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Ballén Castiblanco JE, Calvacanti Ferreira VH, Teixeira CA, Hantao LW. Classification of produced water samples using class-oriented chemometrics and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Talanta 2024; 268:125343. [PMID: 37913596 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Produced water (PW) is a type of wastewater that arises during oil and gas production. Due to its potential environmental impact, PW is one of the most closely monitored forms of wastewater in the petroleum industry. The total oil and grease (TOG) content in the water is a crucial parameter for assessing the environmental impact of PW. Traditional methods for analyzing TOG in PW can be time-consuming and may not be compatible with green chemistry principles. In this study, an alternative method for classifying PW samples is proposed using a one-class classifier (OCC) model, which has proven useful for classification problems. To achieve this goal, headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) combined with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) were employed to obtain TOG profiles from PW. A series of simulated PW samples containing TOG were generated using a mixture design comprising four petrochemicals at concentrations ranging from 10 mg L-1 to 50 mg L-1. The polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) fiber showed the most representative extraction of analytes. The optimization of the HS-SPME method was performed using a Doehlert design with two variables, and the final conditions were set at 80 °C and 70 min for extraction temperature and time, respectively. A pixel-based data approach was used to implement data-driven soft independent modeling by class analogy (DD-SIMCA). Although DD-SIMCA is a developing area in GC×GC studies, the proposed model produced outstanding results with a sensitivity of 94.3 %, specificity of 95.0 %, and accuracy of 94.5 %, considering the complex and broad compositional range of the modeled mixtures. These findings demonstrated the effectiveness of the OCC model approach in classifying PW samples according to environmental regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julián Eduardo Ballén Castiblanco
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology in Bioanalytics (INCTBio), Brazil
| | - Victor Hugo Calvacanti Ferreira
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology in Bioanalytics (INCTBio), Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Teixeira
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology in Bioanalytics (INCTBio), Brazil
| | - Leandro Wang Hantao
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology in Bioanalytics (INCTBio), Brazil.
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2
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Benedetti B, Di Carro M, Scapuzzi C, Magi E. Solvent-Free Determination of Selected Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Plant Material Used for Food Supplements Preparation: Optimization of a Solid Phase Microextraction Method. Molecules 2023; 28:5937. [PMID: 37630189 PMCID: PMC10459292 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28165937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The exploitation of waste and by-products in various applications is becoming a cornerstone of the circular economy. A range of biomasses can be employed to produce food supplements. An example is a particular extract obtained from plant buds (rich in bioactive molecules), which can be easily retrieved from cities' pruning. In order to safely use this material, its possible contamination by organic pollutants needs to be estimated. A green and simple method to detect priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in bud samples by head space solid phase microextraction coupled to GC-MS was developed. This strategy, optimized through experimental design and response surface methodology, requires a minimal sample pre-treatment and negligible solvent consumption. The final method was found to be accurate and sensitive for PAHs with mass up to 228 Da. For these analytes, satisfactory figures of merit were achieved, with detection limits in the range 1-4 ng g-1, good inter-day precision (relative standard deviation in the range 4-11%), and satisfactory accuracy (88-105%), along with specificity guaranteed by the selected ion monitoring detection. The method was applied to bud samples coming from differently polluted areas, thus helping in estimating the safety of their use for the production of food supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Emanuele Magi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, 16146 Genoa, Italy; (B.B.); (M.D.C.); (C.S.)
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3
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Santana AM, Arif S, Evteyeva K, Barbosa F, Campiglia AD. Investigation of the Effects of Dioctyl Sulfosuccinate on the Photodegradation of Benzo[a]Pyrene in Aqueous Solutions under Various Wavelength Regimes. Molecules 2023; 28:5797. [PMID: 37570768 PMCID: PMC10420635 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the relatively high concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in oil samples, oil spills in aquatic ecosystems release significant amounts of PAHs. Although remediation efforts often take place during or immediately after an oil spill incident, a portion of the released PAHs remains in the body of water. A natural phenomenon resulting from the direct exposure of PAHs to sunlight is photodegradation. This article investigates the effect of dioctyl sulfosuccinate (DOSS) on the photodegradation of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), the most toxic PAH in the priority pollutants list of the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). DOSS is a surfactant typically used in the remediation of oil spills. Three lamps with maximum emission wavelengths at 350 nm, 419 nm, and 575 nm were individually and simultaneously used to irradiate aqueous solutions of BaP in the absence and the presence of DOSS. When irradiated with the 419 nm lamp or the 575 lamp, BaP showed no photodegradation. Upon irradiation with the 350 nm lamp and with the simultaneous use of the three lamps, the photodegradation of BaP followed first-order kinetics. Independent of the irradiation wavelength, the presence of DOSS increased the half-life of BaP in the aqueous solution. In the case of the 350 nm lamp, the rate constant of photodegradation in the absence and the presence of DOSS varied from (3.79 ± 0.97) × 10-3 min-1 to (1.10 ± 0.13) × 10-3 min-1, respectively. Under simultaneous irradiation with the lamps, the rate constant of photodegradation varied from (1.12 ± 0.35) × 10-3 min (no DOSS) to (3.30 ± 0.87) × 10-4 (with DOSS). Since the largest rate constants of photodegradation were observed in the absence of DOSS, the longer half-lives of BaP in the presence of surfactant were attributed to the incorporation of PAH molecules into the DOSS micelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony M. Santana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, 4111 Libra Dr., Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Sadia Arif
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, 4111 Libra Dr., Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Kristina Evteyeva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, 4111 Libra Dr., Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Fernando Barbosa
- ASTox Lab—Analytical and System Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café s/n, Ribeirao Preto 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Andres D. Campiglia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, 4111 Libra Dr., Orlando, FL 32816, USA
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Dione CT, Ndiaye M, Delhomme O, Diebakate C, Ndiaye B, Diagne I, Cisse D, Hane M, Dione MM, Diouf S, Diop A, Millet M. Pollution of water in Africa: a review of contaminants and fish as biomonitors and analytical methodologies-the case of Senegal. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:2374-2391. [PMID: 36399299 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24216-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Environmental pollution is one of the major problems facing human health, ecosystems, and biodiversity. This is particularly the case for water quality in Senegal. Fish can be used as a biomonitor of pollution by accumulating pollutants from the environment through their tissues. Fish is an indispensable element in the assessment of the quality of the environment due to the diversity of biological cycles and their position in the food chain. Fish, which is very sensitive to chemical and bacterial pollution, concentrates pollutants and is a good indicator of water quality. This review presents water pollution in Senegal and the possibility of using fish as an ideal monitoring matrix for marine environments, to detect the concentration of heavy metals and organic pollutants. The different extraction and analytical techniques used for fish biomonitoring will be also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheikh Tidiane Dione
- Institute of Chemistry and Processes for Energy, Environment and Health (ICPEES, UMR 7515 CNRS), University of Strasbourg, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67087, Strasbourg Cedex 3, France
- Cheikh Anta Diop University (UCAD), Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Laboratory of Physical Organic Chemistry and Environmental Analysis (LCPOAE), Dakar, Senegal
| | - Momar Ndiaye
- Cheikh Anta Diop University (UCAD), Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Laboratory of Physical Organic Chemistry and Environmental Analysis (LCPOAE), Dakar, Senegal
| | - Olivier Delhomme
- Institute of Chemistry and Processes for Energy, Environment and Health (ICPEES, UMR 7515 CNRS), University of Strasbourg, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67087, Strasbourg Cedex 3, France
- Faculty of Sciences and Technics, Lorraine University, Metz, France
| | - Cheikhna Diebakate
- Cheikh Anta Diop University (UCAD), Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Department of Animal Biology, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Birame Ndiaye
- Cheikh Anta Diop University (UCAD), Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Laboratory of Physical Organic Chemistry and Environmental Analysis (LCPOAE), Dakar, Senegal
| | - Ibrahima Diagne
- Cheikh Anta Diop University (UCAD), Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Laboratory of Physical Organic Chemistry and Environmental Analysis (LCPOAE), Dakar, Senegal
| | - Dame Cisse
- Cheikh Anta Diop University (UCAD), Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Laboratory of Physical Organic Chemistry and Environmental Analysis (LCPOAE), Dakar, Senegal
| | - Maoudo Hane
- Cheikh Anta Diop University (UCAD), Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Laboratory of Physical Organic Chemistry and Environmental Analysis (LCPOAE), Dakar, Senegal
| | - Mame Mor Dione
- Cheikh Anta Diop University (UCAD), Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Laboratory of Physical Organic Chemistry and Environmental Analysis (LCPOAE), Dakar, Senegal
| | - Sitor Diouf
- Cheikh Anta Diop University (UCAD), Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Laboratory of Physical Organic Chemistry and Environmental Analysis (LCPOAE), Dakar, Senegal
| | - Abdoulaye Diop
- Cheikh Anta Diop University (UCAD), Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Laboratory of Physical Organic Chemistry and Environmental Analysis (LCPOAE), Dakar, Senegal
| | - Maurice Millet
- Institute of Chemistry and Processes for Energy, Environment and Health (ICPEES, UMR 7515 CNRS), University of Strasbourg, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67087, Strasbourg Cedex 3, France.
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5
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Rapid detection of four polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in drinking water by constant-wavelength synchronous fluorescence spectrometry. ANAL SCI 2023; 39:59-66. [PMID: 36223062 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-022-00200-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Based on the advantages of the good selectivity and high sensitivity of the synchronous fluorescence method, an efficient method using constant-wavelength synchronous fluorescence spectrometry (CWSFS) for simultaneous and rapid determination of four polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (acenaphthene, phenanthrene, benzo[a]anthracene and fluoranthene) in drinking water was established in this study. When the difference in wavelength (Δλ) at 100 nm was chosen for CWSFS scanning, the synchronous fluorescence spectra of the four PAHs could be well separated with only one single scan. Different from conventional fluorescence analysis, the established method can avoid the interference among the four PAHs each other and the interference of the drinking water sample matrix, so the four PAHs in drinking water could be well distinguished and determined. The concentrations of four PAHs in the range of 0.05-100 μg/L, 0.1-400 μg/L, 0.05-100 μg/L and 0.5-2000 μg/L showed a good linear relationship with fluorescence intensity. The limits of detection were 0.0058 μg/L, 0.021 μg/L, 0.0061 μg/L and 0.056 μg/L, respectively. The recoveries were in the range of 86.55-98.74%. Overall, the established CWSFS had the characteristics of simple, rapid, sensitive and accuracy, and had been applied to the determination of the four PAHs in various drinking water with satisfactory results.
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6
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Porous aromatic framework coated stir bar sorptive extraction coupled with gas chromatography for the analysis of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in atmospheric particles and environmental water samples. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1673:463139. [PMID: 35584565 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In this work, porous aromatic frameworks (PAFs) with different pore size were evaluated for simultaneous adsorption of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with large difference in polarity and molecular size. Two other porous organic polymers containing electron pushing/withdrawing group were investigated along for a comparison, and PAF-120 with the pore size of appr. 2.1 nm exhibited the highest extraction efficiency. Based on water contact angle and molecular dynamics simulation, the adsorption of 16 PAHs on PAF-120 was attributed to hydrophobic interaction, π-π interaction and molecular sieving effect. PAF-120/PDMS coated stir bar was then prepared by physical adhesion, and a method of stir bar sorptive extraction-gas chromatography-flame ionization detector was established for trace PAHs analysis in environmental samples. Under the optimal experimental conditions, the limits of detection (S/N = 3) for 16 PAHs were found to be in the range of 42-375 ng/L, with the relative standard deviations of 4.1-14.6% (n = 7). The enrichment factors varied from 31 (Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene) to 80-fold (anthracene), with the maximal enrichment factor of 100-fold. The proposed method was applied to the analysis of PAHs in local environmental water and atmospheric particle samples. None of the 16 PAHs were detected in the collected water samples. While for the collected atmospheric particles, 12 PAHs were detected in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) within the range of 0.6-2.8 ng/m3. For inhalable particulate matter (PM10) and total suspended particulate matter (TSP), 16 PAHs were all detected in the range of 0.6-3.8 ng/m3 and 0.6-5.9 ng/m3, respectively. Quantitative recoveries were obtained in recovery test, demonstrating the accuracy and application potential of the proposed method.
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7
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Chang N, Kang J, Wang F, Liu H, Wang X, Du X. Hydrothermal in situ growth and application of a novel flower-like phosphorous-doped titanium oxide nanoflakes on titanium alloy substrate for enhanced solid-phase microextraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water samples. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1208:339808. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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8
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Du J, Zhang R, Wang F, Du X. Development of a novel porous cobalt, phosphorus and nitrogen co-doped carbonaceous coating by phosphiding ZIF-67 grown on nitinol fiber for selective solid-phase microextraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from water samples. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:1498-1506. [PMID: 35343555 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay00340f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The nature and fabrication of the fiber coatings with good adsorption capacity and selectivity play a decisive role in solid-phase microextraction (SPME). In this work, a facile strategy was proposed to fabricate a cobalt, phosphorus and nitrogen co-doped carbonaceous (Co-P-NC) coating on superelastic nitinol (NiTi) substrate as a binder-free fiber for SPME. In particular, direct electrochemical in situ growth of ZIF-67 crystals served as the N-containing carbon precursor and sacrificial template for subsequent controllable conversion of ZIF-67 into a novel porous Co-P-NC coating on the NiTi wire substrate via a phosphiding process in a N2 atmosphere. The obtained NiTi wire with the Co-P-NC coating (NiTi@Co-P-NC) was employed to investigate the adsorption of some representative aromatic analytes in water samples for the first time coupling with high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection (HPLC/UV). The results proved that the resulting fiber showed superior adsorption selectivity for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Therefore, the key parameters were further examined for the adsorption and preconcentration of PAHs. Under the obtained conditions, linear chromatographic responses were achieved over the concentration ranges of 0.03-100 μg L-1 with the correlation coefficients ranging from 0.9980 to 0.9991. Limits of detection (LODs) were between 0.007 and 0.149 μg L-1 (S/N = 3). The developed SPME-HPLC/UV method was applied to selective preconcentration and sensitive determination of PAHs in water. Moreover, this fiber had good fiber preparation reproducibility and presented 120 adsorption and desorption cycles at the same time in practical SPME application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junliang Du
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Mianyang Normal University, Mianyang, 621000, China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China.
| | - Rong Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China.
| | - Feifei Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China.
| | - Xinzhen Du
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China.
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9
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Kohan DS, Lanno RP, Weavers LK. Using solid-phase microextraction during ultrasound reveals higher aqueous PAHs release from contaminated sediment. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2022; 85:105981. [PMID: 35320772 PMCID: PMC8938626 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2022.105981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound (US) releases polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from contaminated creosote sediments and degrades PAHs in aqueous solution. However, it is unclear how much PAHs release occurs during active US compared to after US is stopped. In this study, solid-phase microextraction (SPME) was used to determine aqueous PAH concentrations desorbed from Little Scioto River creosote contaminated sediment during exposure to 20 kHz ultrasound (US) at a power of 430 W L-1. First, SPME fiber-water partition coefficients,KSPME, were experimentally determined and shown to be comparable with previous studies. Next, PAH concentrations released into aqueous solution were determined by sequentially exposing fresh, conditioned SPME fibers in a reactor containing the contaminated sediment and DI for 10 min periods. Three consecutive 10 min periods each were measured during US and after US. Compared to mixing only, PAHs desorbed during ultrasound was significantly higher. In addition, for phenanthrene, anthracene, and fluoranthene, US showed significantly higher aqueous concentrations during US compared with after US. For these less soluble PAHs, desorption into the aqueous phase reaches and surpasses expected equilibrium aqueous concentrations. However, when US is ceased, PAHs appear to resorb onto sediment resulting in the lower concentrations measured in these PAH compounds after US that are similar to expected equilibrium aqueous concentrations. Typical analytical extraction methods for determining the effects of US require stopping treatment and may underestimate the potential US has for release of contaminants from sediment during US. Using SPME during US treatment reveals that the concentration of PAHs during US may surpass the expected equilibrium aqueous concentration of some PAHs congeners. To our knowledge, this higher concentration observed during US compared to after US has not been shown previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle S Kohan
- Environmental Science Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Roman P Lanno
- Environmental Science Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States; Department of Evolutionary Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Linda K Weavers
- Environmental Science Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States; Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States.
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10
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Wang F, Du J, Zhou H, Chang N, Kang J, Wang X, Du X. Controllable growth of flower-like hierarchical CoNiO2 nanoflakes anchored on Nitinol fiber substrate with good selectivity for highly efficient solid-phase microextraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1192:339371. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.339371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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11
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Hiki K, Fischer FC, Nishimori T, Watanabe H, Yamamoto H, Endo S. Spatiotemporal Distribution of Hydrophobic Organic Contaminants in Spiked-Sediment Toxicity Tests: Measuring Total and Freely Dissolved Concentrations in Porewater and Overlying Water. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2021; 40:3148-3158. [PMID: 34432908 PMCID: PMC9293400 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The sediment-water interface of spiked-sediment toxicity tests is a complex exposure system, where multiple uptake pathways exist for benthic organisms. The freely dissolved concentration (Cfree ) in sediment porewater has been proposed as a relevant exposure metric to hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) in this system. However, Cfree has rarely been measured in spiked-sediment toxicity tests. We first developed a direct immersion solid-phase microextraction method for measuring Cfree in overlying water and porewater in a sediment test using polydimethylsiloxane-coated glass fibers, resulting in sensitive and repeatable in situ measurements of HOCs. Then, we measured Cfree and total dissolved concentrations (Cdiss ) in the sediment test systems with the freshwater amphipod Hyalella azteca and thoroughly evaluated the temporal and spatial profiles of four HOCs (phenanthrene, pyrene, benzo[a]pyrene, and chlorpyrifos). Furthermore, we examined the relationship between the measured concentrations and the lethality of H. azteca. We found that the test system was far from an equilibrium state for all four chemicals tested, where Cdiss in overlying water changed over the test duration and a vertical Cfree gradient existed at the sediment-water interface. In porewater Cdiss was larger than Cfree by a factor of 170 to 220 for benzo[a]pyrene because of the strong binding to dissolved organic carbon. Comparison of the median lethal concentrations of chlorpyrifos in the sediment test and those in water-only tests indicates that Cfree in porewater was the most representative indicator for toxicity of this chemical. The method and findings presented in the present study warrant further research on the chemical transport mechanisms and the actual exposure in sediment tests using different chemicals, sediments, and test species. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:3148-3158. © 2021 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoshiro Hiki
- Health and Environmental Risk DivisionNational Institute for Environmental Studies, TsukubaIbarakiJapan
| | - Fabian Christoph Fischer
- Health and Environmental Risk DivisionNational Institute for Environmental Studies, TsukubaIbarakiJapan
| | - Takahiro Nishimori
- Health and Environmental Risk DivisionNational Institute for Environmental Studies, TsukubaIbarakiJapan
| | - Haruna Watanabe
- Health and Environmental Risk DivisionNational Institute for Environmental Studies, TsukubaIbarakiJapan
| | - Hiroshi Yamamoto
- Health and Environmental Risk DivisionNational Institute for Environmental Studies, TsukubaIbarakiJapan
| | - Satoshi Endo
- Health and Environmental Risk DivisionNational Institute for Environmental Studies, TsukubaIbarakiJapan
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12
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Zhang L, Liu P, Zhou H, Du J, Wang X, Du X. Rapid and Highly Efficient Solid-Phase Microextraction Based on in Situ Derivation of Robust Carbonaceous Nanostrips on Anodized Titanium Fiber for Sensitive Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Environmental Water. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2021.1985535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Pei Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hua Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Junliang Du
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xuemei Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Lab of Bioelectrochemistry & Environmental Analysis of Gansu, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xinzhen Du
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Lab of Bioelectrochemistry & Environmental Analysis of Gansu, Lanzhou, China
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13
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Derivation of carbonaceous nanoparticles from glucose-modified nickel-titanium oxide nanoparticles grown on Nitinol fiber for solid phase microextraction of several polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water samples. TALANTA OPEN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talo.2020.100030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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14
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Zhang R, Du J, Wang F, Wang X, Du X. Temperature and time-controlled hydrothermal growth and sorption selectivity of titania nanowires on titanium fiber for highly efficient solid-phase microextraction. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1653:462400. [PMID: 34333171 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Two kinds of TiO2 nanowires (TiO2NWs) with different orientation were in-situ grown on Ti substrates by controlling temperature and time during the hydrothermal process. The adsorption performance was evaluated by using typical aromatic compounds as model analytes coupled to HPLC with UV detection. The results demonstrated that the TiO2NWs coating grown at higher temperature within longer time had better affinity towards PAHs. For this purpose, the key experimental factors affecting the adsorption performance of the TiO2NWs coating fabricated at 200 °C for 10 h were further investigated and optimized for the extraction of PAHs. Under the optimized conditions, the proposed method presented linear responses in the concentration ranges of 0.05 to 200 μg·L-1 PAHs with correlation coefficients more than 0.998. LODs (S/N=3) were 0.008 to 0.034 μg·L-1. Moreover, RSDs for the single fiber repeatability of the intra-day and the inter-day analyses were less than 5.6% (n=5) and 5.8%, respectively. RSDs for the fiber-to-fiber reproducibility were between 5.1% and 6.5%. Finally, the proposed method was successfully applied to the selective preconcentration and determination of trace PAHs in environmental water samples. In addition, The fabricated Ti fiber can be used at least 200 times due to its high mechanical and chemical stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Junliang Du
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Feifei Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Xuemei Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Xinzhen Du
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China; Key Lab of Bioelectrochemistry & Environmental Analysis of Gansu, Lanzhou 730070, China.
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15
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Mollahosseini A, Rastegari M, Panahi-Dehghan M. Electrospun Polyacrylonitrile/Clinoptilolite Coating for SPME of PAHs from Water Samples. J Chromatogr Sci 2021; 60:401-407. [PMID: 34159366 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmab082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Electrospun polyacrylonitrile/clinoptilolite (PAN/CP) nanofibers were used to extract polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (acenaphthene, acenaphthylene, naphthalene, and phenanthrene) from water samples by solid-phase microextraction (SPME). The target PAHs was detected and quantified by gas chromatography equipped with a flame ionization detector. The PAN/CP fibrous coating with uniform morphology and without beads was electrospun after optimizing the electrospinning parameters by the Taguchi method. Thermogravimetric analysis of PAN/CP nanofibers indicated that the nanofibers are thermally stable up to 357°C. The effective parameters that affect the extraction by SPME were optimized using the response surface methodology based on the central composite design. The limits of detection and limits of quantification by the proposed method were 0.10-0.32 and 0.45-1.12 ng mL-1, respectively. The relative standard deviations were below 12%. The method was assessed for extracting PAHs from real samples including agricultural water, rainwater and spring water. The obtained relative recoveries were higher than 86%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsaneh Mollahosseini
- Research Laboratory of Spectroscopy & Micro and Nano Extraction, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 16846/13114, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rastegari
- Research Laboratory of Spectroscopy & Micro and Nano Extraction, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 16846/13114, Tehran, Iran.,Environmental Research Laboratory, School of Civil Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 16846/13114, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohadeseh Panahi-Dehghan
- Research Laboratory of Spectroscopy & Micro and Nano Extraction, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 16846/13114, Tehran, Iran
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16
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Huang P, Kou H, Wang X, Zhou Z, Du X, Lu X. Porous cage-like hollow magnetic carbon-doped CoO nanocomposite as an advanced sorbent for magnetic solid-phase extraction of nine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Talanta 2021; 227:122149. [PMID: 33714461 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study, porous cage-like hollow magnetic carbon-doped CoO nanocomposite (CoO@C) was successfully synthesized using a metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as precursor by one-step calcination method in this work. The obtained nanoporous composite showed excellent magnetic response by taking advantage of the magnetism of CoO even without the Fe3O4, making it an advanced sorbent for magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE). The Co-MOF and CoO@C were characterized by XRD, TGA, SEM, TEM, vibrating sample magnetometry, and FT-IR spectroscopy. Based on this, a method using CoO@C for MSPE coupled with HPLC was established for the analysis of nine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from various real water samples. The amount of sorbent, extraction times, extraction temperature, desorption times, oscillation rate, and elution volume were optimized. Under the optimal conditions, the method had good relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 1.1%-6.5% and a satisfying linearity range of 0.5-1000 μg L-1. The low LOD and LOQ for nine PAHs were found to be 0.06-1.30 μg L-1 and 0.19-4.30 μg L-1, respectively. The experimental results indicated that the prepared nanocomposite showed excellent adsorption capacity compared to other commercial sorbents and has potential applications for the removal of hazardous pollutants from environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Bioelectrochemistry & Environmental Analysis of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, PR China
| | - Haixia Kou
- Key Laboratory of Bioelectrochemistry & Environmental Analysis of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, PR China
| | - Xuemei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioelectrochemistry & Environmental Analysis of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, PR China.
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Bioelectrochemistry & Environmental Analysis of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, PR China
| | - Xinzhen Du
- Key Laboratory of Bioelectrochemistry & Environmental Analysis of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, PR China
| | - Xiaoquan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Bioelectrochemistry & Environmental Analysis of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, PR China
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17
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Terzaghi E, Falakdin P, Fattore E, Di Guardo A. Estimating temporal and spatial levels of PAHs in air using rain samples and SPME analysis: Feasibility evaluation in an urban scenario. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 762:144184. [PMID: 33360473 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing interest in evaluating the role of concentration changes of contaminants in temporal and spatial gradients. This is often relevant for fast moving environmental phases such as air and water. In this paper, small volumes of rainwater were sampled as proxy for air concentrations of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs): rain was collected in three sampling sites (high traffic, restricted traffic and a low traffic zone) in Como. Solid phase micro extraction (SPME) was used for the extraction to reduce required sample volumes, allowing the acquisition of more samples in time. Rain samples highlighted a spatial and temporal variability along a traffic gradient in the Como city, especially for the most abundant PAH, e.g. phenanthrene. Air concentrations were then estimated from rain concentrations. The results show that this is a cheap and promising method, although requiring rainfall/snowfall conditions, that can be used to perform monitoring campaign of air concentrations at a higher temporal and spatial resolution than the adopted standard methods (e.g. high-volume air samplers). The results could be employed for evaluation of the exposure, emission profiles and calibration of fate models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Terzaghi
- Department of Science and High Technology (DiSAT), University of Insubria, via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Parisa Falakdin
- Department of Science and High Technology (DiSAT), University of Insubria, via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Elena Fattore
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri" IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Di Guardo
- Department of Science and High Technology (DiSAT), University of Insubria, via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy.
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18
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Vasconcelos PHM, Camelo ALM, de Lima ACA, do Nascimento HO, Vidal CB, do Nascimento RF, Lopes GS, Longhinotti E. Chemometric tools applied to optimize a fast solid-phase microextraction method for analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in produced water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:8012-8021. [PMID: 33044696 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10881-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Chemometric tools are powerful strategies to efficiently optimize many processes. These tools were employed to optimize a fast-solid phase microextraction procedure, which was used for the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in oil-based produced water using a Headspace-Solid Phase Microextraction technique (HS-SPME/GC-MS). This optimization was achieved with a 24 factorial design approach, where the final conditions for this extraction procedure were 10 μg L-1, 1 h, 92 °C (at headspace), and 0.62 mol L-1 for PAHs concentration, fiber exposition to headspace, temperature, and NaCl concentration, respectively. The limit of detection (LOD) in this protocol ranged from 0.2 to 41.4 ng L-1, while recovery values from 67.65 to 113.10%. Besides that, relative standard deviation (RSD) were lower than 8.39% considering high molecular weight compounds. Moreover, the proposed methodology in this work does not require any previous treatment of the sample and allows to quantify a higher number of PAHs. Notably, naphthalene was the major PAHs compound quantified in all samples of the produced water at 99.99 μg L-1. Altogether, these results supported this methodology as a suitable analytical strategy for fast determination of PAHs in produced water from oil-based industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - André Luiz M Camelo
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Ceará, Limoeiro do Norte, CE, 62930-000, Brazil
| | - Ari Clecius A de Lima
- Industrial Technology Center of Ceará Foundation (Núcleo de Tecnologia e Qualidade Industrial do Ceará - NUTEC), Fortaleza, CE, 60440-552, Brazil
| | - Hélio O do Nascimento
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Physical Chemistry, Federal University of Ceará, Campus do Pici, Fortaleza, CE, 60440-900, Brazil
| | - Carla B Vidal
- Centro Universitario UniFanor, Campus Dunas, R. Antonio Gomes Guimaraes, 150, Papicu, Fortaleza, CE, 60191-195, Brazil
- Centro Universitário UniFametro, Campus Carneiro da Cunha, R. Carneiro da Cunha, 180, Jacarecanga, Fortaleza, CE, 60010-470, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo F do Nascimento
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Physical Chemistry, Federal University of Ceará, Campus do Pici, Fortaleza, CE, 60440-900, Brazil.
| | - Gisele S Lopes
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Physical Chemistry, Federal University of Ceará, Campus do Pici, Fortaleza, CE, 60440-900, Brazil
| | - Elisane Longhinotti
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Physical Chemistry, Federal University of Ceará, Campus do Pici, Fortaleza, CE, 60440-900, Brazil.
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19
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A green analytical method for the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in oral fluids from crack smokers. Bioanalysis 2020; 12:1711-1724. [PMID: 33275040 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2020-0251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Develop and validate a method of solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and liquid chromatography to investigate three major polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in oral fluid. Results/Methodology: The extraction phase was exposed to 1.5 ml of diluted oral fluid under stirring at 1000 rpm for 60 min, at 70°C. Then, it was immersed in 200 μl of acetonitrile for 10 min at 25°C for desorption of the analytes. Linearity, absolute recovery, and inter- and intra-assay relative standard deviations and relative errors were 50-300 ng.ml-1, ≥24% and ≤15% for all analytes, respectively. A full factorial design was used to SPME optimization. Discussion/Conclusion: The method is suitable for the exploratory analysis of some PAHs in the oral fluid of crack smokers.
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20
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Liu P, Zhou H, Zhang L, Wang F, Wang X, Du X. Highly efficient solid-phase microextraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water based on worm-like nickel-titanium oxide nanocomposites coating grown on a nickel-titanium alloy wire by low-voltage anodization. J Sep Sci 2020; 44:628-635. [PMID: 33200880 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A novel worm-like nickel-titanium oxide nanocomposite coating was directly grown on a nickel-titanium alloy wire by low-voltage electrochemical anodization in alkaline ethylene glycol and water solution. The in situ growth of nickel-titanium oxide nanocomposites greatly depended on the volume ratio of ethylene glycol to water and temperature. Coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection by static desorption in the mobile phase, the adsorption performance of the as-prepared fiber was evaluated for solid-phase microextraction of representative environmental analytes in water. The results indicate that the as-prepared fiber exhibits higher extraction capability for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons than commercial polydimethylsiloxane and polyacrylate fibers. After optimizing the extraction parameters, the calibration graphs of the developed method was linear in the range of 0.05-200 μg/L with correlation coefficients above 0.998. Limit of detection ranged from 0.013 to 0.145 μg/L for seven target analytes. Relative standard deviations of intraday and interday analyses varied from 4.0 to 5.3% and from 4.7 to 6.3% with the single fiber, respectively. The relative recoveries of 84.4-109% were achieved for highly efficient enrichment and determination of target analytes in spiked river and snow water. Moreover, the as-prepared fiber can be used more than 200 times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, P. R. China
| | - Hua Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, P. R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, P. R. China
| | - Feifei Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xuemei Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, P. R. China.,Key Lab of Bioelectrochemistry & Environmental Analysis of Gansu, Lanzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xinzhen Du
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, P. R. China.,Key Lab of Bioelectrochemistry & Environmental Analysis of Gansu, Lanzhou, P. R. China
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21
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Arcoleo A, Bianchi F, Careri M. Helical multi-walled carbon nanotube-coated fibers for solid-phase microextraction determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at ultra-trace levels in ice and snow samples. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1631:461589. [PMID: 33022570 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) detected in polar environment are recognized tracers of anthropogenic pollution. High sensitivity and selectivity are required for their analysis in ice and snow samples due to the presence at ultra-trace levels. In this study a solid-phase microextraction (SPME) gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method for simultaneous determination of the 16 US-EPA priority pollutant PAHs in polar snow and ice samples was developed and validated. Helical multiwalled carbon nanotubes (HMWCNTs) were proposed for the first time as novel SPME coating. For optimization purposes a Central Composite Design and the multicriteria method of the desirability functions were applied to investigate the influence of extraction parameters, i.e. time and temperature as main factors. The optimal values were 68 °C for the extraction temperature and 60 min for the extraction time. The developed SPME-GC-MS method exhibited detection limits of 16 PAHs in the 0.1-1.2 ng/L range, a repeatability and an intermediate precision within 15% and 22% relative standard deviation, respectively, and good recovery rates in the 93.7 (± 0.1)-119.7 (± 0.2)% range for real spiked water sample, showing better analytical performance compared to commercial PDMS fibers. Enrichment factors in the 2670 (± 290)-142120 (± 580) range were calculated and a long fiber shelf-life with the possibility to reuse the fiber more than 200 times was achieved. Finally, the proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of PAHs in surface snow samples collected in April 2019 at Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard. Its application to the detection of PAHs in samples collected during monitoring campaigns in the polar regions is expected in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Arcoleo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Federica Bianchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Maria Careri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
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22
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Zhou H, Liu P, Du J, Wang F, Wang X, Du X. Selective and efficient solid-phase microextraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water by robust two-dimensional zinc oxide nanosheets grown on a superelastic nickel-titanium alloy fiber prior to determination by HPLC-UV. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:5086-5096. [PMID: 33043955 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay01469a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Oriented zinc oxide nanosheets (ZnONSs) were directly grown on pretreated nickel-titanium alloy (NiTi) fiber substrates without a traditional seeding layer of ZnO by electrochemical deposition for the first time. The fiber coatings were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry. Direct growth of ZnONSs on the NiTi fiber substrate was dependent on the type of zinc salt. The adsorption performance of the ZnONSs coatings was evaluated using representative aromatic compounds as model analytes together with high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. The as-prepared fiber shows higher extraction capability for the selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) than for ultraviolet filters in water samples, and better extraction selectivity for PAHs. For this purpose, the important experimental parameters were optimized for the extraction of PAHs. Under the optimized conditions, the calibration curves are linear in the range of 0.03-200 μg L-1 with correlation coefficients greater than 0.999. Limits of detection ranged from 0.011 μg L-1 to 0.082 μg L-1. Intra-day and inter-day relative standard deviations (RSDs) of the developed method with a single fiber ranged from 2.69% to 4.18% and from 4.44% to 5.40%, respectively. RSDs for the fiber-to-fiber reproducibility varied between 5.57% and 7.66%. The developed method was successfully applied for selective preconcentration and determination of trace PAHs in five real water samples. Relative recoveries varied from 84.5% to 104% with RSDs between 1.65% and 8.30%. Furthermore, the as-prepared fiber is highly stable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Pei Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Junliang Du
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Feifei Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Xuemei Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China. and Key Lab of Bioelectrochemistry & Environmental Analysis of Gansu, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Xinzhen Du
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China. and Key Lab of Bioelectrochemistry & Environmental Analysis of Gansu, Lanzhou 730070, China
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23
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Ahad JME, Macdonald RW, Parrott JL, Yang Z, Zhang Y, Siddique T, Kuznetsova A, Rauert C, Galarneau E, Studabaker WB, Evans M, McMaster ME, Shang D. Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) in the Canadian environment: A review of sampling techniques, strategies and instrumentation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 266:114988. [PMID: 32679437 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A wide variety of sampling techniques and strategies are needed to analyze polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) and interpret their distributions in various environmental media (i.e., air, water, snow, soils, sediments, peat and biological material). In this review, we provide a summary of commonly employed sampling methods and strategies, as well as a discussion of routine and innovative approaches used to quantify and characterize PACs in frequently targeted environmental samples, with specific examples and applications in Canadian investigations. The pros and cons of different analytical techniques, including gas chromatography - flame ionization detection (GC-FID), GC low-resolution mass spectrometry (GC-LRMS), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet, fluorescence or MS detection, GC high-resolution MS (GC-HRMS) and compound-specific stable (δ13C, δ2H) and radiocarbon (Δ14C) isotope analysis are considered. Using as an example research carried out in Canada's Athabasca oil sands region (AOSR), where alkylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and sulfur-containing dibenzothiophenes are frequently targeted, the need to move beyond the standard list of sixteen EPA priority PAHs and for adoption of an AOSR bitumen PAC reference standard are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M E Ahad
- Geological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada, Québec, QC, G1K 9A9, Canada.
| | - Robie W Macdonald
- Institute of Ocean Sciences, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Sidney, BC, V8L 4B2, Canada
| | - Joanne L Parrott
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON, L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Zeyu Yang
- Emergencies Science and Technology Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Yifeng Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Tariq Siddique
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G7, Canada
| | - Alsu Kuznetsova
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G7, Canada
| | - Cassandra Rauert
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, ON, M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Elisabeth Galarneau
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, ON, M3H 5T4, Canada
| | | | - Marlene Evans
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 3H5, Canada
| | - Mark E McMaster
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON, L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Dayue Shang
- Pacific Environmental Science Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, North Vancouver, BC, V7H 1B1, Canada
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24
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Liu Y, An C, Zhang R, Du J, Wang X, Du X. Modulating the selectivity of solid-phase microextraction fibers based on morphological, compositional, and size-depended control of bimetallic oxide nanostructures grown on nickel-titanium alloy substrates. Mikrochim Acta 2020; 187:501. [PMID: 32803379 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-020-04481-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Nickel-titanium oxide nanotubes (NiTiONTs), nanoparticles, and nanopores were in situ grown on NiTi fiber substrates by controlling anodization parameters. The adsorption performance of different bimetallic oxide nanostructures was evaluated using typical aromatic compounds including chlorophenols, phthalic acid esters, ultraviolet filters (UVFs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) coupled to HPLC-UV. The results clearly indicate that these NiTiO nanostructures show good extraction capability for UVFs and PAHs. The extraction performance of UVFs and PAHs greatly depends on the surface morphologies and sizes of the grown NiTiO nanostructures along with their elemental compositions. Compared with NiTiO nanoparticle and nanopore coatings, the longer well-aligned NiTiONT coating exhibits better extraction capability and selectivity for PAHs than for UVFs. Therefore, the extraction parameters of the NiTi@NiTiONT fiber for PAHs were investigated and optimized. Under optimized conditions, the proposed method was linear in the range 0.05-200 μg L-1 with correlation coefficients above 0.999. Limits of detection were between 0.008 and 0.124 μg L-1. Relative standard deviations (RSDs) of the intra-day and the inter-day analyses with the single fiber varied from 4.09 to 6.33%. RSDs for fiber-to-fiber reproducibility of the proposed method with five fibers prepared in different batches were between 5.75 and 7.43%. The applicability of the proposed method was investigated by the enrichment and determination of target PAHs in environmental water samples and relative recoveries of 84.5 ± 6.5 - 116 ± 7.8% were achieved. Notably, the prepared fiber was stable up to 250 times. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Chanchan An
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Junliang Du
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Xuemei Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Xinzhen Du
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China. .,Key Laboratory of Bioelectrochemistry & Environmental Analysis of Gansu, Lanzhou, 730070, China.
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25
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Manafi Khoshmanesh S, Hamishehkar H, Razmi H. Trace analysis of organophosphorus pesticide residues in fruit juices and vegetables by an electrochemically fabricated solid-phase microextraction fiber coated with a layer-by-layer graphenized graphite/graphene oxide/polyaniline nanocomposite. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:3268-3276. [PMID: 32930190 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay00626b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Herein, a solid-phase microextraction pencil lead fiber coated with a layer-by-layer graphenized graphite/graphene oxide/polyaniline nanocomposite (GG/GO/PANI) was fabricated by an in situ electrochemical technique for the trace analysis of organophosphorus pesticide residues in packed grape and apple juice and also fresh tomato samples. The effects of various parameters, including the type of desorption solvent, adsorption time, desorption time, pH, salt addition, and stirring rate, on the extraction efficiency of the studied pesticides were investigated and accordingly, these parameters were optimized. The proposed fiber demonstrated desirable linear ranges (0.01-300 μg L-1) with good correlation coefficients (R2 ≥ 0.996) as well as low limits of detection (0.003-0.03 μg L-1) for the studied pesticides. The relative standard deviations (n = 5) for the extraction of 50 μg L-1 of each analyte were less than 7 and 11.5% for inter and intra-day precisions, respectively. This fast, facile, and repeatable electrochemical fabrication method produced a porous and homogeneous coating. The proposed fiber demonstrated good extraction efficiency, high stability, and long life-time despite being low cost. The successful application of the proposed fiber for the trace determination of pesticides in complex food matrices was proven by the satisfactory relative recoveries of 80.7-116.5%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Manafi Khoshmanesh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Hamed Hamishehkar
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Habib Razmi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran.
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26
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Template-directed fabrication of zeolitic imidazolate framework-67-derived coating materials on nickel/titanium alloy fiber substrate for selective solid-phase microextraction. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1618:460855. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.460855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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27
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Tian Y, Feng X, Zhang Y, Yu Q, Wang X, Tian M. Determination of Volatile Water Pollutants Using Cross-Linked Polymeric Ionic Liquid as Solid Phase Micro-Extraction Coatings. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12020292. [PMID: 32024255 PMCID: PMC7077427 DOI: 10.3390/polym12020292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionic liquids found a wide application in catalysis and extraction due to their unique properties. Herein, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as the cross-linker and 1-vinyl-3- butylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate as functional monomer via thermally initiated free-radical polymerization was prepared as a novel copolymer solid phase micro-extraction (SPME) coating. A surface modified stainless-steel wire was implemented as the substrate. Factors affecting the extraction performances of the copolymer, including the molar ratio of monomers to cross-linkers, the amount of porogen agent, and polymerization time were evaluated and optimized. To evaluate the extraction performance, five commonly seen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were taken as the analytical targets. The potential factors affecting extraction efficiency were optimized. The as-prepared SPME device, coupled with gas chromatography, was successfully applied for the determination of PAHs in water samples. The wide linear range, low detection limit, good reproducibility, selectivity, and excellent thermal stability indicate the promising application of the newly developed SPME fiber in environmental monitoring as well as in other samples having complex matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Tian
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China;
| | - Xilan Feng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China; (X.F.); (Y.Z.); (M.T.)
| | - Yuping Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China; (X.F.); (Y.Z.); (M.T.)
| | - Quan Yu
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China;
- Correspondence: (Q.Y.); (X.W.); Tel.: +86-755-2603-5201 (Q.Y.); +86-755-2603-6618 (X.W.)
| | - Xiaohao Wang
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China;
- Correspondence: (Q.Y.); (X.W.); Tel.: +86-755-2603-5201 (Q.Y.); +86-755-2603-6618 (X.W.)
| | - Mengkui Tian
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China; (X.F.); (Y.Z.); (M.T.)
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Shahhoseini F, Azizi A, Egli SN, Bottaro CS. Single-use porous thin film extraction with gas chromatography atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry for high-throughput analysis of 16 PAHs. Talanta 2020; 207:120320. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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29
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Azizi A, Shahhoseini F, Bottaro CS. Magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers prepared by reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer polymerization for dispersive solid phase extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1610:460534. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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30
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Tailoring the selectivity of titania nanowire arrays grown on titanium fibers by self-assembled modification of trichlorophenylsilane for solid-phase microextraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Mikrochim Acta 2019; 186:536. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-019-3553-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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31
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Razmi H, Manafi Khoshmanesh S. An in situ electrochemical fabrication of layer by layer graphenized graphite polyaniline as a stable solid‐phase microextraction fiber coating for trace environmental analysis. J Sep Sci 2019; 42:1364-1373. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201801200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Habib Razmi
- Department of ChemistryFaculty of Basic SciencesAzarbaijan Shahid Madani University Tabriz Iran
| | - Sara Manafi Khoshmanesh
- Department of ChemistryFaculty of Basic SciencesAzarbaijan Shahid Madani University Tabriz Iran
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32
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Wang Z, Wang F, Zhang R, Wang Z, Du X. A new strategy for electrochemical fabrication of manganese dioxide coatings based on silica nanoparticles deposited on titanium fibers for selective and highly efficient solid-phase microextraction. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj06312e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical fabrication of a novel Ti@TiO2@SiO2NPs@MnO2/PPyNPs fiber and its application in solid-phase microextraction coupled to HPLC-UV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Northwest Normal University
- Lanzhou 730070
- China
| | - Feifei Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Northwest Normal University
- Lanzhou 730070
- China
| | - Rong Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Northwest Normal University
- Lanzhou 730070
- China
| | - Zuo Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Northwest Normal University
- Lanzhou 730070
- China
| | - Xinzhen Du
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Northwest Normal University
- Lanzhou 730070
- China
- Key Lab of Bioelectrochemistry & Environmental Analysis of Gansu
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33
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34
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Lee D, Kim D, Lee H, Noh TH, Lee YA, Jung OS. Adsorption of anthracene substitutes into suprachannels: bulk vs. included guests. CrystEngComm 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ce02185f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Investigation of FRET of included anthracene substitutes within unusual hydrophobic suprachannels was carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daseul Lee
- Department of Chemistry
- Pusan National University
- Pusan 46241
- Korea
| | - Dongwon Kim
- Department of Chemistry
- Pusan National University
- Pusan 46241
- Korea
| | - Haeri Lee
- Department of Chemistry
- Pusan National University
- Pusan 46241
- Korea
| | - Tae Hwan Noh
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemistry Education
- Chunbuk National University
- Jeonju 54896
- Korea
| | - Young-A Lee
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemistry Education
- Chunbuk National University
- Jeonju 54896
- Korea
| | - Ok-Sang Jung
- Department of Chemistry
- Pusan National University
- Pusan 46241
- Korea
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35
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Dörter M, Sağırlı E, Karakaş D, Yenisoy-Karakaş S. Investigation of Washing Mechanisms in Volume-Based Fractional Rain Samples in High Altitude Semirural Site by Determining Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Elemental Carbon, and Organic Carbon. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2018.1545134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melike Dörter
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Eda Sağırlı
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Duran Karakaş
- Environmental Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Serpil Yenisoy-Karakaş
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
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36
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Modern Instrumental Limits of Identification of Ignitable Liquids in Forensic Fire Debris Analysis. SEPARATIONS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/separations5040058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Forensic fire debris analysis is an important part of fire investigation, and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is the accepted standard for detection of ignitable liquids in fire debris. While GC-MS is the dominant technique, comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC×GC-MS) is gaining popularity. Despite the broad use of these techniques, their sensitivities are poorly characterized for petroleum-based ignitable liquids. Accordingly, we explored the limit of identification (LOI) using the protocols currently applied in accredited forensic labs for two 75% evaporated gasolines and a 25% evaporated diesel as both neat samples and in the presence of interfering pyrolysate typical of fire debris. GC-MSD (mass selective detector (MS)), GC-TOF (time-of-flight (MS)), and GC×GC-TOF were evaluated under matched conditions to determine the volume of ignitable liquid required on-column for correct identification by three experienced forensic examiners performing chromatographic interpretation in accordance with ASTM E1618-14. GC-MSD provided LOIs of ~0.6 pL on-column for both neat gasolines, and ~12.5 pL on-column for neat diesel. In the presence of pyrolysate, the gasoline LOIs increased to ~6.2 pL on-column, while diesel could not be correctly identified at the concentrations tested. For the neat dilutions, GC-TOF generally provided 2× better sensitivity over GC-MSD, while GC×GC-TOF generally resulted in 10× better sensitivity over GC-MSD. In the presence of pyrolysate, GC-TOF was generally equivalent to GC-MSD, while GC×GC-TOF continued to show 10× greater sensitivity relative to GC-MSD. Our findings demonstrate the superior sensitivity of GC×GC-TOF and provide an important approach for interlaboratory benchmarking of modern instrumental performance in fire debris analysis.
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37
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Yazdanpanah M, Nojavan S. Micro-solid phase extraction of some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from environmental water samples using magnetic β-cyclodextrin-carbon nano-tube composite as a sorbent. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1585:34-45. [PMID: 30528253 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.11.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated the excellent capability of the cyclodextrins in pre-concentration of the organic pollutants from the aqueous solutions. In this work, β-cyclodextrin- multiwalled carbon nano-tube composite was produced from the reaction of oxidized carbon nano-tube with cyclodextrin in the presence of the hydrazine hydrate, and subsequently attaching this composite to the iron oxide nano-particles. Prepared magnetic nano-composite was characterized by the attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), the field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and the X-ray diffraction (XRD). This composite was applied to extract seven polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from the environmental water samples as follows: naphthalene, acenaphthene, fluorene, phenanthrene, fluoranthene, pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene. Analytes analysis was performed using the gas chromatography (GC) followed by the flame ionization detection (FID), and the predominant parameters influencing the extraction efficiency were investigated thoroughly. Under the optimized extraction conditions, the enrichment factor (EF) was ranging from 41.3 to 49.3 (EFmax = 50.0), and a suitable linearity was obtained (R2 = 0.992-0.997) within the range of 2.0-1000 ng/mL. The limits of the quantification and detection were 2.0-10.0 and 0.6-3.0 ng/mL, respectively. Finally, the synthesized magnetic sorbent and method were successfully utilized for the analysis of rain, well and agricultural water samples. The relative recoveries were ranging from 75.3-107.0% with an acceptable precision (5.5-8.3%) for PAHs extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Yazdanpanah
- Department of analytical chemistry and pollutants, Shahid Beheshti University, G. C., Evin, Tehran 1983969411, Iran
| | - Saeed Nojavan
- Department of analytical chemistry and pollutants, Shahid Beheshti University, G. C., Evin, Tehran 1983969411, Iran.
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38
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Sun T, Wang D, Tang Y, Xing X, Zhuang J, Cheng J, Du Z. Fabric-phase sorptive extraction coupled with ion mobility spectrometry for on-site rapid detection of PAHs in aquatic environment. Talanta 2018; 195:109-116. [PMID: 30625520 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The contamination of water is a high risk to human health, so there is an urgent need to rapidly detect water pollution in the field. Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) is suitable for on-site analysis with the merit of rapid analysis and compact size. In this study, we developed a new method which coupled fabric phase sorptive extraction (FPSE) with IMS for rapid detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water present in the field. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) was coated on the glass fiber cloth through a sol-gel reaction. After extracting the PAHs in water, the fabric coated PDMS could be directly put into the inlet of IMS instrument for thermal desorption. The PAHs were analyzed by the IMS instrument operated in the positive ion mode with a corona discharge (CD) ionization source. The primary parameters affecting extraction efficiency such as extraction time, extraction temperature, and ionic strength were investigated and optimized by using phenanthrene (Phe), benzo[a]anthracene (BaA) and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) as model compounds. Under the optimal conditions, the FPSE-IMS detection limits were 5 ng ml-1,8 ng ml-1 and 10 ng ml-1 respectively. Satisfactory recoveries were obtained in the range from 80.5% to 100.5% by testing the spiked real water samples and validated by the standard method(HJ487-2009). Based on the results, the method of FPSE-IMS could be feasibly applied for monitoring the water quality on-site and providing early warning in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tangqiang Sun
- College of Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Di Wang
- College of Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Tang
- College of Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Xuebin Xing
- College of Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Jingcong Zhuang
- College of Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaxing Cheng
- College of Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenxia Du
- College of Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China.
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39
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Zhou S, Wang H, Jin P, Wang Z, Wang X, Du X. An effective strategy for controlled fabrication and self-assembled modification of template-supported silica nanosheets on a superelastic nickel-titanium alloy fiber for highly efficient solid-phase microextraction. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1569:17-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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40
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Silver nanoparticles supported onto a stainless steel wire for direct-immersion solid-phase microextraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons prior to their determination by GC-FID. Mikrochim Acta 2018; 185:341. [PMID: 29946867 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-018-2880-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The authors describe a new coating for use in solid-phase microextraction (SPME). Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were prepared by using gallic acid or glucose as the reducing agents, and then supported onto a stainless steel wire that was previously coated with a silver mirror. Coating with AgNPs was performed by a layer-by-layer approach of up to eight cycles of consecutive deposition of AgNPs and the thiol linker 1,8-octanedithiol. This procedure allows proper control of the coating thickness. Thicknesses are 3.2 μm and 3.5 μm with AgNPs obtained with gallic acid and glucose, respectively. This is in agreement with theoretical estimations (3.8 μm). The fibers were used in the direct-immersion SPME-GC-FID determination of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from different waters. The performance of the method was compared to the one using polydimethylsiloxane fibers (100 μm), which is the most suitable commercial SPME fiber for PAHs. Despite the low thickness of the AgNP coatings (compared to PDMS), the analytical features of the method using the most adequate coating (AgNPs prepared with gallic acid) include: (a) limits of detection down to 0.6 ng·mL-1; (b) intra-day, inter-day, and inter-fiber precisions (expressed as RSDs) lower than 22, 26 and 25%, respectively; and (c) an operational lifetime of ~150 extractions/desorption cycles. The analysis of various spiked environmental waters using these fibers resulted in adequate analytical performance. Graphical abstract Silver nanoparticle based coatings for solid-phase microextraction fibers were prepared by a layer-by-layer approach. They were used for determination of 16 PAHs in waters by gas chromatography. Limits of detection are < 14 μg·L-1 and intra-day, inter-day, and inter-fiber precisions are <26%.
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41
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Farrokhzadeh S, Razmi H. Facile preparation of a chicken feet yellow membrane coated fiber for application in solid-phase microextraction. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.201800034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Farrokhzadeh
- Analytical Chemistry Research Laboratory; Faculty of Basic Sciences; Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University; Tabriz Iran
| | - Habib Razmi
- Analytical Chemistry Research Laboratory; Faculty of Basic Sciences; Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University; Tabriz Iran
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42
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Blanco-Enríquez EG, Zavala-Díaz de la Serna FJ, Peralta-Pérez MDR, Ballinas-Casarrubias L, Salmerón I, Rubio-Arias H, Rocha-Gutiérrez BA. Characterization of a Microbial Consortium for the Bioremoval of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Water. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:E975. [PMID: 29757264 PMCID: PMC5982014 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15050975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Pollution of freshwater ecosystems from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is a global concern. The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has included the PAHs pyrene, phenanthrene, and naphthalene among the 16 priority compounds of special concern for their toxicological effects. The aim of this study was to adapt and characterize a microbial consortium from ore waste with the potential to remove these three PAHs from water. This microbial consortium was exposed to the target PAHs at levels of 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 mg L−1 for 14 days. PAH bioremoval was measured using the analytical technique of solid phase microextraction, followed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (SPME-GC/MS). The results revealed that up to 90% of the target PAHs can be removed from water after 14 days at a concentration level of 100 mg L−1. The predominant group of microorganisms identified at the phylum taxonomic level were the Proteobacteria, while the Actinobacteria were the predominant subgroup. The removal of phenanthrene, naphthalene, and pyrene predominantly occurred in specimens of genera Stenotrophomonas, Williamsia, and Chitinophagaceae, respectively. This study demonstrates that the use of specific microorganisms is an alternative method of reducing PAH levels in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmeralda G Blanco-Enríquez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Campus Universitario #2, Circuito Universitario, Chihuahua, Chihuahua C.P. 31125, México.
| | | | - María Del Rosario Peralta-Pérez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Campus Universitario #2, Circuito Universitario, Chihuahua, Chihuahua C.P. 31125, México.
| | - Lourdes Ballinas-Casarrubias
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Campus Universitario #2, Circuito Universitario, Chihuahua, Chihuahua C.P. 31125, México.
| | - Iván Salmerón
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Campus Universitario #2, Circuito Universitario, Chihuahua, Chihuahua C.P. 31125, México.
| | - Héctor Rubio-Arias
- Facultad de Zootecnia y Ecología, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Periférico. R. Almada, Km.1. Chihuahua, Chihuahua C.P. 31453, México.
| | - Beatriz A Rocha-Gutiérrez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Campus Universitario #2, Circuito Universitario, Chihuahua, Chihuahua C.P. 31125, México.
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43
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Paris A, Ledauphin J, Lopez C, Hennequin D, Gaillard JL. Trace amount determination of monocyclic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fruits: Extraction and analytical approaches. J Food Compost Anal 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2017.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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44
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Paris A, Ledauphin J, Poinot P, Gaillard JL. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fruits and vegetables: Origin, analysis, and occurrence. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 234:96-106. [PMID: 29172043 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Feed intake, for non-smokers, is the first route of contamination to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which are potentially toxic compounds via ingestion. Investigations are focused on the presence of PAHs in fruits and vegetables. Transfer of PAHs can occur from air and soil during cultivation. They can also appear prior to consumption during storage, transport or cooking processes. Rather low amounts of PAHs are usually detected in raw fruits and vegetables. Quantities are between 0.01 and 0.5 μg kg-1 (wet weight) for compounds classified as priority pollutants by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). However, several studies point out that concentrations of some PAHs can exceed 0.5 μg kg-1 wet weight in diverse fruits and vegetables and even reach 5 μg kg-1. Amounts can be very different depending on the surrounding area of the crops, the aromatic hydrocarbon, or even the product itself. PAHs content is usually higher for products grown near roadways or in urban regions than in rural areas. Trace level of compounds such as phenanthrene, fluoranthene and pyrene have been found in quite every raw fruit and vegetable. Relative high amounts of lighter PAHs such as naphthalene, acenaphthylene, and acenaphthene have been found in some of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Paris
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, Unité de Recherche Aliments Bioprocédés Toxicologie Environnements (UR ABTE, EA 4651), 14000 Caen, France
| | - Jérôme Ledauphin
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, Unité de Recherche Aliments Bioprocédés Toxicologie Environnements (UR ABTE, EA 4651), 14000 Caen, France
| | - Pauline Poinot
- Université de Poitiers, UMR-CNRS 7285, Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux de Poitiers, Equipe Eau, Géochimie Organique, Santé (EGS), 4 rue Michel Brunet, TSA 51106, 86073 Poitiers, France
| | - Jean-Luc Gaillard
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, Unité de Recherche Aliments Bioprocédés Toxicologie Environnements (UR ABTE, EA 4651), 14000 Caen, France.
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45
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A Highly Sensitive Dispersive Microextraction Method with Magnetic Carbon Nanocomposites Coupled with Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction and Two Miscible Stripping Solvents Followed by GC–MS for Quantification of 16 PAHs in Environmental Samples. Chromatographia 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-018-3469-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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46
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Wang F, Wang Z, Wang Z, Zhang R, Du J, Du X. Facile in situ fabrication of oriented titania submicrorods embedded into a superelastic nickel–titanium alloy fiber substrate and their application in solid-phase microextraction. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj02234h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel NiTi@TiO2SR fiber was fabricated on a NiTi fiber substrate after annealing for the determination of PAHs in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University
- Lanzhou 730070
- China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University
- Lanzhou 730070
- China
| | - Ziyi Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University
- Lanzhou 730070
- China
| | - Rong Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University
- Lanzhou 730070
- China
| | - Junliang Du
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University
- Lanzhou 730070
- China
| | - Xinzhen Du
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University
- Lanzhou 730070
- China
- Key Lab of Bioelectrochemistry & Environmental Analysis of Gansu
- Lanzhou 730070
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47
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Feng J, Wang X, Tian Y, Luo C, Sun M. Poly(ionic liquids)-coated stainless-steel wires packed into a polyether ether ketone tube for in-tube solid-phase microextraction. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:4773-4779. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction and Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; University of Jinan; Jinan P. R. China
| | - Xiuqin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction and Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; University of Jinan; Jinan P. R. China
| | - Yu Tian
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction and Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; University of Jinan; Jinan P. R. China
| | - Chuannan Luo
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction and Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; University of Jinan; Jinan P. R. China
| | - Min Sun
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction and Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; University of Jinan; Jinan P. R. China
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48
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Hamedi R, Hadjmohammadi MR. Optimization of multiwalled carbon nanotubes reinforced hollow-fiber solid-liquid-phase microextraction for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in environmental water samples using experimental design. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:3497-3505. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raheleh Hamedi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry; University of Mazandaran; Babolsar Iran
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49
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Sun Y, Lu S, Zhao X, Ding A, Wang L. Long-Term Oil Pollution and In Situ Microbial Response of Groundwater in Northwest China. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2017; 72:519-529. [PMID: 28466253 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-017-0405-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Potential threats exist where groundwater is polluted by high concentrations of oil compounds (980.20 mg L-1 the highest TPHs). An abandoned petrochemical plant in Lanzhou City, where long-term petrochemical products leakage contaminated the groundwater, was used as a field site in this study. To determine the extent of pollution and find an effective solution, chemical techniques combined with molecular biological techniques were used to survey the migration and decomposition of pollutants. Moreover, Illumina Sequencing was employed to reveal the microbial changes of different sites. Light-chain alkanes (mostly C6-C9), most benzene compounds, and some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (naphthalene, 2-methylnaphthalene) mainly polluted the source. C29 to C36 and chlorobenzenes (hexachlorocyclohexane) polluted the secondary polluted sites. Moreover, chloralkane (trichloroethane and dichloroethane), benzene derivatives (trimethylbenzene and butylbenzene), and PAHs (fluorene and phenanthrene) were present in the other longtime-contaminated water. The bacterial genera are closely related with the chemical matters, and different groups of microorganisms gather in the sample sites that are polluted with different kinds of oil. The biodiversity and abundance of observed species change with pollution conditions. The dominant phyla (81%) of the bacterial community structure are Proteobacteria (62.2% of the total microbes), Bacteroidetes (8.85%), Actinobacteria (6.70%), and Choloroflexi (3.03%). Pseudomonadaceae is significant in the oil-polluted source and Comamonadaceae is significant in the secondary polluted (migrated oil) sample; these two genera are natural decomposers of refractory matters. Amycolatopsis, Rhodocyclaceae, Sulfurimonas, and Sulfuricurvum are the dominant genera in the long-migrated oil-polluted samples. Bioavailability of the oil-contaminated place differs with levels of pollution and cleaning the worse-polluted sites by microbes is more difficult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiao Sun
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, No 19 Xinwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Sidan Lu
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, No 19 Xinwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhao
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, No 19 Xinwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Aizhong Ding
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, No 19 Xinwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Lei Wang
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, No 19 Xinwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China
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50
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Mahpishanian S, Sereshti H, Ahmadvand M. A nanocomposite consisting of silica-coated magnetite and phenyl-functionalized graphene oxide for extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon from aqueous matrices. J Environ Sci (China) 2017; 55:164-173. [PMID: 28477810 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2016.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, graphene oxide was covalently immobilized on silica-coated magnetite and then modified with 2-phenylethylamine to give a nanocomposite of type Fe3O4@SiO2@GO-PEA that can be applied to the magnetic solid-phase extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from water samples. The resulting microspheres (Fe3O4@SiO2@GO-PEA) were characterized by Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), CHNS elemental analysis, and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) techniques. The adsorbent possesses the magnetic properties of Fe3O4 nanoparticles that allow them easily to be separated by an external magnetic field. They also have the high specific surface area of graphene oxide which improves adsorption capacity. Desorption conditions, extraction time, amount of adsorbent, salt concentration, and pH were investigated and optimized. Following desorption, the PAHs were quantified by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID). The limits of detection (at an S/N ratio of 3) were achieved from 0.005 to 0.1μg/L with regression coefficients (R2) higher than 0.9954. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) were below 5.8% (intraday) and 6.2% (inter-day), respectively. The method was successfully applied to the analysis of PAHs in environmental water samples where it showed recoveries in the range between 71.7% and 106.7% (with RSDs of 1.6% to 8.4%, for n=3). The results indicated that the Fe3O4@SiO2@GO-PEA microspheres had a great promise to extraction of PAHs from different water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hassan Sereshti
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Ahmadvand
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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