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Fei H, Li W, Lu N, Liu Q, Zhang Y. Molecular dynamic simulation reveals the molecular interactions of epidermal growth factor receptor with musk xylene are involved in the carcinogenicity. RSC Adv 2023; 13:16311-16320. [PMID: 37266509 PMCID: PMC10230269 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07552k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Musk xylene (MX), a kind of personal care product, has become a new type of environmental contaminant in recent years. Long-term exposure to MX is associated with a variety of cancers, but the mechanism is still unclear. Meanwhile, our previous research showed that MX exposure could lead to malignant transformation of human liver cells L02 and up-regulation of multi genes which are involved in the MAPK signaling pathway, such as the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). These findings indicated that the MAPK signaling pathway might be involved in the malignant transformation caused by MX, but the mechanism is also unclear. In this study, the underlying interaction mechanisms between EGFR and MX were investigated using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. Results revealed that MX bound to the ECD of EGFR in four binding sites, which was mainly driven by van der Waals and nonpolar interactions, and the affinity of MX toward ECD was sIII > sI > sII > sIV. Further analysis through MD simulation found that s III, the site with the strongest binding, was coincidentally located at the binding area of EGF, which is the natural ligand of EGFR. Therefore, we speculated that MX may activate the MAPK signaling pathway by binding to EGFR in a similar way to EGF, and finally lead to tumorigenesis. In addition, the MM/PBSA method could also be utilized to calculate the hot residues in each binding site. The prediction of hot residues would provide some theoretical guidance for further study of the carcinogenesis mechanisms of MX both in MD simulation and experimental research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaxing Fei
- Institute of Electromagnetics and Acoustics, Department of Electronic Science, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
- Fujian Engineering Research Center for EDA, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Wave Science and Detection Technology, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Multiphysics Electronic Information, Institute of Electromagnetics and Acoustics, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Wen Li
- Institute of Electromagnetics and Acoustics, Department of Electronic Science, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
- Fujian Engineering Research Center for EDA, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Wave Science and Detection Technology, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Multiphysics Electronic Information, Institute of Electromagnetics and Acoustics, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Nan Lu
- Institute of Electromagnetics and Acoustics, Department of Electronic Science, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
- Fujian Engineering Research Center for EDA, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Wave Science and Detection Technology, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Multiphysics Electronic Information, Institute of Electromagnetics and Acoustics, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Qinghuo Liu
- Institute of Electromagnetics and Acoustics, Department of Electronic Science, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
- EIT Eastern Institute for Advanced Study Ningbo China
| | - Youyu Zhang
- Institute of Electromagnetics and Acoustics, Department of Electronic Science, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
- Fujian Engineering Research Center for EDA, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Wave Science and Detection Technology, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Multiphysics Electronic Information, Institute of Electromagnetics and Acoustics, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
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2
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Košnář Z, Mercl F, Chane AD, Pierdonà L, Míchal P, Tlustoš P. Occurrence of synthetic polycyclic and nitro musk compounds in sewage sludge from municipal wastewater treatment plants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 801:149777. [PMID: 34428658 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic musk compounds (SMCs) are widely used as fragrances that can be released from different sources and through the sewer system, finally reaching wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). In this study, 6 synthetic polycyclic and 5 nitro musk compounds were screened in 55 sewage sludge (SS) samples from 43 different WWTPs in the Czech Republic, and the effect of WWTP technology parameters on SMC content in SS was assessed. Galaxolide and Tonalide were predominant synthetic polycyclic musk compounds (SPMCs) detected in all SS tested and accounted for 99.5% of the average content of sludge SMCs (5518 μg/kg dw). The amount of synthetic nitro musk compounds (SNMCs) in SS samples was negligible. The Tonalide content in SS correlated significantly with the WWTP design capacity (r = 0.32, P < 0.05). The significant correlation between chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency and SMCs (r = -0.37, P < 0.05) partly suggests the recalcitrance of SMCs, mainly of Celestolide, Galaxolide and Tonalide, to biodegradation in WWTPs. A statistically lower SNMC content was found in anaerobically digested sludges than in aerobic ones. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) between the digestion technology as well as the temperature of anaerobic digestion on the SPMC content in sewage sludge. The wastewater (WW) load percentage or WW hydraulic retention time had no influence on the SMC content in the resulting SS. Musk compounds did not change over time when the SS samples were analysed with a gap of two years, suggesting that sewage sludge for soil applications only needs to be analysed for musk compounds once a year. Our study indicates that the currently common WWTP technologies have only very limited potential to affect the accumulation of musk compounds in sewage sludge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdeněk Košnář
- Department of Agro-Environmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Praha, Suchdol, Czech Republic.
| | - Filip Mercl
- Department of Agro-Environmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Praha, Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Abraham Demelash Chane
- Department of Agro-Environmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Praha, Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Lorenzo Pierdonà
- Department of Agro-Environmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Praha, Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Míchal
- Department of Agro-Environmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Praha, Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Tlustoš
- Department of Agro-Environmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Praha, Suchdol, Czech Republic
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Li X, Chu Z, Yang J, Li M, Du M, Zhao X, Zhu ZJ, Li Y. Synthetic Musks: A Class of Commercial Fragrance Additives in Personal Care Products (PCPs) Causing Concern as Emerging Contaminants. ADVANCES IN MARINE BIOLOGY 2018; 81:213-280. [PMID: 30471657 DOI: 10.1016/bs.amb.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic musks (SMs) are promising fragrance additives used in personal care products (PCPs). The widespread presence of SMs in environmental media remains a serious risk because of their harmful effects. Recently, the environmental hazards of SMs have been widely reported in various environmental samples including those from coastal and marine regions. This paper provides a systematic review of SMs, including their classification, synthetic routes, analysis and occurrence in environmental samples, fate and toxicity in the environment, as well as the associated risk assessment and pollution control. Research gaps and future opportunities were also identified with the hope of raising interest in this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixi Li
- The Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollution Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Zhenhua Chu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiawen Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China
| | - Minghao Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China
| | - Meijin Du
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiwen Joy Zhu
- The Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollution Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada.
| | - Yu Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China.
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4
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Development and optimization of a solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry methodology to analyse ultraviolet filters in beach sand. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1564:59-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Lindholm-Lehto PC, Ahkola HSJ, Knuutinen JS. Procedures of determining organic trace compounds in municipal sewage sludge-a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:4383-4412. [PMID: 27966086 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-8202-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Sewage sludge is the largest by-product generated during the wastewater treatment process. Since large amounts of sludge are being produced, different ways of disposal have been introduced. One tempting option is to use it as fertilizer in agricultural fields due to its high contents of inorganic nutrients. This, however, can be limited by the amount of trace contaminants in the sewage sludge, containing a variety of microbiological pollutants and pathogens but also inorganic and organic contaminants. The bioavailability and the effects of trace contaminants on the microorganisms of soil are still largely unknown as well as their mixture effects. Therefore, there is a need to analyze the sludge to test its suitability before further use. In this article, a variety of sampling, pretreatment, extraction, and analysis methods have been reviewed. Additionally, different organic trace compounds often found in the sewage sludge and their methods of analysis have been compiled. In addition to traditional Soxhlet extraction, the most common extraction methods of organic contaminants in sludge include ultrasonic extraction (USE), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) followed by instrumental analysis based on gas or liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra C Lindholm-Lehto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - Heidi S J Ahkola
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Survontie 9 A, FI-40500, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Juha S Knuutinen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
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Necibi M, Lanceleur L, Mzoughi N, Monperrus M. Determination of Synthetic Musks in Surface Sediment from the Bizerte Lagoon by QuEChERS Extraction Followed by GC-MS. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2016; 97:659-669. [PMID: 27743038 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-016-1935-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A new analytical method for the simultaneous determination of eight synthetic musks compounds (SMs) including five polycyclic musks (PCMs) and three nitro musks (NMs) was validated for sediment samples based on a simple QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe) sample preparation procedure followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Good analytical performances were obtained for all the target compounds. For the validation of the method, internal calibration (IC) and internal calibration with QuEChERS (ICQ) were compared. Good linearity was obtained for both calibration methods with determination coefficients (R2) ranging between 0.990 for Musk Xylene (MX) and 0.999 for Tonalide (AHTN) with IC and between 0.991 for Musk Ketone (MK) and 0.999 for Traseolide (ATII) with ICQ. The repeatability ranges were 0.1 %-1.9 % with the IC and 0.1 %-2.6 % with the ICQ. The apparent recoveries obtained for SMs in the standard reference sediment (SRM1944) varied in the range of 70 %-98 % and 75 %-103 % in the sediment from the Bizerte Lagoon (Tunisia). The absolute recoveries ranged between 61 % and 92 % for the SRM1944 and between 61 % and 89 % in the sediment from the Bizerte Lagoon. The limits of detection (LOD) calculated for the two main compounds, Galaxolide (HHCB) and Tonalide (AHTN) were 0.3 and 0.1 ng g-1 respectively. The LODs obtained for ADBI (Celestolide), AHMI (Phantolide), ATII (Traseolide), MM (Muks mosken), MK (Musk Ketone) and MX (Musk Xylene) were 0.08, 0.12, 0.03, 0.34, 0.11, 0.08, 0.10 and 0.15 ng g-1 respectively. The levels of ∑SMs in surface sediments from the Bizerte Lagoon ranged from 1.4 to 4.5 ng g-1, which are 1000 times lower that the predicted no effect concentration (PNEC) for marine organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouna Necibi
- Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Department de Chimie, Université de Tunis EL Manar, 1007, Tunis, Tunisia
- Laboratoire Milieu Marin, Institut National des Sciences et Technologies de la Mer, port de pêche, 2060, La Goulette, Tunisia
| | - Laurent Lanceleur
- UMR IPREM 5254, Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique Bio-Inorganique et Environnement, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, 2 Avenue du président Angot, 64053, Pau, France
| | - Nadia Mzoughi
- Laboratoire Milieu Marin, Institut National des Sciences et Technologies de la Mer, port de pêche, 2060, La Goulette, Tunisia
- Laboratoire des sciences et technologies de l'environnement, Institut Supérieur des Sciences et Technologies de l'Environnement de Borj Cédria, Université de Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mathilde Monperrus
- UMR IPREM 5254, Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique Bio-Inorganique et Environnement, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, 2 Avenue du président Angot, 64053, Pau, France.
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7
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Vallecillos L, Borrull F, Pocurull E. Recent approaches for the determination of synthetic musk fragrances in environmental samples. Trends Analyt Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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8
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Simultaneous determination of polycyclic musks in blood and urine by solid supported liquid–liquid extraction and gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 992:96-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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9
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Wang X, Liu Z, Wang W, Zhang C, Chen L. Derivation of predicted no effect concentration (PNEC) for HHCB to terrestrial species (plants and invertebrates). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 508:122-127. [PMID: 25474169 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.11.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The 1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethylcyclopenta-(γ)-2-benzopyrane (HHCB) is a synthetic musk which is used as a fragrance in a variety of personal care products, and due to this it is widely spread in the environment. However, there is no paper dealing with the predicted no effect concentration (PNEC) for HHCB to terrestrial species using the species sensitivity distribution (SSD) method, mainly results from the shortage of species toxicity data of different taxonomic levels. In this study, toxicity data were obtained from 10 chronic toxicity tests using 10 terrestrial species (3 dicotyledonous plants, 5 monocotyledonous plants and 2 terrestrial invertebrates) from 3 Phyla and 9 Families. The PNEC of HHCB was derived using the SSD method. The result of present research showed that the dicotyledonous Solanum lycopersicum was the most sensitive plants to HHCB contamination. The PNEC ranged between 0.70 and 3.52 mg HHCB/kg when using the log-logistic SSD method. It is recommended to use toxicity data of different taxonomic levels for the development of PNEC values in terrestrial environment due to different species sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Zhengtao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Wanhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Cong Zhang
- China Offshore Environmental Services Co. Ltd., Tianjin 300452, China
| | - Lihong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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Vallecillos L, Pedrouzo M, Pocurull E, Borrull F. Headspace stir bar sorptive extraction followed by thermal desorption and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry to determine musk fragrances in sludge samples without sample pretreatment. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:1322-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Vallecillos
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Marcel·lí Domingo s/n; Sescelades Campus; Tarragona Spain
| | - Marta Pedrouzo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Marcel·lí Domingo s/n; Sescelades Campus; Tarragona Spain
| | - Eva Pocurull
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Marcel·lí Domingo s/n; Sescelades Campus; Tarragona Spain
| | - Francesc Borrull
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Marcel·lí Domingo s/n; Sescelades Campus; Tarragona Spain
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11
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Aguirre J, Bizkarguenaga E, Iparraguirre A, Fernández LÁ, Zuloaga O, Prieto A. Development of stir-bar sorptive extraction-thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the analysis of musks in vegetables and amended soils. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 812:74-82. [PMID: 24491767 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop a sensitive and environment-friendly method based on stir-bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) followed by thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TD-GC-MS) to determine 8 synthetic musks (musk ambrette, musk ketone, celestolide, tonalide, galaxolide, phantolide, traseolide, and cashmeran) in vegetables (lettuce, carrot, and pepper) and amended soil samples. In a first step sorptive extraction was studied both in the headspace (HSSE) and in the immerse mode (SBSE). The best results were obtained in the immersion mode which was further studied. The influence of the main factors: methanol (20%) and NaCl addition (0%), extraction temperature (40°C) and time (180 min), extraction solvent volume (9 mL) and stirring rate (600 rpm) on the efficiency of SBSE was evaluated by means of experimental designs. In the case of TD, desorption time (10 min), desorption temperature (300°C), cryo-focusing temperature (-30°C), vent flow (75 mL/min) and vent pressure (7.2 psi) were studied using both a fractioned factorial design and a central composite design (CCD). The method was validated in terms of apparent recoveries (AR%), method detection limits (MDLs) and precision at two different concentration levels. Although quantification using instrumental calibration rendered odd results in most of the cases, satisfactory recoveries (74-126%) were obtained in the case of matrix-matched calibration approach for all of the analytes and matrices studied at the two concentration levels evaluated. MDLs in the range of 0.01-0.8 ng/g and 0.01-1.1 ng/g were obtained for vegetables and amended soil samples, respectively. RSD values within 1-23% were obtained for all the analytes and matrices. Finally, the method was applied to the determination of musks in vegetable and amended soil samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josu Aguirre
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, Bilbao 48080, Spain
| | - Ekhiñe Bizkarguenaga
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, Bilbao 48080, Spain
| | - Arantza Iparraguirre
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, Bilbao 48080, Spain
| | - Luis Ángel Fernández
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, Bilbao 48080, Spain
| | - Olatz Zuloaga
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, Bilbao 48080, Spain
| | - Ailette Prieto
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, Bilbao 48080, Spain.
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Vallecillos L, Pocurull E, Borrull F. A simple and automated method to determine macrocyclic musk fragrances in sewage sludge samples by headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1314:38-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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13
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Wu MW, Yeh PC, Chen HC, Liu LL, Ding WH. A Microwave-assisted Headspace Solid-phase Microextraction for Rapid Determination of Synthetic Polycyclic and Nitro-aromatic Musks in Fish Samples. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201300029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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14
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Analysis of plasticizers and synthetic musks in cosmetic and personal care products by matrix solid-phase dispersion gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1293:10-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.03.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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15
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Development of a selective solid phase extraction method for nitro musk compounds in environmental waters using a molecularly imprinted sorbent. Talanta 2013; 110:128-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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16
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Vallecillos L, Borrull F, Pocurull E. Determination of musk fragrances in sewage sludge by pressurized liquid extraction coupled to automated ionic liquid-based headspace single-drop microextraction followed by GC-MS/MS. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:2735-42. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Vallecillos
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Tarragona; Spain
| | - Francesc Borrull
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Tarragona; Spain
| | - Eva Pocurull
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Tarragona; Spain
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17
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Wu SF, Liu LL, Ding WH. One-step microwave-assisted headspace solid-phase microextraction for the rapid determination of synthetic polycyclic musks in oyster by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2012; 133:513-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2010] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 01/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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18
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Kotowska U, Żalikowski M, Isidorov VA. HS-SPME/GC-MS analysis of volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds emitted from municipal sewage sludge. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2012; 184:2893-2907. [PMID: 21688031 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-011-2158-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the research involved identification and semi-quantitative determination of unknown volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds emitted to air by sewage sludge formed in the process of municipal wastewater treatment in a sewage treatment plant. Samples taken directly after completion of the technological process as well as the sludge stored on the premise of the sewage treatment plant were analyzed. A simple method using off-line headspace solid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry has been proposed for extraction and detection of organic pollutants. For reliable identification of compounds, combination of two independent parameters: mass spectra and linear temperature programmed retention indices were employed. Over 170 compounds of different structure were identified including aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, esters, carbonyls, as well as sulfur, nitrogen, and chlorine containing compounds. The prevailing substances included: ethyl ether, n-hexane, p-xylene, o-xylene, mesitylene, m-ethylbenzene, limonene, n-decane, n-undecane, and n-dodecane. A few compounds such as methanetiol, dimethyl polisulfide, octaatomic sulfur, phthalic anhydride, and indoles were identified in the sludge for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Kotowska
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, ul. Hurtowa 1, 15-399, Bialystok, Poland.
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Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction followed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry for the determination of nitro musks in surface water and wastewater samples. Talanta 2011; 85:1990-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Revised: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 07/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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A retention time locked gas chromatography–mass spectrometry method based on stir-bar sorptive extraction and thermal desorption for automated determination of synthetic musk fragrances in natural and wastewaters. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:3048-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2011] [Revised: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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21
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Multi-residual GC-MS determination of personal care products in waters using solid-phase microextraction. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 399:2257-65. [PMID: 21221545 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4609-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2010] [Revised: 11/25/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A multi-residual method is described for the simultaneous determination of 23 personal care products (PCPs), which display a wide range of physicochemical properties, present at trace levels in water samples. A one-step procedure was developed based on solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coupled with GC-MS analysis. A chemometric approach consisting of an experimental design (design of experiments) was applied to systematically investigate how four operating parameters--extraction temperature and time and desorption temperature and time--affect extraction recovery of PCPs in water. The optimum SPME procedure operating conditions, those yielding the highest extraction recovery for all the compounds, were determined; they correspond to an extraction time of 90 min and temperature of 80 °C and a desorption time of 11 min and temperature of 260 °C. Under these optimized conditions, the SPME procedure shows good analytical performance characterized by high reproducibility (RSD% intra-day accuracy varying in the 0.01-1.3% range) as well as good linearity and low detection limits (LODs lower than 2 ppb for most of the investigated PCPs).
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Clarke BO, Smith SR. Review of 'emerging' organic contaminants in biosolids and assessment of international research priorities for the agricultural use of biosolids. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2011; 37:226-47. [PMID: 20797791 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2010.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 434] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2009] [Revised: 05/25/2010] [Accepted: 06/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A broad spectrum of organic chemicals is essential to modern society. Once discharged from industrial, domestic and urban sources into the urban wastewater collection system they may transfer to the residual solids during wastewater treatment and assessment of their significance and implications for beneficial recycling of the treated sewage sludge biosolids is required. Research on organic contaminants (OCs) in biosolids has been undertaken for over thirty years and the increasing body of evidence demonstrates that the majority of compounds studied do not place human health at risk when biosolids are recycled to farmland. However, there are 143,000 chemicals registered in the European Union for industrial use and all could be potentially found in biosolids. Therefore, a literature review of 'emerging' OCs in biosolids has been conducted for a selection of chemicals of potential concern for land application based upon human toxicity, evidence of adverse effects on the environment and endocrine disruption. To identify monitoring and research priorities the selected chemicals were ranked using an assessment matrix approach. Compounds were evaluated based upon environmental persistence, human toxicity, evidence of bioaccumulation in humans and the environment, evidence of ecotoxicity and the number and quality of studies focussed on the contaminant internationally. The identified chemicals of concern were ranked in decreasing order of priority: perfluorinated chemicals (PFOS, PFOA); polychlorinated alkanes (PCAs), polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs); organotins (OTs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), triclosan (TCS), triclocarban (TCC); benzothiazoles; antibiotics and pharmaceuticals; synthetic musks; bisphenol A, quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs), steroids; phthalate acid esters (PAEs) and polydimethylsiloxanes (PDMSs). A number of issues were identified and recommendations for the prioritisation of further research and monitoring of 'emerging' OCs for the agricultural use of biosolids are provided. In particular, a number of 'emerging' OCs (PFOS, PFOA and PCAs) were identified for priority attention that are environmentally persistent and potentially toxic with unique chemical properties, or are present in large concentrations in sludge, that make it theoretically possible for them to enter human and ecological food-chains from biosolids-amended soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley O Clarke
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, South Kensington Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Ramírez N, Marcé RM, Borrull F. Development of a stir bar sorptive extraction and thermal desorption–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry method for determining synthetic musks in water samples. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:156-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2010] [Revised: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Simultaneous determination of UV filters and polycyclic musks in aqueous samples by solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:6747-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Revised: 05/31/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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25
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Wu SF, Ding WH. Fast determination of synthetic polycyclic musks in sewage sludge and sediments by microwave-assisted headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:2776-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.02.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2009] [Revised: 02/22/2010] [Accepted: 02/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Stir-bar-sorptive extraction and liquid desorption combined with large-volume injection gas chromatography–mass spectrometry for ultra-trace analysis of musk compounds in environmental water matrices. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 396:1853-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-3392-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2009] [Revised: 12/04/2009] [Accepted: 12/07/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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27
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Development of a method based on sorbent trapping followed by solid-phase microextraction for the determination of synthetic musks in indoor air. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:2805-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.09.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2008] [Revised: 09/12/2008] [Accepted: 09/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Rubinfeld SA, Luthy RG. Nitromusk compounds in San Francisco Bay sediments. CHEMOSPHERE 2008; 73:873-879. [PMID: 18783818 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2008] [Revised: 07/18/2008] [Accepted: 07/21/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic nitromusk fragrances are used in a wide variety of consumer products and can enter aquatic environments through wastewater effluent. Although nitromusks are known to be hydrophobic, little attention has been paid to their behavior in sediments. A sediment extraction method using sonication was developed and used to analyze samples from San Francisco Bay. Both musk xylene (MX) and musk ketone (MK) were found at low levels, with mean concentrations of 0.034 and 0.038ngg(-1), respectively. The highest concentrations were found in the southernmost region of the Bay. Samples were also analyzed from a nearby tidal channel fed by a wastewater treatment plant outfall. At this location both musk xylene and musk ketone were found at higher concentrations of 0.13-0.24ngg(-1) MX and 1.08-2.74ngg(-1) MK. A metabolite of musk xylene was also found at levels up to 4.08ngg(-1), suggesting that these metabolites may play an important role in the fate of nitromusk compounds. Concentrations of all three compounds were highest at the earliest of four sampling dates, and a geographic survey of sediments along the tidal channel showed that concentrations decreased rapidly with distance from the outfall and were close to background before the channel reached the Bay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Rubinfeld
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-4020, United States
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Canterino M, Marotta R, Temussi F, Zarrelli A. Photochemical behaviour of musk tibetene. A chemical and kinetic investigation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2008; 15:182-187. [PMID: 18504835 DOI: 10.1065/espr2007.12.464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Synthetic musk compounds are widely used as additives in personal care and household products. The photochemical degradation of musk tibetene in aqueous solutions or in acetonitrile/water mixtures under different conditions was studied in order to assess its environmental fate. METHODS Musk tibetene dissolved (or suspended) in water and/or acetonitrile/water mixtures was irradiated at different times by UV-light and by solar light. The irradiation mixtures were analyzed by NMR and TLC. The photoproducts formed were identified by GC-MS and NMR data. RESULTS The experimental results indicated that musk tibetene was photodegradable in water or acetonitrile/water mixtures with half-life reaction times close to 20 minutes. The irradiation mixtures were separated by chromatographic techniques yielding three photoproducts (3,3,5,6,7-pentamethyl-4-nitro-3H-indole, 3,3,5,6,7-pentamethyl-4-nitro-1H-indoline and 3,3,5,6,7-pentamethyl-4-nitro-3H-indolinone) identified by means of spectroscopic analysis. DISCUSSION The numerical modelling of the photodegradation concentration-time profiles gave (8.13 +/- 0.15) x 10(-2) and (1.34 +/- 0.04) x 10(-2) mol/E for the overall primary quantum yield of direct photolysis for musk tibetene and the major intermediate (3,3,5,6,7-pentamethyl-4-nitro-3H-indolinone), respectively, in the wavelength range 305-366 nm. The half-life times of photodegradation of the both substances varied from 1-1.5 hours at 20 degrees N during the summer season to 6-10 hours for highest latitudes in winter. CONCLUSIONS Under solar light, musk tibetene was photolabile in acetonitrile and acetonitrile/water 1/1, while it was slowly degraded when suspended in water. In all media, musk tibetene was photodegraded into three photoproducts. By using a kinetic model, the overall primary quantum yields of direct photolysis of musk tibetene and its main photoproduct, in the wavelength range 305-366 nm, were estimated, indicating that the photodegradation rate for musk tibetene is faster than the photolysis rate of the major by-product. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES The results indicate that, in order to assess the environmental impact of musk tibetene on the aquatic ecosystem, great attention should be focused on the major photoproduct which is proved to be more persistent than the parent compound under light irradiation. The predicted half-life times of direct photolysis for both substances ranged from 1-1.5 hours at 20 degrees N during the summer season to about 6-10 hours for highest latitudes in winter, indicating that, from a photochemical point of view, the environmental persistence of these substances increases by increasing the latitudes and during the cold seasons, making more realistic an intake of these xenobiotic molecules into the food chain of aquatic living organisms. Tanabe reports in his Editorial (Tanabe 2005) that "It is necessary to have knowledge of the global picture of synthetic musk pathways. So, it is conceivable that now is the time to study the transport, persistency, distribution, bioaccumulation and toxic potential of this new environmental menace on a global scale, especially in developing countries". Therefore, the future environmental analysis and investigations on the eco-toxicity of nitro musk compounds should take into account not only the presence of the parent compounds but also their photochemical intermediates or end-by-products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Canterino
- Università di Napoli Federico II, Facoltà di Ingegneria, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, P.le V. Tecchio, 80-80125 Napoli, Italy
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Shek WM, Murphy MB, Lam JCW, Lam PKS. Synthetic polycyclic musks in Hong Kong sewage sludge. CHEMOSPHERE 2008; 71:1241-1250. [PMID: 18267326 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.11.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2007] [Revised: 11/22/2007] [Accepted: 11/30/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic polycyclic musks [Cashmeran (DPMI), Celestolide (ADBI), Phantolide (AHMI), Traseolide (ATII), Tonalide (AHTN), and Galaxolide (HHCB)] were determined in dewatered sludge samples from 10 major sewage treatment plants in Hong Kong using primary treatment (PT), secondary treatment (SecT) or chemical-enhanced primary treatment (CEPT) methods. The concentrations of HHCB, AHTN, AHMI and ADBI ranged from below detection limits to 78.6mg/kg dry weight. HHCB and AHTN were the two predominant polycyclic musks in sludge samples, suggesting the extensive use of these two polycyclic musks in Hong Kong. Polycyclic musk levels in CEPT sludge were significantly higher than those in SecT and PT sludge, suggesting that CEPT sludge has a higher ability to retain polycyclic musks. Comparisons to global concentrations revealed that HHCB and AHTN concentrations detected in Hong Kong sludge ranked first and second respectively. However, the estimated levels of HHCB and AHTN in the discharged effluent from sewage treatment plants may pose low potential risks to aquatic organisms according to the threshold effect levels derived for fish. Nevertheless, the polycyclic musks released in sewage treatment plant effluents may bioconcentrate and bioaccumulate in the marine environment in Hong Kong. Therefore, monitoring studies in marine ecosystems, particularly on the two prevailing polycyclic musks, are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M Shek
- Centre for Coastal Pollution and Conservation, Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
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Analysis of Emerging Contaminants of Municipal and Industrial Origin. THE HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-74795-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Smyth SA, Lishman L, Alaee M, Kleywegt S, Svoboda L, Yang JJ, Lee HB, Seto P. Sample storage and extraction efficiencies in determination of polycyclic and nitro musks in sewage sludge. CHEMOSPHERE 2007; 67:267-75. [PMID: 17156817 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2006] [Revised: 10/03/2006] [Accepted: 10/05/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Analytical technology is continuously improving, developing better methods for isolating and concentrating trace compounds in environmental samples. Polycyclic and nitro musks (PNMs) are one group of emerging trace compounds detected in municipal wastewater. Differences in sample storage, preparation, and extraction methods for their measurement have led to variability in results. We analyzed 11 PNMs by GC/MS and compared the results of different storage times and extraction methods (supercritical fluid (SFE) or microwave-assisted (MAE)) for 202 samples of primary sludge, waste activated sludge (WAS), raw sludge, and aerobically/anaerobically digested biosolids collected from Canadian municipal wastewater treatment plants. Sixty-three air-dried samples were extracted by SFE, and 139 air-dried, centrifuged, or filtered samples were extracted by MAE. The mean surrogate recoveries were 89% (standard deviation (SD)=11%) for d(10)-anthracene by SFE and 88% (SD=14%) for d(10)-phenanthrene by MAE. Storage study results showed that PNM concentrations changed by a mean of 7% and 9% for primary sludge and WAS respectively after four weeks and decreased up to 25% after 13.5 months of storage in amber glass containers at -18 degrees C. Air-drying of sludge at room temperature caused losses of about 50% of PNM concentrations compared to centrifugation. The proportions of PNMs present in the liquid phase of sludge samples were less than 5% compared to proportions in the sludge solids. The most complete liquid-solid separation was achieved by filtration of frozen/thawed sludge samples, producing a liquid phase that contained less than 1% of the total musk content of the sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley Anne Smyth
- Environment Canada, Water Science and Technology Directorate, 867 Lakeshore Road, P.O. Box 5050, Burlington, Ont., Canada L7R 4A6.
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Chen D, Zeng X, Sheng Y, Bi X, Gui H, Sheng G, Fu J. The concentrations and distribution of polycyclic musks in a typical cosmetic plant. CHEMOSPHERE 2007; 66:252-8. [PMID: 16814843 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2006] [Revised: 04/23/2006] [Accepted: 05/13/2006] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic musks [cashmeran (DPMI), celestolide (ADBI), phantolide (AHMI), traseolide (ATII), tonalide (AHTN) and galaxolide (HHCB)] in the air, wastewater, sludge samples of a typical cosmetic plant were analyzed. DPMI, ADBI, HHCB and AHTN were found in all samples, and ATII was not found in any sample. HHCB and AHTN were the major components in all samples. The polycyclic musk concentrations were very high in the air of the cosmetic plant, and polycyclic musks were mostly contained in the gas phase at the percentage of 86.35-97.70%. Average polycyclic musk concentrations in effluent were high, and ranged from 0.62 to 32.06 microgl-1. The removal efficiency during the active sludge wastewater treatment was also high, resulting from the adsorption of those compounds into the sludge. So the polycyclic musk concentrations were very high in the primary sludge and second sludge, and ranged from 1.78 to 92.45 mgkg-1 (dry), and from 2.87 to 65.67 mgkg-1 (dry), respectively. Results suggested that the sludge needed to be further treated to make polycyclic musks less influence to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duohong Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources, State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong Province, China
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Moldovan Z, Schmutzer G, Tusa F, Calin R, Alder AC. An overview of pharmaceuticals and personal care products contamination along the river Somes watershed, Romania. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 9:986-93. [PMID: 17726560 DOI: 10.1039/b704076h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The mass flows of selected pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) were studied in the aqueous compartment of the river Somes in Romania. PPCPs were measured in wastewater treatment effluents and in the receiving river water. The analytical method for the determination of PPCPs in river water was based on solid phase extraction and GC-ITMS. Carbamazepine, pentoxyfylline, ibuprofen, diazepam, galaxolide, tonalide and triclosan were determined in wastewater effluents with individual concentrations ranging from 15 to 774 ng L(-1). Caffeine was measured at concentrations up to 42 560 ng L(-1). Due to the high contamination of WWTP effluents, the receiving river was also polluted. The most abundant PPCPs measured in the Somes were caffeine, galaxolide, carbamazepine and triclosan. They were present at all the 15 sampling sites along the Somes, the concentrations ranging from 10 to 400 ng L(-1). The concentrations in the effluents of the different wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) varied considerably and the differences are due to different elimination efficiencies of the studied PPCPs during sewage treatment. Only one of 5 WWTPs studied, the WWTP in Cluj-Napoca, was working properly, and therefore technical measures have to be taken for upgrading the WWTPs and reducing the environmental load of micropollutants. This study is the first overview of PPCPs along on Romanian part of river Somes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaharie Moldovan
- National Institute of Research and Development for Isotopic and Molecular Technology, Str. Donath, Cluj-Napoca, 71-103, Romania.
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Peck AM. Analytical methods for the determination of persistent ingredients of personal care products in environmental matrices. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 386:907-39. [PMID: 17047946 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-0728-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2006] [Revised: 07/30/2006] [Accepted: 07/31/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Concern about the environmental fate and potential effects of synthetic organic chemicals used in soaps, lotions, toothpaste, and other personal care products continues to increase. This review describes procedures used for the analysis of five classes of these compounds-synthetic musk fragrances, antimicrobials, ultraviolet filters, insect repellents, and parabens-in water, sediment, sewage sludge, air, and aquatic biota. The primary focus is on sample extraction and preparation methods for these compounds. Instrumental methods commonly used for these compounds are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M Peck
- Analytical Chemistry Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC, 29412, USA
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Peck AM, Hornbuckle KC. Aquatic processes and systems in perspective. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING : JEM 2006; 8:874-9. [PMID: 16951746 PMCID: PMC2757748 DOI: 10.1039/b608170n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M Peck
- Hollings Marine Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Charleston, SC 29412, USA.
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Zeng X, Sheng G, Xiong Y, Fu J. Determination of polycyclic musks in sewage sludge from Guangdong, China using GC-EI-MS. CHEMOSPHERE 2005; 60:817-23. [PMID: 15936801 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic musks [Cashmeran (DPMI), Celestolide (ADBI), Phantolide (AHMI), Traseolide (ATII), Tonalide (AHTN) and Galaxolide (HHCB)] were Soxhlet extracted, separated and analyzed in sewage sludge from six different wastewater treatment plants from Guangdong, China, using GC and GC-EI-MS. DPMI, ADBI, HHCB, AHTN were found in all samples, and ATII was not found in any sample. AHMI was detected in five out of six samples. HHCB and AHTN were the two major polycyclic musks found in highest concentrations in sludge. The sludge from municipal wastewater treatment plants contained HHCB, AHTN and DPMI at concentrations between 5.416 and 21.214, 0.715 and 6.195 and 0.599 and 2.870 mg/kg (dry), respectively. The highest concentration was found in sludge from one cosmetic plant at 703.681 mg HHCB/kg (dry). The results indicate that there are two sources of polycyclic musks: domestic sewage and industrial wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangying Zeng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources, The State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangdong Province 510640, China
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Sanchez-Prado L, Lores M, Llompart M, Garcia-Jares C, Lourido M, Cela R. Further solid-phase microextraction–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry applications: “on-fibre” and aqueous photodegradation of nitro musks. J Chromatogr A 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Carballa M, Omil F, Lema JM, Llompart M, García-Jares C, Rodríguez I, Gómez M, Ternes T. Behavior of pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and hormones in a sewage treatment plant. WATER RESEARCH 2004; 38:2918-26. [PMID: 15223286 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2004.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 803] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2003] [Revised: 01/22/2004] [Accepted: 03/10/2004] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Two cosmetic ingredients (galaxolide, tonalide), eight pharmaceuticals (carbamazepine, diazepam, diclofenac, ibuprofen, naproxen, roxithromycin, sulfamethoxazole and iopromide) and three hormones (estrone, 17beta-estradiol and 17alpha-ethinylestradiol) have been surveyed along the different units of a municipal Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) in Galicia, NW Spain. Among all the substances considered, significant concentrations in the influent were only found for the two musks (galaxolide and tonalide), two anti-inflammatories (ibuprofen and naproxen), two natural estrogens (estrone, 17beta-estradiol), one antibiotic (sulfamethoxazole) and the X-ray contrast medium (iopromide), where the other compounds studied were below the limit of quantification. In the primary treatment, only the fragrances (30-50%) and 17beta-estradiol (20%) were partially removed. On the other hand, the aerobic treatment (activated sludges) caused an important reduction in all compounds detected, between 35% and 75%, with the exception of iopromide, which remained in the aqueous phase. The overall removal efficiencies within the STP ranged between 70-90% for the fragrances, 40-65% for the anti-inflammatories, around 65% for 17beta-estradiol and 60% for sulfamethoxazole. However, the concentration of estrone increased along the treatment due to the partial oxidation of 17beta-estradiol in the aeration tank.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Carballa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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