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Kakiyama G, Minowa K, Bai-Kamara N, Hashiguchi T, Pandak WM, Rodriguez-Agudo D. StarD5 levels of expression correlate with onset and progression of steatosis and liver fibrosis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2024. [PMID: 38591148 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00024.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Insufficient expression of steroidogenic acute regulatory lipid transfer protein 5 (StarD5) on liver cholesterol/lipid homeostasis is not clearly defined. METHODS The ablation of StarD5 was analyzed in mice on a normal or western diet (WD) to determine its importance in hepatic lipid accumulation and fibrosis compared to wild type (WT) mice. Rescue experiments in StarD5-/- mice and hepatocytes were performed. RESULTS In addition to increased hepatic triglyceride/cholesterol levels, global StarD5-/- mice fed a normal diet displayed reduced plasma triglycerides and liver VLDL secretion as compared with WT counterparts. Insulin levels and Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) scoring were elevated, demonstrating developing insulin resistance (IR). WD fed StarD5-/- mice up-regulated TAZ expression with accelerated liver fibrosis when compared to WD-fed WT mice. CYP7B1's suppression coupled with chronic accumulation of toxic oxysterol levels correlated with presentation of fibrosis. 'Hepatocyte selective' StarD5 overexpression in StarD5-/- mice restored expression, reduced hepatic triglycerides, and improved HOMA-IR. Observations in 2 additional mouse and one human NASH model were supportive. CONCLUSIONS StarD5's downregulation with hepatic lipid excess is a previously unappreciated physiologic function appearing to promote lipid storage for future needs. Conversely, StarD5's lingering downregulation with prolonged lipid/cholesterol excess accelerates fatty liver's transition to fibrosis; mediated via dysregulation in the oxysterol signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genta Kakiyama
- Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Kei Minowa
- Department of Pediatrics, Juntendo University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nanah Bai-Kamara
- Internal Medicine, Central Virginia VA Healthcare System, Richmond, VA, United States
| | | | - William M Pandak
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Central Virginia VA Healthcare System, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Daniel Rodriguez-Agudo
- Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA, United States
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2
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Robertson DJ, Dominitz JA, Beed A, Boardman KD, Del Curto BJ, Guarino PD, Imperiale TF, LaCasse A, Larson MF, Gupta S, Lieberman D, Planeta B, Shaukat A, Sultan S, Menees SB, Saini SD, Schoenfeld P, Goebel S, von Rosenvinge EC, Baffy G, Halasz I, Pedrosa MC, Kahng LS, Cassim R, Greer KB, Kinnard MF, Bhatt DB, Dunbar KB, Harford WV, Mengshol JA, Olson JE, Patel SG, Antaki F, Fisher DA, Sullivan BA, Lenza C, Prajapati DN, Wong H, Beyth R, Lieb JG, Manlolo J, Ona FV, Cole RA, Khalaf N, Kahi CJ, Kohli DR, Rai T, Sharma P, Anastasiou J, Hagedorn C, Fernando RS, Jackson CS, Jamal MM, Lee RH, Merchant F, May FP, Pisegna JR, Omer E, Parajuli D, Said A, Nguyen TD, Tombazzi CR, Feldman PA, Jacob L, Koppelman RN, Lehenbauer KP, Desai DS, Madhoun MF, Tierney WM, Ho MQ, Hockman HJ, Lopez C, Carter Paulson E, Tobi M, Pinillos HL, Young M, Ho NC, Mascarenhas R, Promrat K, Mutha PR, Pandak WM, Shah T, Schubert M, Pancotto FS, Gawron AJ, Underwood AE, Ho SB, Magno-Pagatzaurtundua P, Toro DH, Beymer CH, Kaz AM, Elwing J, Gill JA, Goldsmith SF, Yao MD, Protiva P, Pohl H, Kyriakides T. Baseline Features and Reasons for Nonparticipation in the Colonoscopy Versus Fecal Immunochemical Test in Reducing Mortality From Colorectal Cancer (CONFIRM) Study, a Colorectal Cancer Screening Trial. JAMA Netw Open 2023; 6:e2321730. [PMID: 37432690 PMCID: PMC10336619 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.21730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Importance The Colonoscopy Versus Fecal Immunochemical Test in Reducing Mortality From Colorectal Cancer (CONFIRM) randomized clinical trial sought to recruit 50 000 adults into a study comparing colorectal cancer (CRC) mortality outcomes after randomization to either an annual fecal immunochemical test (FIT) or colonoscopy. Objective To (1) describe study participant characteristics and (2) examine who declined participation because of a preference for colonoscopy or stool testing (ie, fecal occult blood test [FOBT]/FIT) and assess that preference's association with geographic and temporal factors. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional study within CONFIRM, which completed enrollment through 46 Department of Veterans Affairs medical centers between May 22, 2012, and December 1, 2017, with follow-up planned through 2028, comprised veterans aged 50 to 75 years with an average CRC risk and due for screening. Data were analyzed between March 7 and December 5, 2022. Exposure Case report forms were used to capture enrolled participant data and reasons for declining participation among otherwise eligible individuals. Main Outcomes and Measures Descriptive statistics were used to characterize the cohort overall and by intervention. Among individuals declining participation, logistic regression was used to compare preference for FOBT/FIT or colonoscopy by recruitment region and year. Results A total of 50 126 participants were recruited (mean [SD] age, 59.1 [6.9] years; 46 618 [93.0%] male and 3508 [7.0%] female). The cohort was racially and ethnically diverse, with 748 (1.5%) identifying as Asian, 12 021 (24.0%) as Black, 415 (0.8%) as Native American or Alaska Native, 34 629 (69.1%) as White, and 1877 (3.7%) as other race, including multiracial; and 5734 (11.4%) as having Hispanic ethnicity. Of the 11 109 eligible individuals who declined participation (18.0%), 4824 (43.4%) declined due to a stated preference for a specific screening test, with FOBT/FIT being the most preferred method (2820 [58.5%]) vs colonoscopy (1958 [40.6%]; P < .001) or other screening tests (46 [1.0%] P < .001). Preference for FOBT/FIT was strongest in the West (963 of 1472 [65.4%]) and modest elsewhere, ranging from 199 of 371 (53.6%) in the Northeast to 884 of 1543 (57.3%) in the Midwest (P = .001). Adjusting for region, the preference for FOBT/FIT increased by 19% per recruitment year (odds ratio, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.14-1.25). Conclusions and Relevance In this cross-sectional analysis of veterans choosing nonenrollment in the CONFIRM study, those who declined participation more often preferred FOBT or FIT over colonoscopy. This preference increased over time and was strongest in the western US and may provide insight into trends in CRC screening preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas J Robertson
- VA Medical Center, White River Junction, Vermont
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Jason A Dominitz
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle
| | - Alexander Beed
- Cooperative Studies Program Coordinating Center, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - Kathy D Boardman
- Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Studies Program Clinical Research Pharmacy Coordinating Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Barbara J Del Curto
- Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Studies Program Clinical Research Pharmacy Coordinating Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Peter D Guarino
- Statistical Center of HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Thomas F Imperiale
- Center for Innovation, Health Services Research and Development, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center and Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis
| | | | | | - Samir Gupta
- Section of Gastroenterology, VA San Diego, and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego
| | - David Lieberman
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Portland VA Medical Center, and Oregon Health and Science University, Portland
| | - Beata Planeta
- Cooperative Studies Program Coordinating Center, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - Aasma Shaukat
- New York Harbor VA Healthcare System and New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York
| | - Shanaz Sultan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis VA Healthcare System, Minneapolis
| | - Stacy B Menees
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ann Arbor VA Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor
| | - Sameer D Saini
- US Department of Veteran Affairs Health Services Research and Development Center for Clinical Management Research, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
- Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | | | - Stephan Goebel
- Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia
- Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Erik C von Rosenvinge
- VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Gyorgy Baffy
- Department of Medicine, VA Boston Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ildiko Halasz
- Department of Medicine, VA Boston Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Primary Care, West Roxbury, Massachusetts
| | - Marcos C Pedrosa
- Department of Medicine, VA Boston Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lyn Sue Kahng
- Gastroenterology Section, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, and University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Riaz Cassim
- Louis A. Johnson VA Medical Center, Clarksburg, West Virginia
- Department of Surgery, West Virginia University, Morgantown
| | - Katarina B Greer
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
- Louis Stokes VA Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Margaret F Kinnard
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
- VA Northeast Ohio Healthcare System, Cleveland
| | - Divya B Bhatt
- VA North Texas Health Care Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas
| | - Kerry B Dunbar
- VA North Texas Healthcare System, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas
| | - William V Harford
- VA North Texas Health Care Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas
| | - John A Mengshol
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver
| | - Jed E Olson
- Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora
| | - Swati G Patel
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora
| | - Fadi Antaki
- John D. Dingell VA Medical Center and Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | | | - Brian A Sullivan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
- Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - Devang N Prajapati
- VA Central California Health Care System, University of California, San Francisco, Fresn
| | - Helen Wong
- VA Central California Health Care System, University of California, San Francisco, Fresn
| | - Rebecca Beyth
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville
| | - John G Lieb
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Florida, Gainesville
- Malcolm Randall VA Medical Center, Gainesville, Florida
| | | | | | - Rhonda A Cole
- Department of Gastroenterology, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Natalia Khalaf
- Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness, and Safety, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, Texas
- Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Charles J Kahi
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis
| | - Divyanshoo Rai Kohli
- Kansas City VA Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri
- Providence Sacred Heart Medical Center, Spokane, Washington
| | - Tarun Rai
- Borland Groover Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Prateek Sharma
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansas City VA Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Jiannis Anastasiou
- Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Division, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock
| | - Curt Hagedorn
- Gastroenterology Division, New Mexico Veterans Healthcare System, and Department of Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque
| | - Ronald S Fernando
- VA Loma Linda Healthcare System, Loma Linda, California
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Riverside
| | - Christian S Jackson
- VA Loma Linda Healthcare System, Loma Linda, California
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Riverside
| | - M Mazen Jamal
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Riverside
- Oceana Gastroenterology Associates, Corona, California
| | - Robert H Lee
- VA Long Beach Health Care System, Long Beach, California
- University of California, Irvine
| | | | - Folasade P May
- Greater Los Angeles VA Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Joseph R Pisegna
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Parenteral Nutrition, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
- Departments of Medicine and Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Endashaw Omer
- University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
- Robley Rex VA Medical Center, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Dipendra Parajuli
- Robley Rex VA Medical Center, Louisville, Kentucky
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Adnan Said
- William S. Middleton VA Medical Center, Madison, Wisconsin
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison
| | - Toan D Nguyen
- Memphis VA Medical Center, Memphis, Tennessee
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis
| | | | | | - Leslie Jacob
- Bruce W. Carter VA Medical Center, Miami, Florida
| | | | | | - Deepak S Desai
- Northport VA Medical Center, State University of New York Stony Brook, Northport
| | - Mohammad F Madhoun
- Oklahoma City VA Medical Center, Oklahoma City
- Section of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City
| | | | - Minh Q Ho
- Department of Infectious Disease, Orlando VA Healthcare System, University of Central Florida, Orlando
| | | | | | - Emily Carter Paulson
- VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- University of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Martin Tobi
- Department of Research and Development, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Hugo L Pinillos
- Phoenix VA Healthcare System, Phoenix, Arizona
- University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix
| | | | - Nancy C Ho
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Portland VA Medical Center, and Oregon Health and Science University, Portland
| | - Ranjan Mascarenhas
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Austin Outpatient Clinic, Austin, Texas
- Department of Medicine, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin
| | - Kirrichai Promrat
- Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island
- The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Pritesh R Mutha
- McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia; Now with The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston
| | - William M Pandak
- Richmond VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Tilak Shah
- Digestive Disease and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic Florida, Weston
| | - Mitchell Schubert
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
- Central Virginia VA Healthcare System, Richmond
| | - Frank S Pancotto
- Salisbury VA Medical Center, Salisbury, North Carolina
- Wake Forrest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Andrew J Gawron
- Salt Lake City VA Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
- University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | | | - Samuel B Ho
- VA Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, California
| | | | - Doris H Toro
- Section of Gastroenterology, VA Caribbean Healthcare System, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Charles H Beymer
- VA Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, Washington
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle
| | - Andrew M Kaz
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle
- Gastroenterology Section, VA Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jill Elwing
- St Louis VA Medical Center, St Louis, Missouri
- Division of Gastroenterology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Jeffrey A Gill
- James A. Haley VA Hospital, Tampa, Florida
- University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa
| | | | - Michael D Yao
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Section, VA Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
- George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Petr Protiva
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut
- Department of Medicine (Digestive Diseases), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Heiko Pohl
- VA Medical Center, White River Junction, Vermont
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Tassos Kyriakides
- Cooperative Studies Program Coordinating Center, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut
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Kakiyama G, Rodriguez-Agudo D, Pandak WM. Mitochondrial Cholesterol Metabolites in a Bile Acid Synthetic Pathway Drive Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Revised "Two-Hit" Hypothesis. Cells 2023; 12:1434. [PMID: 37408268 DOI: 10.3390/cells12101434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The rising prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)-related cirrhosis highlights the need for a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms responsible for driving the transition of hepatic steatosis (fatty liver; NAFL) to steatohepatitis (NASH) and fibrosis/cirrhosis. Obesity-related insulin resistance (IR) is a well-known hallmark of early NAFLD progression, yet the mechanism linking aberrant insulin signaling to hepatocyte inflammation has remained unclear. Recently, as a function of more distinctly defining the regulation of mechanistic pathways, hepatocyte toxicity as mediated by hepatic free cholesterol and its metabolites has emerged as fundamental to the subsequent necroinflammation/fibrosis characteristics of NASH. More specifically, aberrant hepatocyte insulin signaling, as found with IR, leads to dysregulation in bile acid biosynthetic pathways with the subsequent intracellular accumulation of mitochondrial CYP27A1-derived cholesterol metabolites, (25R)26-hydroxycholesterol and 3β-Hydroxy-5-cholesten-(25R)26-oic acid, which appear to be responsible for driving hepatocyte toxicity. These findings bring forth a "two-hit" interpretation as to how NAFL progresses to NAFLD: abnormal hepatocyte insulin signaling, as occurs with IR, develops as a "first hit" that sequentially drives the accumulation of toxic CYP27A1-driven cholesterol metabolites as the "second hit". In the following review, we examine the mechanistic pathway by which mitochondria-derived cholesterol metabolites drive the development of NASH. Insights into mechanistic approaches for effective NASH intervention are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genta Kakiyama
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
- Research Services, Central Virginia Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Richmond, VA 23249, USA
| | - Daniel Rodriguez-Agudo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
- Research Services, Central Virginia Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Richmond, VA 23249, USA
| | - William M Pandak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
- Research Services, Central Virginia Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Richmond, VA 23249, USA
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Minowa K, Rodriguez-Agudo D, Suzuki M, Muto Y, Hirai S, Wang Y, Su L, Zhou H, Chen Q, Lesnefsky EJ, Mitamura K, Ikegawa S, Takei H, Nittono H, Fuchs M, Pandak WM, Kakiyama G. Insulin dysregulation drives mitochondrial cholesterol metabolite accumulation: Initiating hepatic toxicity in NAFLD. J Lipid Res 2023; 64:100363. [PMID: 36966904 PMCID: PMC10182330 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2023.100363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
CYP7B1 catalyzes mitochondria-derived cholesterol metabolites such as (25R)26-hydroxycholesterol (26HC) and 3β-hydroxy-5-cholesten-(25R)26-oic acid (3βHCA) and facilitates their conversion to bile acids. Disruption of 26HC/3βHCA metabolism in the absence of CYP7B1 leads to neonatal liver failure. Disrupted 26HC/3βHCA metabolism with reduced hepatic CYP7B1 expression is also found in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). The current study aimed to understand the regulatory mechanism of mitochondrial cholesterol metabolites and their contribution to onset of NASH. We used Cyp7b1-/- mice fed a normal diet (ND), Western diet (WD), or high-cholesterol diet (HCD). Serum and liver cholesterol metabolites as well as hepatic gene expressions were comprehensively analyzed. Interestingly, 26HC/3βHCA levels were maintained at basal levels in ND-fed Cyp7b1-/- mice livers by the reduced cholesterol transport to mitochondria, and the upregulated glucuronidation and sulfation. However, WD-fed Cyp7b1-/- mice developed insulin resistance (IR) with subsequent 26HC/3βHCA accumulation due to overwhelmed glucuronidation/sulfation with facilitated mitochondrial cholesterol transport. Meanwhile, Cyp7b1-/- mice fed an HCD did not develop IR or subsequent evidence of liver toxicity. HCD-fed mice livers revealed marked cholesterol accumulation but no 26HC/3βHCA accumulation. The results suggest 26HC/3βHCA-induced cytotoxicity occurs when increased cholesterol transport into mitochondria is coupled to decreased 26HC/3βHCA metabolism driven with IR. Supportive evidence for cholesterol metabolite-driven hepatotoxicity is provided in a diet-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver mouse model and by human specimen analyses. This study uncovers an insulin-mediated regulatory pathway that drives the formation and accumulation of toxic cholesterol metabolites within the hepatocyte mitochondria, mechanistically connecting IR to cholesterol metabolite-induced hepatocyte toxicity which drives nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Kakiyama G, Minowa K, Rodriguez-Agudo D, Martin R, Takei H, Mitamura K, Ikegawa S, Suzuki M, Nittono H, Fuchs M, Heuman DM, Zhou H, Pandak WM. Coffee modulates insulin-hepatocyte nuclear factor-4α-Cyp7b1 pathway and reduces oxysterol-driven liver toxicity in a nonalcoholic fatty liver disease mouse model. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2022; 323:G488-G500. [PMID: 36193897 PMCID: PMC9639758 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00179.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Oxysterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7B1) controls the levels of intracellular regulatory oxysterols generated by the "acidic pathway" of cholesterol metabolism. Previously, we demonstrated that an inability to upregulate CYP7B1 in the setting of insulin resistance leads to the accumulation of cholesterol metabolites such as (25R)26-hydroxycholesterol (26HC) that initiate and promote hepatocyte injury; followed by an inflammatory response. The current study demonstrates that dietary coffee improves insulin resistance and restores Cyp7b1 levels in a well-characterized Western diet (WD)-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) mouse model. Ingestion of a WD containing caffeinated (regular) coffee or decaffeinated coffee markedly reduced the serum ALT level and improved insulin resistance. Cyp7b1 mRNA and protein levels were preserved at normal levels in mice fed the coffee containing WD. Additionally, coffee led to upregulated steroid sulfotransferase 2b1 (Sult2b1) mRNA expression. In accordance with the response in these oxysterol metabolic genes, hepatocellular 26HC levels were maintained at physiologically low levels. Moreover, the current study provided evidence that hepatic Cyp7b1 and Sult2b1 responses to insulin signaling can be mediated through a transcriptional factor, hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF)-4α. We conclude coffee achieves its beneficial effects through the modulation of insulin resistance. Both decaffeinated and caffeinated coffee had beneficial effects, demonstrating caffeine is not fundamental to this effect. The effects of coffee feeding on the insulin-HNF4α-Cyp7b1 signaling pathway, whose dysregulation initiates and contributes to the onset and progression of NASH as triggered by insulin resistance, offer mechanistic insight into approaches for the treatment of NAFLD.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study demonstrated dietary coffee prevented the accumulation of hepatic oxysterols by maintaining Cyp7b1/Sult2b1 expression in a diet-induced NAFLD mice model. Lowering liver oxysterols markedly reduced inflammation in the coffee-ingested mice. Caffeine is not fundamental to this effect. In addition, this study showed Cyp7b1/Sult2b1 responses to insulin signaling can be mediated through a transcriptional factor, HNF4α. The insulin-HNF4α-Cyp7b1/Sult2b1 signaling pathway, which directly correlates to the onset of NASH triggered by insulin resistance, offers insight into approaches for NAFLD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genta Kakiyama
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
- Central Virginia Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Kei Minowa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
- Department of Pediatrics, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daniel Rodriguez-Agudo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
- Central Virginia Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Rebecca Martin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Hajime Takei
- Junshin Clinic Bile Acid Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Mitsuyoshi Suzuki
- Department of Pediatrics, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Michael Fuchs
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
- Central Virginia Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Douglas M Heuman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Huiping Zhou
- Central Virginia Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Richmond, Virginia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
| | - William M Pandak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
- Central Virginia Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Richmond, Virginia
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
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Wang Y, Pandak WM, Lesnefsky EJ, Hylemon PB, Ren S. 25-Hydroxycholesterol 3-Sulfate Recovers Acetaminophen Induced Acute Liver Injury via Stabilizing Mitochondria in Mouse Models. Cells 2021; 10:3027. [PMID: 34831255 PMCID: PMC8616185 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose is one of the most frequent causes of acute liver failure (ALF). N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is currently being used as part of the standard care in the clinic but its usage has been limited in severe cases, in which liver transplantation becomes the only treatment option. Therefore, there still is a need for a specific and effective therapy for APAP induced ALF. In the current study, we have demonstrated that treatment with 25-Hydroxycholesterol 3-Sulfate (25HC3S) not only significantly reduced mortality but also decreased the plasma levels of liver injury markers, including LDH, AST, and ALT, in APAP overdosed mouse models. 25HC3S also decreased the expression of those genes involved in cell apoptosis, stabilized mitochondrial polarization, and significantly decreased the levels of oxidants, malondialdehyde (MDA), and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Whole genome bisulfite sequencing analysis showed that 25HC3S increased demethylation of 5mCpG in key promoter regions and thereby increased the expression of those genes involved in MAPK-ERK and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways. We concluded that 25HC3S may alleviate APAP induced liver injury via up-regulating the master signaling pathways and maintaining mitochondrial membrane polarization. The results suggest that 25HC3S treatment facilitates the recovery and significantly decreases the mortality of APAP induced acute liver injury and has a synergistic effect with NAC in propylene glycol (PG) for the injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Shunlin Ren
- Department of Internal Medicine, McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23249, USA; (Y.W.); (W.M.P.); (E.J.L.); (P.B.H.)
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7
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Wang Y, Tai YL, Zhao D, Zhang Y, Yan J, Kakiyama G, Wang X, Gurley EC, Liu J, Liu J, Liu J, Lai G, Hylemon PB, Pandak WM, Chen W, Zhou H. Berberine Prevents Disease Progression of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis through Modulating Multiple Pathways. Cells 2021; 10:210. [PMID: 33494295 PMCID: PMC7912096 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The disease progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) from simple steatosis (NAFL) to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is driven by multiple factors. Berberine (BBR) is an ancient Chinese medicine and has various beneficial effects on metabolic diseases, including NAFLD/NASH. However, the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood due to the limitation of the NASH animal models used. Methods: A high-fat and high-fructose diet-induced mouse model of NAFLD, the best available preclinical NASH mouse model, was used. RNAseq, histological, and metabolic pathway analyses were used to identify the potential signaling pathways modulated by BBR. LC-MS was used to measure bile acid levels in the serum and liver. The real-time RT-PCR and Western blot analysis were used to validate the RNAseq data. Results: BBR not only significantly reduced hepatic lipid accumulation by modulating fatty acid synthesis and metabolism but also restored the bile acid homeostasis by targeting multiple pathways. In addition, BBR markedly inhibited inflammation by reducing immune cell infiltration and inhibition of neutrophil activation and inflammatory gene expression. Furthermore, BBR was able to inhibit hepatic fibrosis by modulating the expression of multiple genes involved in hepatic stellate cell activation and cholangiocyte proliferation. Consistent with our previous findings, BBR's beneficial effects are linked with the downregulation of microRNA34a and long noncoding RNA H19, which are two important players in promoting NASH progression and liver fibrosis. Conclusion: BBR is a promising therapeutic agent for NASH by targeting multiple pathways. These results provide a strong foundation for a future clinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Virginia and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1220 East Broad Street, MMRB-5044, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (Y.W.); (Y.-L.T.); (D.Z.); (Y.Z.); (J.Y.); (X.W.); (E.C.G.); (P.B.H.)
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Qianjiang, Hefei 230012, China;
| | - Yun-Ling Tai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Virginia and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1220 East Broad Street, MMRB-5044, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (Y.W.); (Y.-L.T.); (D.Z.); (Y.Z.); (J.Y.); (X.W.); (E.C.G.); (P.B.H.)
| | - Derrick Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Virginia and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1220 East Broad Street, MMRB-5044, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (Y.W.); (Y.-L.T.); (D.Z.); (Y.Z.); (J.Y.); (X.W.); (E.C.G.); (P.B.H.)
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Virginia and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1220 East Broad Street, MMRB-5044, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (Y.W.); (Y.-L.T.); (D.Z.); (Y.Z.); (J.Y.); (X.W.); (E.C.G.); (P.B.H.)
| | - Junkai Yan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Virginia and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1220 East Broad Street, MMRB-5044, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (Y.W.); (Y.-L.T.); (D.Z.); (Y.Z.); (J.Y.); (X.W.); (E.C.G.); (P.B.H.)
| | - Genta Kakiyama
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical College of Virginia and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (G.K.); (W.M.P.)
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Virginia and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1220 East Broad Street, MMRB-5044, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (Y.W.); (Y.-L.T.); (D.Z.); (Y.Z.); (J.Y.); (X.W.); (E.C.G.); (P.B.H.)
| | - Emily C. Gurley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Virginia and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1220 East Broad Street, MMRB-5044, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (Y.W.); (Y.-L.T.); (D.Z.); (Y.Z.); (J.Y.); (X.W.); (E.C.G.); (P.B.H.)
| | - Jinze Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA;
| | - Jinpeng Liu
- Department of Computer Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA;
| | - Jimin Liu
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L6M0L8, Canada;
| | - Guanhua Lai
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Virginia, 23298 Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA;
| | - Phillip B. Hylemon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Virginia and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1220 East Broad Street, MMRB-5044, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (Y.W.); (Y.-L.T.); (D.Z.); (Y.Z.); (J.Y.); (X.W.); (E.C.G.); (P.B.H.)
| | - William M. Pandak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical College of Virginia and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (G.K.); (W.M.P.)
| | - Weidong Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Qianjiang, Hefei 230012, China;
| | - Huiping Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Virginia and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1220 East Broad Street, MMRB-5044, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (Y.W.); (Y.-L.T.); (D.Z.); (Y.Z.); (J.Y.); (X.W.); (E.C.G.); (P.B.H.)
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8
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Patel S, Siddiqui MB, Chandrakumaran A, Rodriguez VA, Faridnia M, Hernandez Roman J, Zhang E, Patrone MV, Kakiyama G, Walker C, Sima A, Minniti RJ, Boyett S, Bajaj JS, Sanyal A, Pandak WM, Bhati C, Siddiqui MS. Progression to Cirrhosis Leads to Improvement in Atherogenic Milieu. Dig Dis Sci 2021; 66:263-272. [PMID: 32189102 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-020-06196-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD) is high among patients with cirrhosis; however, the impact of it on cardiovascular disease (CVD) is not known. The aim of the current study was to evaluate CVD events in patients with cirrhosis and impact of cirrhosis on biomarkers of atherogenesis. METHODS The study included 682 patients with decompensated cirrhosis referred for liver transplantation (LT) evaluation between 2010 and 2017. All patients were followed until they experienced a CVD event, non-cardiac death, liver transplantation or last follow-up. To evaluate mechanistic link, patients with NASH cirrhosis were propensity matched 1:2 to non-cirrhosis NASH patients and biomarkers of atherogenic risk were compared. RESULTS The composite CVD outcome occurred in 23(3.4%) patients after a median follow-up period of 585 days (IQR 139, 747). A strong association between presence of any CAD and CVD event was noted (HR = 6.8, 95% CI 2.9, 15.9) that was independent of age, gender, BMI, and MELD score. In competing risk model, the combined rate of LT and non-cardiac was significantly higher when compared to the rate of CVD events. Marker of insulin resistance and inflammation-related markers were similar in patients with and without cirrhosis. Patients with cirrhosis were more likely to have reduced VLDL, sdLDL-C, LDL-C, and triglycerides. Interestingly, patients with cirrhosis had an increase in serum HDL-2, the anti-atherogenic lipoprotein, and adiponectin, a protective serum adipokine. CONCLUSION The risk of CVD events in patients with cirrhosis is low and may potentially be due to improvement in markers of atherogenic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samarth Patel
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hunter-Holmes McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23249, USA. .,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA.
| | - Mohammad B Siddiqui
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA
| | | | - Viviana A Rodriguez
- Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA
| | - Masoud Faridnia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA
| | - Jose Hernandez Roman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA
| | - Emily Zhang
- School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA
| | - Michael V Patrone
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA
| | - Genta Kakiyama
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hunter-Holmes McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23249, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA
| | - Caroline Walker
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA
| | - Adam Sima
- Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA
| | - Robert J Minniti
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA
| | - Sherry Boyett
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA
| | - Jasmohan S Bajaj
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hunter-Holmes McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23249, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA
| | - Arun Sanyal
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hunter-Holmes McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23249, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA
| | - William M Pandak
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hunter-Holmes McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23249, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA
| | - Chandra Bhati
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA
| | - Mohammad Shadab Siddiqui
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hunter-Holmes McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23249, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA
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9
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Sato K, Kakiyama G, Suzuki M, Naritaka N, Takei H, Sato H, Kimura A, Murai T, Kurosawa T, Pandak WM, Nittono H, Shimizu T. Changes in conjugated urinary bile acids across age groups. Steroids 2020; 164:108730. [PMID: 32961239 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2020.108730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Bile acid compositions are known to change dramatically after birth with aging. However, no reports have described the transition of conjugated urinary bile acids from the neonatal period to adulthood, and such findings would noninvasively offer insights into hepatic function. The aim of this study was to investigate differences in bile acid species, conjugation rates, and patterns, and to pool characteristics for age groups. We measured urinary bile acids in spot urine samples from 92 healthy individuals ranging from birth to 58 years old using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS/MS). Sixty-six unconjugated and conjugated bile acids were systematically determined. After birth, urinary bile acids dramatically changed from fetal (i.e., Δ4-, Δ5-, and polyhydroxy-bile acids) to mature (i.e., CA and CDCA) bile acids. Peak bile acid excretion was 6-8 days after birth, steadily decreasing thereafter. A major change in bile acid conjugation pattern (taurine to glycine) also occurred at 2-4 months old. Our data provide important information regarding transitions of bile acid biosynthesis, including conjugation. The data also support the existence of physiologic cholestasis in the neonatal period and the establishment of the intestinal bacterial flora in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Sato
- Department of Pediatrics, Juntendo University, Faculty of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan.
| | - Genta Kakiyama
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, 1201 Broad Rock Blvd., Richmond, VA 23249, USA.
| | - Mitsuyoshi Suzuki
- Department of Pediatrics, Juntendo University, Faculty of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan.
| | - Nakayuki Naritaka
- Junshin Clinic BA Institute, 2-1-22 Haramachi, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-0011, Japan.
| | - Hajime Takei
- Junshin Clinic BA Institute, 2-1-22 Haramachi, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-0011, Japan.
| | - Hiroaki Sato
- Department of Perinatal and Neonatal Medicine, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, 1-847 Amanuma-cho, Omiya-ku, Saitama 330-8503, Japan.
| | - Akihiko Kimura
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-cho, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan.
| | - Tsuyoshi Murai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757 Kanazawa, Tohbetsu-cho, Ishikari, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan.
| | - Takao Kurosawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757 Kanazawa, Tohbetsu-cho, Ishikari, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan.
| | - William M Pandak
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, 1201 Broad Rock Blvd., Richmond, VA 23249, USA.
| | - Hiroshi Nittono
- Junshin Clinic BA Institute, 2-1-22 Haramachi, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-0011, Japan.
| | - Toshiaki Shimizu
- Department of Pediatrics, Juntendo University, Faculty of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan.
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10
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Kakiyama G, Marques D, Martin R, Takei H, Rodriguez-Agudo D, LaSalle SA, Hashiguchi T, Liu X, Green R, Erickson S, Gil G, Fuchs M, Suzuki M, Murai T, Nittono H, Hylemon PB, Zhou H, Pandak WM. Insulin resistance dysregulates CYP7B1 leading to oxysterol accumulation: a pathway for NAFL to NASH transition. J Lipid Res 2020; 61:1629-1644. [PMID: 33008924 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.ra120000924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
NAFLD is an important public health issue closely associated with the pervasive epidemics of diabetes and obesity. Yet, despite NAFLD being among the most common of chronic liver diseases, the biological factors responsible for its transition from benign nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) to NASH remain unclear. This lack of knowledge leads to a decreased ability to find relevant animal models, predict disease progression, or develop clinical treatments. In the current study, we used multiple mouse models of NAFLD, human correlation data, and selective gene overexpression of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StarD1) in mice to elucidate a plausible mechanistic pathway for promoting the transition from NAFL to NASH. We show that oxysterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7B1) controls the levels of intracellular regulatory oxysterols generated by the "acidic/alternative" pathway of cholesterol metabolism. Specifically, we report data showing that an inability to upregulate CYP7B1, in the setting of insulin resistance, results in the accumulation of toxic intracellular cholesterol metabolites that promote inflammation and hepatocyte injury. This metabolic pathway, initiated and exacerbated by insulin resistance, offers insight into approaches for the treatment of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genta Kakiyama
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs, McGuire Veterans Administration Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA.
| | - Dalila Marques
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs, McGuire Veterans Administration Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Rebecca Martin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Hajime Takei
- Junshin Clinic Bile Acid Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daniel Rodriguez-Agudo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs, McGuire Veterans Administration Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Sandra A LaSalle
- Department of Veterans Affairs, McGuire Veterans Administration Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| | | | - Xiaoying Liu
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Richard Green
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sandra Erickson
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Gregorio Gil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA; Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Michael Fuchs
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs, McGuire Veterans Administration Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Mitsuyoshi Suzuki
- Department of Pediatrics, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Murai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido, Japan
| | | | - Phillip B Hylemon
- Department of Veterans Affairs, McGuire Veterans Administration Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA; Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Huiping Zhou
- Department of Veterans Affairs, McGuire Veterans Administration Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA; Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - William M Pandak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs, McGuire Veterans Administration Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA; Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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11
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Wang Y, Chen L, Pandak WM, Heuman D, Hylemon PB, Ren S. High Glucose Induces Lipid Accumulation via 25-Hydroxycholesterol DNA-CpG Methylation. iScience 2020; 23:101102. [PMID: 32408171 PMCID: PMC7225732 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This work investigates the relationship between high-glucose (HG) culture, CpG methylation of genes involved in cell signaling pathways, and the regulation of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in hepatocytes. The results indicate that HG leads to an increase in nuclear 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC), which specifically activates DNA methyltransferase-1 (DNMT1), and regulates gene expression involved in intracellular lipid metabolism. The results show significant increases in 5mCpG levels in at least 2,225 genes involved in 57 signaling pathways. The hypermethylated genes directly involved in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism are of PI3K, cAMP, insulin, insulin secretion, diabetic, and NAFLD signaling pathways. The studies indicate a close relationship between the increase in nuclear 25HC levels and activation of DNMT1, which may regulate lipid metabolism via DNA CpG methylation. Our results indicate an epigenetic regulation of hepatic cell metabolism that has relevance to some common diseases such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China,Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University/McGuire VA Medical Centre, Research 151, 1201 Broad Rock Boulevard, Richmond, VA 23249, USA
| | - Lanming Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - William M. Pandak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University/McGuire VA Medical Centre, Research 151, 1201 Broad Rock Boulevard, Richmond, VA 23249, USA
| | - Douglas Heuman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University/McGuire VA Medical Centre, Research 151, 1201 Broad Rock Boulevard, Richmond, VA 23249, USA
| | - Phillip B. Hylemon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University/McGuire VA Medical Centre, Research 151, 1201 Broad Rock Boulevard, Richmond, VA 23249, USA
| | - Shunlin Ren
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University/McGuire VA Medical Centre, Research 151, 1201 Broad Rock Boulevard, Richmond, VA 23249, USA.
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12
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Bajaj JS, Salzman N, Acharya C, Takei H, Kakiyama G, Fagan A, White MB, Gavis EA, Holtz ML, Hayward M, Nittono H, Hylemon PB, Cox IJ, Williams R, Taylor-Robinson SD, Sterling RK, Matherly SC, Fuchs M, Lee H, Puri P, Stravitz RT, Sanyal AJ, Ajayi L, Le Guennec A, Atkinson RA, Siddiqui MS, Luketic V, Pandak WM, Sikaroodi M, Gillevet PM. Microbial functional change is linked with clinical outcomes after capsular fecal transplant in cirrhosis. JCI Insight 2019; 4:133410. [PMID: 31751317 PMCID: PMC6975263 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.133410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDHepatic encephalopathy (HE) is associated with poor outcomes. A prior randomized, pilot trial demonstrated safety after oral capsular fecal microbial transplant (FMT) in HE, with favorable changes in microbial composition and cognition. However, microbial functional changes are unclear. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of FMT on the gut-brain axis compared with placebo, using microbial function based on bile acids (BAs), inflammation (serum IL-6, LPS-binding protein [LBP]), and their association with EncephalApp.METHODSTwenty cirrhotic patients were randomized 1:1 into groups that received 1-time FMT capsules from a donor enriched in Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae or placebo capsules, with 5-month follow-up for safety outcomes. Stool microbiota and BA; serum IL-6, BA, and LBP; and EncephalApp were analyzed at baseline and 4 weeks after FMT/placebo. Correlation networks among microbiota, BAs, EncephalApp, IL-6, and LBP were performed before/after FMT.RESULTSFMT-assigned participants had 1 HE recurrence and 2 unrelated infections. Six placebo-assigned participants developed negative outcomes. FMT, but not placebo, was associated with reduced serum IL-6 and LBP and improved EncephalApp. FMT-assigned participants demonstrated higher deconjugation and secondary BA formation in feces and serum compared with baseline. No change was seen in placebo. Correlation networks showed greater complexity after FMT compared with baseline. Beneficial taxa, such as Ruminococcaceae, Verrucomicrobiaceae, and Lachnospiraceae, were correlated with cognitive improvement and decrease in inflammation after FMT. Fecal/serum secondary/primary ratios and PiCRUST secondary BA pathways did not increase in participants who developed poor outcomes.CONCLUSIONGut microbial function in cirrhosis is beneficially affected by capsular FMT, with improved inflammation and cognition. Lower secondary BAs in FMT recipients could select for participants who develop negative outcomes.TRIAL REGISTRATIONClinicaltrials.gov NCT03152188.FUNDINGNational Center for Advancing Translational Sciences NIH grant R21TR002024, VA Merit Review grant 2I0CX001076, the United Kingdom National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Facility at Imperial College London, the British Heart Foundation, Wellcome Trust, and King's College London.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmohan S. Bajaj
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Nita Salzman
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Chathur Acharya
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Hajime Takei
- Junshin Clinic Bile Acid Institute, Meguro-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Genta Kakiyama
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Andrew Fagan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Melanie B. White
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Edith A. Gavis
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Mary L. Holtz
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Michael Hayward
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | - Phillip B. Hylemon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - I. Jane Cox
- Institute for Hepatology London, Foundation for Liver Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Roger Williams
- Institute for Hepatology London, Foundation for Liver Research, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Richard K. Sterling
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Scott C. Matherly
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Michael Fuchs
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Hannah Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Puneet Puri
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - R. Todd Stravitz
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Arun J. Sanyal
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Lola Ajayi
- Institute for Hepatology London, Foundation for Liver Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adrien Le Guennec
- Randall Centre for Cell & Molecular Biophysics and Centre for Biomolecular Spectroscopy, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - R. Andrew Atkinson
- Randall Centre for Cell & Molecular Biophysics and Centre for Biomolecular Spectroscopy, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammad S. Siddiqui
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Velimir Luketic
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - William M. Pandak
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Masoumeh Sikaroodi
- Microbiome Analysis Center, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, USA
| | - Patrick M. Gillevet
- Microbiome Analysis Center, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, USA
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13
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Bajaj JS, Fagan A, Sikaroodi M, Kakiyama G, Takei H, Degefu Y, Pandak WM, Hylemon PB, Fuchs M, John B, Heuman DM, Gavis E, Nittono H, Patil R, Gillevet PM. Alterations in Skin Microbiomes of Patients With Cirrhosis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 17:2581-2591.e15. [PMID: 30905718 PMCID: PMC6754819 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2019.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Patients with cirrhosis have intestinal dysbiosis and are prone to itching and skin or soft-tissue infections. The skin microbiome, and its relationship with intestinal microbiome, have not been characterized. We investigated alterations in skin microbiota of patients with cirrhosis and their association with intestinal microbiota and modulators of itch. METHODS We collected skin swabs at 7 sites and blood and stool samples from 20 healthy individuals (control subjects; mean age, 59 years) and 50 patients with cirrhosis (mean age, 61 years; mean model for end-stage disease score, 12; 20 with decompensation). Skin and stool samples were analyzed by 16s rRNA sequencing and serum samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry for levels of bile acids (BAs) and by an ELISA for autotaxin (an itch modulator). Participants were analyzed by the visual analog itch scale (VAS, 0-10,10 = maximum intensity). Data were compared between groups (cirrhosis vs control subjects, with vs without decompensation, VAS 5 or higher vs less than 5). Correlation networks between serum levels of BAs and skin microbiomes were compared between patients with cirrhosis with vs without itching. RESULTS The composition of microbiomes at all skin sites differed between control subjects and patients with cirrhosis and between patients with compensated vs decompensated cirrhosis. Skin microbiomes of patients with cirrhosis (especially those with decompensation) contained a higher relative abundance of Gammaproteobacteria, Streptococaceae, and Staphylococcaceae, and fecal microbiomes contained a higher relative abundance of Gammaproteobacteria, than control subjects. These bacterial taxa were associated with serum levels of autotaxin and BAs, which were higher in patients with VAS scores ≥5. Based on network statistics, microbial and BA interactions at all sites were more complex in patients with greater levels of itching in the shin, the most common site of itch. CONCLUSIONS We identified alterations in skin microbiome of patients with cirrhosis (in Gammaproteobacteria, Streptococcaceae, and Staphylococcaceae)-especially in patients with decompensation; fecal microbiomes of patients with cirrhosis had a higher relative abundance of Gammaproteobacteria than control subjects. These specific microbial taxa are associated with itching intensity and itch modulators, such as serum levels of BAs and autotaxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmohan S Bajaj
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia.
| | - Andrew Fagan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition,
Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA,
USA
| | - Masoumeh Sikaroodi
- Center for Microbiome Analysis, George Mason University,
Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Genta Kakiyama
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition,
Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA,
USA
| | - Hajme Takei
- Junshin Clinic Bile Acid Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yordanos Degefu
- Center for Microbiome Analysis, George Mason University,
Manassas, VA, USA
| | - William M Pandak
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition,
Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA,
USA
| | - Phillip B Hylemon
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition,
Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA,
USA
| | - Michael Fuchs
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition,
Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA,
USA
| | - Binu John
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition,
Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA,
USA
| | - Douglas M Heuman
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition,
Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA,
USA
| | - Edith Gavis
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition,
Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA,
USA
| | | | - Rohan Patil
- Center for Microbiome Analysis, George Mason University,
Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Patrick M Gillevet
- Center for Microbiome Analysis, George Mason University,
Manassas, VA, USA
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14
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Liu R, Li X, Zhu W, Wang Y, Zhao D, Wang X, Gurley EC, Liang G, Chen W, Lai G, Pandak WM, Lippman HR, Bajaj JS, Hylemon PB, Zhou H. Cholangiocyte-Derived Exosomal Long Noncoding RNA H19 Promotes Hepatic Stellate Cell Activation and Cholestatic Liver Fibrosis. Hepatology 2019; 70:1317-1335. [PMID: 30985008 PMCID: PMC6783323 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) represents the primary driving force to promote the progression of chronic cholestatic liver diseases. We previously reported that cholangiocyte-derived exosomal long noncoding RNA-H19 (lncRNA-H19) plays a critical role in promoting cholestatic liver injury. However, it remains unclear whether cholangiocyte-derived lncRNA-H19 regulates HSC activation, which is the major focus of this study. Both bile duct ligation (BDL) and Mdr2 knockout (Mdr2-/- ) mouse models were used. Wild-type and H19maternalΔExon1/+ (H19KO) mice were subjected to BDL. Mdr2-/- H19maternalΔExon1/+ (DKO) mice were generated. Exosomes isolated from cultured mouse and human cholangiocytes or mouse serum were used for in vivo transplantation and in vitro studies. Fluorescence-labeled exosomes and flow cytometry were used to monitor exosome uptake by hepatic cells. Collagen gel contraction and bromodeoxyuridine assays were used to determine the effect of exosomal-H19 on HSC activation and proliferation. Mouse and human primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC)/primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) liver samples were analyzed by real-time PCR, western blot analysis, histology, and immunohistochemistry. The results demonstrated that hepatic H19 level was closely correlated with the severity of liver fibrosis in both mouse models and human patients with PSC and PBC. H19 deficiency significantly protected mice from liver fibrosis in BDL and Mdr2-/- mice. Transplanted cholangiocyte-derived H19-enriched exosomes were rapidly and preferentially taken up by HSCs and HSC-derived fibroblasts, and promoted liver fibrosis in BDL-H19KO mice and DKO mice. H19-enriched exosomes enhanced transdifferentiation of cultured mouse primary HSCs and promoted proliferation and matrix formation in HSC-derived fibroblasts. Conclusion: Cholangiocyte-derived exosomal H19 plays a critical role in the progression of cholestatic liver fibrosis by promoting HSC differentiation and activation and represents a potential diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target for cholangiopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runping Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA;,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Xiaojiaoyang Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA;,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Weiwei Zhu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA;,School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA;,School of Pharmaceutical Science, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Derrick Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA;,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA;,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Emily C. Gurley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA;,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Guang Liang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weidong Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Guanhua Lai
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - William M Pandak
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - H. Robert Lippman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Jasmohan S. Bajaj
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Phillip B. Hylemon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA;,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Huiping Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA;,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University;,Address correspondence to: Huiping Zhou, Ph.D, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1220 East Broad Street, MMRB-5044, Richmond, VA 23298-0678, USA, Tel: 804-828-6817; Fax: 804-828-0676,
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15
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Abstract
Over the last two decades, the prevalence of obesity, and metabolic syndromes (MS) such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), have dramatically increased. Bile acids play a major role in the digestion, absorption of nutrients, and the body's redistribution of absorbed lipids as a function of their chemistry and signaling properties. As a result, a renewed interest has developed in the bile acid metabolic pathways with the challenge of gaining insight into novel treatment approaches for this rapidly growing healthcare problem. Of the two major pathways of bile acid synthesis in the liver, the foremost role of the acidic (alternative) pathway is to generate and control the levels of regulatory oxysterols that help control cellular cholesterol and lipid homeostasis. Cholesterol transport to mitochondrial sterol 27-hydroxylase (CYP27A1) by steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StarD1), and the subsequent 7α-hydroxylation of oxysterols by oxysterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7B1) are the key regulatory steps of the pathway. Recent observations suggest CYP7B1 to be the ultimate controller of cellular oxysterol levels. This review discusses the acidic pathway and its contribution to lipid, cholesterol, carbohydrate, and energy homeostasis. Additionally, discussed is how the acidic pathway's dysregulation not only leads to a loss in its ability to control cellular cholesterol and lipid homeostasis, but leads to inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M. Pandak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA,Department of Veterans Affairs, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Genta Kakiyama
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA,Department of Veterans Affairs, Richmond, VA, USA,Corresponding author. Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University and Department of Veterans Affairs, Richmond, VA, USA. (G. Kakiyama)
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16
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Kakiyama G, Marques D, Takei H, Nittono H, Erickson S, Fuchs M, Rodriguez-Agudo D, Gil G, Hylemon PB, Zhou H, Bajaj JS, Pandak WM. Mitochondrial oxysterol biosynthetic pathway gives evidence for CYP7B1 as controller of regulatory oxysterols. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 189:36-47. [PMID: 30710743 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this paper was to more completely study the mitochondrial CYP27A1 initiated acidic pathway of cholesterol metabolism. The mitochondrial CYP27A1 initiated pathway of cholesterol metabolism (acidic pathway) is known to synthesize two well-described vital regulators of cholesterol/lipid homeostasis, (25R)-26-hydroxycholesterol (26HC) and 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC). Both 26HC and 25HC have been shown to be subsequently 7α-hydroxylated by Cyp7b1; reducing their regulatory abilities and furthering their metabolism to chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA). Cholesterol delivery into the inner mitochondria membrane, where CYP27A1 is located, is considered the pathway's only rate-limiting step. To further explore the pathway, we increased cholesterol transport into mitochondrial CYP27A1 by selectively increased expression of the gene encoding the steroidogenic acute transport protein (StarD1). StarD1 overexpression led to an unanticipated marked down-regulation of oxysterol 7α-hydroxylase (Cyp7b1), a marked increase in 26HC, and the formation of a third vital regulatory oxysterol, 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol (24HC), in B6/129 mice livers. To explore the further metabolism of 24HC, as well as, 25HC and 26HC, characterizations of oxysterols and bile acids using three murine models (StarD1 overexpression, Cyp7b1-/-, Cyp27a1-/-) and human Hep G2 cells were conducted. This report describes the discovery of a new mitochondrial-initiated pathway of oxysterol/bile acid biosynthesis. Just as importantly, it provides evidence for CYP7B1 as a key regulator of three vital intracellular regulatory oxysterol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genta Kakiyama
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, United States; Department of Veterans Affairs, Richmond, VA, United States.
| | - Dalila Marques
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, United States; Department of Veterans Affairs, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Hajime Takei
- Junshin Clinic Bile Acid Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Sandra Erickson
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Michael Fuchs
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, United States; Department of Veterans Affairs, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Daniel Rodriguez-Agudo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, United States; Department of Veterans Affairs, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Gregorio Gil
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, United States
| | - Phillip B Hylemon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, United States; Department of Veterans Affairs, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Huiping Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, United States; Department of Veterans Affairs, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Jasmohan S Bajaj
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, United States; Department of Veterans Affairs, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - William M Pandak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, United States; Department of Veterans Affairs, Richmond, VA, United States
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17
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Rodriguez-Agudo D, Malacrida L, Kakiyama G, Sparrer T, Fortes C, Maceyka M, Subler MA, Windle JJ, Gratton E, Pandak WM, Gil G. StarD5: an ER stress protein regulates plasma membrane and intracellular cholesterol homeostasis. J Lipid Res 2019; 60:1087-1098. [PMID: 31015253 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m091967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
How plasma membrane (PM) cholesterol is controlled is poorly understood. Ablation of the gene encoding the ER stress steroidogenic acute regulatory-related lipid transfer domain (StarD)5 leads to a decrease in PM cholesterol content, a decrease in cholesterol efflux, and an increase in intracellular neutral lipid accumulation in macrophages, the major cell type that expresses StarD5. ER stress increases StarD5 expression in mouse hepatocytes, which results in an increase in accessible PM cholesterol in WT but not in StarD5-/- hepatocytes. StarD5-/- mice store higher levels of cholesterol and triglycerides, which leads to altered expression of cholesterol-regulated genes. In vitro, a recombinant GST-StarD5 protein transfers cholesterol between synthetic liposomes. StarD5 overexpression leads to a marked increase in PM cholesterol. Phasor analysis of 6-dodecanoyl-2-dimethylaminonaphthalene fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy data revealed an increase in PM fluidity in StarD5-/- macrophages. Taken together, these studies show that StarD5 is a stress-responsive protein that regulates PM cholesterol and intracellular cholesterol homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rodriguez-Agudo
- Departments of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298.,McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23248
| | - Leonel Malacrida
- Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697.,Area de Investigación Respiratoria, Departamento de Fisiopatologia, Hospital de Clinicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Genta Kakiyama
- Departments of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298.,McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23248
| | - Tavis Sparrer
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Carolina Fortes
- Departments of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298.,Departmento de Biologia Molecular y Bioquimica, Universidad de Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Michael Maceyka
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298.,Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Mark A Subler
- Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Jolene J Windle
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298.,Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Enrico Gratton
- Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - William M Pandak
- Departments of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298 .,McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23248
| | - Gregorio Gil
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298 .,Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298
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18
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Bajaj JS, Kakiyama G, Savidge T, Takei H, Kassam ZA, Fagan A, Gavis EA, Pandak WM, Nittono H, Hylemon PB, Boonma P, Haag A, Heuman DM, Fuchs M, John B, Sikaroodi M, Gillevet PM. Antibiotic-Associated Disruption of Microbiota Composition and Function in Cirrhosis Is Restored by Fecal Transplant. Hepatology 2018; 68:1549-1558. [PMID: 29665102 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Patients with cirrhosis are often exposed to antibiotics that can lead to resistance and fungal overgrowth. The role of fecal microbial transplant (FMT) in restoring gut microbial function is unclear in cirrhosis. In a Food and Drug Administration-monitored phase 1 clinical safety trial, patients with decompensated cirrhosis on standard therapies (lactulose and rifaximin) were randomized to standard-of-care (SOC, no antibiotics/FMT) or 5 days of broad-spectrum antibiotics followed by FMT from a donor enriched in Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae. Microbial composition (diversity, family-level relative abundances), function (fecal bile acid [BA] deconjugation, 7α-dehydroxylation, short-chain fatty acids [SCFAs]), and correlations between Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae, and clinical variables were analyzed at baseline, postantibiotics, and 15 days post-FMT. FMT was well tolerated. Postantibiotics, there was a reduced microbial diversity and autochthonous taxa relative abundance. This was associated with an altered fecal SCFA and BA profile. Correlation linkage changes from beneficial at baseline to negative after antibiotics. All of these parameters became statistically similar post-FMT to baseline levels. No changes were seen in the SOC group. CONCLUSION In patients with advanced cirrhosis on lactulose and rifaximin, FMT restored antibiotic-associated disruption in microbial diversity and function. (Hepatology 2018; 00:000-000).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmohan S Bajaj
- Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA
| | - Genta Kakiyama
- Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA
| | - Tor Savidge
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Hajime Takei
- Junshin Clinic Bile Acid Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Andrew Fagan
- Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA
| | - Edith A Gavis
- Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA
| | - William M Pandak
- Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA
| | | | - Phillip B Hylemon
- Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA
| | - Prapaporn Boonma
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Anthony Haag
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Douglas M Heuman
- Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA
| | - Michael Fuchs
- Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA
| | - Binu John
- Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA
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19
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Li X, Liu R, Huang Z, Gurley EC, Wang X, Wang J, He H, Yang H, Lai G, Zhang L, Bajaj JS, White M, Pandak WM, Hylemon PB, Zhou H. Cholangiocyte-derived exosomal long noncoding RNA H19 promotes cholestatic liver injury in mouse and humans. Hepatology 2018; 68:599-615. [PMID: 29425397 PMCID: PMC6085159 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Revised: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cholestatic liver injury is an important clinical problem with limited understanding of disease pathologies. Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles released by a variety of cells, including cholangiocytes. Exosome-mediated cell-cell communication can modulate various cellular functions by transferring a variety of intracellular components to target cells. Our recent studies indicate that the long noncoding RNA (lncRNA), H19, is mainly expressed in cholangiocytes, and its aberrant expression is associated with significant down-regulation of small heterodimer partner (SHP) in hepatocytes and cholestatic liver injury in multidrug resistance 2 knockout (Mdr2-/- ) mice. However, how cholangiocyte-derived H19 suppresses SHP in hepatocytes remains unknown. Here, we report that cholangiocyte-derived exosomes mediate transfer of H19 into hepatocytes and promote cholestatic injury. Hepatic H19 level is correlated with severity of cholestatic injury in both fibrotic mouse models, including Mdr2-/- mice, a well-characterized model of primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), or CCl4 -induced cholestatic liver injury mouse models, and human PSC patients. Moreover, serum exosomal-H19 level is gradually up-regulated during disease progression in Mdr2-/- mice and patients with cirrhosis. H19-carrying exosomes from the primary cholangiocytes of wild-type (WT) mice suppress SHP expression in hepatocytes, but not the exosomes from the cholangiocytes of H19-/- mice. Furthermore, overexpression of H19 significantly suppressed SHP expression at both transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. Importantly, transplant of H19-carrying serum exosomes of old fibrotic Mdr2-/- mice significantly promoted liver fibrosis (LF) in young Mdr2-/- mice. CONCLUSION Cholangiocyte-derived exosomal-H19 plays a critical role in cholestatic liver injury. Serum exosomal H19 represents a noninvasive biomarker and potential therapeutic target for cholestatic diseases. (Hepatology 2018).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojiaoyang Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Runping Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Zhiming Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Emily C. Gurley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States
| | - Hongliang He
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States
| | - Hu Yang
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States
| | - Guanhua Lai
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Luyong Zhang
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jasmohan S Bajaj
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Melanie White
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - William M Pandak
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Phillip B. Hylemon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Huiping Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA,Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China,Address correspondence to: Huiping Zhou, Ph.D., Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1217 East Marshall Street, MSB#533, Richmond, VA, 23298-0678, USA, Tel: 804-828-6817; Fax: 804-828-0676,
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20
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Bajaj JS, Kakiyama G, Cox IJ, Nittono H, Takei H, White M, Fagan A, Gavis EA, Heuman DM, Gilles HC, Hylemon P, Taylor-Robinson SD, Legido-Quigley C, Kim M, Xu J, Williams R, Sikaroodi M, Pandak WM, Patrick MG. Alterations in gut microbial function following liver transplant. Liver Transpl 2018; 24:752-761. [PMID: 29500907 PMCID: PMC5992060 DOI: 10.1002/lt.25046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Liver transplantation (LT) improves daily function and ameliorates gut microbial composition. However, the effect of LT on microbial functionality, which can be related to overall patient benefit, is unclear and could affect the post-LT course. The aims were to determine the effect of LT on gut microbial functionality focusing on endotoxemia, bile acid (BA), ammonia metabolism, and lipidomics. We enrolled outpatient patients with cirrhosis on the LT list and followed them until 6 months after LT. Microbiota composition (Shannon diversity and individual taxa) and function analysis (serum endotoxin, urinary metabolomics and serum lipidomics, and stool BA profile) and cognitive tests were performed at both visits. We enrolled 40 patients (age, 56 ± 7 years; mean Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score, 22.6). They received LT 6 ± 3 months after enrollment and were re-evaluated 7 ± 3 months after LT with a stable course. A significant improvement in cognition with increase in microbial diversity, increase in autochthonous and decrease in potentially pathogenic taxa, and reduced endotoxemia were seen after LT compared with baseline. Stool BAs increased significantly after LT, and there was evidence of greater bacterial action (higher secondary, oxo and iso-BAs) after LT although the levels of conjugated BAs remained similar. There was a reduced serum ammonia and corresponding rise in urinary phenylacetylglutamine after LT. There was an increase in urinary trimethylamine-N-oxide, which was correlated with specific changes in serum lipids related to cell membrane products. The ultimate post-LT lipidomic profile appeared beneficial compared with the profile before LT. In conclusion, LT improves gut microbiota diversity and dysbiosis, which is accompanied by favorable changes in gut microbial functionality corresponding to BAs, ammonia, endotoxemia, lipidomic, and metabolomic profiles. Liver Transplantation 24 752-761 2018 AASLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmohan S. Bajaj
- Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Genta Kakiyama
- Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - I. Jane Cox
- Institute of Hepatology, London, Foundation for Liver Research, London UK
| | | | - Hajime Takei
- Junshin Clinic Bile Acid Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Melanie White
- Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Andrew Fagan
- Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Edith A. Gavis
- Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Douglas M. Heuman
- Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Ho Chong Gilles
- Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Phillip Hylemon
- Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| | | | | | - Min Kim
- Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, Kings College, London, UK
| | - Jin Xu
- Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, Kings College, London, UK
| | - Roger Williams
- Institute of Hepatology, London, Foundation for Liver Research, London UK
| | | | - William M. Pandak
- Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
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21
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Liu R, Li X, Huang Z, Zhao D, Ganesh BS, Lai G, Pandak WM, Hylemon PB, Bajaj JS, Sanyal AJ, Zhou H. C/EBP homologous protein-induced loss of intestinal epithelial stemness contributes to bile duct ligation-induced cholestatic liver injury in mice. Hepatology 2018; 67:1441-1457. [PMID: 28926118 PMCID: PMC5859257 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Impaired intestinal barrier function promotes the progression of various liver diseases, including cholestatic liver diseases. The close association of primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) with inflammatory bowel disease highlights the importance of the gut-liver axis. It has been reported that bile duct ligation (BDL)-induced liver fibrosis is significantly reduced in C/EBP homologous protein knockout (CHOP-/- ) mice. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In the current study, we demonstrate that BDL induces striking and acute hepatic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress responses after 1 day, which return to normal after 3 days. No significant hepatocyte apoptosis is detected 7-14 days following BDL. However, the inflammatory response is significantly increased after 7 days, which is similar to what we found in human PSC liver samples. BDL-induced loss of stemness in intestinal stem cells (ISCs), disruption of intestinal barrier function, bacterial translocation, activation of hepatic inflammation, M2 macrophage polarization and liver fibrosis are significantly reduced in CHOP-/- mice. In addition, intestinal organoids derived from CHOP-/- mice contain more and longer crypt structures than those from wild-type (WT) mice, which is consistent with the upregulation of stem cell markers (leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 5, olfactomedin 4, and SRY [sex determining region Y]-box 9) and in vivo findings that CHOP-/- mice have longer villi and crypts as compared to WT mice. Similarly, mRNA levels of CD14, interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 are increased and stem cell proliferation is suppressed in the duodenum of patients with cirrhosis. CONCLUSION Activation of ER stress and subsequent loss of stemness of ISCs plays a critical role in BDL-induced systemic inflammation and cholestatic liver injury. Modulation of the ER stress response represents a potential therapeutic strategy for cholestatic liver diseases as well as other inflammatory diseases. (Hepatology 2018;67:1441-1457).
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Affiliation(s)
- Runping Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Richmond, Virginia, 23298
- McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, 23298
| | - Xiaojiaoyang Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Richmond, Virginia, 23298
- McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, 23298
| | - Zhiming Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Derrick Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Richmond, Virginia, 23298
| | - Bhagyalaxmi Sukka Ganesh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Richmond, Virginia, 23298
| | - Guanhua Lai
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, 23298
| | - William M. Pandak
- McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, 23298
- Department of Internal Medicine/GI Division, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, 23298
| | - Phillip B Hylemon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Richmond, Virginia, 23298
- McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, 23298
- Department of Internal Medicine/GI Division, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, 23298
| | - Jasmohan S Bajaj
- McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, 23298
- Department of Internal Medicine/GI Division, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, 23298
| | - Arun J Sanyal
- Department of Internal Medicine/GI Division, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, 23298
| | - Huiping Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Richmond, Virginia, 23298
- McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, 23298
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Internal Medicine/GI Division, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, 23298
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22
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Bajaj JS, Kakiyama G, Zhao D, Takei H, Fagan A, Hylemon P, Zhou H, Pandak WM, Nittono H, Fiehn O, Salzman N, Holtz M, Simpson P, Gavis EA, Heuman DM, Liu R, Kang DJ, Sikaroodi M, Gillevet PM. Continued Alcohol Misuse in Human Cirrhosis is Associated with an Impaired Gut-Liver Axis. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2017; 41:1857-1865. [PMID: 28925102 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cirrhosis and alcohol can independently affect the gut-liver axis with systemic inflammation. However, their concurrent impact in humans is unclear. METHODS Our aim was to determine the effect of continued alcohol misuse on the gut-liver axis in cirrhotic patients. Age- and MELD-balanced cirrhotic patients who were currently drinking (Alc) or abstinent (NAlc) and healthy controls underwent serum and stool collection. A subset underwent upper endoscopy and colonoscopy for biopsies and duodenal fluid collection. The groups were compared regarding (i) inflammation/intestinal barrier: systemic tumor necrosis factor levels, intestinal inflammatory cytokine (duodenum, ileum, sigmoid), and ileal antimicrobial peptide expression; (ii) microbiota composition: 16SrRNA sequencing of duodenal, ileal, and colonic mucosal and fecal microbiota; and (iii) microbial functionality: duodenal fluid and fecal bile acid (BA) profile (conjugation and dehydroxylation status), intestinal BA transporter (ASBT, FXR, FGF-19, SHP) expression, and stool metabolomics using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. RESULTS Alc patients demonstrated a significant duodenal, ileal, and colonic mucosal and fecal dysbiosis, compared to NAlc and controls with lower autochthonous bacterial taxa. BA profile skewed toward a potentially toxic profile (higher secondary and glycine-conjugated BAs) in duodenal fluid and stool in Alc patients. Duodenal fluid demonstrated conjugated secondary BAs only in the Alc group. There was a greater expression of all ileal BA transporters in Alc patients. This group also showed higher endotoxemia, systemic and ileal inflammatory expression, and lower amino acid and bioenergetic-associated metabolites, without change in antimicrobial peptide expression. CONCLUSIONS Despite cirrhosis, continued alcohol misuse predisposes patients to widespread dysbiosis with alterations in microbial functionality such as a toxic BA profile, which can lead to intestinal and systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmohan S Bajaj
- Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Genta Kakiyama
- Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Derrick Zhao
- Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Hajime Takei
- Junshin Clinic Bile Acid Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Andrew Fagan
- Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Phillip Hylemon
- Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Huiping Zhou
- Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - William M Pandak
- Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | | | - Oliver Fiehn
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, Davis, California
| | - Nita Salzman
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Mary Holtz
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | | | - Edith A Gavis
- Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Douglas M Heuman
- Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Runping Liu
- Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Dae Joong Kang
- Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia
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23
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Li X, Liu R, Yang J, Sun L, Zhang L, Jiang Z, Puri P, Gurley EC, Lai G, Tang Y, Huang Z, Pandak WM, Hylemon PB, Zhou H. The role of long noncoding RNA H19 in gender disparity of cholestatic liver injury in multidrug resistance 2 gene knockout mice. Hepatology 2017; 66:869-884. [PMID: 28271527 PMCID: PMC5570619 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The multidrug resistance 2 knockout (Mdr2-/- ) mouse is a well-established model of cholestatic cholangiopathies. Female Mdr2-/- mice develop more severe hepatobiliary damage than male Mdr2-/- mice, which is correlated with a higher proportion of taurocholate in the bile. Although estrogen has been identified as an important player in intrahepatic cholestasis, the underlying molecular mechanisms of gender-based disparity of cholestatic injury remain unclear. The long noncoding RNA H19 is an imprinted, maternally expressed, and estrogen-targeted gene, which is significantly induced in human fibrotic/cirrhotic liver and bile duct-ligated mouse liver. However, whether aberrant expression of H19 accounts for gender-based disparity of cholestatic injury in Mdr2-/- mice remains unknown. The current study demonstrated that H19 was markedly induced (∼200-fold) in the livers of female Mdr2-/- mice at advanced stages of cholestasis (100 days old) but not in age-matched male Mdr2-/- mice. During the early stages of cholestasis, H19 expression was minimal. We further determined that hepatic H19 was mainly expressed in cholangiocytes, not hepatocytes. Both taurocholate and estrogen significantly activated the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 signaling pathway and induced H19 expression in cholangiocytes. Knocking down H19 not only significantly reduced taurocholate/estrogen-induced expression of fibrotic genes and sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 2 in cholangiocytes but also markedly reduced cholestatic injury in female Mdr2-/- mice. Furthermore, expression of small heterodimer partner was substantially inhibited at advanced stages of liver fibrosis, which was reversed by H19 short hairpin RNA in female Mdr2-/- mice. Similar findings were obtained in human primary sclerosing cholangitis liver samples. CONCLUSION H19 plays a critical role in the disease progression of cholestasis and represents a key factor that causes the gender disparity of cholestatic liver injury in Mdr2-/- mice. (Hepatology 2017;66:869-884).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojiaoyang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, VA
| | - Runping Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, VA.,Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, VA
| | - Lixin Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, VA
| | - Luyong Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenzhou Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Puneet Puri
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Emily C Gurley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, VA
| | - Guanhua Lai
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Yuping Tang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resource Industrialization and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiming Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - William M Pandak
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, VA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Phillip B Hylemon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, VA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Huiping Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, VA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA.,Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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24
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Wang Y, Aoki H, Yang J, Peng K, Liu R, Li X, Qiang X, Sun L, Gurley EC, Lai G, Zhang L, Liang G, Nagahashi M, Takabe K, Pandak WM, Hylemon PB, Zhou H. The role of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 2 in bile-acid-induced cholangiocyte proliferation and cholestasis-induced liver injury in mice. Hepatology 2017; 65:2005-2018. [PMID: 28120434 PMCID: PMC5444993 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Bile duct obstruction is a potent stimulus for cholangiocyte proliferation, especially for large cholangiocytes. Our previous studies reported that conjugated bile acids (CBAs) activate the protein kinase B (AKT) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) signaling pathways through sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor (S1PR) 2 in hepatocytes and cholangiocarcinoma cells. It also has been reported that taurocholate (TCA) promotes large cholangiocyte proliferation and protects cholangiocytes from bile duct ligation (BDL)-induced apoptosis. However, the role of S1PR2 in bile-acid-mediated cholangiocyte proliferation and cholestatic liver injury has not been elucidated. Here, we report that S1PR2 is the predominant S1PR expressed in cholangiocytes. Both TCA- and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P)-induced activation of ERK1/2 and AKT were inhibited by JTE-013, a specific antagonist of S1PR2, in cholangiocytes. In addition, TCA- and S1P-induced cell proliferation and migration were inhibited by JTE-013 and a specific short hairpin RNA of S1PR2, as well as chemical inhibitors of ERK1/2 and AKT in mouse cholangiocytes. In BDL mice, expression of S1PR2 was up-regulated in whole liver and cholangiocytes. S1PR2 deficiency significantly reduced BDL-induced cholangiocyte proliferation and cholestatic injury, as indicated by significant reductions in inflammation and liver fibrosis in S1PR2 knockout mice. Treatment of BDL mice with JTE-013 significantly reduced total bile acid levels in serum and cholestatic liver injury. CONCLUSION This study suggests that CBA-induced activation of S1PR2-mediated signaling pathways plays a critical role in obstructive cholestasis and may represent a novel therapeutic target for cholestatic liver diseases. (Hepatology 2017;65:2005-2018).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqing Wang
- Research Division of Clinical Pharmacology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, 23298
| | - Hiroaki Aoki
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, 23298
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, 23298,China Pharmaceutical University
| | - Kesong Peng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, 23298,College of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University
| | - Runping Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, 23298
| | - Xiaojiaoyang Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, 23298,China Pharmaceutical University
| | - Xiaoyan Qiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, 23298,China Pharmaceutical University
| | - Lixin Sun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, 23298,China Pharmaceutical University
| | - Emily C Gurley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, 23298,McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, 23298
| | - Guanhua Lai
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, 23298
| | | | - Guang Liang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University
| | - Masayuki Nagahashi
- Division of Digestive and General Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Chuo-ku, Niigata City 951-8510
| | - Kazuaki Takabe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, 23298,Breast Surgery, Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, 14263
| | - William M Pandak
- McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, 23298
| | - Phillip B. Hylemon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, 23298,McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, 23298
| | - Huiping Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, 23298,McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, 23298,College of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University
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25
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Kang DJ, Hylemon PB, Gillevet PM, Sartor RB, Betrapally NS, Kakiyama G, Sikaroodi M, Takei H, Nittono H, Zhou H, Pandak WM, Yang J, Jiao C, Li X, Lippman HR, Heuman DM, Bajaj JS. Gut microbial composition can differentially regulate bile acid synthesis in humanized mice. Hepatol Commun 2017; 1:61-70. [PMID: 29404434 PMCID: PMC5747030 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that alcohol drinkers with and without cirrhosis showed a significant increase in fecal bile acid secretion compared to nondrinkers. We hypothesized this may be due to activation by alcohol of hepatic cyclic adenosine monophosphate responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 3 (CREBH), which induces cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (Cyp7a1). Alternatively, the gut microbiota composition in the absence of alcohol might increase bile acid synthesis by up-regulating Cyp7a1. To test this hypothesis, we humanized germ-free (GF) mice with stool from healthy human subjects (Ctrl-Hum), human subjects with cirrhosis (Cirr-Hum), and human subjects with cirrhosis and active alcoholism (Alc-Hum). All animals were fed a normal chow diet, and none demonstrated cirrhosis. Both hepatic Cyp7a1 and sterol 12α-hydroxylase (Cyp8b1) messenger RNA (mRNA) levels were significantly induced in the Alc-Hum and Ctrl-Hum mice but not in the Cirr-Hum mice or GF mice. Liver bile acid concentration was correspondingly increased in the Alc-Hum mice despite fibroblast growth factor 15, fibroblast growth receptor 4, and small heterodimer partner mRNA levels being significantly induced in the large bowel and liver of the Ctrl-Hum mice and Alc-Hum mice but not in the Cirr-Hum mice or GF mice. This suggests that the normal pathways of Cyp7a1 repression were activated in the Alc-Hum mice and Ctrl-Hum mice. CREBH mRNA was significantly induced only in the Ctrl-Hum mice and Alc-Hum mice, possibly indicating that the gut microbiota up-regulate CREBH and induce bile acid synthesis genes. Analysis of stool bile acids showed that the microbiota of the Cirr-Hum and Alc-Hum mice had a greater ability to deconjugate and 7α-dehydroxylate primary bile acids compared to the microbiota of the Cirr-Hum mice. 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing of the gut microbiota showed that the relative abundance of taxa that 7-α dehydroxylate primary bile acids was higher in the Ctrl-Hum and Alc-Hum groups. Conclusion: The composition of gut microbiota influences the regulation of the rate-limiting enzymes in bile acid synthesis in the liver. (Hepatology Communications 2017;1:61-70).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Joong Kang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and NutritionVirginia Commonwealth University and McGuire Veterans Administration Medical CenterRichmondVA
| | - Phillip B Hylemon
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and NutritionVirginia Commonwealth University and McGuire Veterans Administration Medical CenterRichmondVA
| | | | - R. Balfour Sartor
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology, and Immunology, National Gnotobiotic Rodent Resource CenterUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNC
| | | | - Genta Kakiyama
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and NutritionVirginia Commonwealth University and McGuire Veterans Administration Medical CenterRichmondVA
| | | | | | | | - Huiping Zhou
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and NutritionVirginia Commonwealth University and McGuire Veterans Administration Medical CenterRichmondVA
| | - William M. Pandak
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and NutritionVirginia Commonwealth University and McGuire Veterans Administration Medical CenterRichmondVA
| | - Jing Yang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and NutritionVirginia Commonwealth University and McGuire Veterans Administration Medical CenterRichmondVA
| | - Chunhua Jiao
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and NutritionVirginia Commonwealth University and McGuire Veterans Administration Medical CenterRichmondVA
| | - Xiaojiaoyang Li
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and NutritionVirginia Commonwealth University and McGuire Veterans Administration Medical CenterRichmondVA
| | - H. Robert Lippman
- Department of PathologyVirginia Commonwealth University and McGuire Veterans Administration Medical CenterRichmondVA
| | - Douglas M. Heuman
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and NutritionVirginia Commonwealth University and McGuire Veterans Administration Medical CenterRichmondVA
| | - Jasmohan S. Bajaj
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and NutritionVirginia Commonwealth University and McGuire Veterans Administration Medical CenterRichmondVA
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26
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Kang DJ, Kakiyama G, Betrapally NS, Herzog J, Nittono H, Hylemon PB, Zhou H, Carroll I, Yang J, Gillevet PM, Jiao C, Takei H, Pandak WM, Iida T, Heuman DM, Fan S, Fiehn O, Kurosawa T, Sikaroodi M, Sartor RB, Bajaj JS. Rifaximin Exerts Beneficial Effects Independent of its Ability to Alter Microbiota Composition. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2016; 7:e187. [PMID: 27560928 PMCID: PMC5543406 DOI: 10.1038/ctg.2016.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Rifaximin has clinical benefits in minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) but the mechanism of action is unclear. The antibiotic-dependent and -independent effects of rifaximin need to be elucidated in the setting of MHE-associated microbiota. To assess the action of rifaximin on intestinal barrier, inflammatory milieu and ammonia generation independent of microbiota using rifaximin. METHODS Four germ-free (GF) mice groups were used (1) GF, (2) GF+rifaximin, (3) Humanized with stools from an MHE patient, and (4) Humanized+rifaximin. Mice were followed for 30 days while rifaximin was administered in chow at 100 mg/kg from days 16-30. We tested for ammonia generation (small-intestinal glutaminase, serum ammonia, and cecal glutamine/amino-acid moieties), systemic inflammation (serum IL-1β, IL-6), intestinal barrier (FITC-dextran, large-/small-intestinal expression of IL-1β, IL-6, MCP-1, e-cadherin and zonulin) along with microbiota composition (colonic and fecal multi-tagged sequencing) and function (endotoxemia, fecal bile acid deconjugation and de-hydroxylation). RESULTS All mice survived until day 30. In the GF setting, rifaximin decreased intestinal ammonia generation (lower serum ammonia, increased small-intestinal glutaminase, and cecal glutamine content) without changing inflammation or intestinal barrier function. Humanized microbiota increased systemic/intestinal inflammation and endotoxemia without hyperammonemia. Rifaximin therapy significantly ameliorated these inflammatory cytokines. Rifaximin also favorably impacted microbiota function (reduced endotoxin and decreased deconjugation and formation of potentially toxic secondary bile acids), but not microbial composition in humanized mice. CONCLUSIONS Rifaximin beneficially alters intestinal ammonia generation by regulating intestinal glutaminase expression independent of gut microbiota. MHE-associated fecal colonization results in intestinal and systemic inflammation in GF mice, which is also ameliorated with rifaximin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae J Kang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Genta Kakiyama
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Naga S Betrapally
- Microbiome Analysis Center, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, USA
| | - Jeremy Herzog
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Phillip B Hylemon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Huiping Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Ian Carroll
- Microbiome Analysis Center, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, USA
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Patrick M Gillevet
- Microbiome Analysis Center, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, USA
| | - Chunhua Jiao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Hajime Takei
- Junshin Clinic Bile Acid Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - William M Pandak
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Takashi Iida
- Department of Chemistry, College of Humanities and Sciences, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Douglas M Heuman
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Sili Fan
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Oliver Fiehn
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Takao Kurosawa
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Tobetsu, Japan
| | - Masoumeh Sikaroodi
- Microbiome Analysis Center, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, USA
| | - R B Sartor
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jasmohan S Bajaj
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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27
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Sharon C, Baranwal S, Patel NJ, Rodriguez-Agudo D, Pandak WM, Majumdar APN, Krystal G, Patel BB. Inhibition of insulin-like growth factor receptor/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin axis targets colorectal cancer stem cells by attenuating mevalonate-isoprenoid pathway in vitro and in vivo. Oncotarget 2016; 6:15332-47. [PMID: 25895029 PMCID: PMC4558155 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We observed a co-upregulation of the insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-1R)/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) [InAT] axis and the mevalonate-isoprenoid biosynthesis (MIB) pathways in colorectal cancer stem cells (CSCs) in an unbiased approach. Hence, we hypothesized that the InAT axis might regulate the MIB pathway to govern colorectal CSCs growth. Stimulation (IGF-1) or inhibition (IGF-1R depletion and pharmacological inhibition of IGF-1R/mTOR) of the InAT axis produced induction or attenuation of CSC growth as well as expression of CSC markers and self-renewal factors respectively. Intriguingly, activation of the InAT axis (IGF-1) caused significant upregulation of the MIB pathway genes (both mRNA and protein); while its inhibition produced the opposite effects in colonospheres. More importantly, supplementation with dimethylallyl- and farnesyl-PP, MIB metabolites downstream of isopentenyl-diphosphate delta isomerase (IDI), but not mevalonate and isopentenyl-pp that are upstream of IDI, resulted in a near-complete reversal of the suppressive effect of the InAT axis inhibitors on CSCs growth. The latter findings suggest a specific regulation of the MIB pathway by the InAT axis distal to the target of statins that inhibit 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR). Effects of IGF-1R inhibition on colonic CSCs proliferation and the MIB pathway were confirmed in an ‘in vivo’ HCT-116 xenograft model. These observations establish a novel mechanistic link between the InAT axis that is commonly deregulated in colorectal cancer and the MIB pathway in regulation of colonic CSCs growth. Hence, the InAT-MIB corridor is a novel target for developing paradigm shifting optimum anti-CSCs therapies for colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chetna Sharon
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Care, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Somesh Baranwal
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Care, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | | | - Daniel Rodriguez-Agudo
- Hunter Holmes McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - William M Pandak
- Hunter Holmes McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | | | - Geoffrey Krystal
- Hunter Holmes McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA.,Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,Division of Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Care, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Bhaumik B Patel
- Hunter Holmes McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA.,Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,Division of Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Care, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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28
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Nagahashi M, Takabe K, Liu R, Peng K, Wang X, Wang Y, Hait NC, Wang X, Allegood JC, Yamada A, Aoyagi T, Liang J, Pandak WM, Spiegel S, Hylemon PB, Zhou H. Conjugated bile acid-activated S1P receptor 2 is a key regulator of sphingosine kinase 2 and hepatic gene expression. Hepatology 2015; 61:1216-26. [PMID: 25363242 PMCID: PMC4376566 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Bile acids are important hormones during the feed/fast cycle, allowing the liver to coordinately regulate nutrient metabolism. How they accomplish this has not been fully elucidated. Conjugated bile acids activate both the ERK1/2 and AKT signaling pathways via sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 2 (S1PR2) in rodent hepatocytes and in vivo. Here, we report that feeding mice a high-fat diet, infusion of taurocholate into the chronic bile fistula rat, or overexpression of the gene encoding S1PR2 in mouse hepatocytes significantly upregulated hepatic sphingosine kinase 2 (SphK2) but not SphK1. Key genes encoding nuclear receptors/enzymes involved in nutrient metabolism were significantly downregulated in livers of S1PR2(-/-) and SphK2(-/-) mice. In contrast, overexpression of the gene encoding S1PR2 in primary mouse hepatocytes differentially increased SphK2, but not SphK1, and mRNA levels of key genes involved in nutrient metabolism. Nuclear levels of sphingosine-1-phosphate, an endogenous inhibitor of histone deacetylases 1 and 2, as well as the acetylation of histones H3K9, H4K5, and H2BK12 were significantly decreased in hepatocytes prepared from S1PR2(-/-) and SphK2(-/-) mice. CONCLUSION Both S1PR2(-/-) and SphK2(-/-) mice rapidly developed fatty livers on a high-fat diet, suggesting the importance of conjugated bile acids, S1PR2, and SphK2 in regulating hepatic lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Nagahashi
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298,Division of Digestive and General Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan, 951-8510
| | - Kazuaki Takabe
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298,Address correspondence to: Huiping Zhou, Ph.D, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, P.O. Box 980678, Richmond, VA 23298-0678, Tel: 804-828-6817; Fax: 804-828-0676, Or Kazuaki Takabbe, M.D., Ph.D., FACS, Department of Surgery, VCU, P.O. Box 980011, Richmond, VA 23298-0011, Tel. 804-828-9322, Fax. 804-828-4809, Or Phillip B. Hylemon, Ph.D., Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Virginia Campus-VCU, PO Box 908678, Richmond, VA 23298-0678, Tel: (804) 347-1752; Fax. (804) 828-0676,
| | - Runping Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298,McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298
| | - Kesong Peng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298
| | - Xiang Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298
| | - Yun Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298,McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298
| | - Nitai C. Hait
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298,McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298
| | - Jeremy C. Allegood
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298
| | - Akimitsu Yamada
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298
| | - Tomoyoshi Aoyagi
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298
| | - Jie Liang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298
| | - William M. Pandak
- McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298
| | - Sarah Spiegel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298
| | - Phillip B. Hylemon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298,McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298,Address correspondence to: Huiping Zhou, Ph.D, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, P.O. Box 980678, Richmond, VA 23298-0678, Tel: 804-828-6817; Fax: 804-828-0676, Or Kazuaki Takabbe, M.D., Ph.D., FACS, Department of Surgery, VCU, P.O. Box 980011, Richmond, VA 23298-0011, Tel. 804-828-9322, Fax. 804-828-4809, Or Phillip B. Hylemon, Ph.D., Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Virginia Campus-VCU, PO Box 908678, Richmond, VA 23298-0678, Tel: (804) 347-1752; Fax. (804) 828-0676,
| | - Huiping Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298,McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298,Address correspondence to: Huiping Zhou, Ph.D, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, P.O. Box 980678, Richmond, VA 23298-0678, Tel: 804-828-6817; Fax: 804-828-0676, Or Kazuaki Takabbe, M.D., Ph.D., FACS, Department of Surgery, VCU, P.O. Box 980011, Richmond, VA 23298-0011, Tel. 804-828-9322, Fax. 804-828-4809, Or Phillip B. Hylemon, Ph.D., Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Virginia Campus-VCU, PO Box 908678, Richmond, VA 23298-0678, Tel: (804) 347-1752; Fax. (804) 828-0676,
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29
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Liu R, Zhao R, Zhou X, Liang X, Campbell DJW, Zhang X, Zhang L, Shi R, Wang G, Pandak WM, Sirica AE, Hylemon PB, Zhou H. Conjugated bile acids promote cholangiocarcinoma cell invasive growth through activation of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 2. Hepatology 2014; 60:908-18. [PMID: 24700501 PMCID: PMC4141906 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is an often fatal primary malignancy of the intra- and extrahepatic biliary tract that is commonly associated with chronic cholestasis and significantly elevated levels of primary and conjugated bile acids (CBAs), which are correlated with bile duct obstruction (BDO). BDO has also recently been shown to promote CCA progression. However, whereas there is increasing evidence linking chronic cholestasis and abnormal bile acid profiles to CCA development and progression, the specific mechanisms by which bile acids may be acting to promote cholangiocarcinogenesis and invasive biliary tumor growth have not been fully established. Recent studies have shown that CBAs, but not free bile acids, stimulate CCA cell growth, and that an imbalance in the ratio of free to CBAs may play an important role in the tumorigenesis of CCA. Also, CBAs are able to activate extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2- and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B (AKT)-signaling pathways through sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 2 (S1PR2) in rodent hepatocytes. In the current study, we demonstrate S1PR2 to be highly expressed in rat and human CCA cells, as well as in human CCA tissues. We further show that CBAs activate the ERK1/2- and AKT-signaling pathways and significantly stimulate CCA cell growth and invasion in vitro. Taurocholate (TCA)-mediated CCA cell proliferation, migration, and invasion were significantly inhibited by JTE-013, a chemical antagonist of S1PR2, or by lentiviral short hairpin RNA silencing of S1PR2. In a novel organotypic rat CCA coculture model, TCA was further found to significantly increase the growth of CCA cell spheroidal/"duct-like" structures, which was blocked by treatment with JTE-013. CONCLUSION Our collective data support the hypothesis that CBAs promote CCA cell-invasive growth through S1PR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runping Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmond, VA,Key Laboratory of New Drug Screen and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjing, China,* These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Renping Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmond, VA,Key Laboratory of New Drug Screen and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjing, China,* These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Xiqiao Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmond, VA,Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityJiangsu, China
| | - Xiuyin Liang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmond, VA
| | - Deanna JW Campbell
- Department of Pathology, Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathogenesis, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmond, VA
| | - Xiaoxuan Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmond, VA,Key Laboratory of New Drug Screen and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Luyong Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmond, VA
| | - Ruihua Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityJiangsu, China
| | - Guangji Wang
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Screen and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjing, China
| | | | - Alphonse E Sirica
- Department of Pathology, Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathogenesis, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmond, VA,** Drs. Zhou, Hylemon, and Sirica contributed equally to this work
| | - Phillip B Hylemon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmond, VA,McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical CenterRichmond, VA,** Drs. Zhou, Hylemon, and Sirica contributed equally to this work
| | - Huiping Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmond, VA,McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical CenterRichmond, VA,Wenzhou Medical CollegeWenzhou, China,** Drs. Zhou, Hylemon, and Sirica contributed equally to this work
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30
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Ren S, Kim JK, Kakiyama G, Rodriguez-Agudo D, Pandak WM, Min HK, Ning Y. Identification of novel regulatory cholesterol metabolite, 5-cholesten, 3β,25-diol, disulfate. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103621. [PMID: 25072708 PMCID: PMC4114806 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxysterol sulfation plays an important role in regulation of lipid metabolism and inflammatory responses. In the present study, we report the discovery of a novel regulatory sulfated oxysterol in nuclei of primary rat hepatocytes after overexpression of the gene encoding mitochondrial cholesterol delivery protein (StarD1). Forty-eight hours after infection of the hepatocytes with recombinant StarD1 adenovirus, a water-soluble oxysterol product was isolated and purified by chemical extraction and reverse-phase HPLC. Tandem mass spectrometry analysis identified the oxysterol as 5-cholesten-3β, 25-diol, disulfate (25HCDS), and confirmed the structure by comparing with a chemically synthesized compound. Administration of 25HCDS to human THP-1-derived macrophages or HepG2 cells significantly inhibited cholesterol synthesis and markedly decreased lipid levels in vivo in NAFLD mouse models. RT-PCR showed that 25HCDS significantly decreased SREBP-1/2 activities by suppressing expression of their responding genes, including ACC, FAS, and HMG-CoA reductase. Analysis of lipid profiles in the liver tissues showed that administration of 25HCDS significantly decreased cholesterol, free fatty acids, and triglycerides by 30, 25, and 20%, respectively. The results suggest that 25HCDS inhibits lipid biosynthesis via blocking SREBP signaling. We conclude that 25HCDS is a potent regulator of lipid metabolism and propose its biosynthetic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunlin Ren
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs McGuire Medical Center/Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jin Koung Kim
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs McGuire Medical Center/Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Genta Kakiyama
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs McGuire Medical Center/Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Daniel Rodriguez-Agudo
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs McGuire Medical Center/Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - William M. Pandak
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs McGuire Medical Center/Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Hae-Ki Min
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs McGuire Medical Center/Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Yanxia Ning
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs McGuire Medical Center/Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
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31
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Kakiyama G, Hylemon PB, Zhou H, Pandak WM, Heuman DM, Kang DJ, Takei H, Nittono H, Ridlon JM, Fuchs M, Gurley EC, Wang Y, Liu R, Sanyal AJ, Gillevet PM, Bajaj JS. Colonic inflammation and secondary bile acids in alcoholic cirrhosis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2014; 306:G929-37. [PMID: 24699327 PMCID: PMC4152166 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00315.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol abuse with/without cirrhosis is associated with an impaired gut barrier and inflammation. Gut microbiota can transform primary bile acids (BA) to secondary BAs, which can adversely impact the gut barrier. The purpose of this study was to define the effect of active alcohol intake on fecal BA levels and ileal and colonic inflammation in cirrhosis. Five age-matched groups {two noncirrhotic (control and drinkers) and three cirrhotic [nondrinkers/nonalcoholics (NAlc), abstinent alcoholic for >3 mo (AbsAlc), currently drinking (CurrAlc)]} were included. Fecal and serum BA analysis, serum endotoxin, and stool microbiota using pyrosequencing were performed. A subgroup of controls, NAlc, and CurrAlc underwent ileal and sigmoid colonic biopsies on which mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) were performed. One hundred three patients (19 healthy, 6 noncirrhotic drinkers, 10 CurrAlc, 38 AbsAlc, and 30 NAlc, age 56 yr, median MELD: 10.5) were included. Five each of healthy, CurrAlc, and NAlc underwent ileal/colonic biopsies. Endotoxin, serum-conjugated DCA and stool total BAs, and secondary-to-primary BA ratios were highest in current drinkers. On biopsies, a significantly higher mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and Cox-2 in colon but not ileum was seen in CurrAlc compared with NAlc and controls. Active alcohol use in cirrhosis is associated with a significant increase in the secondary BA formation compared with abstinent alcoholic cirrhotics and nonalcoholic cirrhotics. This increase in secondary BAs is associated with a significant increase in expression of inflammatory cytokines in colonic mucosa but not ileal mucosa, which may contribute to alcohol-induced gut barrier injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genta Kakiyama
- 1Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia;
| | - Phillip B. Hylemon
- 2Department of Microbiology, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia;
| | - Huiping Zhou
- 3Department of Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia;
| | - William M. Pandak
- 1Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia;
| | - Douglas M. Heuman
- 1Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia;
| | - Dae Joong Kang
- 1Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia;
| | - Hajime Takei
- 4Junshin Clinic Bile Acid Institute, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | | | - Jason M. Ridlon
- 2Department of Microbiology, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia;
| | - Michael Fuchs
- 1Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia;
| | - Emily C. Gurley
- 2Department of Microbiology, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia;
| | - Yun Wang
- 3Department of Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia;
| | - Runping Liu
- 3Department of Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia;
| | - Arun J. Sanyal
- 1Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia;
| | | | - Jasmohan S. Bajaj
- 1Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia;
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32
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Bajaj JS, Heuman DM, Hylemon PB, Sanyal AJ, Puri P, Sterling RK, Luketic V, Stravitz RT, Siddiqui MS, Fuchs M, Thacker LR, Wade JB, Daita K, Sistrun S, White MB, Noble NA, Thorpe C, Kakiyama G, Pandak WM, Sikaroodi M, Gillevet PM. Randomised clinical trial: Lactobacillus GG modulates gut microbiome, metabolome and endotoxemia in patients with cirrhosis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2014; 39:1113-25. [PMID: 24628464 PMCID: PMC3989370 DOI: 10.1111/apt.12695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Safety of individual probiotic strains approved under Investigational New Drug (IND) policies in cirrhosis with minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) is not clear. AIM The primary aim of this phase I study was to evaluate the safety, tolerability of probiotic Lactobacillus GG (LGG) compared to placebo, while secondary ones were to explore its mechanism of action using cognitive, microbiome, metabolome and endotoxin analysis in MHE patients. METHODS Cirrhotic patients with MHE patients were randomised 1:1 into LGG or placebo BID after being prescribed a standard diet and multi-vitamin regimen and were followed up for 8 weeks. Serum, urine and stool samples were collected at baseline and study end. Safety was assessed at Weeks 4 and 8. Endotoxin and systemic inflammation, microbiome using multi-tagged pyrosequencing, serum/urine metabolome were analysed between groups using correlation networks. RESULTS Thirty MHE patients (14 LGG and 16 placebo) completed the study without any differences in serious adverse events. However, self-limited diarrhoea was more frequent in LGG patients. A standard diet was maintained and LGG batches were comparable throughout. Only in the LGG-randomised group, endotoxemia and TNF-α decreased, microbiome changed (reduced Enterobacteriaceae and increased Clostridiales Incertae Sedis XIV and Lachnospiraceae relative abundance) with changes in metabolite/microbiome correlations pertaining to amino acid, vitamin and secondary BA metabolism. No change in cognition was found. CONCLUSIONS In this phase I study, Lactobacillus GG is safe and well-tolerated in cirrhosis and is associated with a reduction in endotoxemia and dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Bajaj
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VAMC, Richmond, VA, USA
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Fortes C, Gil G, Pandak WM, Rodriguez-Agudo D. Abstract 419: StarD5: Role in a Novel Pathway of Intracellular Cholesterol Transport. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.1161/atvb.34.suppl_1.419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction:
How cholesterol is moved within the cell via a non-vesicular means and is mobilized against a gradient to the plasma membrane has never been clearly understood. StarD5, a member of the StarD4 subfamily of START (steroidogenic acuteregulatory lipid transfer) domain proteins, is able to bind cholesterol and can be induced by ER stress. Its function, however, has remained a mystery. The objective of this study was to attempt to define the role of StarD5 in intracellular cholesterol metabolism by following its response to ER stress.
Methods:
StarD5 knockdown cells were obtained by using siRNA, while infection with an adenovirus encoding StarD5 was used to selectively overexpress the protein. Immunoblots were performed to determine knockdown and overexpression of StarD5. Filipin staining and immunocytochemistry were used to determine the localization of free cholesterol within the cells. Apoptosis during ER stress was determined by staining cells with Alexa Fluor-488 Annexin V.
Results:
Overexpression of StarD5 in THP-1 macrophages led to a rapid redistribution of StarD5 and cholesterol from the Golgi/ER to the plasma membrane. StarD5 knockdown led to a marked increase in free cholesterol within the Golgi and ER in 3T3-L1 cells. Furthermore, thapsigargin-induced apoptosis (which leads to an abnormal accumulation of cholesterol in the ER) was markedly increased with StarD5 knockdown.
Conclusion:
StarD5 has the ability to respond to different stresses with a directed movement, mobilizing cholesterol between the ER/Golgi to the plasma membrane in order to establish a needed cholesterol membrane concentration gradient amongst intracellular organelles. These findings demonstrate a previously unexplored pathway of intracellular cholesterol transport whose baseline function is induced by ER-stress; likely as a means to stabilize the cell during periods of stress by mobilizing excess cholesterol from the ER and stabilizing the plasma membrane through cholesterol induced changes in permeability and fluidity.
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Kakiyama G, Muto A, Takei H, Nittono H, Murai T, Kurosawa T, Hofmann AF, Pandak WM, Bajaj JS. A simple and accurate HPLC method for fecal bile acid profile in healthy and cirrhotic subjects: validation by GC-MS and LC-MS. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:978-90. [PMID: 24627129 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d047506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a simple and accurate HPLC method for measurement of fecal bile acids using phenacyl derivatives of unconjugated bile acids, and applied it to the measurement of fecal bile acids in cirrhotic patients. The HPLC method has the following steps: 1) lyophilization of the stool sample; 2) reconstitution in buffer and enzymatic deconjugation using cholylglycine hydrolase/sulfatase; 3) incubation with 0.1 N NaOH in 50% isopropanol at 60°C to hydrolyze esterified bile acids; 4) extraction of bile acids from particulate material using 0.1 N NaOH; 5) isolation of deconjugated bile acids by solid phase extraction; 6) formation of phenacyl esters by derivatization using phenacyl bromide; and 7) HPLC separation measuring eluted peaks at 254 nm. The method was validated by showing that results obtained by HPLC agreed with those obtained by LC-MS/MS and GC-MS. We then applied the method to measuring total fecal bile acid (concentration) and bile acid profile in samples from 38 patients with cirrhosis (17 early, 21 advanced) and 10 healthy subjects. Bile acid concentrations were significantly lower in patients with advanced cirrhosis, suggesting impaired bile acid synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genta Kakiyama
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23249
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Zhang X, Cao R, Liu R, Zhao R, Huang Y, Gurley EC, Hylemon PB, Pandak WM, Wang G, Zhang L, Li X, Zhou H. Reduction of the HIV protease inhibitor-induced ER stress and inflammatory response by raltegravir in macrophages. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90856. [PMID: 24625618 PMCID: PMC3953206 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV protease inhibitor (PI), the core component of highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART) for HIV infection, has been implicated in HAART-associated cardiovascular complications. Our previous studies have demonstrated that activation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is linked to HIV PI-induced inflammation and foam cell formation in macrophages. Raltegravir is a first-in-its-class HIV integrase inhibitor, the newest class of anti-HIV agents. We have recently reported that raltegravir has less hepatic toxicity and could prevent HIV PI-induced dysregulation of hepatic lipid metabolism by inhibiting ER stress. However, little information is available as to whether raltegravir would also prevent HIV PI-induced inflammatory response and foam cell formation in macrophages. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In this study, we examined the effect of raltegravir on ER stress activation and lipid accumulation in cultured mouse macrophages (J774A.1), primary mouse macrophages, and human THP-1-derived macrophages, and further determined whether the combination of raltegravir with existing HIV PIs would potentially exacerbate or prevent the previously observed activation of inflammatory response and foam cell formation. The results indicated that raltegravir did not induce ER stress and inflammatory response in macrophages. Even more interestingly, HIV PI-induced ER stress, oxidative stress, inflammatory response and foam cell formation were significantly reduced by raltegravir. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis further demonstrated that raltegravir did not affect the uptake of HIV PIs in macrophages. CONCLUSION AND SIGNIFICANCE Raltegravir could prevent HIV PI-induced inflammatory response and foam cell formation by inhibiting ER stress. These results suggest that incorporation of this HIV integrase inhibitor may reduce the cardiovascular complications associated with current HAART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxuan Zhang
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P.R.China
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Risheng Cao
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Runping Liu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P.R.China
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Renping Zhao
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P.R.China
| | - Yi Huang
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P.R.China
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, P.R.China
| | - Emily C. Gurley
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Phillip B. Hylemon
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine/Gastroenterology and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - William M. Pandak
- Department of Internal Medicine/Gastroenterology and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Guangji Wang
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P.R.China
- * E-mail: (GW); (HZ)
| | - Luyong Zhang
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P.R.China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, P.R.China
| | - Huiping Zhou
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, P.R.China
- Department of Internal Medicine/Gastroenterology and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail: (GW); (HZ)
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Calderon-Dominguez M, Gil G, Medina MA, Pandak WM, Rodríguez-Agudo D. The StarD4 subfamily of steroidogenic acute regulatory-related lipid transfer (START) domain proteins: new players in cholesterol metabolism. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 49:64-8. [PMID: 24440759 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol levels in the body are maintained through the coordinated regulation of its uptake, synthesis, distribution, storage and efflux. However, the way cholesterol is sorted within cells remains poorly defined. The discovery of the newly described StarD4 subfamily, part of the steroidogenic acute regulatory lipid transfer (START) domain family of proteins, affords an opportunity for the study of intracellular cholesterol movement, metabolism and its disorders. The three members of this intracellular subfamily of proteins (StarD4, StarD5 and StarD6) have a similar lipid binding pocket specific for sterols (cholesterol in particular), but differing regulation and localization. The ability to bind and transport cholesterol through a non-vesicular mean suggests that they play a previously unappreciated role in cholesterol homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Calderon-Dominguez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gregorio Gil
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Miguel Angel Medina
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Universidad de Malaga, Spain
| | - William M Pandak
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Daniel Rodríguez-Agudo
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States.
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37
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Zhang X, Wang G, Liu R, Zhang L, Hylemon PB, Pandak WM, Zhou H. Apigenin and Kaempferol inhibit LPS‐induced inflammatory responses by regulating intracellular translocation of RNA‐binding protein HuR in macrophages. FASEB J 2013. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.27.1_supplement.1033.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxuan Zhang
- Microbiology and ImmunologyVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVA
- China Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Guangji Wang
- China Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Runping Liu
- Microbiology and ImmunologyVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVA
- China Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Luyong Zhang
- China Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Phillip B Hylemon
- Microbiology and ImmunologyVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVA
| | | | - Huiping Zhou
- Microbiology and ImmunologyVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVA
- McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical CenterRichmondVA
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38
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Xu L, Kim JK, Bai Q, Zhang X, Kakiyama G, Min HK, Sanyal AJ, Pandak WM, Ren S. 5-cholesten-3β,25-diol 3-sulfate decreases lipid accumulation in diet-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease mouse model. Mol Pharmacol 2013; 83:648-58. [PMID: 23258548 PMCID: PMC3583496 DOI: 10.1124/mol.112.081505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) increases lipogenesis at the transcriptional level, and its expression is upregulated by liver X receptor α (LXRα). The LXRα/SREBP-1c signaling may play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We previously reported that a cholesterol metabolite, 5-cholesten-3β,25-diol 3-sulfate (25HC3S), inhibits the LXRα signaling and reduces lipogenesis by decreasing SREBP-1c expression in primary hepatocytes. The present study aims to investigate the effects of 25HC3S on lipid homeostasis in diet-induced NAFLD mouse models. NAFLD was induced by feeding a high-fat diet (HFD) in C57BL/6J mice. The effects of 25HC3S on lipid homeostasis, inflammatory responses, and insulin sensitivity were evaluated after acute treatments or long-term treatments. Acute treatments with 25HC3S decreased serum lipid levels, and long-term treatments decreased hepatic lipid accumulation in the NAFLD mice. Gene expression analysis showed that 25HC3S significantly suppressed the SREBP-1c signaling pathway that was associated with the suppression of the key enzymes involved in lipogenesis: fatty acid synthase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1, and glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase. In addition, 25HC3S significantly reduced HFD-induced hepatic inflammation as evidenced by decreasing tumor necrosis factor and interleukin 1 α/β mRNA levels. A glucose tolerance test and insulin tolerance test showed that 25HC3S administration improved HFD-induced insulin resistance. The present results indicate that 25HC3S as a potent endogenous regulator decreases lipogenesis, and oxysterol sulfation can be a key protective regulatory pathway against lipid accumulation and lipid-induced inflammation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyuan Xu
- McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center/Virginia Commonwealth University, Research 151, Richmond, VA 23249, USA
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39
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Wang Y, Zhang L, Wu X, Gurley EC, Kennedy E, Hylemon PB, Pandak WM, Sanyal AJ, Zhou H. The role of CCAAT enhancer-binding protein homologous protein in human immunodeficiency virus protease-inhibitor-induced hepatic lipotoxicity in mice. Hepatology 2013; 57:1005-16. [PMID: 23080229 PMCID: PMC3566321 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease inhibitors (HIV PIs) are the core components of highly active antiretroviral therapy, which has been successfully used in the treatment of HIV-1 infection in the past two decades. However, benefits of HIV PIs are compromised by clinically important adverse effects, such as dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular complications. We have previously shown that activation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress plays a critical role in HIV PI-induced dys-regulation of hepatic lipid metabolism. HIV PI-induced hepatic lipotoxicity is closely linked to the up-regulation of CCAAT enhancer binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) in hepatocytes. To further investigate whether CHOP is responsible for HIV PI-induced hepatic lipotoxicity, C57BL/6J wild-type (WT) or CHOP knockout (CHOP(-/-) ) mice or the corresponding primary mouse hepatocytes were used in this study. Both in vitro and in vivo studies indicated that HIV PIs (ritonavir and lopinavir) significantly increased hepatic lipid accumulation in WT mice. In contrast, CHOP(-/-) mice showed a significant reduction in hepatic triglyceride accumulation and liver injury, as evidenced by hematoxylin and eosin and Oil Red O staining. Real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and immunoblotting data showed that in the absence of CHOP, HIV PI-induced expression of stress-related proteins and lipogenic genes were dramatically reduced. Furthermore, tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-6 levels in serum and liver were significantly lower in HIV PI-treated CHOP(-/-) mice, compared to HIV PI-treated WT mice. CONCLUSION Taken together, these data suggest that CHOP is an important molecular link of ER stress, inflammation, and hepatic lipotoxicity, and that increased expression of CHOP represents a critical factor underlying events leading to hepatic injury. (HEPATOLOGY 2013).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA,Jiangsu Centre for Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Luyong Zhang
- Jiangsu Centre for Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Xudong Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Emily C. Gurley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Elaine Kennedy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Phillip B Hylemon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA,Department of Internal Medicine/GI Division, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - William M Pandak
- Department of Internal Medicine/GI Division, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA,McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Arun J Sanyal
- Department of Internal Medicine/GI Division, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Huiping Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA,Department of Internal Medicine/GI Division, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA,McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA,To whom correspondence should be addressed: Huiping Zhou, Ph.D, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, PO Box 908678, Richmond, VA 23298-0678, Tel: (804)-828-6817, Fax: (804) 828-0676,
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Zha W, Wang G, Xu W, Liu X, Wang Y, Zha BS, Shi J, Zhao Q, Gerk PM, Studer E, Hylemon PB, Pandak WM, Zhou H. Inhibition of P-glycoprotein by HIV protease inhibitors increases intracellular accumulation of berberine in murine and human macrophages. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54349. [PMID: 23372711 PMCID: PMC3553168 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV protease inhibitor (PI)-induced inflammatory response in macrophages is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. We have previously reported that berberine (BBR), a traditional herbal medicine, prevents HIV PI-induced inflammatory response through inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in macrophages. We also found that HIV PIs significantly increased the intracellular concentrations of BBR in macrophages. However, the underlying mechanisms of HIV PI-induced BBR accumulation are unknown. This study examined the role of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) in HIV PI-mediated accumulation of BBR in macrophages. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Cultured mouse RAW264.7 macrophages, human THP-1-derived macrophages, Wild type MDCK (MDCK/WT) and human P-gp transfected (MDCK/P-gp) cells were used in this study. The intracellular concentration of BBR was determined by HPLC. The activity of P-gp was assessed by measuring digoxin and rhodamine 123 (Rh123) efflux. The interaction between P-gp and BBR or HIV PIs was predicated by Glide docking using Schrodinger program. The results indicate that P-gp contributed to the efflux of BBR in macrophages. HIV PIs significantly increased BBR concentrations in macrophages; however, BBR did not alter cellular HIV PI concentrations. Although HIV PIs did not affect P-gp expression, P-gp transport activities were significantly inhibited in HIV PI-treated macrophages. Furthermore, the molecular docking study suggests that both HIV PIs and BBR fit the binding pocket of P-gp, and HIV PIs may compete with BBR to bind P-gp. CONCLUSION AND SIGNIFICANCE HIV PIs increase the concentration of BBR by modulating the transport activity of P-gp in macrophages. Understanding the cellular mechanisms of potential drug-drug interactions is critical prior to applying successful combinational therapy in the clinic.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/antagonists & inhibitors
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/chemistry
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/metabolism
- Animals
- Berberine/pharmacology
- Binding, Competitive
- Biological Transport/drug effects
- Cell Line
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
- Digoxin
- Dogs
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- HIV Protease Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Humans
- Macrophages/cytology
- Macrophages/drug effects
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells
- Mice
- Molecular Docking Simulation
- Protein Binding
- Rhodamine 123
- Ritonavir/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Weibin Zha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Guangji Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Weiren Xu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Drug Discovery, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Xuyuan Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Drug Discovery, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, P.R. China
- Basic Medical College, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Yun Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Beth S. Zha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Jian Shi
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Qijin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Phillip M. Gerk
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Elaine Studer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Phillip B. Hylemon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine/Gastroenterology and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - William M. Pandak
- Department of Internal Medicine/Gastroenterology and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Huiping Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine/Gastroenterology and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, P.R. China
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Zhang X, Bai Q, Kakiyama G, Xu L, Kim JK, Pandak WM, Ren S. Cholesterol metabolite, 5-cholesten-3β-25-diol-3-sulfate, promotes hepatic proliferation in mice. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2012; 132:262-70. [PMID: 22732306 PMCID: PMC3463675 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Oxysterols are well known as physiological ligands of liver X receptors (LXRs). Oxysterols, 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC) and 27-hydroxycholesterol as endogenous ligands of LXRs, suppress cell proliferation via LXRs signaling pathway. Recent reports have shown that sulfated oxysterol, 5-cholesten-3β-25-diol-3-sulfate (25HC3S) as LXRs antagonist, plays an opposite direction to oxysterols in lipid biosynthesis. The present report was to explore the effect and mechanism of 25HC3S on hepatic proliferation in vivo. Following administration, 25HC3S had a 48 h half life in the circulation and widely distributed in mouse tissues. Profiler™ PCR array and RTqPCR analysis showed that either exogenous or endogenous 25HC3S generated by overexpression of oxysterol sulfotransferase (SULT2B1b) plus administration of 25HC significantly up-regulated the proliferation gene expression of Wt1, Pcna, cMyc, cyclin A, FoxM1b, and CDC25b in a dose-dependent manner in liver while substantially down-regulating the expression of cell cycle arrest gene Chek2 and apoptotic gene Apaf1. Either exogenous or endogenous administration of 25HC3S significantly induced hepatic DNA replication as measured by immunostaining of the PCNA labeling index and was associated with reduction in expression of LXR response genes, such as ABCA1 and SREBP-1c. Synthetic LXR agonist T0901317 effectively blocked 25HC3S-induced hepatic proliferation. CONCLUSIONS 25HC3S may be a potent regulator of hepatocyte proliferation and oxysterol sulfation may represent a novel regulatory pathway in liver proliferation via inactivating LXR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University/Veterans Affairs McGuire Medical Center, 1201 Broad Rock Boulevard, Richmond, VA, 23249, United States
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qianming Bai
- Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University/Veterans Affairs McGuire Medical Center, 1201 Broad Rock Boulevard, Richmond, VA, 23249, United States
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dongan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Genta Kakiyama
- Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University/Veterans Affairs McGuire Medical Center, 1201 Broad Rock Boulevard, Richmond, VA, 23249, United States
| | - Leyuan Xu
- Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University/Veterans Affairs McGuire Medical Center, 1201 Broad Rock Boulevard, Richmond, VA, 23249, United States
| | - Jin Kyung Kim
- Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University/Veterans Affairs McGuire Medical Center, 1201 Broad Rock Boulevard, Richmond, VA, 23249, United States
| | - William M. Pandak
- Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University/Veterans Affairs McGuire Medical Center, 1201 Broad Rock Boulevard, Richmond, VA, 23249, United States
| | - Shunlin Ren
- Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University/Veterans Affairs McGuire Medical Center, 1201 Broad Rock Boulevard, Richmond, VA, 23249, United States
- Address correspondence to: Dr. Shunlin Ren McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center/Virginia Commonwealth University, Research 151, 1201 Broad Rock Blvd, Richmond, VA, 23249, USA. Tel.: +1 (804) 675-5000×4973 Fax: +1 (804) 675-5359
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Rodriguez-Agudo D, Calderon-Dominguez M, Medina MA, Ren S, Gil G, Pandak WM. ER stress increases StarD5 expression by stabilizing its mRNA and leads to relocalization of its protein from the nucleus to the membranes. J Lipid Res 2012; 53:2708-15. [PMID: 23053693 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m031997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
StarD5 belongs to the StarD4 subfamily of steroidogenic acute regulatory lipid transfer (START) domain proteins. In macrophages, StarD5 is found in the cytosol and maintains a loose association with the Golgi. Like StarD1 and StarD4, StarD5 is known to bind cholesterol. However, its function and regulation remain poorly defined. Recently, it has been shown that its mRNA expression is induced in response to different inducers of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. However, the molecular mechanism(s) involved in the induction of StarD5 expression during ER stress is not known. Here we show that in 3T3-L1 cells, the ER stressor thapsigargin increases intracellular free cholesterol due to an increase in HMG-CoA reductase expression. Activation of StarD5 expression is mediated by the transcriptional ER stress factor XBP-1. Additionally, the induction of ER stress stabilizes the StarD5 mRNA. Furthermore, StarD5 protein is mainly localized in the nucleus, and upon ER stress, it redistributes away from the nucleus, localizing prominently to the cytosol and membranes. These results reveal the increase in StarD5 expression and protein redistribution during the cell protective phase of the ER stress, suggesting a role for StarD5 in cholesterol metabolism during the ER stress response.
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43
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Zhang X, Bai Q, Xu L, Kakiyama G, Pandak WM, Zhang Z, Ren S. Cytosolic sulfotransferase 2B1b promotes hepatocyte proliferation gene expression in vivo and in vitro. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2012; 303:G344-55. [PMID: 22679001 PMCID: PMC3423104 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00403.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Cytosolic sulfotransferase 2B1b (SULT2B1b) catalyzes the sulfation of 3β-hydroxysteroids and functions as a selective cholesterol and oxysterol sulfotransferase. Activation of liver X receptors (LXRs) by oxysterols has been known to be an antiproliferative factor. Overexpression of SULT2B1b impairs LXR's response to oxysterols, by which it regulates lipid metabolism. The aim of this study was to investigate in vivo and in vitro effects of SULT2B1b on liver proliferation and the underlying mechanisms. Primary rat hepatocytes and C57BL/6 mice were infected with adenovirus encoding SULT2B1b. Liver proliferation was determined by measuring the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunostaining labeling index. The correlation between SULT2B1b and PCNA expression in mouse liver tissues was determined by double immunofluorescence. Gene expressions were evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot analysis. SULT2B1b overexpression in mouse liver tissues increased PCNA-positive cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The increased expression of PCNA in mouse liver tissues was only observed in the SULT2B1b transgenic cells. Small interference RNA SULT2B1b significantly inhibited cell cycle regulatory gene expressions in primary rat hepatocytes. LXR activation by T0901317 effectively suppressed SULT2B1b-induced gene expression in vivo and in vitro. SULT2B1b may promote hepatocyte proliferation by inactivating oxysterol/LXR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- 1Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China; and ,2Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University/Veterans Affairs McGuire Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Qianming Bai
- 1Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China; and ,2Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University/Veterans Affairs McGuire Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Leyuan Xu
- 2Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University/Veterans Affairs McGuire Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Genta Kakiyama
- 2Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University/Veterans Affairs McGuire Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - William M. Pandak
- 2Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University/Veterans Affairs McGuire Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Zhigang Zhang
- 1Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China; and
| | - Shunlin Ren
- 2Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University/Veterans Affairs McGuire Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia
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44
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Bai Q, Zhang X, Xu L, Kakiyama G, Heuman D, Sanyal A, Pandak WM, Yin L, Xie W, Ren S. Oxysterol sulfation by cytosolic sulfotransferase suppresses liver X receptor/sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c signaling pathway and reduces serum and hepatic lipids in mouse models of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Metabolism 2012; 61:836-45. [PMID: 22225954 PMCID: PMC3342481 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2011.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Revised: 11/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cytosolic sulfotransferase (SULT2B1b) catalyzes oxysterol sulfation. 5-Cholesten-3β-25-diol-3-sulfate (25HC3S), one product of this reaction, decreases intracellular lipids in vitro by suppressing liver X receptor/sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP)-1c signaling, with regulatory properties opposite to those of its precursor 25-hydroxycholesterol. Upregulation of SULT2B1b may be an effective strategy to treat hyperlipidemia and hepatic steatosis. The objective of the study was to explore the effect and mechanism of oxysterol sulfation by SULT2B1b on lipid metabolism in vivo. C57BL/6 and LDLR(-/-) mice were fed with high-cholesterol diet or high-fat diet for 10 weeks and infected with adenovirus encoding SULT2B1b. SULT2B1b expressions in different tissues were determined by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. Sulfated oxysterols in liver were analyzed by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Serum and hepatic lipid levels were determined by kit reagents and hematoxylin and eosin staining. Gene expressions were determined by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and Western Blot. Following infection, SULT2B1b was successfully overexpressed in the liver, aorta, and lung tissues, but not in the heart or kidney. SULT2B1b overexpression, combined with administration of 25-hydroxycholesterol, significantly increased the formation of 25HC3S in liver tissue and significantly decreased serum and hepatic lipid levels, including triglycerides, total cholesterol, free cholesterol, and free fatty acids, as compared with controls in both C57BL/6 and LDLR(-/-) mice. Gene expression analysis showed that increases in SULT2B1b expression were accompanied by reduction in key regulators and enzymes involved in lipid metabolism, including liver X receptor α, SREBP-1, SREBP-2, acetyl-CoA carboxylase-1, and fatty acid synthase. These findings support the hypothesis that 25HC3S is an important endogenous regulator of lipid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianming Bai
- Departments of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University/Veterans Affairs McGuire Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA, 23249
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China 200032
| | - Xin Zhang
- Departments of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University/Veterans Affairs McGuire Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA, 23249
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China 200032
| | - Leyuan Xu
- Departments of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University/Veterans Affairs McGuire Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA, 23249
| | - Genta Kakiyama
- Departments of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University/Veterans Affairs McGuire Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA, 23249
| | - Douglas Heuman
- Departments of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University/Veterans Affairs McGuire Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA, 23249
| | - Arun Sanyal
- Departments of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University/Veterans Affairs McGuire Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA, 23249
| | - William M. Pandak
- Departments of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University/Veterans Affairs McGuire Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA, 23249
| | - Lianhua Yin
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China 200032
| | - Wen Xie
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, 15261
| | - Shunlin Ren
- Departments of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University/Veterans Affairs McGuire Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA, 23249
- Address correspondence to: Dr. Shunlin Ren, McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center/Virginia Commonwealth University, Research 151, 1201 Broad Rock Blvd, Richmond, VA, 23249. Tel.: (804) 675-5000×4973; Fax: (804) 675-5359;
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45
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Zhao R, Zhang X, Cao R, Hylemon PB, Pandak WM, Zhang L, Wang G, Zhou H. Inhibition of HIV protease inhibitor‐induced inflammatory response and ER stress by raltegravir in macrophages. FASEB J 2012. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.26.1_supplement.995.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Renping Zhao
- Microbiology and ImmunologyVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVA
- China Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingChina, People's Republic of
| | - Xiaoxuan Zhang
- Microbiology and ImmunologyVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVA
- China Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingChina, People's Republic of
| | - Risheng Cao
- Microbiology and ImmunologyVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVA
| | - Phillip B Hylemon
- Microbiology and ImmunologyVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVA
- McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical CenterRichmondVA
| | | | - Luyong Zhang
- China Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingChina, People's Republic of
| | - Guangji Wang
- China Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingChina, People's Republic of
| | - Huiping Zhou
- Microbiology and ImmunologyVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVA
- McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical CenterRichmondVA
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46
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Xu L, Shen S, Ma Y, Kim JK, Rodriguez-Agudo D, Heuman DM, Hylemon PB, Pandak WM, Ren S. 25-Hydroxycholesterol-3-sulfate attenuates inflammatory response via PPARγ signaling in human THP-1 macrophages. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 302:E788-99. [PMID: 22275753 PMCID: PMC3330710 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00337.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are important in regulating lipid metabolism and inflammatory responses in macrophages. Activation of PPARγ represses key inflammatory response gene expressions. Recently, we identified a new cholesterol metabolite, 25-hydroxycholesterol-3-sulfate (25HC3S), as a potent regulatory molecule of lipid metabolism. In this paper, we report the effect of 25HC3S and its precursor 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC) on PPARγ activity and on inflammatory responses. Addition of 25HC3S to human macrophages markedly increased nuclear PPARγ and cytosol IκB and decreased nuclear NF-κB protein levels. PPARγ response element reporter gene assays showed that 25HC3S significantly increased luciferase activities. PPARγ competitor assay showed that the K(i) for 25HC3S was ∼1 μM, similar to those of other known natural ligands. NF-κB-dependent promoter reporter gene assays showed that 25HC3S suppressed TNFα-induced luciferase activities only when cotransfected with pcDNAI-PPARγ plasmid. In addition, 25HC3S decreased LPS-induced expression and release of IL-1β. In the PPARγ-specific siRNA transfected macrophages or in the presence of PPARγ-specific antagonist, 25HC3S failed to increase IκB and to suppress TNFα and IL-1β expression. In contrast to 25HC3S, its precursor 25HC, a known liver X receptor ligand, decreased nuclear PPARγ and cytosol IκB and increased nuclear NF-κB protein levels. We conclude that 25HC3S acts in macrophages as a PPARγ ligand and suppresses inflammatory responses via the PPARγ/IκB/NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyuan Xu
- Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23249, USA
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47
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Studer E, Zhou X, Zhao R, Wang Y, Takabe K, Nagahashi M, Pandak WM, Dent P, Spiegel S, Shi R, Xu W, Liu X, Bohdan P, Zhang L, Zhou H, Hylemon PB. Conjugated bile acids activate the sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2 in primary rodent hepatocytes. Hepatology 2012; 55:267-76. [PMID: 21932398 PMCID: PMC3245352 DOI: 10.1002/hep.24681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bile acids have been shown to be important regulatory molecules for cells in the liver and gastrointestinal tract. They can activate various cell signaling pathways including extracellular regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 and protein kinase B (AKT) as well as the G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) membrane-type bile acid receptor (TGR5/M-BAR). Activation of the ERK1/2 and AKT signaling pathways by conjugated bile acids has been reported to be sensitive to pertussis toxin (PTX) and dominant-negative Gα(i) in primary rodent hepatocytes. However, the GPCRs responsible for activation of these pathways have not been identified. Screening GPCRs in the lipid-activated phylogenetic family (expressed in HEK293 cells) identified sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2 (S1P(2) ) as being activated by taurocholate (TCA). TCA, taurodeoxycholic acid (TDCA), tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), glycocholic acid (GCA), glycodeoxycholic acid (GDCA), and S1P-induced activation of ERK1/2 and AKT were significantly inhibited by JTE-013, a S1P(2) antagonist, in primary rat hepatocytes. JTE-013 significantly inhibited hepatic ERK1/2 and AKT activation as well as short heterodimeric partner (SHP) mRNA induction by TCA in the chronic bile fistula rat. Knockdown of the expression of S1P(2) by a recombinant lentivirus encoding S1P(2) shRNA markedly inhibited the activation of ERK1/2 and AKT by TCA and S1P in rat primary hepatocytes. Primary hepatocytes prepared from S1P(2) knock out (S1P(2) (-/-) ) mice were significantly blunted in the activation of the ERK1/2 and AKT pathways by TCA. Structural modeling of the S1P receptors indicated that only S1P(2) can accommodate TCA binding. In summary, all these data support the hypothesis that conjugated bile acids activate the ERK1/2 and AKT signaling pathways primarily through S1P(2) in primary rodent hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Studer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298
| | - Xiqiao Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298,Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Renping Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298,China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298,China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kazuaki Takabe
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298
| | - Masayuki Nagahashi
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298
| | - William M. Pandak
- McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298
| | - Paul Dent
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298
| | - Sarah Spiegel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298
| | - Ruihua Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weiren Xu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Drug Discovery, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin China
| | - Xuyuan Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Drug Discovery, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin China
| | - Pat Bohdan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298
| | | | - Huiping Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298,McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298,Address: To whom correspondence should be addressed: Phillip B. Hylemon, Ph.D., Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Virginia Campus-VCU, PO Box 908678, Richmond, VA 23298-0678, Tel. (804) 347-1752; Fax. (804) 828-0676, Or Huiping Zhou, Ph.D, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Virginia Campus-VCU, PO Box 908678, Richmond, VA 23298-0678, Tel. (804)828-6817; Fax. (804) 828-0676,
| | - Phillip B. Hylemon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298,McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298,Address: To whom correspondence should be addressed: Phillip B. Hylemon, Ph.D., Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Virginia Campus-VCU, PO Box 908678, Richmond, VA 23298-0678, Tel. (804) 347-1752; Fax. (804) 828-0676, Or Huiping Zhou, Ph.D, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Virginia Campus-VCU, PO Box 908678, Richmond, VA 23298-0678, Tel. (804)828-6817; Fax. (804) 828-0676,
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48
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Rodriguez-Agudo D, Calderon-Dominguez M, Ren S, Marques D, Redford K, Medina-Torres MA, Hylemon P, Gil G, Pandak WM. Subcellular localization and regulation of StarD4 protein in macrophages and fibroblasts. Biochim Biophys Acta 2011; 1811:597-606. [PMID: 21767660 PMCID: PMC3156897 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Revised: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
StarD4 is a member of the StarD4 subfamily of START domain proteins with a characteristic lipid binding pocket specific for cholesterol. The objective of this study was to define StarD4 subcellular localization, regulation, and function. Immunobloting showed that StarD4 is highly expressed in the mouse fibroblast cell line 3T3-L1, in human THP-1 macrophages, Kupffer cells (liver macrophages), and hepatocytes. In 3T3-L1 cells and THP-1 macrophages, StarD4 protein appeared localized to the cytoplasm and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). More specifically, in THP-1 macrophages StarD4 co-localized to areas of the ER enriched in Acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase-1 (ACAT-1), and was closely associated with budding lipid droplets. The addition of purified StarD4 recombinant protein to an in vitro assay increased ACAT activity 2-fold, indicating that StarD4 serves as a rate-limiting step in cholesteryl ester formation by delivering cholesterol to ACAT-1-enriched ER. In addition, StarD4 protein was found to be highly regulated and to redistribute in response to sterol levels. In summary, these observations, together with our previous findings demonstrating the ability of increased StarD4 expression to increase bile acid synthesis and cholesteryl ester formation, provide strong evidence for StarD4 as a highly regulated, non-vesicular, directional, intracellular transporter of cholesterol which plays a key role in the maintenance of intracellular cholesterol homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Calderon-Dominguez
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Virginia Commonwealth University; Richmond, Virginia,Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Universidad de Malaga, Spain
| | - Shunlin Ren
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Virginia Commonwealth University; Richmond, Virginia
| | - Dalila Marques
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Virginia Commonwealth University; Richmond, Virginia
| | - Kaye Redford
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Virginia Commonwealth University; Richmond, Virginia
| | | | - Phillip Hylemon
- Department of Microbiology/Immunology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Virginia Commonwealth University; Richmond, Virginia
| | - Gregorio Gil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Virginia Commonwealth University; Richmond, Virginia
| | - William M. Pandak
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Virginia Commonwealth University; Richmond, Virginia
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49
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Ren S, Bai Q, Xu L, Pandak WM. 25‐Hydroxycholesterol sulfation regulates lipid metabolism in vivo in mice. FASEB J 2011. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.25.1_supplement.lb121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shunlin Ren
- MedicineVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVA
| | - Qianming Bai
- MedicineVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVA
| | - Leyuan Xu
- MedicineVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVA
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50
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Bai Q, Xu L, Kakiyama G, Runge-Morris MA, Hylemon PB, Yin L, Pandak WM, Ren S. Sulfation of 25-hydroxycholesterol by SULT2B1b decreases cellular lipids via the LXR/SREBP-1c signaling pathway in human aortic endothelial cells. Atherosclerosis 2011; 214:350-6. [PMID: 21146170 PMCID: PMC3031658 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Revised: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE 25-Hydroxycholesterol (25HC) and its sulfated metabolite, 25-hydroxycholesterol-3-sulfate (25HC3S), regulate certain aspects of lipid metabolism in opposite ways. Hence, the enzyme for the biosynthesis of 25HC3S, oxysterol sulfotransferase (SULT2B1b), may play a crucial role in regulating lipid metabolism. We evaluate the effect of 25HC sulfation on lipid metabolism by overexpressing the gene encoding SULT2B1b in human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) in culture. METHODS AND RESULTS The human SULT2B1b gene was successfully overexpressed in HAECs following infection using a recombinant adenovirus. HPLC analysis demonstrated that more than 50% of (3)H-25HC was sulfated in 24h following overexpression of the SULT2B1b gene. In the presence of 25HC, SULT2B1b overexpression significantly decreased mRNA and protein levels of LXR, ABCA1, SREBP-1c, ACC-1, and FAS, which are key regulators of lipid biosynthesis and transport; and subsequently reduced cellular lipid levels. Overexpression of the gene encoding SULT2B1b gave similar results as adding exogenous 25HC3S. However, in the absence of 25HC or in the presence of T0901317, synthetic liver oxysterol receptor (LXR) agonist, SULT2B1b overexpression had no effect on the regulation of key genes involved in lipid metabolism. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that sulfation of 25HC by SULT2B1b plays an important role in the maintenance of intracellular lipid homeostasis via the LXR/SREBP-1c signaling pathway in HAECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianming Bai
- Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University/Veterans Affairs McGuire Medical Center, Richmond, VA, 23249
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China 200032
| | - Leyuan Xu
- Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University/Veterans Affairs McGuire Medical Center, Richmond, VA, 23249
| | - Genta Kakiyama
- Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University/Veterans Affairs McGuire Medical Center, Richmond, VA, 23249
| | | | - Phillip B. Hylemon
- Department of Microbiology/Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University/Veterans Affairs McGuire Medical Center, Richmond, VA, 23249
| | - Lianhua Yin
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China 200032
| | - William M. Pandak
- Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University/Veterans Affairs McGuire Medical Center, Richmond, VA, 23249
| | - Shunlin Ren
- Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University/Veterans Affairs McGuire Medical Center, Richmond, VA, 23249
- Address correspondence to: Dr. Shunlin Ren, McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center/Virginia Commonwealth University, Research 151, 1201 Broad Rock Blvd, Richmond, VA, 23249. Tel. (804) 675-5000 x 4973;
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