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Jager D, Kupka D, Vaclavikova M, Ivanicova L, Gallios G. Degradation of Reactive Black 5 by electrochemical oxidation. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 190:405-416. [PMID: 29024885 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.09.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Degradation of commercial grade Reactive Black 5 (RB5) azo dye by chemical and electrochemical treatment was examined using a dimensionally stable anode and stainless steel cathodes as electrode materials, with NaCl as supporting electrolyte. The electrochemical treatment was compared to the chemical treatment with hypochlorite generated by electrolysis. The compounds present in the commercial grade RB5 azo dye and the products of its electrochemical degradation were separated using ion-pairing high performance liquid chromatography on reversed phase. The separated species were detected by diode array detector and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. A suitable ion-pairing reversed phase HPLC-MS method with electrospray ionization for the separation and identification of the components was developed. The accurate mass of the parent and fragment ions were used in the determination of the empirical formulas of the components using the first-order mass spectra. Structural formulas of degradation products were proposed using these information and principles of organic chemistry and electrochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Jager
- Institute of Geotechnics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 45, 040 01, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Daniel Kupka
- Institute of Geotechnics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 45, 040 01, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Miroslava Vaclavikova
- Institute of Geotechnics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 45, 040 01, Kosice, Slovakia.
| | - Lucia Ivanicova
- Institute of Geotechnics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 45, 040 01, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - George Gallios
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Chemistry, Lab. Chemical & Environmental Technology, University Campus, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Thuyet DQ, Yamazaki K, Phong TK, Watanabe H, Nhung DTT, Takagi K. Determination of imidacloprid in paddy water and soil by liquid chromatography electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934810080149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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4
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Holman SW, Wright P, Langley GJ. High-throughput approaches towards the definitive identification of pharmaceutical drug metabolites. 1. Evidence for an ortho effect on the fragmentation of 4-benzenesulfinyl-3-methylphenylamine using electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2008; 22:2355-2365. [PMID: 18613294 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A 50 m/z unit loss from protonated 4-benzenesulfinyl-3-methylphenylamine has been observed and investigated using electrospray ionisation quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometry (ESI-QIT-MS). It was hypothesised that the specific fragmentation was affected by the presence of an ortho methyl group in relation to the sulfoxide functionality, i.e. an ortho effect influences the preferred dissociation pathway. This was because the des-methyl homologue did not display a 50 m/z unit loss. This fragmentation was shown to be a two-step process with sequential losses of a hydroxyl radical and a thiol radical. Molecular modelling calculations showed that the most favourable site of protonation for 4-benzenesulfinyl-3-methylphenylamine was the sulfoxide oxygen, which would facilitate the loss of a hydroxyl radical. Subsequent deuterium-exchange experiments confirmed that the loss was a hydroxyl radical and afforded definitive assignment of the site of protonation. Furthermore, the involvement of a single exchangeable hydrogen atom in the overall 50 m/z unit loss was demonstrated. Thus, supportive evidence was provided for the involvement of the ortho methyl group in the second stage of the fragmentation, leading to the loss of the thiol radical. Accurate mass measurements, performed using electrospray ionisation Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (ESI-FTICR-MS), verified the elemental formulae of the individual losses. The ion structure following the 50 m/z unit loss was proposed to be a protonated aminofluorene and was supported by comparing the product ion spectrum of commercially available protonated 2-aminofluorene with the MS4 data of protonated 4-benzenesulfinyl-3-methylphenylamine. Fragmentation mechanisms are proposed. The relevance of the loss with regards to pharmaceutical drug metabolite identification is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen W Holman
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
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Reemtsma T, These A, Linscheid M, Leenheer J, Spitzy A. Molecular and structural characterization of dissolved organic matter from the deep ocean by FTICR-MS, including hydrophilic nitrogenous organic molecules. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2008; 42:1430-7. [PMID: 18441784 DOI: 10.1021/es7021413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Dissolved organic matter isolated from the deep Atlantic Ocean and fractionated into a so-called hydrophobic (HPO) fraction and a very hydrophilic (HPI) fraction was analyzed for the first time by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS) to resolve the molecular species, to determine their exact masses, and to calculate their molecular formulas. The elemental composition of about 300 molecules was identified. Those in the HPO fraction (14C age of 5100 year) are very similar to much younger freshwater fulvic acids, but less aromatic and more oxygenated molecules are more frequent. This trend continues toward the HPI fraction and may indicate biotic and abiotic aging processes that this material experienced since its primary production thousands of years ago. In the HPI fraction series of nitrogenous molecules containing one, two, or three nitrogens were identified by FTICR-MS. Production spectra of the nitrogenous molecules suggest that the nitrogen atoms in these molecules are included in the (alicyclic) backbone of these molecules, possibly in reduced form. These mass spectrometric data suggest that a large set of stable fulvic acids is ubiquitous in all aquatic compartments. Although sources may differ, their actual composition and structure appears to be quite similar and largely independent from their source, because they are the remainder of intensive oxidative degradation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Reemtsma
- Department of Water Quality Control, Technical University of Berlin, Sekr KF 4, Strasse des 17 Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany.
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Zhao L, Cao XL, Wang HY, Liu X, Jiang SX. Determination of petroleum sulfonates in crude oil by column-switching anion-exchange chromatography. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2007.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Jandera P. Selection of Separation Conditions for HPLC and HPLC/MS of Aromatic Sulphonic Acids and Acid Azo Dyes. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070701465456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Jandera
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry , University of Pardubice , Czech Republic
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Weiss S, Reemtsma T. Determination of benzotriazole corrosion inhibitors from aqueous environmental samples by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2007; 77:7415-20. [PMID: 16285694 DOI: 10.1021/ac051203e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The first method for the determination of commonly used corrosion inhibitors in environmental water samples by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry is presented. Benzotriazole (BTri) and the two isomers of tolyltriazole (5- and 4-TTri) are separated in an isocratic run. By gradient elution, BTri, 4-TTri, 5-TTri, and xylyltriazole can be determined simultaneously with three benzothiazoles, but here TTri isomers coelute. The instrumental detection limit of 2 pg allows the determination of the three most important benzotriazoles from municipal wastewater and most surface waters by direct injection into the HPLC system without previous enrichment. When solid-phase extraction is employed with mean recovery rates of 95-113%, the limit of quantification for benzotriazoles range from 10 ng/L in groundwater to 25 ng/L in untreated wastewater. BTri and TTri were determined in municipal wastewater in microgram per liter concentrations. Elimination in wastewater treatment appears to be poor, and BTri and TTri can be followed through a water cycle from treated municipal wastewater through surface water to bank filtrate used for drinking water production. The TTri isomers show markedly different biodegradation behavior with 4-TTri being more stable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Weiss
- Department of Water Quality Control, Technical University of Berlin, Germany
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Quintana JB, Reemtsma T. Rapid and sensitive determination of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid in water samples by ion-pair reversed-phase liquid chromatography–electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1145:110-7. [PMID: 17266974 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2006] [Revised: 01/11/2007] [Accepted: 01/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A new method is presented for the quantitative determination of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) from aqueous samples without an enrichment step. It consist of the formation of the Fe(III) complexes of EDTA and DTPA, liquid-chromatography with a volatile ion-pairing agent and determination by electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS). Limits of quantification (LOQ) of 1.0 and 0.6 microgL(-1) for EDTA and DTPA were obtained, allowing the direct injection of most aqueous environmental samples without any preceding enrichment. With a more recent mass spectrometer, the LOQ could be further decreased by almost one order of magnitude. Parallel analysis of real samples by a standardized method employing enrichment, derivatization and GC-MS analysis yielded comparable results. The method was applied to the determination of both complexing agents in several wastewater, surface water and drinking water samples, showing that EDTA is an omnipresent contaminant in partially closed water cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Benito Quintana
- IUMA, University Institute of Environment, University of A Coruña, Pazo da Lóngora, Liáns, 15179 Oleiros (A Coruña), Spain
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Vanerková D, Jandera P, Hrabica J. Behaviour of sulphonated azodyes in ion-pairing reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1143:112-20. [PMID: 17217952 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.12.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2006] [Revised: 12/19/2006] [Accepted: 12/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Ion-pairing reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) operation conditions were studied to obtain information useful for development and optimization of separation methods suitable for HPLC/MS analysis of dyes. The retention of eight sulphonated azodyes with widely differing structures (1-5 acid groups, molecular weight range 350-1220) was measured in mobile phases containing various ion-pairing reagents in aqueous-methanolic mobile phases. The effects of the type and of the concentration of ammonium acetate, tetrabutylammonium hydrogen sulphate and five di- and tri-alkylammonium acetate ion-pairing reagents on the chromatographic behaviour of dyes were compared in mobile phases with varying concentrations of methanol. Structural effects on the retention of dyes were studied in detail. The retention scale based on lipophilic and polar indices can be used for optimization of mobile phase for HPLC/MS of dyes and, on the other hand, may provide some information on the structure of unknown dyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Vanerková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Nám. Cs. Legií 565, CZ-532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic
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Gao S, Wilson DM, Edinboro LE, McGuire GM, Williams SGP, Thomas Karnes H. Improvement of Sensitivity for the Determination of Propylene Glycol in Rat Plasma and Lung Tissue Using HPLC/Tandem MS and Derivatization with Benzoyl Chloride. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2006. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-120025599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Songmei Gao
- a Department of Pharmaceutics, Medical College of Virginia , Virginia Commonwealth University , P.O. Box 980533, Richmond, Virginia, 23298‐0533, USA
| | - David M. Wilson
- a Department of Pharmaceutics, Medical College of Virginia , Virginia Commonwealth University , P.O. Box 980533, Richmond, Virginia, 23298‐0533, USA
| | - Leslie E. Edinboro
- a Department of Pharmaceutics, Medical College of Virginia , Virginia Commonwealth University , P.O. Box 980533, Richmond, Virginia, 23298‐0533, USA
| | | | | | - H. Thomas Karnes
- a Department of Pharmaceutics, Medical College of Virginia , Virginia Commonwealth University , P.O. Box 980533, Richmond, Virginia, 23298‐0533, USA
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Schmidt AC, Herzschuh R, Matysik FM, Engewald W. Investigation of the ionisation and fragmentation behaviour of different nitroaromatic compounds occurring as polar metabolites of explosives using electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2006; 20:2293-302. [PMID: 16810704 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In order to develop a liquid chromatography/electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS/MS) method for identification and quantification of polar metabolites of explosives using a triple quadrupole system, the mass spectrometric ionisation and fragmentation behaviour of different nitrophenols, nitro- and aminonitrobenzoic acids, nitrotoluenesulfonic acids, and aminonitrotoluenes was investigated. Due to their different molecular structures, the substances concerned showed a very different ionisation efficiency in the ESI process. Interestingly, 2,4-dinitrobenzoic acid yielded no mass signals in the Q1 scan suggesting a thermal decarboxylation in the ion source, whereas the corresponding 3,5-isomer showed a high ionisation yield. Using negative ionisation polarity, carboxylic, phenolic, and sulfonic acid groups were deprotonated resulting in molecular anions, which could be fragmented in a collision cell. A pronounced dependency of the produced fragment ion series on the kind and position of substituents at the nitrobenzene ring (ortho effects) was observed and exploited for the development of substance-specific detection methods in the multiple reaction monitoring mode. In case of benzoic and sulfonic acids, decarboxylation and desulfonation, respectively, were observed as the most frequent fragmentation reactions. Furthermore, besides loss of NO(2), NO fragmentation occurred and preceded a decarbonylation of the benzene ring. The expulsion of the open-shell molecules NO and NO(2) led to a variety of distonic radical anions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Christine Schmidt
- University of Leipzig, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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Vanerková D, Sakalis A, Holcapek M, Jandera P, Voulgaropoulos A. Analysis of electrochemical degradation products of sulphonated azo dyes using high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2006; 20:2807-15. [PMID: 16941542 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical treatment of wastewaters containing azo dyes in the textile industry is a promising approach for their degradation. The monitoring of the course of the decomposition of azo dyes in wastewaters is essential due to the environmental impact of their degradation products. In this work, aqueous solutions of a simple azo dye with a low molecular weight (C.I. Acid Yellow 9) and more complex commercial dye (C.I. Reactive Black 5) were electrochemically treated in a laboratory-scale electrolytic cell in sodium chloride or ammonium acetate as supporting electrolytes. Ion-pairing reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with negative-ion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry is applied for the identification of electrochemical degradation products. In addition to simple inorganic salts, the formation of aromatic degradation products obtained due to the cleavage of azo bonds and further degradation reactions is shown, as well as chlorination where sodium chloride is the supporting electrolyte. Degradation mechanisms are suggested for the treatment with sodium chloride as the supporting electrolyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Vanerková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Nám. Cs. Legií 565, CZ-532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic
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Nagi Reddy P, Srikanth R, Venkateswarlu N, Nageswara Rao R, Srinivas R. Electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric study of three isomeric substituted aromatic sulfonic acids; differentiation via ortho effects. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2005; 19:72-76. [PMID: 15570575 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.1743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
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Ansorgová D, Holčapek M, Jandera P. Ion-pairing high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry of impurities and reduction products of sulphonated azodyes. J Sep Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200301489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Reemtsma T. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and strategies for trace-level analysis of polar organic pollutants. J Chromatogr A 2003; 1000:477-501. [PMID: 12877185 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(03)00507-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry using atmospheric pressure ionization (LC-API-MS) has drastically changed the analytical methods used to detect polar pollutants in water. The present status of application of this technique to organic water constituents is reviewed. The selection of the appropriate LC conditions, whether reversed-phase liquid chromatography, ion-pair chromatography, capillary electrophoresis or ion chromatography, and of the most sensitive ionization mode, electrospray ionization (ESI) or atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI), depends upon the polarity and acidity of the analytes. Strongly acidic compounds such as aromatic sulfonates, sulfonated dyes, haloacetic acids, linear alkylbenzene sulfonates, aliphatic sulfonates and sulfates and complexing agents, weakly acidic compounds such as carboxylates and phenols, neutral compound classes, namely alkylphenol ethoxylates, alcohol ethoxylates and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and the basic toxins, quaternary ammonium compounds and organometallic compounds are considered. The selection of the mass spectrometer depends upon the analytical task: triple-quadrupole mass spectrometers are highly suited for sensitive quantitation and for qualitative analyses, ion traps are especially suited for structure elucidation, whereas time-of-flight mass spectrometers and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometers with their higher mass resolution are ideal for the determination of molecular formulas of unknown compounds and for screening purposes. While large steps have already been made, future efforts with respect to water analysis may be directed at fine-tuning the methodical arsenal for increased sensitivity and selectivity and to extend LC-MS application to transformation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Reemtsma
- Department of Water Quality Control, Technical University of Berlin, Sekr KF 4, Strasse des 17 Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany.
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Geerdink RB, Niessen WMA, Brinkman UAT. Trace-level determination of pesticides in water by means of liquid and gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2002; 970:65-93. [PMID: 12350103 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)00234-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The trace-level determination of pesticides and their transformation products (TPs) in water by means of liquid and gas chromatography (LC and GC) is reviewed. Special attention is given to the use of (tandem) mass spectrometry for identification and confirmation purposes. The complementarity of LC- and GC-based techniques and the potential of comprehensive GCXGC are discussed, and also the impressive performance of time-of-flight mass spectrometry. It is also indicated that, in the near future, the TPs rather than the parent compounds should receive most attention--with a better understanding of matrix effects and eluent composition on the ionization efficiency of analytes being urgently required. Finally, the merits of using much shorter LC columns, or even no column at all (flow-injection analysis) in target analysis are shown, and a more cost-efficient and sophisticated strategy for monitoring programmes is briefly introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Geerdink
- Institute for Inland Water Management and Waste Water Treatment, RIZA, Lelystad, The Netherlands
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Weisz A, Mazzola EP, Murphy CM, Ito Y. Preparative separation of isomeric sulfophthalic acids by conventional and pH-zone-refining counter-current chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2002; 966:111-8. [PMID: 12214685 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)00695-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Two modes of high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) were applied to separate 3- and 4-sulfophthalic acid from a mixture. Conventional HSCCC was useful for the separation of up to several hundred milligram quantities of these positional isomers, while pH-zone-refining CCC was implemented successfully to separations at the multigram level. The conventional HSCCC separations were performed with a standard J-type HSCCC system that has a superior resolution but a lower level of retention of the stationary phase of the biphasic solvent system used (acidified n-butanol-water). The pH-zone-refining CCC separations were performed with an X-type HSCCC system (a cross-axis system) that has a higher capability for retention of the stationary phase. The purified positional isomers (over 99% pure as determined by HPLC) were characterized by 1H NMR and negative ion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.
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Reemtsma T, Jakobs J. Concerted chemical and microbial degradation of sulfophthalimides formed from sulfophthalocyanine dyes by white-rot fungi. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2001; 35:4655-4659. [PMID: 11770767 DOI: 10.1021/es010106+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
3- and 4-sulfophthalimide (SPI) have recently been shown to be the major product formed by white-rot fungi upon decolorization of sulfophthalocyanine (SPC) textile dyes. To make use of this metabolic potential in textile wastewater treatment, the fungal breakdown products should be degradable by activated sludge. Here,the aerobic degradation of SPI was studied in die-away tests, and biodegradation intermediates and degradation products were analyzed by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. The degradation of SPI is initiated by a chemical hydrolysis to sulfophthalamic acid (SPAA) with half-lives of 8 and 40 h at pH 6.5 for 4- and 3-SPI, respectively. Then, 4-SPAA can be mineralized by aerobic mixed cultures, while 3-SPAA remained stable throughout the experiment (35 d). Analogously, the potential intermediate in 4-SPAA degradation, the 4-sulfophthalic acid, but not its 3-isomer, can be completely mineralized aerobically by mixed cultures. In all chemical and microbialtransformations of these aromatic sulfonates the 4-sulfo-isomer is more reactive than the 3-isomer. The triade of fission of the SPC-system by white-rot fungi to SPI, chemical hydrolysis of SPI to SPAA, and microbial degradation of SPAA offers a pathway to mineralize the major part of the SPC system of textile dyes, whether in a respective effluent treatment system or in the aquatic environment. More general, these results illustrate on a molecular level how white-rot fungi and bacteria may cooperate in mineralizing structurally complex colored substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Reemtsma
- Department of Water Quality Control, Technical University of Berlin, Germany.
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Bibliography. Current literature in mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2001; 36:1164-1171. [PMID: 11747111 DOI: 10.1002/jms.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Heinfling-Weidtmann A, Reemtsma T, Storm T, Szewzyk U. Sulfophthalimide as major metabolite formed from sulfonated phthalocyanine dyes by the white-rot fungus Bjerkandera adusta. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2001; 203:179-83. [PMID: 11583845 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2001.tb10838.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The reaction products formed during the decolorization of the sulfophthalocyanine textile dyes Reactive blue 15 (RB15) and Reactive blue 38 (RB38) by the white-rot fungus Bjerkandera adusta were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection and with liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. Sulfophthalimides (SPI; 3 and 4) were identified as major metabolites by comparison with synthesized reference compounds. SPI was formed from both dyes in fungal cultures and by incubation with its purified manganese peroxidase and lignin peroxidase. Quantitative assessment of the SPI formed from RB15 accounted for approximately 60% of the theoretical amount.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Heinfling-Weidtmann
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Technical University of Berlin, Sekr. OE 5, Franklinstrasse 29, 10587 Berlin, Germany
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