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Diwan
- Biology Department, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180-3590
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26
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Chapter 4 Synergism Between Antifouling Biocides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-1116(08)72170-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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27
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Ferreira J, Gil L, Stutzin A, Orrego F. Effects of guanethidine on electron transport and proton movements in rat heart, brain and liver mitochondria. Biochem Pharmacol 1985; 34:2507-12. [PMID: 2990489 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(85)90534-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Guanethidine at 5-25 mM concentrations was found to induce up to 79% inhibition of ADP-stimulated (state III) oxygen consumption in isolated rat heart, brain or liver mitochondria, when the added substrate was glutamate or succinate, but the inhibition was considerably lower (24% or less) when respiration was supported by ascorbate plus tetramethylphenylenediamine (TMPD). Comparable results were seen regarding ADP-stimulated proton uptake, where even greater inhibition (up to 94% with glutamate or succinate, but not ascorbate plus TMPD) was found. Similar but somewhat less marked effects were also seen in resting (state IV) respiration and on the acceptor control ratio (state III/state IV respiration). 2,4-Dinitrophenol was unable to relieve guanethidine-induced inhibition of electron transport. These results indicate that guanethidine inhibits primarily mitochondrial electron transport itself, and that the site where such inhibition is more marked is located in the span between ubiquinone and cytochrome c of the respiratory chain. It is, therefore, suggested that active guanethidine uptake by noradrenergic neurons can lead to a high drug concentration in their cytoplasm and hence to mitochondrial alterations that can contribute to the pharmacological effect of this drug. Our results demonstrate the interaction between guanethidine and the electron transport chain of mitochondria derived from different tissues and, therefore, support this hypothesis.
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28
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Harris RA, Cook GA, McDermott RD, Robinson KM. Mechanism responsible for the hypoglycemic action of 2-alkoxy-2-propenylidene methanaminiums. Arch Biochem Biophys 1985; 238:522-30. [PMID: 3994389 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(85)90196-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
2-Alkoxy-2-propenylidene methanaminiums inhibited gluconeogenesis and stimulated glycolysis by hepatocytes isolated from 48-h-fasted rats and fasted-refed rats, respectively. The order of effectiveness of these compounds was the same as the hypoglycemic response of intact rats found in other studies, i.e., butoxy greater than propoxy greater than ethoxy derivative. Lactate/pyruvate and beta-hydroxybutyrate/acetoacetate ratios were elevated whereas cellular ATP concentration was decreased by these compounds. The butoxy derivative inhibited the oxidation of [U-14C]glucose to 14CO2 but increased glucose utilization and lactate accumulation by isolated rat diaphragms. The butoxy derivative also inhibited site I reversed electron transfer and the oxidation of NAD+-linked substrates but not succinate by isolated rat liver mitochondria. Methanaminium-induced hypoglycemia in intact rats was accompanied by an increase in blood lactate concentration as well as blood beta-hydroxybutyrate to acetoacetate ratio. The hypoglycemia caused by these compounds is proposed to be due to inhibition of glucose synthesis in the liver along with increased glucose utilization in peripheral tissues, both for want of ATP as a consequence of inhibition of site I electron transfer.
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29
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Mikes V, Yaguzhinskij LS. Interaction of fluorescent berberine alkyl derivatives with respiratory chain of rat liver mitochondria. J Bioenerg Biomembr 1985; 17:23-32. [PMID: 3988724 DOI: 10.1007/bf00744986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The cationic fluorescent dyes, berberines, have been observed to inhibit NAD-linked respiration in rat liver mitochondria. Low concentrations inhibit electron transport in the NAD-ubiquinone span after penetration into mitochondria. More hydrophobic alkyl derivatives proved to be stronger inhibitors showing more rapid onset of inhibition. The inhibition was totally dependent on the energization of the membrane; however, the addition of a hydrophobic anion stimulated the inhibition effects in uncoupled mitochondria. Substantially higher concentrations of berberines are needed for the inhibition of the oxidation of succinate. The excess of dye interacting with surface dipoles in the energized state can inhibit the energy transduction through the complex bc1. On the basis of the difference in the rate of fluorescence response when berberines are added to coupled mitochondria and the corresponding inhibition effects, the presence minimally of two binding sites was suggested. The dye bound on the outer surface is highly fluorescent and inhibits the energy transduction if added in excess. The remaining dye interacting with NADH dehydrogenase does not fluoresce. The accumulation of alkylberberine in mitochondria results in additional effects in the region of cytochrome b the nature of which is not fully understood.
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30
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Byczkowski JZ, Porter CW. Interactions between bis(guanylhydrazones) and polyamines in isolated mitochondria. GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY 1983; 14:615-21. [PMID: 6689308 DOI: 10.1016/0306-3623(83)90158-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The interactions of naturally occurring polyamines: putrescine, spermidine and spermine, with anticancer bis-guanylhydrazones: methylglyoxal-bis(guanylhydrazone) (MGBG) and 4,4'-diacetyldiphenylurea-bis(guanylhydrazone) (DDUG) were investigated at the level of mitochondrial membrane. The effects of bis-guanylhydrazones on intact rat liver mitochondria were readily prevented or reversed by polyamines and these interactions were also affected by the mitochondrial transmembrane potential. Magnesium cations enhanced the protective action of polyamines. The data indicate that competition exists between the essential anticancer bis(guanylhydrazone) and polyamines for low affinity negatively charged binding sites at the outer surface of inner mitochondrial membrane. The study of drug interactions was extended to the level of isolated tumor mitochondria from rat HTC hepatoma and murine L1210 leukemia cells. A complicated pattern of interactions between the anticancer bis-guanylhydrazones and phenethylbiguanide was obtained.
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31
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Guilland-Cumming DF, Smith GJ. The effect of camphor on mitochondrial respiration. EXPERIENTIA 1982; 38:236-7. [PMID: 7060709 DOI: 10.1007/bf01945085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Camphor at less than 8 mumoles/mg protein reduced the rate of oxygen consumption by rat liver mitochondria. The effect occurs only with NAD+-linked substrates. Succinate linked respiration was inhibited but this appears to be caused by some conversion of succinate to malate. At higher levels, camphor increases oxygen consumption with succinate substrate, by uncoupling at site II.
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32
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Synthese du phosphate d'isopropylamino-2 pyrimidine (14C2-4,6) a tres forte activite specifique. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 1982. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.2580190205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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33
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Chávez E, Bravo C. Anisotropic action of cetyl pyridinium chloride on rat heart mitochondria. Arch Biochem Biophys 1982; 213:81-6. [PMID: 6460471 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(82)90442-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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34
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Weitzel G, Hadjianghelu A. [The effects of guanidino derivatives on glucose uptake in rat adipocytes (author's transl)]. HOPPE-SEYLER'S ZEITSCHRIFT FUR PHYSIOLOGISCHE CHEMIE 1982; 363:45-50. [PMID: 7061042 DOI: 10.1515/bchm2.1982.363.1.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the effects of guanidino compounds on glucose uptake in rat adipocytes. We tested the following homologous series: a) Ethyl omega-guanidinoalkanoates: R-[CH2]n-CO-OC2H5 b) omega-Guanidino-N,N-dimethylalkanamides: R-[CH2]n-CO-N(CH3)2 c) omega-Guanidinoalkylamides (agmatines): R-[CH2]n+1-NH2 (R = H2N-C(= NH)-NH-;n = 3 to 10) In addition, we tested the effects of 1,6-diaminohexane, 1,6-bis(dimethylamino)hexane and spermidine (H2N-[CH2]3-NH-[CH2]4-NH2). The guanidino compounds showed varying effects on glucose uptake in fat cells. The relation between structure and activity indicates that the guanidino group itself is not significant for the corresponding activity of the compounds. The presence and spatial separation of two amino groups are vital. Glucose uptake tests with L-glucose and with 2-deoxy-D-glucose in relation to ATP levels of the fat cells, suggests that the activity of the compounds on glucose uptake in fat is unspecific. It can be concluded that the guanidino derivatives exert their effects by direct influence on the cell membrane.
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Carabez A, Sandoval F. On the mechanism of action of polyether XXVIII at site I of the electron-transfer chain in rat liver mitochondria. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1981; 638:125-31. [PMID: 7295711 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(81)90195-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In rat liver mitochondria, the macrocyclic polyether, dibenzo-18-crown-6 (polyether XXVIII) inhibits the oxidation of NAD-dependent substrates, as stimulated by ADP, uncouplers and valinomycin plus K+. It does not inhibit the oxidation of succinate. It is concluded that polyether XXVIII inhibits electron transfer in the NADH-CoQ span of respiratory chain. This is a process that is reversed by menadione. Inhibition of oxidation of NAD-dependent substrates in K+-depleted mitochondria induced by the polyether is reversed by concentrations of K+ higher than 60 mM, and also by Li+, a cation that does not complex with polyether XXVIII. As assayed by swelling mitochondria, reversal of the inhibition of electron transfer is accompanied by influx of monovalent cations. Polyether XXVIII also inhibits in submitochondrial particles the aerobic oxidation of NADH, but not that of succinate; this inhibition is also reversed by K+ at high concentrations, and Li+. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that a monovalent cation is required for maximal rates of electron transport in the NADH-CoQ span of the respiratory chain.
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36
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Pueyo C, Cerda´-Olmedo E. Causes of cell death following exposure to different fungicides and heat. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/0147-5975(81)90011-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Pearson TW, Estep JA, Goldner AM. Effect of phenethylbiguanide on sugar and amino acid transport in rabbit ileum. Life Sci 1980; 26:2293-300. [PMID: 7401922 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(80)90216-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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39
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Strobel GA. The relationship between membrane ATPase activity in sugarcane and heat-induced resistance to helminthosporoside. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1979; 554:460-8. [PMID: 158388 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(79)90384-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
1. Heating of susceptible sugarcane leaves (4 h at 35 degrees C) renders them resistant, for 24 h, to the effects of helminthosporoside. Membrane ATPase activity is reduced by 50% as a result of the heat treatment. When the leaves again become susceptible (after 24 h), membrane. ATPase activity is fully restored. 2. Inhibitors of membrane ATPase activity protect susceptible leaves from the effects of helminthosporoside (KF, EDTA, and octylguanidine). 3. Helminthosporoside activates (30%) membrane ATPase in microsomes from susceptible, but not heat-treated (resistant) leaves. Once heat-treated leaves again become susceptible, helminthosporoside activation of membrane ATPase activity resumes. 4. A plot of the production of helminthosporoside-induced symptoms, and membrane ATPase activity as a function of the reciprocal of the absolute temperature reveals that both have sharp breaks at 32 degrees C. 5. Protoplasts of susceptible cane are rendered insensitivity to the effects of the toxin in a medium deficient in K+ and Mg2+. When these ions are added, cell sensitivity to the toxin is restored. Since K+ uptake in plants is mediated by membrane ATPase, a connection with this enzyme activity can be made to cell sensitivity to the toxin.
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Re GG, Meda E. Effects of octylguanidine on the electrical activity of Xenopus heart. EXPERIENTIA 1979; 35:235-6. [PMID: 421843 DOI: 10.1007/bf01920636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The effects of laboratory synthesized octylguanidine are described. There is an early decease of the maximum rate of rise of the action potential with negligible reduction of the overshoot although the membrane resting potential is unchanged. Subsequently, there is a remarkable reduction of both membrane potential and overshoot, while the plateau is shortened. The former effects resemble those seen with tetrodotoxin, the latter ones, with metabolic poisons.
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Beresford R, Bills GN, Fastier FN, Milne RJ. Effects of 2,4-dinitrophenol amylobarbitone and certain other drugs on the rate of oxygen consumption and force of contraction of isolated curarized diaphragm muscle of the rat. Br J Pharmacol 1979; 65:63-9. [PMID: 760891 PMCID: PMC1668470 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1979.tb17334.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
1 A technique has been developed for studying over periods of 10 min or longer the effects of drugs on both the force of electrically-induced contractions and the oxygen consumption of an isolated, curarized, mammalian, skeletal muscle preparation.2 The resting oxygen consumption of the muscle was increased substantially by 2,4-dinitrophenol in concentrations (0.02 mM and higher) that eventually produced contracture. Two other uncoupling agents, 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol and carbonylcyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone, behaved similarly.3 The oxygen consumption over 10 min of the stimulated muscle was also increased by 2,4-dinitrophenol (0.05 mM), although the strength of the ;maximal' contractions was lessened.4 Amylobarbitone increased the strength of contraction at a concentration (0.2 mM) that did not affect oxygen consumption significantly. Amylobarbitone and pentobarbitone also increased it at a concentration (1 mM) that depressed oxygen consumption. They decreased both strength of contraction and oxygen consumption at a concentration of 5 mM. Phenobarbitone had a weaker action.5 S-n-decyl-thiouronium increased oxygen consumption when given at a concentration (1 mM) that diminished strength of contraction and eventually produced contracture of the muscle.6 Both S-methyl-thiouronium (1 mM) and 4-aminopyridine (0.1 mM and 0.5 mM) increased strength of contraction without increasing oxygen consumption. Neither strength of contraction nor oxygen uptake was affected by ouabain (up to 0.01 mM) or by phenformin (0.1 mM).7 It is concluded that the response to 2,4-dinitrophenol is due mainly, if not wholly, to its known ability to uncouple oxidative phosphorylation; that the response to the barbiturates is due to a combination of a known metabolic action (viz., blocking of the respiratory chain) and a stimulant action on muscle; and the response to S-n-decyl-thiouronium to a disruptive action on cell membranes. The disproportionate actions of 4-aminopyridine and S-methyl-thiouronium on strength of contraction relative to oxygen consumption are also attributed to a non-metabolic action.
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Bowman BJ, Mainzer SE, Allen KE, Slayman CW. Effects of inhibitors on the plasma membrane and mitochondrial adenosine triphosphatases of Neurospora crassa. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1978; 512:13-28. [PMID: 151557 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(78)90214-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A comparative study has been made of the effects of a variety of inhibitors on the plasma membrane ATPase and mitochondrial ATPase of Neurospora crassa. The most specific inhibitors proved to be vanadate and diethylstilbestrol for the plasma membrane ATPase and azide, oligomycin, venturicidin, and leucinostatin for mitochondrial ATPase. N,N'-Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, octylguanidine, triphenylsulfonium chloride, and quercetin and related bioflavonoids inhibited both enzymes, although with different concentration dependences. Other compounds that were tested (phaseolin, fusicoccin, deoxycorticosterone, alachlor, salicyclic acid, N-1-napthylphthalamate, triiodobenzoic acid, cyclic AMP, cyclic GMP, theobromine, theophylline, and histamine) had no significant effect on either enzyme. Overall, the results indicate that the plasma membrane and mitochondrial ATPases are distinct enzymes, in spite of the fact that they may play related roles in H+ transport across their respective membranes.
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45
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de Meirelles NC, Meirelles UM, Gavilanes M, Tuena de Gómez-Puyou M, Gómez-Puyou A. Effect of 1-(p-methoxybenzyl)-6,7-methylenedioxyisoquinoline on mitochondrial respiration. Biochem Pharmacol 1978; 27:1505-7. [PMID: 697891 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(78)90108-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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46
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Peña A, Chávez E, Cárabez A, De Gómez-Puyou MT. The metabolic effects and uptake of ethidium bromide by rat liver mitochondria. Arch Biochem Biophys 1977; 180:522-9. [PMID: 141908 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(77)90068-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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47
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Gómez-Puyou A, Tuena de Gómez-Puyou M. Monovalent cations in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. J Bioenerg Biomembr 1977; 9:91-102. [PMID: 142085 DOI: 10.1007/bf00745045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Cederbaum AI, Lieber CS, Rubin E. Effect of chronic ethanol consumption and acetaldehyde on partial reactions of oxidative phosphorylation and CO2 production from citric acid cycle intermediates. Arch Biochem Biophys 1976; 176:525-38. [PMID: 185964 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(76)90196-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Schäfer G. Some new aspects on the interaction of hypoglycemia-producing biguanides with biological membranes. Biochem Pharmacol 1976; 25:2015-24. [PMID: 985539 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(76)90424-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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