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Chaudhary R, Rehman M, Agarwal V, Kumar A, Kaushik AS, Srivastava S, Srivastava S, Verma R, Rajinikanth PS, Mishra V. Terra incognita of glial cell dynamics in the etiology of leukodystrophies: Broadening disease and therapeutic perspectives. Life Sci 2024; 354:122953. [PMID: 39122110 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Neuroglial cells, also known as glia, are primarily characterized as auxiliary cells within the central nervous system (CNS). The recent findings have shed light on their significance in numerous physiological processes and their involvement in various neurological disorders. Leukodystrophies encompass an array of rare and hereditary neurodegenerative conditions that were initially characterized by the deficiency, aberration, or degradation of myelin sheath within CNS. The primary cellular populations that experience significant alterations are astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglia. These glial cells are either structurally or metabolically impaired due to inherent cellular dysfunction. Alternatively, they may fall victim to the accumulation of harmful by-products resulting from metabolic disturbances. In either situation, the possible replacement of glial cells through the utilization of implanted tissue or stem cell-derived human neural or glial progenitor cells hold great promise as a therapeutic strategy for both the restoration of structural integrity through remyelination and the amelioration of metabolic deficiencies. Various emerging treatment strategies like stem cell therapy, ex-vivo gene therapy, infusion of adeno-associated virus vectors, emerging RNA-based therapies as well as long-term therapies have demonstrated success in pre-clinical studies and show promise for rapid clinical translation. Here, we addressed various leukodystrophies in a comprehensive and detailed manner as well as provide prospective therapeutic interventions that are being considered for clinical trials. Further, we aim to emphasize the crucial role of different glial cells in the pathogenesis of leukodystrophies. By doing so, we hope to advance our understanding of the disease, elucidate underlying mechanisms, and facilitate the development of potential treatment interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishabh Chaudhary
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226025, U.P., India
| | - Mujeeba Rehman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226025, U.P., India
| | - Vipul Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226025, U.P., India
| | - Anand Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226025, U.P., India
| | - Arjun Singh Kaushik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226025, U.P., India
| | - Siddhi Srivastava
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226025, U.P., India
| | - Sukriti Srivastava
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226025, U.P., India
| | - Rajkumar Verma
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 200 Academic Way, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - P S Rajinikanth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226025, U.P., India
| | - Vikas Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226025, U.P., India.
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Gallucci GM, Hayes CM, Boyer JL, Barbier O, Assis DN, Ghonem NS. PPAR-Mediated Bile Acid Glucuronidation: Therapeutic Targets for the Treatment of Cholestatic Liver Diseases. Cells 2024; 13:1296. [PMID: 39120326 PMCID: PMC11312002 DOI: 10.3390/cells13151296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Cholestatic liver diseases, including primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), result from an impairment of bile flow that leads to the hepatic retention of bile acids, causing liver injury. Until recently, the only approved treatments for PBC were ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and obeticholic acid (OCA). While these therapies slow the progression of PBC in the early stage of the disease, approximately 40% of patients respond incompletely to UDCA, and advanced cases do not respond. UDCA does not improve survival in patients with PSC, and patients often have dose-limiting pruritus reactions to OCA. Left untreated, these diseases can progress to fibrosis and cirrhosis, resulting in liver failure and the need for transplantation. These shortcomings emphasize the urgent need for alternative treatment strategies. Recently, nuclear hormone receptors have been explored as pharmacological targets for adjunct therapy because they regulate enzymes involved in bile acid metabolism and detoxification. In particular, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) has emerged as a therapeutic target for patients with PBC or PSC who experience an incomplete response to UDCA. PPARα is predominantly expressed in the liver, and it plays an essential role in the regulation of cytochrome P450 (CYP) and uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzymes, both of which are critical enzyme families involved in the regulation of bile acid metabolism and glucuronidation, respectively. Importantly, PPARα agonists, e.g., fenofibrate, have shown therapeutic benefits in reducing elevated markers of cholestasis in patients with PBC and PSC, and elafibranor, the first PPAR (dual α, β/δ) agonist, has been FDA-approved for the second-line treatment of PBC. Additionally, newer PPAR agonists that target various PPAR isoforms (β/δ, γ) are under development as an adjunct therapy for PBC or PSC, although their impact on glucuronidation pathways are less characterized. This review will focus on PPAR-mediated bile acid glucuronidation as a therapeutic pathway to improve outcomes for patients with PBC and PSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina M. Gallucci
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Colleen M. Hayes
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - James L. Boyer
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Olivier Barbier
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - David N. Assis
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Nisanne S. Ghonem
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
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Olszewska AM, Zmijewski MA. Genomic and non-genomic action of vitamin D on ion channels - Targeting mitochondria. Mitochondrion 2024; 77:101891. [PMID: 38692383 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2024.101891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Recent studies revealed that mitochondria are not only a place of vitamin D3 metabolism but also direct or indirect targets of its activities. This review summarizes current knowledge on the regulation of ion channels from plasma and mitochondrial membranes by the active form of vitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3). 1,25(OH)2D3, is a naturally occurring hormone with pleiotropic activities; implicated in the modulation of cell differentiation, and proliferation and in the prevention of various diseases, including cancer. Many experimental data indicate that 1,25(OH)2D3 deficiency induces ionic remodeling and 1,25(OH)2D3 regulates the activity of multiple ion channels. There are two main theories on how 1,25(OH)2D3 can modify the function of ion channels. First, describes the involvement of genomic pathways of response to 1,25(OH)2D3 in the regulation of the expression of the genes encoding channels, their auxiliary subunits, or additional regulators. Interestingly, intracellular ion channels, like mitochondrial, are encoded by the same genes as plasma membrane channels. Therefore, the comprehensive genomic regulation of the channels from these two different cellular compartments we analyzed using a bioinformatic approach. The second theory explores non-genomic pathways of vitamin D3 activities. It was shown, that 1,25(OH)2D3 indirectly regulates enzymes that impact ion channels, change membrane physical properties, or directly bind to channel proteins. In this article, the involvement of genomic and non-genomic pathways regulated by 1,25(OH)2D3 in the modulation of the levels and activity of plasma membrane and mitochondrial ion channels was investigated by an extensive review of the literature and analysis of the transcriptomic data using bioinformatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Olszewska
- Department of Histology, Medical University of Gdansk, 1a Debinki, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - M A Zmijewski
- Department of Histology, Medical University of Gdansk, 1a Debinki, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland.
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Spanos F, Gerenu G, Goikolea J, Latorre-Leal M, Balleza-Tapia H, Gomez K, Álvarez-Jiménez L, Piras A, Gómez-Galán M, Fisahn A, Cedazo-Minguez A, Maioli S, Loera-Valencia R. Impaired astrocytic synaptic function by peripheral cholesterol metabolite 27-hydroxycholesterol. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1347535. [PMID: 38650656 PMCID: PMC11034371 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1347535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes represent the most abundant cell type in the brain, where they play critical roles in synaptic transmission, cognition, and behavior. Recent discoveries show astrocytes are involved in synaptic dysfunction during Alzheimer's disease (AD). AD patients have imbalanced cholesterol metabolism, demonstrated by high levels of side-chain oxidized cholesterol known as 27-hydroxycholesterol (27-OH). Evidence from our laboratory has shown that elevated 27-OH can abolish synaptic connectivity during neuromaturation, but its effect on astrocyte function is currently unclear. Our results suggest that elevated 27-OH decreases the astrocyte function in vivo in Cyp27Tg, a mouse model of brain oxysterol imbalance. Here, we report a downregulation of glutamate transporters in the hippocampus of CYP27Tg mice together with increased GFAP. GLT-1 downregulation was also observed when WT mice were fed with high-cholesterol diets. To study the relationship between astrocytes and neurons, we have developed a 3D co-culture system that allows all the cell types from mice embryos to differentiate in vitro. We report that our 3D co-cultures reproduce the effects of 27-OH observed in 2D neurons and in vivo. Moreover, we found novel degenerative effects in astrocytes that do not appear in 2D cultures, together with the downregulation of glutamate transporters GLT-1 and GLAST. We propose that this transporter dysregulation leads to neuronal hyperexcitability and synaptic dysfunction based on the effects of 27-OH on astrocytes. Taken together, these results report a new mechanism linking oxysterol imbalance in the brain and synaptic dysfunction through effects on astrocyte function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fokion Spanos
- Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Alzheimer Research, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gorka Gerenu
- Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Alzheimer Research, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Physiology, Biogipuzkoa Health Research Institute - Ikerbasque Basque foundation for Science and University of Basque Country, San Sebastian, Spain
- CIBERNED (Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, Institute Carlos III), Madrid, Spain
| | - Julen Goikolea
- Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Alzheimer Research, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - María Latorre-Leal
- Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Alzheimer Research, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hugo Balleza-Tapia
- Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Alzheimer Research, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karen Gomez
- Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Alzheimer Research, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laura Álvarez-Jiménez
- Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Alzheimer Research, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Antonio Piras
- Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Alzheimer Research, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marta Gómez-Galán
- Anestesiologi Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - André Fisahn
- Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Alzheimer Research, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Angel Cedazo-Minguez
- Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Alzheimer Research, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Silvia Maioli
- Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Alzheimer Research, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Raúl Loera-Valencia
- Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Alzheimer Research, Stockholm, Sweden
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Chihuahua, Mexico
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Tang X, Zhou Y, Chen Z, Liu C, Wu Z, Zhou Y, Zhang F, Lu X, Tang L. Identification of key biomarkers for predicting CAD progression in inflammatory bowel disease via machine-learning and bioinformatics strategies. J Cell Mol Med 2024; 28:e18175. [PMID: 38451044 PMCID: PMC10919158 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.18175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to identify the biomarkers for predicting coronary atherosclerotic lesions progression in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Related transcriptome datasets were seized from Gene Expression Omnibus database. IBD-related modules were identified via Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis. The 'Limma' was applied to screen differentially expressed genes between stable coronary artery disease (CAD) and acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Subsequently, we employed protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and three machine-learning strategies to further screen for candidate hub genes. Application of the receiver operating characteristics curve to quantitatively evaluate candidates to determine key diagnostic biomarkers, followed by a nomogram construction. Ultimately, we performed immune landscape analysis, single-gene GSEA and prediction of target-drugs. 3227 IBD-related module genes and 570 DEGs accounting for AMI were recognized. Intersection yielded 85 shared genes and mostly enriched in immune and inflammatory pathways. After filtering through PPI network and multi-machine learning algorithms, five candidate genes generated. Upon validation, CTSD, CEBPD, CYP27A1 were identified as key diagnostic biomarkers with a superior sensitivity and specificity (AUC > 0.8). Furthermore, all three genes were negatively correlated with CD4+ T cells and positively correlated with neutrophils. Single-gene GSEA highlighted the importance of pathogen invasion, metabolism, immune and inflammation responses during the pathogenesis of AMI. Ten target-drugs were predicted. The discovery of three peripheral blood biomarkers capable of predicting the risk of CAD proceeding into AMI in IBD patients. These identified biomarkers were negatively correlated with CD4+ T cells and positively correlated with neutrophils, indicating a latent therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqi Tang
- School of MedicineShaoxing UniversityZhejiangChina
| | - Yufei Zhou
- Department of CardiologyShanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Zhuolin Chen
- Department of OrthopedicsShaoxing People's Hospital (Zhejiang University School of Medicine)ShaoxingChina
| | - Chunjiang Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Division of Vascular SurgeryShaoxing People's HospitalShaoxingChina
| | - Zhifeng Wu
- School of MedicineShaoxing UniversityZhejiangChina
| | - Yue Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, Division of Vascular SurgeryShaoxing People's HospitalShaoxingChina
| | - Fan Zhang
- School of MedicineShaoxing UniversityZhejiangChina
| | - Xuanyuan Lu
- Department of OrthopedicsShaoxing People's Hospital (Zhejiang University School of Medicine)ShaoxingChina
| | - Liming Tang
- Department of General Surgery, Division of Vascular SurgeryShaoxing People's HospitalShaoxingChina
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Köroğlu M, Karakaplan M, Gündüz E, Kesriklioğlu B, Ergen E, Aslantürk O, Özdemir ZM. Cerebrotendinous Xanthomatosis patients with late diagnosed in single orthopedic clinic: two novel variants in the CYP27A1 gene. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2024; 19:53. [PMID: 38336741 PMCID: PMC10858589 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-024-03082-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebrotendinous Xanthomatosis (CTX) is a rare autosomal recessive lipid storage disorder caused by loss of function variants in the CYP27A1 gene which encodes sterol 27-hydroxylase, on chromosome 2q35. Although the symptoms begin commonly in infancy, CTX diagnosis is often delayed. The aim of this study is to review the orthopedic findings of the disease by providing an overview of the clinical features of the disease. It is to raise awareness of this condition for which early diagnosis and treatment are important. METHODS We retrospectively evaluated the clinical, laboratory, radiological, and genetic findings of eight patients from four families who were admitted to our Orthopedics and Traumatology Department between 2017 and 2022 due to bilateral Achilles tendon xanthomas, were found to have high cholestanol and CYP27A1 gene mutations. RESULTS The mean age of patients was 37, and five of them were male. The mean age at the onset of symptoms was 9.25 years. The mean age of initial diagnosis was 33.75 years. Between symptom onset and clinical diagnosis, an average delay of 24.5 years was observed. All patients had bilateral Achilles tendon xanthoma. Notably, a novel variant (c.670_671delAA) in CYP27A1 gene was identified in three patients who also presented with peripheral neuropathy and bilateral pes cavus. One patient had osteoporosis and four patients had osteopenia. Five patients had a history of bilateral cataracts. Furthermore, three of the patients had early-onset chronic diarrhea and three of the patients had ataxia. Two of the patients had epilepsy and seven of the patients had behavior-personality disorder. All patients had low intelligence, but none of them had cardiac disease. CONCLUSION We present the diagnostic process and clinical features which the largest CTX case series ever reported from single orthopedic clinic. We suggest that patients with normal cholesterol levels presenting with xanthoma being genetically analyzed by testing at their serum cholestanol level, and that all siblings of patients diagnosed with CTX be examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Köroğlu
- Orthopaedics and Traumatology Department, Turgut Özal Medical Center, İnönü University Medical School, Malatya, 44280, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Karakaplan
- Orthopaedics and Traumatology Department, Turgut Özal Medical Center, İnönü University Medical School, Malatya, 44280, Turkey.
| | - Enes Gündüz
- Orthopaedics and Traumatology Department, Şarkışla State Hospital, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Betül Kesriklioğlu
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Emre Ergen
- Orthopaedics and Traumatology Department, Turgut Özal Medical Center, İnönü University Medical School, Malatya, 44280, Turkey
| | - Okan Aslantürk
- Orthopaedics and Traumatology Department, Turgut Özal Medical Center, İnönü University Medical School, Malatya, 44280, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Maraş Özdemir
- Department of Radiology, Turgut Özal Medical Center, İnönü University Medical School, Malatya, Turkey
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Ayadi S, Friedrichs S, Soulès R, Pucheu L, Lütjohann D, Silvente-Poirot S, Poirot M, de Medina P. 27-Hydroxylation of oncosterone by CYP27A1 switches its activity from pro-tumor to anti-tumor. J Lipid Res 2023; 64:100479. [PMID: 37981011 PMCID: PMC10770617 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2023.100479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncosterone (6-oxo-cholestane-3β,5α-diol; OCDO) is an oncometabolite and a tumor promoter on estrogen receptor alpha-positive breast cancer (ER(+) BC) and triple-negative breast cancers (TN BC). OCDO is an oxysterol formed in three steps from cholesterol: 1) oxygen addition at the double bond to give α- or β- isomers of 5,6-epoxycholestanols (5,6-EC), 2) hydrolyses of the epoxide ring of 5,6-ECs to give cholestane-3β,5α,6β-triol (CT), and 3) oxidation of the C6 hydroxyl of CT to give OCDO. On the other hand, cholesterol can be hydroxylated by CYP27A1 at the ultimate methyl carbon of its side chain to give 27-hydroxycholesterol ((25R)-Cholest-5-ene-3beta,26-diol, 27HC), which is a tumor promoter for ER(+) BC. It is currently unknown whether OCDO and its precursors can be hydroxylated at position C27 by CYP27A1, as is the impact of such modification on the proliferation of ER(+) and TN BC cells. We investigated, herein, whether 27H-5,6-ECs ((25R)-5,6-epoxycholestan-3β,26-diol), 27H-CT ((25R)-cholestane-3β,5α,6β,26-tetrol) and 27H-OCDO ((25R)-cholestane-6-oxo-3β,5α,26-triol) exist as metabolites and can be produced by cells expressing CYP27A1. We report, for the first time, that these compounds exist as metabolites in humans. We give pharmacological and genetic evidence that CYP27A1 is responsible for their production. Importantly, we found that 27-hydroxy-OCDO (27H-OCDO) inhibits BC cell proliferation and blocks OCDO and 27-HC-induced proliferation in BC cells, showing that this metabolic conversion commutes the proliferative properties of OCDO into antiproliferative ones. These data suggest an unprecedented role of CYP27A1 in the control of breast carcinogenesis by inhibiting the tumor promoter activities of oncosterone and 27-HC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silia Ayadi
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), Inserm, CNRS, University of Toulouse, Team INOV:"Cholesterol Metabolism and Therapeutic Innovations", Toulouse, France; Equipe labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Toulouse, France; French Network for Nutrition Physical Acitivity and Cancer Research (NACRe network), Jouy en Josas, France
| | - Silvia Friedrichs
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Regis Soulès
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), Inserm, CNRS, University of Toulouse, Team INOV:"Cholesterol Metabolism and Therapeutic Innovations", Toulouse, France; Equipe labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Toulouse, France; French Network for Nutrition Physical Acitivity and Cancer Research (NACRe network), Jouy en Josas, France
| | - Laly Pucheu
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), Inserm, CNRS, University of Toulouse, Team INOV:"Cholesterol Metabolism and Therapeutic Innovations", Toulouse, France; Equipe labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Toulouse, France; French Network for Nutrition Physical Acitivity and Cancer Research (NACRe network), Jouy en Josas, France
| | - Dieter Lütjohann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sandrine Silvente-Poirot
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), Inserm, CNRS, University of Toulouse, Team INOV:"Cholesterol Metabolism and Therapeutic Innovations", Toulouse, France.
| | - Marc Poirot
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), Inserm, CNRS, University of Toulouse, Team INOV:"Cholesterol Metabolism and Therapeutic Innovations", Toulouse, France; Equipe labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Toulouse, France; French Network for Nutrition Physical Acitivity and Cancer Research (NACRe network), Jouy en Josas, France.
| | - Philippe de Medina
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), Inserm, CNRS, University of Toulouse, Team INOV:"Cholesterol Metabolism and Therapeutic Innovations", Toulouse, France; Equipe labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Toulouse, France; French Network for Nutrition Physical Acitivity and Cancer Research (NACRe network), Jouy en Josas, France.
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Roumain M, Guillemot-Legris O, Ameraoui H, Alhouayek M, Muccioli GG. Identification and in vivo detection of side-chain hydroxylated metabolites of 4β-hydroxycholesterol. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2023; 234:106376. [PMID: 37604319 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2023.106376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Oxysterols are oxidized derivatives of cholesterol that are formed by enzymatic processes or through the action of reactive oxygen species. Several of these bioactive lipids have been shown to be affected and/or play a role in inflammatory processes. 4β-hydroxycholesterol is one of the major oxysterols in mice and humans and its levels are affected by inflammatory diseases. However, apart from its long half-life, little is known about its catabolism. By incubating 4β-hydroxycholesterol with mouse mitochondria-enriched liver fractions, as well as 25-hydroxycholesterol and 27-hydroxycholesterol with recombinant CYP3A4, we identified 4β,25-dihydroxycholesterol and 4β,27-dihydroxycholesterol as 4β-hydroxycholesterol metabolites. Supporting the biological relevance of this metabolism, we detected both metabolites after incubation of J774, primary mouse peritoneal macrophages and PMA-differentiated THP-1 cells with 4β-hydroxycholesterol. Across our experiments, the incubation of cells with lipopolysaccharides differentially affected the levels of the 25- and 27-hydroxylated metabolites of 4β-hydroxycholesterol. Finally, 4β,27-dihydroxycholesterol was also detected in mice liver and plasma after intraperitoneal administration of 4β-hydroxycholesterol. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the in vitro and in vivo detection and quantification of 4β-hydroxycholesterol metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Roumain
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Belgium
| | - Owein Guillemot-Legris
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Belgium
| | - Hafsa Ameraoui
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Belgium
| | - Mireille Alhouayek
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Belgium
| | - Giulio G Muccioli
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Belgium.
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Norlin M, Wikvall K. Enzymatic activation in vitamin D signaling - Past, present and future. Arch Biochem Biophys 2023; 742:109639. [PMID: 37196753 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2023.109639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D signaling is important in regulating calcium homeostasis essential for bone health but also displays other functions in cells of several tissues. Disturbed vitamin D signaling is linked to a large number of diseases. The multiple cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes catalyzing the different hydroxylations in bioactivation of vitamin D3 are crucial for vitamin D signaling and function. This review is focused on the progress achieved in identification of the bioactivating enzymes and their genes in production of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and other active metabolites. Results obtained on species- and tissue-specific expression, catalytic reactions, substrate specificity, enzyme kinetics, and consequences of gene mutations are evaluated. Matters of incomplete understanding regarding the physiological roles of some vitamin D hydroxylases are critically discussed and the authors will give their view of the importance of each enzyme for vitamin D signaling. Roles of different vitamin D receptors and an alternative bioactivation pathway, leading to 20-hydroxylated vitamin D3 metabolites, are also discussed. Considerable progress has been achieved in knowledge of the vitamin D3 bioactivating enzymes. Nevertheless, several intriguing areas deserve further attention to understand the pleiotropic and diverse activities elicited by vitamin D signaling and the mechanisms of enzymatic activation necessary for vitamin D-induced responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Norlin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Kjell Wikvall
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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10
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Wang X, Shi J, Huang M, Chen J, Dan J, Tang Y, Guo Z, He X, Zhao Q. TUBB2B facilitates progression of hepatocellular carcinoma by regulating cholesterol metabolism through targeting HNF4A/CYP27A1. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:179. [PMID: 36872411 PMCID: PMC9986231 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05687-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol metabolism plays a critical role in the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but it is not clear how cholesterol metabolism is regulated. The tubulin beta class I genes (TUBBs) are associated with the prognosis of many different cancers. To confirm the function of TUBBs in HCC, the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox analyses were performed using TCGA and GSE14520 datasets. A higher expression of TUBB2B is an independent prognostic factor for shorter over survival in HCC patients. Deletion of TUBB2B in hepatocytes inhibits proliferation and promotes tumor cell apoptosis, while over-expression of TUBB2B has the opposite function. This result was confirmed in a mouse xenograft tumor model. Mechanistically, TUBB2B induces the expression of CYP27A1, an enzyme responsible for the conversion of cholesterol to 27-hydroxycholesterol, which leads to the up-regulation of cholesterol and the progression of HCC. In addition, TUBB2B regulates CYP27A1 via human hepatocyte nuclear factor 4alpha (HNF4A). These findings indicated that TUBB2B functions as an oncogene in HCC, and plays a role in promoting cell proliferation and anti-apoptosis through targeting HNF4A/CYP27A1/cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Wang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Organ Transplant Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiawei Shi
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingming Huang
- Organ Transplant Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiehong Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia Dan
- Organ Transplant Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunhua Tang
- Organ Transplant Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyong Guo
- Organ Transplant Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, Guangzhou, China.
- Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xiaoshun He
- Organ Transplant Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, Guangzhou, China.
- Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Qiang Zhao
- Organ Transplant Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, Guangzhou, China.
- Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology, Guangzhou, China.
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11
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Suresh S, Rabbie R, Garg M, Lumaquin D, Huang TH, Montal E, Ma Y, Cruz NM, Tang X, Nsengimana J, Newton-Bishop J, Hunter MV, Zhu Y, Chen K, de Stanchina E, Adams DJ, White RM. Identifying the Transcriptional Drivers of Metastasis Embedded within Localized Melanoma. Cancer Discov 2023; 13:194-215. [PMID: 36259947 PMCID: PMC9827116 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-22-0427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In melanoma, predicting which tumors will ultimately metastasize guides treatment decisions. Transcriptional signatures of primary tumors have been utilized to predict metastasis, but which among these are driver or passenger events remains unclear. We used data from the adjuvant AVAST-M trial to identify a predictive gene signature in localized tumors that ultimately metastasized. Using a zebrafish model of primary melanoma, we interrogated the top genes from the AVAST-M signature in vivo. This identified GRAMD1B, a cholesterol transfer protein, as a bona fide metastasis suppressor, with a majority of knockout animals rapidly developing metastasis. Mechanistically, excess free cholesterol or its metabolite 27-hydroxycholesterol promotes invasiveness via activation of an AP-1 program, which is associated with increased metastasis in humans. Our data demonstrate that the transcriptional seeds of metastasis are embedded within localized tumors, suggesting that early targeting of these programs can be used to prevent metastatic relapse. SIGNIFICANCE We analyzed human melanoma transcriptomics data to identify a gene signature predictive of metastasis. To rapidly test clinical signatures, we built a genetic metastasis platform in adult zebrafish and identified GRAMD1B as a suppressor of melanoma metastasis. GRAMD1B-associated cholesterol overload activates an AP-1 program to promote melanoma invasion. This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruthy Suresh
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Roy Rabbie
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Manik Garg
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Dianne Lumaquin
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Weill Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, New York, New York
| | - Ting-Hsiang Huang
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Emily Montal
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Yilun Ma
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Weill Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, New York, New York
| | - Nelly M Cruz
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Xinran Tang
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Cellular and Developmental Biology and Molecular Biology Ph.D. Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, New York
| | - Jérémie Nsengimana
- Biostatistics Research Group, Population Health Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | | | - Miranda V. Hunter
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Yuxin Zhu
- Antitumor Assessment Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Kevin Chen
- Antitumor Assessment Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Elisa de Stanchina
- Antitumor Assessment Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - David J. Adams
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Richard M. White
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
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12
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The emerging role of 27-hydroxycholesterol in cancer development and progression: An update. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 110:109074. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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13
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Taskinen JH, Ruhanen H, Matysik S, Käkelä R, Olkkonen VM. Global effects of pharmacologic inhibition of OSBP in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Steroids 2022; 185:109053. [PMID: 35623602 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2022.109053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Oxysterol-binding protein (OSBP) is a cholesterol/PI4P exchanger at contacts of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) with trans-Golgi network (TGN) and endosomes. Several central endothelial cell (EC) functions depend on adequate cholesterol distribution in cellular membranes. Here we elucidated the effects of pharmacologic OSBP inhibition on the lipidome and transcriptome of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). OSBP was inhibited for 24 h with 25 nM Schweinfurthin G (SWG) or Orsaponin (OSW-1), followed by analyses of cellular cholesterol, 27-hydroxy-cholesterol, and triacylglycerol concentration, phosphatidylserine synthesis rate, the lipidome, as well as lipid droplet staining and western analysis of OSBP protein. Next-generation RNA sequencing of the SWG-treated and control HUVECs and angiogenesis assays were performed. Protein-normalized lipidomes of the inhibitor-treated cells revealed decreases in glycerophospholipids, the most pronounced effect being on phosphatidylserines and the rate of their synthesis, as well as increases in cholesteryl esters, triacylglycerols and lipid droplet number. Transcriptome analysis of SWG-treated cells suggested ER stress responses apparently caused by disturbed cholesterol exit from the ER, as indicated by suppression of cholesterol biosynthetic genes. OSBP was associated with the TGN in the absence of inhibitors and disappeared therefrom in inhibitor-treated cells in a time-dependent manner, coinciding with OSBP reduction on western blots. Prolonged treatment with SWG or OSW-1 inhibited angiogenesis in vitro. To conclude, inhibition of OSBP in primary endothelial cells induced multiple effects on the lipidome, transcriptome changes suggesting ER stress, and disruption of in vitro angiogenic capacity. Thus, OSBP is a crucial regulator of EC lipid homeostasis and angiogenic capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juuso H Taskinen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Tukholmankatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Hanna Ruhanen
- Helsinki University Lipidomics Unit (HiLIPID), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE) and Biocenter Finland, Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 1, PO BOX 65, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Silke Matysik
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Reijo Käkelä
- Helsinki University Lipidomics Unit (HiLIPID), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE) and Biocenter Finland, Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 1, PO BOX 65, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Vesa M Olkkonen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Tukholmankatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland.
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14
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Duan Y, Gong K, Xu S, Zhang F, Meng X, Han J. Regulation of cholesterol homeostasis in health and diseases: from mechanisms to targeted therapeutics. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:265. [PMID: 35918332 PMCID: PMC9344793 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01125-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Disturbed cholesterol homeostasis plays critical roles in the development of multiple diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases (CVD), neurodegenerative diseases and cancers, particularly the CVD in which the accumulation of lipids (mainly the cholesteryl esters) within macrophage/foam cells underneath the endothelial layer drives the formation of atherosclerotic lesions eventually. More and more studies have shown that lowering cholesterol level, especially low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, protects cardiovascular system and prevents cardiovascular events effectively. Maintaining cholesterol homeostasis is determined by cholesterol biosynthesis, uptake, efflux, transport, storage, utilization, and/or excretion. All the processes should be precisely controlled by the multiple regulatory pathways. Based on the regulation of cholesterol homeostasis, many interventions have been developed to lower cholesterol by inhibiting cholesterol biosynthesis and uptake or enhancing cholesterol utilization and excretion. Herein, we summarize the historical review and research events, the current understandings of the molecular pathways playing key roles in regulating cholesterol homeostasis, and the cholesterol-lowering interventions in clinics or in preclinical studies as well as new cholesterol-lowering targets and their clinical advances. More importantly, we review and discuss the benefits of those interventions for the treatment of multiple diseases including atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases, obesity, diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, osteoporosis and virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Duan
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Ke Gong
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Suowen Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Xianshe Meng
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Jihong Han
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China. .,College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
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15
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Guthrie G, Vonderohe C, Burrin D. Fibroblast growth factor 15/19 expression, regulation, and function: An overview. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2022; 548:111617. [PMID: 35301051 PMCID: PMC9038700 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2022.111617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-19 over 20 years ago, our understanding of the peptide and its role in human biology has moved forward significantly. A member of a superfamily of paracrine growth factors regulating embryonic development, FGF19 is unique in that it is a dietary-responsive endocrine hormone linked with bile acid homeostasis, glucose and lipid metabolism, energy expenditure, and protein synthesis during the fed to fasted state. FGF19 achieves this through targeting multiple tissues and signaling pathways within those tissues. The diverse functional capabilities of FGF19 is due to the unique structural characteristics of the protein and its receptor binding in various cell types. This review will cover the current literature on the protein FGF19, its target receptors, and the biological pathways they target through unique signaling cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Guthrie
- USDA-ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Caitlin Vonderohe
- USDA-ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Douglas Burrin
- USDA-ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States.
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16
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Nunes VS, da Silva EJ, Ferreira GDS, de Assis SIS, Cazita PM, Nakandakare ER, Zago VHDS, de Faria EC, Quintão ECR. The Plasma Distribution of Non-cholesterol Sterol Precursors and Products of Cholesterol Synthesis and Phytosterols Depend on HDL Concentration. Front Nutr 2022; 9:723555. [PMID: 35299760 PMCID: PMC8921769 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.723555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-cholesterol sterols are transported in plasma lipoproteins and are consequently important in cholesterol metabolism. We investigated the distribution of non-cholesterol sterol precursors of cholesterol synthesis (NCSPCS), oxysterols, and phytosterols in lipoproteins of healthy subjects differing according to HDL-Cholesterol (HDL-C) plasma levels. Elevated NCSPCS (desmosterol, lathosterol) in the High HDL group suggests that HDL exports these sterols from cells, but not the cholesterol metabolite 24-OHC which was higher in the Low HDL group than in the High HDL group. 27-hydroxycholesterol (27OH-C) plasma levels did not differ between groups. Percentage of NCSPCS and phytosterols predominates in LDL, but did not differ between groups. Thirty percent of desmosterol and lathosterol are present in HDL, with the High HDL group carrying higher percentage of these sterols. A high percentage of campesterol and sitosterol in HDL suggests that phytosterols are absorbed by enterocytes, and that HDL could be a marker of the ABCA1/ApoA1 intestinal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valéria Sutti Nunes
- Laboratorio de Lipides (LIM10), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Valéria Sutti Nunes ;
| | - Eliton Juniro da Silva
- Laboratorio de Lipides (LIM10), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme da Silva Ferreira
- Laboratorio de Lipides (LIM10), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sayonara Ivana Santos de Assis
- Laboratorio de Lipides (LIM10), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Miralda Cazita
- Laboratorio de Lipides (LIM10), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edna Regina Nakandakare
- Laboratorio de Lipides (LIM10), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Helena de Souza Zago
- Department of Clinical Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Eliana Cotta de Faria
- Department of Clinical Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Eder Carlos Rocha Quintão
- Laboratorio de Lipides (LIM10), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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17
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Dickson AL, Yutuc E, Thornton CA, Wang Y, Griffiths WJ. Identification of unusual oxysterols biosynthesised in human pregnancy by charge-tagging and liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1031013. [PMID: 36440193 PMCID: PMC9685423 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1031013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify oxysterols and any down-stream metabolites in placenta, umbilical cord blood plasma, maternal plasma and amniotic fluid to enhance our knowledge of the involvement of these molecules in pregnancy. We confirm the identification of 20S-hydroxycholesterol in human placenta, previously reported in a single publication, and propose a pathway from 22R-hydroxycholesterol to a C27 bile acid of probable structure 3β,20R,22R-trihydroxycholest-5-en-(25R)26-oic acid. The pathway is evident not only in placenta, but pathway intermediates are also found in umbilical cord plasma, maternal plasma and amniotic fluid but not non-pregnant women.
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18
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Lumbreras S, Ricobaraza A, Baila-Rueda L, Gonzalez-Aparicio M, Mora-Jimenez L, Uriarte I, Bunuales M, Avila MA, Monte MJ, Marin JJG, Cenarro A, Gonzalez-Aseguinolaza G, Hernandez-Alcoceba R. Gene supplementation of CYP27A1 in the liver restores bile acid metabolism in a mouse model of cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2021; 22:210-221. [PMID: 34485606 PMCID: PMC8399082 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2021.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) is an autosomal recessive disease caused by mutations in the CYP27A1 gene, encoding the sterol 27-hydroxylase. Disruption of the bile acid biosynthesis pathway and accumulation of toxic precursors such as cholestanol cause chronic diarrhea, bilateral juvenile cataracts, tissue deposition of cholestanol and cholesterol (xanthomas), and progressive motor/neuropsychiatric alterations. We have evaluated the therapeutic potential of adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors expressing CYP27A1 in a CTX mouse model. We found that a vector equipped with a strong liver-specific promoter (albumin enhancer fused with the α1 anti-trypsin promoter) is well tolerated and shows therapeutic effect at relatively low doses (1.5 × 1012 viral genomes [vg]/kg), when less than 20% of hepatocytes overexpress the transgene. This vector restored bile acid metabolism and normalized the concentration of most bile acids in plasma. By contrast, standard treatment (oral chenodeoxycholic acid [CDCA]), while reducing cholestanol, did not normalize bile acid composition in plasma and resulted in supra-physiological levels of CDCA and its derivatives. At the transcriptional level, only the vector was able to avoid the induction of xenobiotic-induced pathways in mouse liver. In conclusion, the overexpression of CYP27A1 in a fraction of hepatocytes using AAV vectors is well tolerated and provides full metabolic restoration in Cyp27a1−/− mice. These features make gene therapy a feasible option for the etiological treatment of CTX patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Lumbreras
- University of Navarra, CIMA, Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression Program, FIMA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,IdiSNa, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ana Ricobaraza
- University of Navarra, CIMA, Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression Program, FIMA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,IdiSNa, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Lucia Baila-Rueda
- Unidad Clinica y de Investigacion en Lipidos y Arteriosclerosis, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria Aragon (IIS Aragón), CIBERCV, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Manuela Gonzalez-Aparicio
- University of Navarra, CIMA, Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression Program, FIMA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,IdiSNa, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Lucia Mora-Jimenez
- University of Navarra, CIMA, Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression Program, FIMA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,IdiSNa, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Iker Uriarte
- IdiSNa, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,University of Navarra, CIMA, Hepatology Program, FIMA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Bunuales
- University of Navarra, CIMA, Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression Program, FIMA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,IdiSNa, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Matias A Avila
- IdiSNa, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,University of Navarra, CIMA, Hepatology Program, FIMA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria J Monte
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.,Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEPHARM), Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Jose J G Marin
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.,Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEPHARM), Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Ana Cenarro
- Unidad Clinica y de Investigacion en Lipidos y Arteriosclerosis, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria Aragon (IIS Aragón), CIBERCV, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Gloria Gonzalez-Aseguinolaza
- University of Navarra, CIMA, Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression Program, FIMA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,IdiSNa, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,Vivet Therapeutics SAS, 75008 Paris, France
| | - Ruben Hernandez-Alcoceba
- University of Navarra, CIMA, Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression Program, FIMA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,IdiSNa, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
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19
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Shirwaikar Thomas A, Criss ZK, Shroyer NF, Abraham BP. Vitamin D Receptor Gene Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms and Association With Vitamin D Levels and Endoscopic Disease Activity in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients: A Pilot Study. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2021; 27:1263-1269. [PMID: 33165606 PMCID: PMC8785942 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izaa292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) comprise a heterogenous group of chronic gastrointestinal disorders that are multifactorial in etiology. Experimental in vitro and in vivo studies suggest that intestinal vitamin D receptor (VDR) signaling plays a role in modulating the immune response in IBD as a cause and/or a consequence of chronic inflammation. AIM The aim of this study is to study the associations between vitamin D receptor gene single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs), vitamin D levels, and endoscopic disease activity in IBD. METHODS This is a cross-sectional analysis of IBD patients who underwent endoscopic evaluation at a tertiary care hospital. Demographic variables, IBD disease type and location, medical therapies, vitamin D levels, and endoscopic disease activity were collected. Colonic biopsies obtained were investigated for the presence of VDR SNPs: ApaI, TaqI, BsmI, FokI, and Tru9I. RESULTS Patients in endoscopic remission had higher vitamin D levels compared with those with inflammation found on endoscopy (P = <0.001). Patients with lower vitamin D levels were homozygous for Fok ancestral alleles (P = 0.0045). With regard to endoscopic disease activity, we found no differences in mutations of any of the VDR SNPs in our sample. CONCLUSIONS The association between the presence of the ancestral FokI and lower vitamin D levels suggests a multifactorial etiology for vitamin D deficiency in IBD. Higher vitamin D levels in those in endoscopic remission compared with lower levels in those with active inflammation suggests that the impact of VDR gene SNP on disease activity may be overcome with replacement therapy.
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20
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Wu J, Ye Y, Quan J, Ding R, Wang X, Zhuang Z, Zhou S, Geng Q, Xu C, Hong L, Xu Z, Zheng E, Cai G, Wu Z, Yang J. Using nontargeted LC-MS metabolomics to identify the Association of Biomarkers in pig feces with feed efficiency. Porcine Health Manag 2021; 7:39. [PMID: 34078468 PMCID: PMC8170940 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-021-00219-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Improving feed efficiency is economically and environmentally beneficial in the pig industry. A deeper understanding of feed efficiency is essential on many levels for its highly complex nature. The aim of this project is to explore the relationship between fecal metabolites and feed efficiency-related traits, thereby identifying metabolites that may assist in the screening of the feed efficiency of pigs. Results We performed fecal metabolomics analysis on 50 individuals selected from 225 Duroc x (Landrace x Yorkshire) (DLY) commercial pigs, 25 with an extremely high feed efficiency and 25 with an extremely low feed efficiency. A total of 6749 and 5644 m/z features were detected in positive and negative ionization modes by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS). Regrettably, the PCA could not classify the the samples accurately. To improve the classification, OPLS-DA was introduced. However, the predictive ability of the OPLS-DA model did not perform well. Then, through weighted coexpression network analysis (WGCNA), we found that one module in each positive and negative mode was related to residual feed intake (RFI), and six and three metabolites were further identified. The nine metabolites were found to be involved in multiple metabolic pathways, including lipid metabolism (primary bile acid synthesis, linoleic acid metabolism), vitamin D, glucose metabolism, and others. Then, Lasso regression analysis was used to evaluate the importance of nine metabolites obtained by the annotation process. Conclusions Altogether, this study provides new insights for the subsequent evaluation of commercial pig feed efficiency through small molecule metabolites, but also provide a reference for the development of new feed additives. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40813-021-00219-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wu
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yong Ye
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jianping Quan
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Rongrong Ding
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xingwang Wang
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zhanwei Zhuang
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Shenping Zhou
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Qian Geng
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Cineng Xu
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Linjun Hong
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zheng Xu
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Enqin Zheng
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Gengyuan Cai
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zhenfang Wu
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China. .,Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Guangzhou, 510642, China. .,State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangzhou, 510642l, China. .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Jie Yang
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China. .,Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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21
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Koyama S, Sekijima Y, Ogura M, Hori M, Matsuki K, Miida T, Harada-Shiba M. Cerebrotendinous Xanthomatosis: Molecular Pathogenesis, Clinical Spectrum, Diagnosis, and Disease-Modifying Treatments. J Atheroscler Thromb 2021; 28:905-925. [PMID: 33967188 PMCID: PMC8532057 DOI: 10.5551/jat.rv17055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) is an autosomal recessive lipid storage disorder caused by mutations in the
CYP27A1
gene, which encodes the mitochondrial enzyme sterol 27-hydroxylase. Decreased sterol 27-hydroxylase activity results in impaired bile acid synthesis, leading to reduced production of bile acids, especially chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), as well as elevated serum cholestanol and urine bile alcohols. The accumulation of cholestanol and cholesterol mainly in the brain, lenses, and tendons results in the characteristic clinical manifestations of CTX. Clinical presentation is characterized by systemic symptoms including neonatal jaundice or cholestasis, refractory diarrhea, juvenile cataracts, tendon xanthomas, osteoporosis, coronary heart disease, and a broad range of neuropsychiatric manifestations. The combinations of symptoms vary from patient to patient and the presenting symptoms, especially in the early disease phase, may be nonspecific, which leads to a substantial diagnostic delay or underdiagnosis. Replacement of CDCA has been approved as a first-line treatment for CTX, and can lead to biochemical and clinical improvements. However, the effect of CDCA treatment is limited once significant neuropsychiatric manifestations are established. The age at diagnosis and initiation of CDCA treatment correlate with the prognosis of patients with CTX. Therefore, early diagnosis and subsequent treatment initiation are essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Koyama
- Division of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Internal Medicine III, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine
| | - Yoshiki Sekijima
- Department of Medicine (Neurology and Rheumatology), Shinshu University School of Medicine.,Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University
| | - Masatsune Ogura
- Department of Molecular Innovation in Lipidology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute
| | - Mika Hori
- Department of Endocrinology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University
| | - Kota Matsuki
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Takashi Miida
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Mariko Harada-Shiba
- Department of Molecular Pathogenesis, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute
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22
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Zhang Z, Du Z, Liu Q, Wu T, Tang Q, Zhang J, Huang C, Huang Y, Li R, Li Y, Zhao Y, Zhang G, Zhou J, Huang H, Fang Z, He J. Glucagon-like peptide 1 analogue prevents cholesterol gallstone formation by modulating intestinal farnesoid X receptor activity. Metabolism 2021; 118:154728. [PMID: 33581130 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2021.154728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Cholesterol gallstone disease (CGD) is a common gastrointestinal disease. Liraglutide, an analogue of glucagon-like peptide 1, has been approved to treat type 2 diabetes. Clinical studies have suggested a potential role of liraglutide in CGD. METHODS Mice were subcutaneously injected with liraglutide, then fed a lithogenic diet. Bile duct cannulation was performed to collect bile output in mice. Intestinal-specific ablation or pharmacological inhibition of farnesoid X receptor (FXR) was used to study its functions in CGD. RESULTS Liraglutide could protect mice against CGD. Liraglutide treatment increased the biliary concentration of cholesterol, phospholipids and bile acids and thereby decreased the cholesterol saturation index. The resistance to CGD conferred by liraglutide is likely a result of increased bile acid synthesis and efficient bile acid transport. The expression of a key bile acid synthetic enzyme, Cyp7a1, was significantly increased in liraglutide-treated mice. The increased expression of Cyp7a1 resulted from a relieved suppression signal of Fgf15 from the ileum. Mechanistically, liraglutide treatment altered bile acid composition and suppressed FXR activity in the ileum. Genetic ablation or pharmacological inhibition of FXR in the intestine protected mice against CGD. More importantly, intestinal FXR was required for liraglutide-mediated regulation of hepatic expression of Cyp7a1. CONCLUSION Liraglutide improved CGD by increasing bile acid secretion and decreasing cholesterol saturation index. Liraglutide attenuates the negative feedback inhibition of bile acids through inhibiting intestinal FXR activity. Our results suggest that liraglutide may represent a novel way for treating or preventing cholesterol gallstones in individuals with high risk of CGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijing Zhang
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China; Department of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China
| | - Zuo Du
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin, China
| | - Qinhui Liu
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China
| | - Tong Wu
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China; Department of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China
| | - Qin Tang
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China; Department of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China
| | - Jinhang Zhang
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China; Department of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China
| | - Cuiyuan Huang
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China; Department of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China
| | - Ya Huang
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China; Department of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China
| | - Rui Li
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China; Department of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China
| | - Yanping Li
- Department of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China
| | - Yingnan Zhao
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China; Department of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China
| | - Guorong Zhang
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China; Department of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China; Department of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China
| | - Hui Huang
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China; Department of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China
| | - ZhongZe Fang
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin, China.
| | - Jinhan He
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China; Department of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China.
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23
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Atallah I, Millán DS, Benoît W, Campos-Xavier B, Superti-Furga A, Tran C. Spinal cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis: A case report and literature review. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2021; 26:100719. [PMID: 33659184 PMCID: PMC7890005 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2021.100719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Classic cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX; OMIM #213700) manifests with chronic diarrhea, juvenile cataracts, tendon xanthomas and neurological symptoms. It is due to biallelic inactivation of CYP27A1 wich leads to cholestanol accumulation in the central nervous system, eyes and tendons. Less commonly, the disease can present in young adults as spastic paraparesis in the absence of xanthomas. Case presentation We report a 38-year old woman who presented with chronic diarrhea and progressive spastic paraparesis in her twenties. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed cerebral atrophy with diffuse periventricular white matter hyperintensities. Spinal MRI was normal. CYP27A1 gene sequencing confirmed the diagnosis of CTX. Chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) treatment was introduced with remission of diarrhea. Unfortunately, the treatment had to be discontinued several times and the patient developed psychosis and an severe ataxospastic gait. Spinal MRI revealed new linear hyperintensities of the corticospinal and gracile tracts. Thirty-three spinal CTX patients were identified by searching in Pubmed, EMBASE™ and Web of Science databases. All patients presented pyramidal signs and 48% had dorsal column signs. Juvenile cataracts were described in 78% of patients, chronic diarrhea in 65%, and tendon xanthomas in 31%. Disease improvement or stabilization with chenodeoxycholic acid was observed in 69% of patients. A higher prevalence of the Arg395Cys allele was observed in patients with spinal CTX as compared to CTX in general (ᵡ2; p < 0.00001). Conclusions The diagnosis of spinal CTX can be easily missed or delayed in absence of xanthomas. There is a higher prevalence of the Arg395Cys allele in spinal CTX as compared to classic childhood-onset CTX. CDCA treatment seems to stabilize or improve clinical symptoms in most patients. However, as seen in our patient and in two previously reported cases, sudden interruption of CDCA may lead to irreversible neurological complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isis Atallah
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Diego San Millán
- Neuroradiology unit, Service of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Valais Hospital, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Wicki Benoît
- Service of Neurology, Valais Hospital, Sion, Switzerland
| | | | - Andrea Superti-Furga
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christel Tran
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
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24
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Di Nardo G, Zhang C, Marcelli AG, Gilardi G. Molecular and Structural Evolution of Cytochrome P450 Aromatase. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E631. [PMID: 33435208 PMCID: PMC7827799 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aromatase is the cytochrome P450 enzyme converting androgens into estrogen in the last phase of steroidogenesis. As estrogens are crucial in reproductive biology, aromatase is found in vertebrates and the invertebrates of the genus Branchiostoma, where it carries out the aromatization reaction of the A-ring of androgens that produces estrogens. Here, we investigate the molecular evolution of this unique and highly substrate-selective enzyme by means of structural, sequence alignment, and homology modeling, shedding light on its key role in species conservation. The alignments led to the identification of a core structure that, together with key and unique amino acids located in the active site and the substrate recognition sites, has been well conserved during evolution. Structural analysis shows what their roles are and the reason why they have been preserved. Moreover, the residues involved in the interaction with the redox partner and some phosphorylation sites appeared late during evolution. These data reveal how highly substrate-selective cytochrome P450 has evolved, indicating that the driving forces for evolution have been the optimization of the interaction with the redox partner and the introduction of phosphorylation sites that give the possibility of modulating its activity in a rapid way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Di Nardo
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, via Accademia Albertina 13, 1023 Torino, Italy; (C.Z.); (A.G.M.)
| | | | | | - Gianfranco Gilardi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, via Accademia Albertina 13, 1023 Torino, Italy; (C.Z.); (A.G.M.)
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25
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Takasone K, Morizumi T, Nakamura K, Mochizuki Y, Yoshinaga T, Koyama S, Sekijima Y. A Late-onset and Relatively Rapidly Progressive Case of Pure Spinal Form Cerebrotendinous Xanthomatosis with a Novel Mutation in the CYP27A1 Gene. Intern Med 2020; 59:2587-2591. [PMID: 32581172 PMCID: PMC7662043 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.5037-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A 61-year-old Japanese man with the pure spinal form of cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis developed dysesthesia of the lower limbs and gait disturbance at 57 years of age. At 61 years old, he was unable to walk without support. A neurological examination showed spasticity and sensory disturbance in the lower limbs. Spinal MRI showed long hyperintense lesions involving the lateral and posterior funiculus in the cervical and thoracic cord on T2-weighted images. His serum cholestanol level was markedly elevated. A CYP27A1 gene analysis identified two missense variants, p.R474W, and a novel p.R262C variant. Combination therapy with chenodeoxycholic acid and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase decreased his serum cholestanol level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Takasone
- Department of Medicine (Neurology and Rheumatology), Shinshu University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Teruya Morizumi
- Department of Medicine (Neurology and Rheumatology), Shinshu University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Katsuya Nakamura
- Department of Medicine (Neurology and Rheumatology), Shinshu University School of Medicine, Japan
- Center for Medical Genetics, Shinshu University Hospital, Japan
| | - Yusuke Mochizuki
- Department of Medicine (Neurology and Rheumatology), Shinshu University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Tsuneaki Yoshinaga
- Department of Medicine (Neurology and Rheumatology), Shinshu University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Shingo Koyama
- Department of Neurology, Hematology, Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Sekijima
- Department of Medicine (Neurology and Rheumatology), Shinshu University School of Medicine, Japan
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26
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Wang X, Su YR, Petersen PS, Bien S, Schmit SL, Drew DA, Albanes D, Berndt SI, Brenner H, Campbell PT, Casey G, Chang-Claude J, Gallinger SJ, Gruber SB, Haile RW, Harrison TA, Hoffmeister M, Jacobs EJ, Jenkins MA, Joshi AD, Li L, Lin Y, Lindor NM, Marchand LL, Martin V, Milne R, Maclnnis R, Moreno V, Nan H, Newcomb PA, Potter JD, Rennert G, Rennert H, Slattery ML, Thibodeau SN, Weinstein SJ, Woods MO, Chan AT, White E, Hsu L, Peters U. Exploratory Genome-Wide Interaction Analysis of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs and Predicted Gene Expression on Colorectal Cancer Risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020; 29:1800-1808. [PMID: 32651213 PMCID: PMC7556991 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-19-1018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regular use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) is associated with lower risk of colorectal cancer. Genome-wide interaction analysis on single variants (G × E) has identified several SNPs that may interact with NSAIDs to confer colorectal cancer risk, but variations in gene expression levels may also modify the effect of NSAID use. Therefore, we tested interactions between NSAID use and predicted gene expression levels in relation to colorectal cancer risk. METHODS Genetically predicted gene expressions were tested for interaction with NSAID use on colorectal cancer risk among 19,258 colorectal cancer cases and 18,597 controls from 21 observational studies. A Mixed Score Test for Interactions (MiSTi) approach was used to jointly assess G × E effects which are modeled via fixed interaction effects of the weighted burden within each gene set (burden) and residual G × E effects (variance). A false discovery rate (FDR) at 0.2 was applied to correct for multiple testing. RESULTS Among the 4,840 genes tested, genetically predicted expression levels of four genes modified the effect of any NSAID use on colorectal cancer risk, including DPP10 (PG×E = 1.96 × 10-4), KRT16 (PG×E = 2.3 × 10-4), CD14 (PG×E = 9.38 × 10-4), and CYP27A1 (PG×E = 1.44 × 10-3). There was a significant interaction between expression level of RP11-89N17 and regular use of aspirin only on colorectal cancer risk (PG×E = 3.23 × 10-5). No interactions were observed between predicted gene expression and nonaspirin NSAID use at FDR < 0.2. CONCLUSIONS By incorporating functional information, we discovered several novel genes that interacted with NSAID use. IMPACT These findings provide preliminary support that could help understand the chemopreventive mechanisms of NSAIDs on colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliang Wang
- Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington.
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, Washington
| | - Yu-Ru Su
- Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Paneen S Petersen
- Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, Washington
| | - Stephanie Bien
- Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Stephanie L Schmit
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - David A Drew
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Demetrius Albanes
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sonja I Berndt
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Hermann Brenner
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Preventive Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter T Campbell
- Behavioral and Epidemiology Research Group, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Graham Casey
- Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Jenny Chang-Claude
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Steven J Gallinger
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of General Surgery, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen B Gruber
- Department of Preventive Medicine, USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Robert W Haile
- Department of Health Research and Policy (Epidemiology), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California
- Department of Medicine (Oncology), Stanford Cancer Institute, Palo Alto, California
| | - Tabitha A Harrison
- Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Michael Hoffmeister
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eric J Jacobs
- Behavioral and Epidemiology Research Group, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Mark A Jenkins
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amit D Joshi
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Li Li
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Yi Lin
- Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Noralane M Lindor
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona
| | - Loïc Le Marchand
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Vicente Martin
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Biomedicine Institute (IBIOMED), University of León, León, Spain
| | - Roger Milne
- Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert Maclnnis
- Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Victor Moreno
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hongmei Nan
- Department of Epidemiology, Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Polly A Newcomb
- Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, Washington
| | - John D Potter
- Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, Washington
- Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Gad Rennert
- Department of Community Medicine and Epidemiology, Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
- Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Clalit National Cancer Control Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Hedy Rennert
- Department of Community Medicine and Epidemiology, Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
- Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Clalit National Cancer Control Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Martha L Slattery
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Steve N Thibodeau
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Stephanie J Weinstein
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Michael O Woods
- Discipline of Genetics, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada
| | - Andrew T Chan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Emily White
- Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, Washington
| | - Li Hsu
- Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Ulrike Peters
- Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, Washington
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Negri M, Gentile A, de Angelis C, Montò T, Patalano R, Colao A, Pivonello R, Pivonello C. Vitamin D-Induced Molecular Mechanisms to Potentiate Cancer Therapy and to Reverse Drug-Resistance in Cancer Cells. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12061798. [PMID: 32560347 PMCID: PMC7353389 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing interest in studying the role of vitamin D in cancer has been provided by the scientific literature during the last years, although mixed results have been reported. Vitamin D deficiency has been largely associated with various types of solid and non-solid human cancers, and the almost ubiquitous expression of vitamin D receptor (VDR) has always led to suppose a crucial role of vitamin D in cancer. However, the association between vitamin D levels and the risk of solid cancers, such as colorectal, prostate and breast cancer, shows several conflicting results that raise questions about the use of vitamin D supplements in cancer patients. Moreover, studies on vitamin D supplementation do not always show improvements in tumor progression and mortality risk, particularly for prostate and breast cancer. Conversely, several molecular studies are in agreement about the role of vitamin D in inhibiting tumor cell proliferation, growth and invasiveness, cell cycle arrest and inflammatory signaling, through which vitamin D may also regulate cancer microenvironment through the activation of different molecular pathways. More recently, a role in the regulation of cancer stem cells proliferation and short non-coding microRNA (miRNAs) expression has emerged, conferring to vitamin D a more crucial role in cancer development and progression. Interestingly, it has been shown that vitamin D is able not only to potentiate the effects of traditional cancer therapy but can even contribute to overcome the molecular mechanisms of drug resistance—often triggering tumor-spreading. At this regard, vitamin D can act at various levels through the regulation of growth of cancer stem cells and the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), as well as through the modulation of miRNA gene expression. The current review reconsiders epidemiological and molecular literature concerning the role of vitamin D in cancer risk and tumor development and progression, as well as the action of vitamin D supplementation in potentiating the effects of drug therapy and overcoming the mechanisms of resistance often triggered during cancer therapies, by critically addressing strengths and weaknesses of available data from 2010 to 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariarosaria Negri
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II di Napoli, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.N.); (A.G.); (C.d.A.); (T.M.); (R.P.); (A.C.); (R.P.)
| | - Annalisa Gentile
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II di Napoli, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.N.); (A.G.); (C.d.A.); (T.M.); (R.P.); (A.C.); (R.P.)
| | - Cristina de Angelis
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II di Napoli, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.N.); (A.G.); (C.d.A.); (T.M.); (R.P.); (A.C.); (R.P.)
| | - Tatiana Montò
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II di Napoli, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.N.); (A.G.); (C.d.A.); (T.M.); (R.P.); (A.C.); (R.P.)
| | - Roberta Patalano
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II di Napoli, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.N.); (A.G.); (C.d.A.); (T.M.); (R.P.); (A.C.); (R.P.)
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Università Federico II di Napoli, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Annamaria Colao
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II di Napoli, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.N.); (A.G.); (C.d.A.); (T.M.); (R.P.); (A.C.); (R.P.)
- Unesco Chair for Health Education and Sustainable Development, Federico II University, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Rosario Pivonello
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II di Napoli, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.N.); (A.G.); (C.d.A.); (T.M.); (R.P.); (A.C.); (R.P.)
| | - Claudia Pivonello
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II di Napoli, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.N.); (A.G.); (C.d.A.); (T.M.); (R.P.); (A.C.); (R.P.)
- Correspondence:
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Hu X, Go YM, Jones DP. Omics Integration for Mitochondria Systems Biology. Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 32:853-872. [PMID: 31891667 PMCID: PMC7074923 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.8006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Elucidation of the central importance of mitophagy in homeostasis of cells and organisms emphasizes that mitochondrial functions extend far beyond short-term needs for energy production. In mitochondria systems biology, the mitochondrial genome, proteome, and metabolome operate as a functional network in coordination of cell activities. Organization occurs through subnetworks that are interconnected by membrane potential, transport activities, allosteric and cooperative interactions, redox signaling mechanisms, rheostatic control by post-translational modifications, and metal ion homeostasis. These subnetworks enable use of varied energy precursors, defense against environmental stressors, and macromolecular rewiring to titrate energy production, biosynthesis, and detoxification according to cell-specific needs. Rewiring mechanisms, termed mitochondrial reprogramming, enhance fitness to respond to metabolic resources and challenges from the environment. Maladaptive responses can cause cell death. Maladaptive rewiring can cause disease. In cancer, adaptive rewiring can interfere with effective treatment. Recent Advances: Many recent advances have been facilitated by the development of new omics tools, which create opportunities to use data-driven analysis of omics data to address these complex adaptive and maladaptive mechanisms of mitochondrial reprogramming in human disease. Critical Issues: Application of omics integration to model systems reveals a critical role for metal ion homeostasis broadly impacting mitochondrial reprogramming. Importantly, data show that trans-omics associations are more robust and biologically relevant than single omics associations. Future Directions: Application of omics integration to mitophagy research creates new opportunities to link the complex, interactive functions of mitochondrial form and function in mitochondria systems biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Hu
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Young-Mi Go
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Dean P. Jones
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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Hajeyah AA, Griffiths WJ, Wang Y, Finch AJ, O’Donnell VB. The Biosynthesis of Enzymatically Oxidized Lipids. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:591819. [PMID: 33329396 PMCID: PMC7711093 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.591819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymatically oxidized lipids are a specific group of biomolecules that function as key signaling mediators and hormones, regulating various cellular and physiological processes from metabolism and cell death to inflammation and the immune response. They are broadly categorized as either polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) containing (free acid oxygenated PUFA "oxylipins", endocannabinoids, oxidized phospholipids) or cholesterol derivatives (oxysterols, steroid hormones, and bile acids). Their biosynthesis is accomplished by families of enzymes that include lipoxygenases (LOX), cyclooxygenases (COX), cytochrome P450s (CYP), and aldo-keto reductases (AKR). In contrast, non-enzymatically oxidized lipids are produced by uncontrolled oxidation and are broadly considered to be harmful. Here, we provide an overview of the biochemistry and enzymology of LOXs, COXs, CYPs, and AKRs in humans. Next, we present biosynthetic pathways for oxylipins, oxidized phospholipids, oxysterols, bile acids and steroid hormones. Last, we address gaps in knowledge and suggest directions for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A. Hajeyah
- Systems Immunity Research Institute and Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Ali A. Hajeyah,
| | - William J. Griffiths
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Finch
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Valerie B. O’Donnell
- Systems Immunity Research Institute and Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Uehara S, Uno Y, Inoue T, Sasaki E, Yamazaki H. Cloning and tissue expression of cytochrome P450 2S1, 4V2, 7A1, 7B1, 8B1, 24A1, 26A1, 26C1, 27A1, 39A1, and 51A1 in marmosets. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2019; 35:244-247. [PMID: 31980379 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2019.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) is an attractive animal model primate species for potential use in drug metabolism and pharmacokinetic studies. In this study, marmoset cytochrome P450 (P450) 2S1, 4V2, 7A1, 7B1, 8B1, 24A1, 26A1, 26C1, 27A1, 39A1, and 51A1 cDNAs were isolated from marmoset tissues (brains, lungs, livers, kidneys, and jejunums). Deduced amino acid sequences (89-98% homologous) of the marmoset P450 gene suggested similarity of molecular characteristics of marmoset P450s to human counterparts, compared with those of pig, rabbit, and rodents. Phylogenetic analysis using amino acid sequences indicated 11 marmoset P450 forms clustered with those of human and other primate counterparts, suggesting marmoset P450s have an evolutionary close relationship to human and other primate counterparts. Tissue expression patterns of these P450 mRNAs except for P450 7B1 mRNA were generally similar to those of human P450s in the five tissue types analyzed. These results suggest similarity of molecular characteristics for P450 2S1, 4V2, 7A1, 7B1, 8B1, 24A1, 26A1, 26C1, 27A1, 39A1, and 51A1 between marmosets and humans, in addition to the orthologs of human P450 1, 2, 3, and 4 families previously identified and characterized in marmosets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Uehara
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Uno
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima-city, Japan
| | - Takashi Inoue
- Department of Applied Developmental Biology, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Erika Sasaki
- Department of Applied Developmental Biology, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Japan.
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Crick PJ, Yutuc E, Abdel-Khalik J, Saeed A, Betsholtz C, Genove G, Björkhem I, Wang Y, Griffiths WJ. Formation and metabolism of oxysterols and cholestenoic acids found in the mouse circulation: Lessons learnt from deuterium-enrichment experiments and the CYP46A1 transgenic mouse. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 195:105475. [PMID: 31541728 PMCID: PMC6880786 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
While the presence and abundance of the major oxysterols and cholestenoic acids in the circulation is well established, minor cholesterol metabolites may also have biological importance and be of value to investigate. In this study by observing the metabolism of deuterium-labelled cholesterol in the pdgfbret/ret mouse, a mouse model with increased vascular permeability in brain, and by studying the sterol content of plasma from the CYP46A1 transgenic mouse overexpressing the human cholesterol 24S-hydroxylase enzyme we have been able to identify a number of minor cholesterol metabolites found in the circulation, make approximate-quantitative measurements and postulate pathways for their formation. These "proof of principle" data may have relevance when using mouse models to mimic human disease and in respect of the increasing possibility of treating human neurodegenerative diseases with pharmaceuticals designed to enhance the activity of CYP46A1 or by adeno-associated virus delivery of CYP46A1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Crick
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Eylan Yutuc
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Jonas Abdel-Khalik
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Ahmed Saeed
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Huddinge, Sweden
| | | | - Guillem Genove
- ICMC Karolinska Institutet, Novum, 141 57 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Ingemar Björkhem
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, UK.
| | - William J Griffiths
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, UK.
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32
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Griffiths WJ, Wang Y. Oxysterols as lipid mediators: Their biosynthetic genes, enzymes and metabolites. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2019; 147:106381. [PMID: 31698146 PMCID: PMC7081179 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2019.106381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pathways of oxysterol biosynthesis. Pathways of oxysterol metabolism. Oxysterols as bioactive molecules. Disorders of oxysterol metabolism.
There is growing evidence that oxysterols are more than simple metabolites in the pathway from cholesterol to bile acids. Recent data has shown oxysterols to be ligands to nuclear receptors and to G protein-coupled receptors, modulators of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors and regulators of cholesterol biosynthesis. In this mini-review we will discuss the biosynthetic mechanisms for the formation of different oxysterols and the implication of disruption of these mechanisms in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Griffiths
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP Wales, UK.
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP Wales, UK.
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Saint-Pol J, Gosselet F. Oxysterols and the NeuroVascular Unit (NVU): A far true love with bright and dark sides. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 191:105368. [PMID: 31026511 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The brain is isolated from the whole body by the blood-brain barrier (BBB) which is located in brain microvessel endothelial cells (ECs). Through physical and metabolic properties induced by brain pericytes, astrocytes and neurons (these cells and the ECs referred to as the neurovascular unit (NVU)), the BBB hardly restricts exchanges of molecules between the brain and the bloodstream. Among them, cholesterol exchanges between these two compartments are very limited and occur through the transport of LDLs across the BBB. Oxysterols (mainly 24S and 27-hydroxycholesterol) daily cross the BBB and regulate molecule/cholesterol exchanges via Liver X nuclear Receptors (LXRs). In addition, these oxysterols have been linked to pathological processes in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. Here we propose an overview of the actual knowledge concerning oxysterols and the NVU cells in physiological and in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Saint-Pol
- University of Artois, Blood-Brain Barrier Laboratory (BBB Lab), EA2465, F-62300 Lens, France.
| | - Fabien Gosselet
- University of Artois, Blood-Brain Barrier Laboratory (BBB Lab), EA2465, F-62300 Lens, France
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Loera-Valencia R, Goikolea J, Parrado-Fernandez C, Merino-Serrais P, Maioli S. Alterations in cholesterol metabolism as a risk factor for developing Alzheimer's disease: Potential novel targets for treatment. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 190:104-114. [PMID: 30878503 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia and it is characterized by the deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. However, the complete pathogenesis of the disease is still unknown. High level of serum cholesterol has been found to positively correlate with an increased risk of dementia and some studies have reported a decreased prevalence of AD in patients taking cholesterol-lowering drugs. Years of research have shown a strong correlation between blood hypercholesterolemia and AD, however cholesterol is not able to cross the Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) into the brain. Cholesterol lowering therapies have shown mixed results in cognitive performance in AD patients, raising questions of whether brain cholesterol metabolism in the brain should be studied separately from peripheral cholesterol metabolism and what their relationship is. Unlike cholesterol, oxidized cholesterol metabolites known as oxysterols are able to cross the BBB from the circulation into the brain and vice-versa. The main oxysterols present in the circulation are 24S-hydroxycholesterol and 27-hydroxycholesterol. These oxysterols and their catalysing enzymes have been found to be altered in AD brains and there is evidence indicating their influence in the progression of the disease. This review gives a broad perspective on the relationship between hypercholesterolemia and AD, cholesterol lowering therapies for AD patients and the role of oxysterols in pathological and non-pathological conditions. Also, we propose cholesterol metabolites as valuable targets for prevention and alternative AD treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Loera-Valencia
- Karolinska Institutet, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Julen Goikolea
- Karolinska Institutet, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cristina Parrado-Fernandez
- Karolinska Institutet, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics-IBGM, (University of Valladolid-CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Paula Merino-Serrais
- Karolinska Institutet, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Stockholm, Sweden; Instituto Cajal (CSIC), Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Maioli
- Karolinska Institutet, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Stockholm, Sweden.
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35
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Pandak WM, Kakiyama G. The acidic pathway of bile acid synthesis: Not just an alternative pathway ☆. LIVER RESEARCH 2019; 3:88-98. [PMID: 32015930 PMCID: PMC6996149 DOI: 10.1016/j.livres.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the last two decades, the prevalence of obesity, and metabolic syndromes (MS) such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), have dramatically increased. Bile acids play a major role in the digestion, absorption of nutrients, and the body's redistribution of absorbed lipids as a function of their chemistry and signaling properties. As a result, a renewed interest has developed in the bile acid metabolic pathways with the challenge of gaining insight into novel treatment approaches for this rapidly growing healthcare problem. Of the two major pathways of bile acid synthesis in the liver, the foremost role of the acidic (alternative) pathway is to generate and control the levels of regulatory oxysterols that help control cellular cholesterol and lipid homeostasis. Cholesterol transport to mitochondrial sterol 27-hydroxylase (CYP27A1) by steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StarD1), and the subsequent 7α-hydroxylation of oxysterols by oxysterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7B1) are the key regulatory steps of the pathway. Recent observations suggest CYP7B1 to be the ultimate controller of cellular oxysterol levels. This review discusses the acidic pathway and its contribution to lipid, cholesterol, carbohydrate, and energy homeostasis. Additionally, discussed is how the acidic pathway's dysregulation not only leads to a loss in its ability to control cellular cholesterol and lipid homeostasis, but leads to inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M. Pandak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA,Department of Veterans Affairs, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Genta Kakiyama
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA,Department of Veterans Affairs, Richmond, VA, USA,Corresponding author. Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University and Department of Veterans Affairs, Richmond, VA, USA. (G. Kakiyama)
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36
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Kakiyama G, Marques D, Takei H, Nittono H, Erickson S, Fuchs M, Rodriguez-Agudo D, Gil G, Hylemon PB, Zhou H, Bajaj JS, Pandak WM. Mitochondrial oxysterol biosynthetic pathway gives evidence for CYP7B1 as controller of regulatory oxysterols. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 189:36-47. [PMID: 30710743 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this paper was to more completely study the mitochondrial CYP27A1 initiated acidic pathway of cholesterol metabolism. The mitochondrial CYP27A1 initiated pathway of cholesterol metabolism (acidic pathway) is known to synthesize two well-described vital regulators of cholesterol/lipid homeostasis, (25R)-26-hydroxycholesterol (26HC) and 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC). Both 26HC and 25HC have been shown to be subsequently 7α-hydroxylated by Cyp7b1; reducing their regulatory abilities and furthering their metabolism to chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA). Cholesterol delivery into the inner mitochondria membrane, where CYP27A1 is located, is considered the pathway's only rate-limiting step. To further explore the pathway, we increased cholesterol transport into mitochondrial CYP27A1 by selectively increased expression of the gene encoding the steroidogenic acute transport protein (StarD1). StarD1 overexpression led to an unanticipated marked down-regulation of oxysterol 7α-hydroxylase (Cyp7b1), a marked increase in 26HC, and the formation of a third vital regulatory oxysterol, 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol (24HC), in B6/129 mice livers. To explore the further metabolism of 24HC, as well as, 25HC and 26HC, characterizations of oxysterols and bile acids using three murine models (StarD1 overexpression, Cyp7b1-/-, Cyp27a1-/-) and human Hep G2 cells were conducted. This report describes the discovery of a new mitochondrial-initiated pathway of oxysterol/bile acid biosynthesis. Just as importantly, it provides evidence for CYP7B1 as a key regulator of three vital intracellular regulatory oxysterol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genta Kakiyama
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, United States; Department of Veterans Affairs, Richmond, VA, United States.
| | - Dalila Marques
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, United States; Department of Veterans Affairs, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Hajime Takei
- Junshin Clinic Bile Acid Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Sandra Erickson
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Michael Fuchs
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, United States; Department of Veterans Affairs, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Daniel Rodriguez-Agudo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, United States; Department of Veterans Affairs, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Gregorio Gil
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, United States
| | - Phillip B Hylemon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, United States; Department of Veterans Affairs, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Huiping Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, United States; Department of Veterans Affairs, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Jasmohan S Bajaj
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, United States; Department of Veterans Affairs, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - William M Pandak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, United States; Department of Veterans Affairs, Richmond, VA, United States
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Abstract
On January 21, 2017, I received an E-mail from Herb Tabor that I had been simultaneously hoping for and dreading for several years: an invitation to write a "Reflections" article for the Journal of Biological Chemistry On the one hand, I was honored to receive an invitation from Herb, a man I have admired for over 40 years, known for 24 years, and worked with as a member of the Editorial Board and Associate Editor of the Journal of Biological Chemistry for 17 years. On the other hand, the invitation marked the waning of my career as an academic scientist. With these conflicting emotions, I wrote this article with the goals of recording my career history and recognizing the many mentors, trainees, and colleagues who have contributed to it and, perhaps with pretension, with the desire that students who are beginning a career in research will find inspiration in the path I have taken and appreciate the importance of luck.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Russell
- From the Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9046
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Meljon A, Crick PJ, Yutuc E, Yau JL, Seckl JR, Theofilopoulos S, Arenas E, Wang Y, Griffiths WJ. Mining for Oxysterols in Cyp7b1-/- Mouse Brain and Plasma: Relevance to Spastic Paraplegia Type 5. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9040149. [PMID: 31013940 PMCID: PMC6523844 DOI: 10.3390/biom9040149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Deficiency in cytochrome P450 (CYP) 7B1, also known as oxysterol 7α-hydroxylase, in humans leads to hereditary spastic paraplegia type 5 (SPG5) and in some cases in infants to liver disease. SPG5 is medically characterized by loss of motor neurons in the corticospinal tract. In an effort to gain a better understanding of the fundamental biochemistry of this disorder, we have extended our previous profiling of the oxysterol content of brain and plasma of Cyp7b1 knockout (-/-) mice to include, amongst other sterols, 25-hydroxylated cholesterol metabolites. Although brain cholesterol levels do not differ between wild-type (wt) and knockout mice, we find, using a charge-tagging methodology in combination with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and multistage fragmentation (MSn), that there is a build-up of the CYP7B1 substrate 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-HC) in Cyp7b1-/- mouse brain and plasma. As reported earlier, levels of (25R)26-hydroxycholesterol (26-HC), 3β-hydroxycholest-5-en-(25R)26-oic acid and 24S,25-epoxycholesterol (24S,25-EC) are similarly elevated in brain and plasma. Side-chain oxysterols including 25-HC, 26-HC and 24S,25-EC are known to bind to INSIG (insulin-induced gene) and inhibit the processing of SREBP-2 (sterol regulatory element-binding protein-2) to its active form as a master regulator of cholesterol biosynthesis. We suggest the concentration of cholesterol in brain of the Cyp7b1-/- mouse is maintained by balancing reduced metabolism, as a consequence of a loss in CYP7B1, with reduced biosynthesis. The Cyp7b1-/- mouse does not show a motor defect; whether the defect in humans is a consequence of less efficient homeostasis of cholesterol in brain has yet to be uncovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Meljon
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
- Institute for Global Food Security, Queens University Belfast, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, UK.
| | - Peter J Crick
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
| | - Eylan Yutuc
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
| | - Joyce L Yau
- Endocrinology Unit, BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK.
| | - Jonathan R Seckl
- Endocrinology Unit, BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK.
| | - Spyridon Theofilopoulos
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Ernest Arenas
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
| | - William J Griffiths
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
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Yamamoto E, Jørgensen TN. Immunological effects of vitamin D and their relations to autoimmunity. J Autoimmun 2019; 100:7-16. [PMID: 30853311 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency is an established risk factor for many autoimmune diseases and the anti-inflammatory properties of vitamin D underscore its potential therapeutic value for these diseases. However, results of vitamin D3 supplementation clinical trials have been varied. To understand the clinical heterogeneity, we reviewed the pre-clinical data on vitamin D activity in four common autoimmune diseases: multiple sclerosis (MS), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), in which patients are commonly maintained on oral vitamin D3 supplementation. In contrast, many pre-clinical studies utilize other methods of manipulation (i.e. genetic, injection). Given the many actions of vitamin D3 and data supporting a vitamin D-independent role of the Vitamin D receptor (VDR), a more detailed mechanistic understanding of vitamin D3 activity is needed to properly translate pre-clinical findings into the clinic. Therefore, we assessed studies based on route of vitamin D3 administration, and identified where discrepancies in results exist and where more research is needed to establish the benefit of vitamin D supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Yamamoto
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Trine N Jørgensen
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
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40
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Tuckey RC, Cheng CYS, Slominski AT. The serum vitamin D metabolome: What we know and what is still to discover. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 186:4-21. [PMID: 30205156 PMCID: PMC6342654 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D, referring to the two forms, D2 from the diet and D3 primarily derived from phototransformation in the skin, is a prohormone important in human health. The most hormonally active form, 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1α,25(OH)2D), formed from vitamin D via 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), is not only important for regulating calcium metabolism, but has many pleiotropic effects including regulation of the immune system and has anti-cancer properties. The major circulating form of vitamin D is 25(OH)D and both D2 and D3 forms are routinely measured by LC/MS/MS to assess vitamin D status, due to their relatively long half-lives and much higher concentrations compared to 1α,25(OH)2D. Inactivation of both 25(OH)D and 1α,25(OH)2D is catalyzed by CYP24A1 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 3-epimerase. Initial products from these enzymes acting on 25(OH)D3 are 24R,25(OH)2D3 and 3-epi-25(OH)D3, respectively, and both of these can also be measured routinely in some clinical laboratories to further document vitamin D status. With advances in LC/MS/MS and its increased availability, and with the help of studies with recombinant vitamin D-metabolizing enzymes, many other vitamin D metabolites have now been detected and in some cases quantitated, in human serum. CYP11A1 which catalyzes the first step in steroidogenesis, has been found to also act on vitamins D3 and D2 hydroxylating both at C20, but with some secondary metabolites produced by subsequent hydroxylations at other positions on the side chain. The major vitamin D3 metabolite, 20S-hydroxyvitamin D3 (20S(OH)D3), shows biological activity, often similar to 1α,25(OH)2D3 but without calcemic effects. Using standards produced enzymatically by purified CYP11A1 and characterized by NMR, many of these new metabolites have been detected in human serum, with semi-quantitative measurement of 20S(OH)D3 indicating it is present at comparable concentrations to 24R,25(OH)2D3 and 3-epi-25(OH)D3. Recently, vitamin D-related hydroxylumisterols derived from lumisterol3, a previtamin D3 photoproduct, have also been measured in human serum and displayed biological activity in initial in vitro studies. With the current extensive knowledge on the reactions and pathways of metabolism of vitamin D, especially those catalyzed by CYP24A1, CYP27A1, CYP27B1, CYP3A4 and CYP11A1, it is likely that many other of the resulting hydroxyvitamin D metabolites will be measured in human serum in the future, some contributing to a more detailed understanding of vitamin D status in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Tuckey
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.
| | - Chloe Y S Cheng
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center Cancer Chemoprevention Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA; VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
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Wilkens MR, Firmenich CS, Schnepel N, Muscher-Banse AS. A reduced protein diet modulates enzymes of vitamin D and cholesterol metabolism in young ruminants. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 186:196-202. [PMID: 30394334 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Besides other adverse effects, a low protein diet has been shown to modulate cholesterol and vitamin D metabolism in monogastric species like rats and humans. As ruminants can increase the efficiency of the rumino-hepatic circulation of urea, it is assumed that goats should be able to compensate for a low dietary protein intake better. After a dietary protein restriction (9% vs. 20%) for six weeks, plasma concentrations of urea, albumin, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and calcium were decreased, while plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25-OHD3), and total cholesterol were significantly increased in young goats. Because this was not accompanied by any decrease in expression of CYP24A1 mRNA, we investigated mRNA expression of additional enzymes with known 24- and/or 25-hydroxylase activities (CYP2R1, CYP2J2, CYP3 A24, CYP27A1), receptors involved in their regulation (VDR, PXR, RXRα) and vitamin D binding protein (VDBP). CYP2R1expression was stimulated with the low dietary protein intake, negatively correlated with plasma urea and positively associated with serum 25-OHD3. The greater plasma concentrations of total cholesterol could be explained with the reduction of CYP2J2 and CYP27A1 expression. None of the receptors investigated were affected by the dietary protein restriction but mRNA expression of VDBP was slightly reduced. Taken together our results show that dietary protein restriction has an impact on vitamin D and cholesterol metabolism in ruminants, too. Therefore, further investigations are needed before dietary interventions aiming at diminishing nitrogen excretion can be implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirja R Wilkens
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15/102, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Caroline S Firmenich
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15/102, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Nadine Schnepel
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15/102, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Alexandra S Muscher-Banse
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15/102, 30173 Hannover, Germany.
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Abstract
In honor of the 100th birthday of Dr. Herbert Tabor, JBC's Editor-in-Chief for 40 years, I will review here JBC's extensive coverage of the field of cytochrome P450 (P450) research. Research on the reactions catalyzed by these enzymes was published in JBC before it was even realized that they were P450s, i.e. they have a "pigment" with an absorption maximum at 450 nm. After the P450 pigment discovery, reported in JBC in 1962, the journal proceeded to publish the methods for measuring P450 activities and many seminal findings. Since then, the P450 field has grown extensively, with significant progress in characterizing these enzymes, including structural features, catalytic mechanisms, regulation, and many other aspects of P450 biochemistry. JBC has been the most influential journal in the P450 field. As with many other research areas, Dr. Tabor deserves a great deal of the credit for significantly advancing this burgeoning and important topic of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146.
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43
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Abstract
Calcium and phosphorus are essential minerals required for many critical biologic functions including cell signaling, energy metabolism, skeletal growth and integrity. Calcium and phosphate homeostasis are maintained primarily by regulation of epithelial calcium and phosphate cotransport in the kidney and intestine, processes that are tightly regulated by hormones including 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D), fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) and parathyroid hormone (PTH). In patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), as renal function declines, disruption of feedback loops between these hormones have adverse consequences on several organ systems, including the skeleton, heart and vascular system. CKD-associated mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD) is defined as a systemic disorder of mineral and bone metabolism due to CKD manifested by abnormalities of calcium, phosphorus, PTH or vitamin D metabolism, abnormalities of bone turnover, mineralization and volume, and ectopic soft tissue calcification. Complications of CKD-MBD include vascular calcification, stroke, skeletal fracture and increased risk of death. Increased FGF23 and PTH concentrations, and 1,25(OH)2D deficiency contribute to the pathogenesis of CKD-MBD. Therefore, treatment of patients with CKD-MBD is focused on restoring the feedback loops to maintain normal calcium and phosphate balance to prevent skeletal and cardiovascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Farzana Perwad
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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44
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Abstract
Inborn errors of bile acid metabolism are rare causes of neonatal cholestasis and liver disease in older children and adults. The diagnosis should be considered in the context of hyperbilirubinemia with normal serum bile acids and made by urinary liquid secondary ionization mass spectrometry or DNA testing. Cholic acid is an effective treatment of most single-enzyme defects and patients with Zellweger spectrum disorder with liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Heubi
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 240 Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Division of Pathology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 240 Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
| | - Kenneth D R Setchell
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 240 Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Division of Pathology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 240 Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Kevin E Bove
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 240 Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Division of Pathology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 240 Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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45
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Holy P, Kloudova A, Soucek P. Importance of genetic background of oxysterol signaling in cancer. Biochimie 2018; 153:109-138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2018.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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46
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Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor- γ Prevents Cholesterol Gallstone Formation in C57bl Mice by Regulating Bile Acid Synthesis and Enterohepatic Circulation. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:7475626. [PMID: 30105244 PMCID: PMC6076980 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7475626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the role of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) in the progression of cholesterol gallstone disease (CGD), C57bl/6J mice were randomized to the following groups (n=7/group): L (lithogenic diet, LGD), LM (LGD+pioglitazone), CM (chow diet+pioglitazone), and NC (normal control, chow diet). Gallbladder stones were observed by microscopy. Histological gallbladder changes were assessed. Bile acids (BA) and cholesterol were measured in the serum, bile, and feces. Proteins and mRNA expression of genes involved in BA metabolism and enterohepatic circulation were assessed by western blotting and real-time RT-PCR. PPARγ activation was performed in LO2 cell by lentivirus transfection and in Caco2 cell by PPARγ agonist treatment. Downregulation of farnesoid X receptor (FXR) by small interference RNA (siRNA) was performed in L02 cells and Caco2 cells, respectively. Results showed that pharmacological activation of PPARγ by pioglitazone prevents cholesterol gallstone formation by increasing biliary BA synthesis and enterohepatic circulation. Activated PPARγ induced the expression of genes involved in enterohepatic circulation and bile acid synthesis (like PCG1α, BSEP, MRP2, MRP3, MRP4, NTCP, CYP7A1, CYP27A1, ASBT, OSTα, and OSTβ). Downregulation of FXR repressed expression of partial genes involved in BA enterohepatic circulation. These findings suggest a new function of PPARγ in preventing CGD by handling BA synthesis and transport through a FXR dependent or independent pathway.
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Abdel-Khalik J, Crick PJ, Yutuc E, DeBarber AE, Duell PB, Steiner RD, Laina I, Wang Y, Griffiths WJ. Identification of 7α,24-dihydroxy-3-oxocholest-4-en-26-oic and 7α,25-dihydroxy-3-oxocholest-4-en-26-oic acids in human cerebrospinal fluid and plasma. Biochimie 2018; 153:86-98. [PMID: 29960034 PMCID: PMC6171785 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2018.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Dihydroxyoxocholestenoic acids are intermediates in bile acid biosynthesis. Here, using liquid chromatography – mass spectrometry, we confirm the identification of 7α,24-dihydroxy-3-oxocholest-4-en-26-oic and 7α,25-dihydroxy-3-oxocholest-4-en-26-oic acids in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) based on comparisons to authentic standards and of 7α,12α-dihydroxy-3-oxocholest-4-en-26-oic and 7α,x-dihydroxy-3-oxocholest-4-en-26-oic (where hydroxylation is likely on C-22 or C-23) based on exact mass measurement and multistage fragmentation. Surprisingly, patients suffering from the inborn error of metabolism cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis, where the enzyme CYP27A1, which normally introduces the (25 R)26-carboxylic acid group to the sterol side-chain, is defective still synthesise 7α,24-dihydroxy-3-oxocholest-4-en-26-oic acid and also both 25 R- and 25 S-epimers of 7α,12α-dihydroxy-3-oxocholest-4-en-26-oic acid. We speculate that the enzymes CYP46A1 and CYP3A4 may have C-26 carboxylase activity to generate these acids. In patients suffering from hereditary spastic paraplegia type 5 the CSF concentrations of the 7α,24- and 7α,25-dihydroxy acids are reduced, suggesting an involvement of CYP7B1 in their biosynthesis in brain. Dihydroxy-3-oxocholest-5-en-26-oic are found in human CSF and plasma. Hydroxy groups may be at 7α,24, 7α,25, or 7α,12α. Another acid is hydroxylated at 7α and in the side-chain probably at C-22 or C-23. In patients with CTX acids with 25 R or 25 S stereochemistry are found. In patients with SPG5 the concentrations of acids in CSF are reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Abdel-Khalik
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Peter J Crick
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Eylan Yutuc
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Andrea E DeBarber
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - P Barton Duell
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Robert D Steiner
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ioanna Laina
- Athens Medical Group, Athens Medical Center, Marousi Athens, Greece
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.
| | - William J Griffiths
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.
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Duell PB, Salen G, Eichler FS, DeBarber AE, Connor SL, Casaday L, Jayadev S, Kisanuki Y, Lekprasert P, Malloy MJ, Ramdhani RA, Ziajka PE, Quinn JF, Su KG, Geller AS, Diffenderfer MR, Schaefer EJ. Diagnosis, treatment, and clinical outcomes in 43 cases with cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis. J Clin Lipidol 2018; 12:1169-1178. [PMID: 30017468 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) is a rare disorder due to defective sterol 27-hydroxylase causing a lack of chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) production and high plasma cholestanol levels. OBJECTIVES Our objective was to review the diagnosis and treatment results in 43 CTX cases. METHODS We conducted a careful review of the diagnosis, laboratory values, treatment, and clinical course in 43 CTX cases. RESULTS The mean age at diagnosis was 32 years; the average follow-up was 8 years. Cases had the following conditions: 53% chronic diarrhea, 74% cognitive impairment, 70% premature cataracts, 77% tendon xanthomas, 81% neurologic disease, and 7% premature cardiovascular disease. The mean serum cholesterol concentration was 190 mg/dL; the mean plasma cholestanol level was 32 mg/L (normal <5.0 mg/L), which decreased to 6.0 mg/L (-81%) with CDCA therapy generally given as 250 mg orally 3 times daily. Of those tested on treatment, 63% achieved cholestanol levels of <5.0 mg/L; 91% had normal liver enzyme levels; none had significant liver problems after dose adjustment. Treatment improved symptoms in 57% at follow-up, but 20% with advanced disease continued to deteriorate. In the United States, CDCA has been approved for gallstone dissolution, but not for CTX despite long-term efficacy and safety data. CONCLUSIONS Health care providers seeing young patients with tendon xanthomas and relatively normal cholesterol levels, especially those with cataracts and learning problems, should consider the diagnosis of CTX so they can receive treatment. CDCA should receive regulatory approval to facilitate therapy for the prevention of the complications of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Barton Duell
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Gerald Salen
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Florian S Eichler
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrea E DeBarber
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Sonja L Connor
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Lise Casaday
- Department of Neurology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Suman Jayadev
- Department of Neurology, Western Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yasushi Kisanuki
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Mary J Malloy
- Division of Endocrinology, University of California San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ritesh A Ramdhani
- Department of Neurology, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Joseph F Quinn
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Kimmy G Su
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andrew S Geller
- Boston Heart Diagnostics, Framingham, MA, USA; Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory, Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Ernst J Schaefer
- Boston Heart Diagnostics, Framingham, MA, USA; Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory, Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA; The Dyslipidemia Foundation, Natick, MA, USA.
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Sekijima Y, Koyama S, Yoshinaga T, Koinuma M, Inaba Y. Nationwide survey on cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis in Japan. J Hum Genet 2018; 63:271-280. [PMID: 29321515 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-017-0389-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) is likely to be underdiagnosed and precise epidemiological characteristics of CTX are largely unknown as knowledge on the disorder is based mainly on case reports. We conducted a nationwide survey on CTX to elucidate the frequency, clinical picture, and molecular biological background of Japanese CTX patients. In this first Japanese nationwide survey on CTX, 2541 questionnaires were sent to clinical departments across Japan. A total of 1032 (40.6%) responses were returned completed for further analysis. Forty patients with CTX (50.0% male) were identified between September 2012 and August 2015. The mean age of onset was 24.5 ± 13.6 years, mean age at diagnosis was 41.0 ± 11.6 years, and corresponding mean duration of illness from onset to diagnosis was 16.5 ± 13.5 years. The most common initial symptom was tendon xanthoma, followed next by spastic paraplegia, cognitive dysfunction, cataract, ataxia, and epilepsy. The most predominant mutations in the CYP27A1 gene were c.1214G> A (p.R405Q, 31.6%), c.1421G> A (p.R474Q, 26.3%), and c.435G> T (p.G145=, 15.8%). Therapeutic interventions that included chenodeoxycholic acid, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, and LDL apheresis reduced serum cholestanol level in all patients and improved clinical symptoms in 40.5% of patients. Although CTX is a treatable neurodegenerative disorder, our nationwide survey revealed an average 16.5-year diagnostic delay. CTX may be underdiagnosed in Japan, especially during childhood. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential to improve the prognosis of CTX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Sekijima
- Department of Medicine (Neurology and Rheumatology), Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan. .,Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan.
| | - Shingo Koyama
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Tsuneaki Yoshinaga
- Department of Medicine (Neurology and Rheumatology), Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan.,Center for Medical Genetics, Shinshu University Hospital, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Koinuma
- Center of Clinical Research, Shinshu University Hospital, Matsumoto, Japan.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo Heisei University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Inaba
- Department of Pediatrics, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
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Lutz SZ, Hennenlotter J, Scharpf MO, Sailer C, Fritsche L, Schmid V, Kantartzis K, Wagner R, Lehmann R, Berti L, Peter A, Staiger H, Fritsche A, Fend F, Todenhöfer T, Stenzl A, Häring HU, Heni M. Androgen receptor overexpression in prostate cancer in type 2 diabetes. Mol Metab 2017; 8:158-166. [PMID: 29249638 PMCID: PMC5985051 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2017.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE While prostate cancer does not occur more often in men with diabetes, survival is markedly reduced in this patient group. Androgen signaling is a known and major driver for prostate cancer progression. Therefore, we analyzed major components of the androgen signaling chain and cell proliferation in relation to type 2 diabetes. METHODS Tumor content of 70 prostate tissue samples of men with type 2 diabetes and 59 samples of patients without diabetes was quantified by an experienced pathologist, and a subset of 51 samples was immunohistochemically stained for androgen receptor (AR). mRNA expression of AR, insulin receptor isoform A (IR-A) and B (IR-B), IGF-1 receptor (IGF1R), Cyp27A1 and Cyp7B1, PSA gene KLK3, PSMA gene FOLH1, Ki-67 gene MKI67, and estrogen receptor beta (ESR2) were analyzed by RT-qPCR. RESULTS AR mRNA and protein expression were associated with the tumor content only in men with diabetes. AR expression also correlated with downstream targets PSA (KLK3) and PSMA (FOLH1) and increased cell proliferation. Only in diabetes, AR expression was correlated to higher IR-A/IR-B ratio and lower IR-B/IGF1R ratio, thus, in favor of the mitogenic isoforms. Reduced Cyp27A1 and increased Cyp7B1 expressions in tumor suggest lower levels of protective estrogen receptor ligands in diabetes. CONCLUSIONS We report elevated androgen receptor signaling and activity presumably due to altered insulin/IGF-1 receptors and decreased levels of protective estrogen receptor ligands in prostate cancer in men with diabetes. Our results reveal new insights why these patients have a worse prognosis. These findings provide the basis for future clinical trials to investigate treatment response in patients with prostate cancer and diabetes.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antigens, Surface/genetics
- Antigens, Surface/metabolism
- Cholestanetriol 26-Monooxygenase/genetics
- Cholestanetriol 26-Monooxygenase/metabolism
- Cytochrome P450 Family 7/genetics
- Cytochrome P450 Family 7/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Estrogen Receptor beta/genetics
- Estrogen Receptor beta/metabolism
- Glutamate Carboxypeptidase II/genetics
- Glutamate Carboxypeptidase II/metabolism
- Humans
- Kallikreins/genetics
- Kallikreins/metabolism
- Ki-67 Antigen/genetics
- Ki-67 Antigen/metabolism
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Prostate/metabolism
- Prostate-Specific Antigen/genetics
- Prostate-Specific Antigen/metabolism
- Prostatic Neoplasms/complications
- Prostatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, Insulin/genetics
- Receptor, Insulin/metabolism
- Receptors, Androgen/genetics
- Receptors, Androgen/metabolism
- Steroid Hydroxylases/genetics
- Steroid Hydroxylases/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Zoltán Lutz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Vascular Disease, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Germany; Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM), Helmholtz Center Munich, University of Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Corinna Sailer
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM), Helmholtz Center Munich, University of Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Louise Fritsche
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM), Helmholtz Center Munich, University of Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Vera Schmid
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Vascular Disease, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Germany; Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM), Helmholtz Center Munich, University of Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Konstantinos Kantartzis
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Vascular Disease, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Germany; Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM), Helmholtz Center Munich, University of Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Robert Wagner
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Vascular Disease, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Germany; Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM), Helmholtz Center Munich, University of Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Rainer Lehmann
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Vascular Disease, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Germany; Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM), Helmholtz Center Munich, University of Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Lucia Berti
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM), Helmholtz Center Munich, University of Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich-Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Peter
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Vascular Disease, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Germany; Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM), Helmholtz Center Munich, University of Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Harald Staiger
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM), Helmholtz Center Munich, University of Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich-Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Fritsche
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Vascular Disease, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Germany; Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM), Helmholtz Center Munich, University of Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Falko Fend
- Institute of Pathology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Arnulf Stenzl
- Department of Urology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Häring
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Vascular Disease, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Germany; Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM), Helmholtz Center Munich, University of Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich-Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Martin Heni
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Vascular Disease, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Germany; Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM), Helmholtz Center Munich, University of Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
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