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Shi H, Yang Y, Meng P, Yang J, Zheng W, Wang P, Zhang Y, Chen X, Cheng Z, Zong C, Wang D, Chen Q. Local Charge Transfer Unveils Antideactivation of Ru at High Potentials for the Alkaline Hydrogen Oxidation Reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 38838245 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
The activity of Ru-based alkaline hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) electrocatalysts usually decreases rapidly at potentials higher than 0.1 V (vs a reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE)), which significantly limits the lifetime of fuel cells. It is found that this phenomenon is caused by the overadsorption of the O species due to the overcharging of Ru nanoparticles at high potentials. Here, Mn1Ox(OH)y clusters-modified Ru nanoparticles (Mn1Ox(OH)y@Ru/C) were prepared to promote charge transfer from overcharged Ru nanoparticles to Mn1Ox(OH)y clusters. Mn1Ox(OH)y@Ru/C exhibits high HOR activity and stability over a wide potential range of 0-1.0 V. Moreover, a hydroxide exchange membrane fuel cell with a Mn1Ox(OH)y@Ru/C anode delivers a high peak power density of 1.731 W cm-2, much superior to that of a Pt/C anode. In situ X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) analysis and density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that Mn in Mn1Ox(OH)y clusters could receive more electrons from overcharged Ru at higher potentials and significantly decrease the overadsorption of the O species on Ru, thus permitting the HOR on Ru to proceed at high potentials. This study provides guidance for the design of alkaline HOR catalysts without activity decay at high potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongda Shi
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Pin Meng
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jiahe Yang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Pengcheng Wang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yunlong Zhang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xingyan Chen
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zhiyu Cheng
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Cichang Zong
- The High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Dongdong Wang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Qianwang Chen
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- The High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
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2
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Wang YH, Yang Y, Gao FY, Zhang XL, Zhu L, Yan HK, Yang PP, Gao MR. Unraveling Stoichiometry Effect in Nickel-Tungsten Alloys for Efficient Hydrogen Oxidation Catalysis in Alkaline Electrolytes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202407613. [PMID: 38736299 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202407613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Anion-exchange membrane fuel cells provide the possibility to use platinum group metal-free catalysts, but the anodic hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) suffers from sluggish kinetics and its source is still debated. Here, over nickel-tungsten (Ni-W) alloy catalysts, we show that the Ni : W ratio greatly governs the HOR performance in alkaline electrolyte. Experimental and theoretical studies unravel that alloying with W can tune the unpaired electrons in Ni, tailoring the potential of zero charge and the catalytic surface to favor hydroxyl adsorption (OHad). The OHad species coordinately interact with potassium (K+) ions, which break the K+ solvation sheath to leave free water molecules, yielding an improved connectivity of hydrogen-bond networks. Consequently, the optimal Ni17W3 alloy exhibits alkaline HOR activity superior to the state-of-the-art platinum on carbon (Pt/C) catalyst and operates steadily with negligible decay after 10,000 cycles. Our findings offer new understandings of alloyed HOR catalysts and will guide rational design of next-generation catalysts for fuel cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Hua Wang
- Division of Nanomaterials & Chemistry, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China
| | - Yu Yang
- Division of Nanomaterials & Chemistry, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China
| | - Fei-Yue Gao
- Division of Nanomaterials & Chemistry, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China
| | - Xiao-Long Zhang
- Division of Nanomaterials & Chemistry, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- Division of Nanomaterials & Chemistry, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China
| | - Hui-Kun Yan
- Division of Nanomaterials & Chemistry, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China
| | - Peng-Peng Yang
- Division of Nanomaterials & Chemistry, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China
| | - Min-Rui Gao
- Division of Nanomaterials & Chemistry, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China
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3
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Meng P, Zheng W, Shi H, Yang J, Wang P, Zhang Y, Chen X, Zong C, Wang P, Cheng Z, Yang Y, Wang D, Chen Q. Ultralow-Loading Ruthenium-Iridium Fuel Cell Catalysts Dispersed on Zn-N Species-Doped Carbon. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2401404. [PMID: 38644200 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202401404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Developing low-loading platinum-group-metal (PGM) catalysts is one of the key challenges in commercializing anion-exchange-membrane-fuel-cells (AEMFCs), especially for hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR). Here, ruthenium-iridium nanoparticles being deposited on a Zn-N species-doped carbon carrier (Ru6Ir/Zn-N-C) are synthesized and used as an anodic catalyst for AEMFCs. Ru6Ir/Zn-N-C shows extremely high mass activity (5.87 A mgPGM -1) and exchange current density (0.92 mA cm-2), which is 15.1 and 3.9 times that of commercial Pt/C, respectively. Based on the Ru6Ir/Zn-N-C AEMFCs achieve a peak power density of 1.50 W cm-2, surpassing the state-of-the-art commercial PtRu catalysts and the power ratio of the normalized loading is 14.01 W mgPGM anode -1 or 5.89 W mgPGM -1 after decreasing the anode loading (87.49 µg cm-2) or the total PGM loading (0.111 mg cm-2), satisfying the US Department of Energy's PGM loading target. Moreover, the solvent and solute isotope separation method is used for the first time to reveal the kinetic process of HOR, which shows the reaction is influenced by the adsorption of H2O and OH-. The improvement of the hydrogen bond network connectivity of the electric double layer by adjusting the interfacial H2O structure together with the optimized HBE and OHBE is proposed to be responsible for the high HOR activity of Ru6Ir/Zn-N-C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin Meng
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Hongda Shi
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Jiahe Yang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Peichen Wang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Yunlong Zhang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Xingyan Chen
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Cichang Zong
- The Anhui High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Pengcheng Wang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Zhiyu Cheng
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Dongdong Wang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Qianwang Chen
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- The Anhui High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
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4
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Park J, Kim HK, Park J, Kim B, Baik H, Baik MH, Lee K. Flattening bent Janus nanodiscs expands lattice parameters. Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2022.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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5
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Moriau L, Smiljanić M, Lončar A, Hodnik N. Supported Iridium-based Oxygen Evolution Reaction Electrocatalysts - Recent Developments. ChemCatChem 2022; 14:e202200586. [PMID: 36605357 PMCID: PMC9804445 DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202200586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The commercialization of acidic proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers (PEMWE) is heavily hindered by the price and scarcity of oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalyst, i. e. iridium and its oxides. One of the solutions to enhance the utilization of this precious metal is to use a support to distribute well dispersed Ir nanoparticles. In addition, adequately chosen support can also impact the activity and stability of the catalyst. However, not many materials can sustain the oxidative and acidic conditions of OER in PEMWE. Hereby, we critically and extensively review the different materials proposed as possible supports for OER in acidic media and the effect they have on iridium performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Moriau
- Department of Materials ChemistryNational Institute of ChemistryHajdrihova 191001LjubljanaSlovenia
| | - Milutin Smiljanić
- Department of Materials ChemistryNational Institute of ChemistryHajdrihova 191001LjubljanaSlovenia
| | - Anja Lončar
- Department of Materials ChemistryNational Institute of ChemistryHajdrihova 191001LjubljanaSlovenia,University of Nova GoricaVipavska 135000Nova GoricaSlovenia
| | - Nejc Hodnik
- Department of Materials ChemistryNational Institute of ChemistryHajdrihova 191001LjubljanaSlovenia,University of Nova GoricaVipavska 135000Nova GoricaSlovenia
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6
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Liu F, Shi C, Guo X, He Z, Pan L, Huang Z, Zhang X, Zou J. Rational Design of Better Hydrogen Evolution Electrocatalysts for Water Splitting: A Review. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2200307. [PMID: 35435329 PMCID: PMC9218766 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202200307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The excessive dependence on fossil fuels contributes to the majority of CO2 emissions, influencing on the climate change. One promising alternative to fossil fuels is green hydrogen, which can be produced through water electrolysis from renewable electricity. However, the variety and complexity of hydrogen evolution electrocatalysts currently studied increases the difficulty in the integration of catalytic theory, catalyst design and preparation, and characterization methods. Herein, this review first highlights design principles for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) electrocatalysts, presenting the thermodynamics, kinetics, and related electronic and structural descriptors for HER. Second, the reasonable design, preparation, mechanistic understanding, and performance enhancement of electrocatalysts are deeply discussed based on intrinsic and extrinsic effects. Third, recent advancements in the electrocatalytic water splitting technology are further discussed briefly. Finally, the challenges and perspectives of the development of highly efficient hydrogen evolution electrocatalysts for water splitting are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Liu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of the Ministry of EducationSchool of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyTianjin UniversityTianjin300072China
- Collaborative Innovative Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)Tianjin300072China
- Zhejiang Institute of Tianjin UniversityNingboZhejiang315201China
| | - Chengxiang Shi
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of the Ministry of EducationSchool of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyTianjin UniversityTianjin300072China
- Collaborative Innovative Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)Tianjin300072China
- Zhejiang Institute of Tianjin UniversityNingboZhejiang315201China
| | - Xiaolei Guo
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of the Ministry of EducationSchool of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyTianjin UniversityTianjin300072China
- Collaborative Innovative Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)Tianjin300072China
- Zhejiang Institute of Tianjin UniversityNingboZhejiang315201China
| | - Zexing He
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of the Ministry of EducationSchool of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyTianjin UniversityTianjin300072China
- Collaborative Innovative Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)Tianjin300072China
- Zhejiang Institute of Tianjin UniversityNingboZhejiang315201China
| | - Lun Pan
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of the Ministry of EducationSchool of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyTianjin UniversityTianjin300072China
- Collaborative Innovative Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)Tianjin300072China
- Zhejiang Institute of Tianjin UniversityNingboZhejiang315201China
| | - Zhen‐Feng Huang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of the Ministry of EducationSchool of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyTianjin UniversityTianjin300072China
- Collaborative Innovative Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)Tianjin300072China
- Zhejiang Institute of Tianjin UniversityNingboZhejiang315201China
| | - Xiangwen Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of the Ministry of EducationSchool of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyTianjin UniversityTianjin300072China
- Collaborative Innovative Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)Tianjin300072China
- Zhejiang Institute of Tianjin UniversityNingboZhejiang315201China
| | - Ji‐Jun Zou
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of the Ministry of EducationSchool of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyTianjin UniversityTianjin300072China
- Collaborative Innovative Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)Tianjin300072China
- Zhejiang Institute of Tianjin UniversityNingboZhejiang315201China
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7
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Amaya-Roncancio S, Linares D, Sapag K, Restrepo-Parra E. Diffusion of hydrogen, carbon and oxygen in the presence of hydrogen coadsorbed onto iron surfaces. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.132397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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8
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Adsorption and diffusion of O atoms on metallic (1 0 0) surfaces. Cluster and periodic slab approaches. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2021.113556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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9
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Li X, Xiang Z. Identifying the impact of the covalent-bonded carbon matrix to FeN 4 sites for acidic oxygen reduction. Nat Commun 2022; 13:57. [PMID: 35013260 PMCID: PMC8748808 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27735-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The atomic configurations of FeNx moieties are the key to affect the activity of oxygen rection reaction (ORR). However, the traditional synthesis relying on high-temperature pyrolysis towards combining sources of Fe, N, and C often results in the plurality of local environments for the FeNx sites. Unveiling the effect of carbon matrix adjacent to FeNx sites towards ORR activity is important but still is a great challenge due to inevitable connection of diverse N as well as random defects. Here, we report a proof-of-concept study on the evaluation of covalent-bonded carbon environment connected to FeN4 sites on their catalytic activity via pyrolysis-free approach. Basing on the closed π conjugated phthalocyanine-based intrinsic covalent organic polymers (COPs) with well-designed structures, we directly synthesized a series of atomically dispersed Fe-N-C catalysts with various pure carbon environments connected to the same FeN4 sites. Experiments combined with density functional theory demonstrates that the catalytic activities of these COPs materials appear a volcano plot with the increasement of delocalized π electrons in their carbon matrix. The delocalized π electrons changed anti-bonding d-state energy level of the single FeN4 moieties, hence tailored the adsorption between active centers and oxygen intermediates and altered the rate-determining step. Unveiling the effect of carbon matrix adjacent to Fe-N towards oxygen reduction reaction is important yet challenging. Here the authors investigate the carbon environment covalent-connected to FeN4 sites on their catalytic activity using models prepared by pyrolysis-free approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, PR China
| | - Zhonghua Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, PR China.
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10
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Li L, Wang P, Shao Q, Huang X. Recent Progress in Advanced Electrocatalyst Design for Acidic Oxygen Evolution Reaction. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2004243. [PMID: 33749035 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202004243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Proton exchange membrane (PEM) water electrolyzers hold great significance for renewable energy storage and conversion. The acidic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is one of the main roadblocks that hinder the practical application of PEM water electrolyzers. Highly active, cost-effective, and durable electrocatalysts are indispensable for lowering the high kinetic barrier of OER to achieve boosted reaction kinetics. To date, a wide spectrum of advanced electrocatalysts has been designed and synthesized for enhanced acidic OER performance, though Ir and Ru based nanostructures still represent the state-of-the-art catalysts. In this Progress Report, recent research progress in advanced electrocatalysts for improved acidic OER performance is summarized. First, fundamental understanding about acidic OER including reaction mechanisms and atomic understanding to acidic OER for rational design of efficient electrocatalysts are discussed. Thereafter, an overview of the progress in the design and synthesis of advanced acidic OER electrocatalysts is provided in terms of catalyst category, i.e., metallic nanostructures (Ir and Ru based), precious metal oxides, nonprecious metal oxides, and carbon based nanomaterials. Finally, perspectives to the future development of acidic OER are provided from the aspects of reaction mechanism investigation and more efficient electrocatalyst design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Pengtang Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Qi Shao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Xiaoqing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Jiangsu, 215123, China
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11
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Turning main-group element magnesium into a highly active electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction. Nat Commun 2020; 11:938. [PMID: 32071314 PMCID: PMC7028951 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14565-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
It is known that the main-group metals and their related materials show poor catalytic activity due to a broadened single resonance derived from the interaction of valence orbitals of adsorbates with the broad sp-band of main-group metals. However, Mg cofactors existing in enzymes are extremely active in biochemical reactions. Our density function theory calculations reveal that the catalytic activity of the main-group metals (Mg, Al and Ca) in oxygen reduction reaction is severely hampered by the tight-bonding of active centers with hydroxyl group intermediate, while the Mg atom coordinated to two nitrogen atoms has the near-optimal adsorption strength with intermediate oxygen species by the rise of p-band center position compared to other coordination environments. We experimentally demonstrate that the atomically dispersed Mg cofactors incorporated within graphene framework exhibits a strikingly high half-wave potential of 910 mV in alkaline media, turning a s/p-band metal into a highly active electrocatalyst. Although magnesium-based cofactors are highly active in biochemical reactions, magnesium-based materials generally exhibit poor catalytic activity for oxygen reduction. Here the authors enhance electrocatalytic activity of magnesium through atomic dispersion with a graphene framework.
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12
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Li L, Wang P, Shao Q, Huang X. Metallic nanostructures with low dimensionality for electrochemical water splitting. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:3072-3106. [PMID: 32309830 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00013b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Metallic nanostructures with low dimensionality (one-dimension and two-dimension) possess unique structural characteristics and distinctive electronic and physicochemical properties including high aspect ratio, high specific surface area, high density of surface unsaturated atoms and high electron mobility. These distinctive features have rendered them remarkable advantages over their bulk counterparts for surface-related applications, for example, electrochemical water splitting. In this review article, we highlight the recent research progress in low-dimensional metallic nanostructures for electrochemical water splitting including hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Fundamental understanding of the electrochemistry of water splitting including HER and OER is firstly provided from the aspects of catalytic mechanisms, activity descriptors and property evaluation metrics. Generally, it is challenging to obtain low-dimensional metallic nanostructures with desirable characteristics for HER and OER. We hereby introduce several typical methods for synthesizing one-dimensional and two-dimensional metallic nanostructures including organic ligand-assisted synthesis, hydrothermal/solvothermal synthesis, carbon monoxide confined growth, topotactic reduction, and templated growth. We then put emphasis on the strategies adopted for the design and fabrication of high-performance low-dimensional metallic nanostructures for electrochemical water splitting such as alloying, structure design, surface engineering, interface engineering and strain engineering. The underlying structure-property correlation for each strategy is elucidated aiming to facilitate the design of more advanced electrocatalysts for water splitting. The challenges and perspectives for the development of electrochemical water splitting and low-dimensional metallic nanostructures are also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigang Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, No. 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Pengtang Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, No. 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Qi Shao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, No. 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xiaoqing Huang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, No. 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China.
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13
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Rice PS, Mao Y, Guo C, Hu P. Interconversion of hydrated protons at the interface between liquid water and platinum. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:5932-5940. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp07511e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The free energy barriers for hydrogen transfer at the H2O/Pt(111) interface calculated usingab initiomolecular dynamics and umbrella sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter S. Rice
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- The Queen's University of Belfast
- Belfast BT9 5AG
- UK
| | - Yu Mao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- The Queen's University of Belfast
- Belfast BT9 5AG
- UK
| | - Chenxi Guo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- The Queen's University of Belfast
- Belfast BT9 5AG
- UK
| | - P. Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- The Queen's University of Belfast
- Belfast BT9 5AG
- UK
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14
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Jiadong Z, Yanyan S, Sun Z. Bimetallic nanoporous Pd-Ag prepared by dealloying with polyvinylpyrrolidone and their electrocatalytic properties. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 29:485401. [PMID: 30204126 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aae05e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Bimetallic nanoporous Pd-Ag solid solution alloys with hierarchical structure were prepared by dealloying melt-spun Al-Pd-Ag ribbons in a 10 wt% H3PO4 solution. Electrocatalytic properties of nanoporous Pd-Ag alloys were measured in comparison with the nanoporous Pd without Ag. Experimental results showed that the nanoporous Pd-Ag alloys displayed electrocatalytic properties superior to their Ag-free counterparts. In particular, the optimised composition was revealed to be Pd/Ag = 3/2 in atomic ratio in the precursor with fixed 85 at% Al alloys, which yielded in a peak current density in the nanoporous Pd-Ag alloy two times that of the pure Pd one. The electrocatalytic activity of nanoporous Pd-Ag alloy with refined microstructure was further increased up to three times of the pure Pd one by adding 1 mM polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) into the H3PO4 solution. The underlying mechanism of refinement was related to a restriction effect on the free diffusion of Pd and Ag under adsorption of the PVP macromolecules. The significant improvement in the electrocatalytic properties was attributed to the dual promotion by the electron transfer from PVP to Pd-Ag and by a synergistic effect between Pd and Ag.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuo Jiadong
- School of Science, MOE Key Laboratory for Non-Equilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China. State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
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15
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Abstract
Carbon supported nanoparticles of monometallic Ni catalyst and binary Ni-Transition Metal (Ni-TM/C) electrocatalytic composites were synthesized via the chemical reduction method, where TM stands for the doping elements Fe, Co, and Cu. The chemical composition, structure and morphology of the Ni-TM/C materials were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The electrochemical properties towards hydrogen oxidation reaction in alkaline medium were studied using the rotating disc electrode and cycling voltammetry methods. A significant role of the TM dopants in the promotion of the hydrogen electrooxidation kinetics of the binary Ni-TM/C materials was revealed. A record-high in exchange current density value of 0.060 mA cm2Ni was measured for Ni3Fe1/C, whereas the monometallic Ni/C counterpart has only shown 0.039 mA cm2Ni. In order to predict the feasibility of the electrocatalysts for hydrogen chemisorption, density functional theory was applied to calculate the hydrogen binding energy and hydroxide binding energy values for bare Ni and Ni3TM1.
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16
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Shuttleworth IG. Binding Site Transitions Across Strained Oxygenated and Hydroxylated Pt(111). Chemistry 2018; 7:356-369. [PMID: 29872611 PMCID: PMC5974552 DOI: 10.1002/open.201800039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The effects of strain σ on the binding position preference of oxygen atoms and hydroxyl groups adsorbed on Pt(111) have been investigated using density functional theory. A transition between the bridge and FCC binding occurs under compressive strain of the O/Pt(111) surface. A significant reconstruction occurs under compressive strain of the OH/Pt(111) surface, and the surface OH groups preferentially occupy on‐top (bridge) positions at highly compressive (less compressive/tensile) strains. Changes to magnetisation of the O‐ and OH‐populated surfaces are discussed and for O/Pt(111) oxygenation reduces the surface magnetism via a delocalised mechanism. The origins of the surface magnetisation for both O‐ and OH‐bearing systems are discussed in terms of the state‐resolved electronic populations and of the surface charge density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian G Shuttleworth
- School of Science and Technology Nottingham Trent University Nottingham NG11 8NS UK
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17
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Liu L, Liu C. Origin of the overpotentials for HCOO− and CO formation in the electroreduction of CO2 on Cu(211): the reductive desorption processes decide. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:5756-5765. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp08440d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Potential-related free energy profiles of CO and HCOO− pathways in CO2RR on Cu(211) are computed with implicit solvent model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Liu
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of the Ministry of Education (MOE)
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing
| | - Chungen Liu
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of the Ministry of Education (MOE)
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing
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18
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Wang C, Tuninetti J, Wang Z, Zhang C, Ciganda R, Salmon L, Moya S, Ruiz J, Astruc D. Hydrolysis of Ammonia-Borane over Ni/ZIF-8 Nanocatalyst: High Efficiency, Mechanism, and Controlled Hydrogen Release. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:11610-11615. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b06859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Changlong Wang
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, UPR CNRS 8241, Toulouse 31077 Cedex, France
- ISM, UMR CNRS N 5255, Université de Bordeaux, Talence 33405 Cedex, France
| | - Jimena Tuninetti
- CIC biomaGUNE, Unidad Biosuperficies, Paseo Miramon No 182, Edif “C”, Donostia-San Sebastian 20009, Spain
| | - Zhao Wang
- Laboratoire
de Réactivité de Surface, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR CNRS 7197, 4 Place Jussieu, Tour 43-33, 3ème
étage, Case 178, Paris F-75252, France
| | - Chen Zhang
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, UPR CNRS 8241, Toulouse 31077 Cedex, France
| | - Roberto Ciganda
- ISM, UMR CNRS N 5255, Université de Bordeaux, Talence 33405 Cedex, France
| | - Lionel Salmon
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, UPR CNRS 8241, Toulouse 31077 Cedex, France
| | - Sergio Moya
- CIC biomaGUNE, Unidad Biosuperficies, Paseo Miramon No 182, Edif “C”, Donostia-San Sebastian 20009, Spain
| | - Jaime Ruiz
- ISM, UMR CNRS N 5255, Université de Bordeaux, Talence 33405 Cedex, France
| | - Didier Astruc
- ISM, UMR CNRS N 5255, Université de Bordeaux, Talence 33405 Cedex, France
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19
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Chen BWJ, Genest A, Hühn A, Rösch N. Carboxylic acid formation by hydroxyl insertion into acyl moieties on late transition metals. Catal Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cy00972k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
With a DFT approach, we systematically examined the barriers for OH insertion into acyl moieties on late transition metals, a reaction pertinent to the catalytic decarboxylation of biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin W. J. Chen
- Institute of High Performance Computing
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research
- Singapore 138632
- Singapore
| | - Alexander Genest
- Institute of High Performance Computing
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research
- Singapore 138632
- Singapore
| | - Adrian Hühn
- Institute of High Performance Computing
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research
- Singapore 138632
- Singapore
| | - Notker Rösch
- Institute of High Performance Computing
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research
- Singapore 138632
- Singapore
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center
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20
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Xiao BB, Liu HY, Jiang XB, Yu ZD, Jiang Q. A bifunctional two dimensional TM3(HHTP)2 monolayer and its variations for oxygen electrode reactions. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra09974f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To achieve renewable energy technologies, low-cost electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) are required to replace Pt and IrO2/RuO2 catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. B. Xiao
- School of Energy and Power Engineering
- Jiangsu University of Science and Technology
- Zhenjiang
- China
| | - H. Y. Liu
- School of Energy and Power Engineering
- Jiangsu University of Science and Technology
- Zhenjiang
- China
| | - X. B. Jiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Jiangsu University of Science and Technology
- Zhenjiang
- China
| | - Z. D. Yu
- School of Energy and Power Engineering
- Jiangsu University of Science and Technology
- Zhenjiang
- China
| | - Q. Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials (Jilin University)
- Ministry of Education
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130022
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21
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Sun W, Song Y, Gong XQ, Cao LM, Yang J. Hollandite Structure K(x≈0.25)IrO2 Catalyst with Highly Efficient Oxygen Evolution Reaction. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:820-6. [PMID: 26694881 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b10159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalysts with high activity are of particular importance for renewable energy production and storage. Here, we prepare Kx≈0.25IrO2 catalyst that exhibits an excellent OER activity compared to IrO2, which is univerally acknoweledged as a state-of-the-art OER catalyst. The prepared catalyst reflects a small overpotential 0.35 V at a current density of 10 mA cm(-2) and a lower Tafel slope (65 mV dec(-1)) compared to that for IrO2 (74 mV dec(-1)). The performed X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray adsorption (XAS) experiments indicate that the Ir-site of Kx≈0.25IrO2 has a lower valence and more Ir-5d occupied states, suggesting more electrons on the Ir site. The extra electrons located on the Ir site and distorted IrO6 octahedral symmetry have a significant effect on the 5d orbital energy distribution which is verified by our DOS calculation. The performed DFT calculations state that the Kx≈0.25IrO2 essentially obtains good OER performance because it has a lower theoretical overpotential (0.50 V) compared to IrO2 (0.61 V).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sun
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Processes, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering and ‡Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Center for Computational Chemistry and Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P.R. China
| | - Ya Song
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Processes, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering and ‡Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Center for Computational Chemistry and Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P.R. China
| | - Xue-Qing Gong
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Processes, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering and ‡Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Center for Computational Chemistry and Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P.R. China
| | - Li-mei Cao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Processes, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering and ‡Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Center for Computational Chemistry and Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P.R. China
| | - Ji Yang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Processes, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering and ‡Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Center for Computational Chemistry and Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P.R. China
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22
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Chaves AS, Piotrowski MJ, Guedes-Sobrinho D, Da Silva JLF. Theoretical Investigation of the Adsorption Properties of CO, NO, and OH on Monometallic and Bimetallic 13-Atom Clusters: The Example of Cu13, Pt7Cu6, and Pt13. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:11565-73. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b08330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anderson S. Chaves
- São
Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, P.O. Box 780, 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Maurício J. Piotrowski
- Physics
Department, Federal University of Pelotas, P.O. Box 354, 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Diego Guedes-Sobrinho
- São
Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, P.O. Box 780, 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Juarez L. F. Da Silva
- São
Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, P.O. Box 780, 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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23
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Koper MTM. Activity volcanoes for the electrocatalysis of homolytic and heterolytic hydrogen evolution. J Solid State Electrochem 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-015-3036-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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24
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Li CY, Dong JC, Jin X, Chen S, Panneerselvam R, Rudnev AV, Yang ZL, Li JF, Wandlowski T, Tian ZQ. In Situ Monitoring of Electrooxidation Processes at Gold Single Crystal Surfaces Using Shell-Isolated Nanoparticle-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:7648-51. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b04670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Alexander V. Rudnev
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse
3, Bern CH-3012, Switzerland
| | | | - Jian-Feng Li
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse
3, Bern CH-3012, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Wandlowski
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse
3, Bern CH-3012, Switzerland
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25
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Lee DJ, Heo K, Lee H, Jin JH, Chang H, Park M, Lee HBR, Kim H, Lee BY. Real-time detection of chlorine gas using Ni/Si shell/core nanowires. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2015; 10:18. [PMID: 25852316 PMCID: PMC4314467 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-015-0729-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the selective adsorption of Ni/Si shell/core nanowires (Ni-Si NWs) with a Ni outer shell and a Si inner core on molecularly patterned substrates and their application to sensors for the detection of chlorine gas, a toxic halogen gas. The molecularly patterned substrates consisted of polar SiO2 regions and nonpolar regions of self-assembled monolayers of octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS). The NWs showed selective adsorption on the polar SiO2 regions, avoiding assembly on the nonpolar OTS regions. Utilizing these assembled Ni-Si NWs, we demonstrate a sensor for the detection of chlorine gas. The utilization of Ni-Si NWs resulted in a much larger sensor response of approximately 23% to 5 ppm of chlorine gas compared to bare Ni NWs, due to the increased surface-to-volume ratio of the Ni-Si shell/core structure. We expect that our sensor will be utilized in the future for the real-time detection of halogen gases including chlorine with high sensitivity and fast response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Jin Lee
- />School of Mechanical Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-Ro, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul 136-713 Korea
| | - Kwang Heo
- />Department of Bioengineering, University of California, 261 Donner Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Hyungwoo Lee
- />Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1509 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Joon-Hyung Jin
- />School of Mechanical Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-Ro, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul 136-713 Korea
| | - Hochan Chang
- />School of Mechanical Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-Ro, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul 136-713 Korea
| | - Minjun Park
- />School of Mechanical Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-Ro, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul 136-713 Korea
| | - Han-Bo-Ram Lee
- />Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon Korea
| | - Hyungjun Kim
- />School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul Korea
| | - Byung Yang Lee
- />School of Mechanical Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-Ro, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul 136-713 Korea
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26
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Doroshenko AA, Nechaev IV, Vvedenskii AV. Quantum-chemical modeling of gas-phase adsorption of the hydroxyl radical on IB metal clusters Me n (n = 2–8). RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s003602441409012x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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27
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Al13@Pt42 core-shell cluster for oxygen reduction reaction. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5205. [PMID: 24902886 PMCID: PMC5381497 DOI: 10.1038/srep05205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
To increase Pt utilization for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in fuel cells, reducing particle sizes of Pt is a valid way. However, poisoning or surface oxidation limits the smallest size of Pt particles at 2.6 nm with a low utility of 20%. Here, using density functional theory calculations, we develop a core-shell Al13@Pt42 cluster as a catalyst for ORR. Benefit from alloying with Al in this cluster, the covalent Pt-Al bonding effectively activates the Pt atoms at the edge sites, enabling its high utility up to 70%. Valuably, the adsorption energy of O is located at the optimal range with 0.0–0.4 eV weaker than Pt(111), while OH-poisoning does not observed. Moreover, ORR comes from O2 dissociation mechanism where the rate-limiting step is located at OH formation from O and H with a barrier of 0.59 eV, comparable with 0.50 eV of OH formation from O and H2O on Pt(111).
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28
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Gründer Y, Drünkler A, Golks F, Wijts G, Stettner J, Zegenhagen J, Magnussen O. Cu(111) in chloride containing acidic electrolytes: Coadsorption of an oxygenated species. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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29
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Peterson AA. Global Optimization of Adsorbate–Surface Structures While Preserving Molecular Identity. Top Catal 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-013-0161-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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30
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Koverga AA, Frank S, Koper MT. Density Functional Theory study of electric field effects on CO and OH adsorption and co-adsorption on gold surfaces. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.12.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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31
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Koper MT. Thermodynamic theory of multi-electron transfer reactions: Implications for electrocatalysis. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2010.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 647] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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32
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Spillover Phenomena and Its Striking Impacts in Electrocatalysis for Hydrogen and Oxygen Electrode Reactions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1155/2011/412165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The core subject of the present paper represents the interrelated spillover (effusion) phenomena both of the primary oxide and the H-adatoms, their theory and practice, causes, appearances and consequences, and evidences of existence, their specific properties, and their alterpolar equilibria and kinetic behavior, structural, and resulting catalytic, and double layer charging features. The aim is to introduce electron conductive and d-d interactive individual and composite (mixed valence) hypo-d-oxide compounds, of increased altervalent capacity, or their suboxides (Magnéli phases), as the interactive catalytic supports and therefrom provide (i) the strong metal-support interaction (SMSI) catalytic effect and (ii) dynamic spillover interactive transfer of primary oxides (M-OH) and free effusional H-adatoms for further electrode reactions and thereby advance the overall electrocatalytic activity. Since hypo-d-oxides feature the exchange membrane properties, the higher the altervalent capacity, the higher the spillover effect. In fact, altervalent hypo-d-oxides impose spontaneous dissociative adsorption of water molecules and then spontaneously pronounced membrane spillover transferring properties instantaneously resulting with corresponding bronze type (Pt/HxWO3) under cathodic and/or its hydrated state (Pt/W(OH)6), responsible for Pt-OH effusion, under anodic polarization, this way establishing instantaneous reversibly revertible alterpolar bronze features (Pt/H0.35WO3 Pt/W(OH)6) and substantially advanced electrocatalytic properties of these composite interactive electrocatalysts. Such nanostructured-type electrocatalysts, even of mixed-valence hypo-d-oxide structures (Pt/H0.35WO3/TiO2/C, Pt/HxNbO3/TiO2/C), have for the first time been synthesized by the sol-gel methods and shown rather high stability, electron conductivity, and nonexchanged initial pure monobronze spillover and catalytic properties. Such a unique electrocatalytic system, as the striking target issue of the present paper, has been shown to be the superior for substantiation of the revertible cell assembly for spontaneous reversible alterpolar interchanges between PEMFC and WE. The main target of the present thorough review study has been to throw some specific insight light on the overall spillover phenomena and their effects in electrocatalysis of oxygen and hydrogen electrode reactions from diverse angles of view and broad contemporary experimental methods and approaches (XPS, FTIR, DRIFT, XRD, potentiodynamic spectra, UHRTEM).
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34
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Rodríguez P, Koverga A, Koper M. Carbon Monoxide as a Promoter for its own Oxidation on a Gold Electrode. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200905387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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35
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Rodríguez P, Koverga A, Koper M. Carbon Monoxide as a Promoter for its own Oxidation on a Gold Electrode. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:1241-3. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200905387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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36
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Li JF, Huang YF, Duan S, Pang R, Wu DY, Ren B, Xu X, Tian ZQ. SERS and DFT study of water on metal cathodes of silver, gold and platinum nanoparticles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:2493-502. [DOI: 10.1039/b919266b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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37
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Lv CQ, Ling KC, Wang GC. Methane combustion on Pd-based model catalysts: Structure sensitive or insensitive? J Chem Phys 2009; 131:144704. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3236527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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38
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Zeinalipour-Yazdi CD, van Santen RA. Kinetic Rates and Linear Free Energy Relationships for Water Dissociation on Transition and Noble Metal Dimers. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:6971-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jp902139m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Constantinos D. Zeinalipour-Yazdi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, CY 1678, Nicosia, Cyprus, and Schuit Institute of Catalysis, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Rutger A. van Santen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, CY 1678, Nicosia, Cyprus, and Schuit Institute of Catalysis, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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39
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Venkatachalam S, Jacob T. Hydrogen adsorption on Pd-containing Au(111) bimetallic surfaces. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009; 11:3263-70. [DOI: 10.1039/b900250b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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40
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Lucas CA, Cormack M, Gallagher ME, Brownrigg A, Thompson P, Fowler B, Gründer Y, Roy J, Stamenković V, Marković NM. From ultra-high vacuum to the electrochemical interface: X-ray scattering studies of model electrocatalysts. Faraday Discuss 2009; 140:41-58; discussion 93-112. [DOI: 10.1039/b803523g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Andersson K, Ketteler G, Bluhm H, Yamamoto S, Ogasawara H, Pettersson LGM, Salmeron M, Nilsson A. Autocatalytic Water Dissociation on Cu(110) at Near Ambient Conditions. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:2793-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ja073727x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Klas Andersson
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, P.O.B. 20450, Stanford, California 94309, FYSIKUM, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden, Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720, and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Guido Ketteler
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, P.O.B. 20450, Stanford, California 94309, FYSIKUM, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden, Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720, and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Hendrik Bluhm
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, P.O.B. 20450, Stanford, California 94309, FYSIKUM, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden, Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720, and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Susumu Yamamoto
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, P.O.B. 20450, Stanford, California 94309, FYSIKUM, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden, Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720, and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Hirohito Ogasawara
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, P.O.B. 20450, Stanford, California 94309, FYSIKUM, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden, Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720, and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Lars G. M. Pettersson
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, P.O.B. 20450, Stanford, California 94309, FYSIKUM, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden, Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720, and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Miquel Salmeron
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, P.O.B. 20450, Stanford, California 94309, FYSIKUM, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden, Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720, and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Anders Nilsson
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, P.O.B. 20450, Stanford, California 94309, FYSIKUM, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden, Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720, and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
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42
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Gokhale AA, Dumesic JA, Mavrikakis M. On the mechanism of low-temperature water gas shift reaction on copper. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:1402-14. [PMID: 18181624 DOI: 10.1021/ja0768237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 477] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Periodic, self-consistent density functional theory (DFT-GGA) calculations are used to investigate the water gas shift reaction (WGSR) mechanism on Cu(111). The thermochemistry and activation energy barriers for all the elementary steps of the commonly accepted redox mechanism, involving complete water activation to atomic oxygen, are presented. Through our calculations, we identify carboxyl, a new reactive intermediate, which plays a central role in WGSR on Cu(111). The thermochemistry and activation energy barriers of the elementary steps of a new reaction path, involving carboxyl, are studied. A detailed DFT-based microkinetic model of experimental reaction rates, accounting for both the previous and the new WGSR mechanism show that, under relevant experimental conditions, (1) the carboxyl-mediated route is the dominant path, and (2) the initial hydrogen abstraction from water is the rate-limiting step. Formate is a stable "spectator" species, formed predominantly through CO2 hydrogenation. In addition, the microkinetic model allows for predictions of (i) surface coverage of intermediates, (ii) WGSR apparent activation energy, and (iii) reaction orders with respect to CO, H2O, CO2, and H2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit A Gokhale
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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43
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Spillover of primary oxides as a dynamic catalytic effect of interactive hypo-d-oxide supports. Electrochim Acta 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2007.06.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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44
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Wang Y, Balbuena PB. Ab initio molecular dynamics simulations of the oxygen reduction reaction on a Pt(111) surface in the presence of hydrated hydronium (H3O)(+)(H2O)2: direct or series pathway? J Phys Chem B 2007; 109:14896-907. [PMID: 16852887 DOI: 10.1021/jp050241z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Car-Parrinello molecular dynamics simulations have been performed to investigate the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) on a Pt(111) surface at 350 K. By progressive loading of (H3O)(+)(H2O)(2,3) + e- into a simulation cell containing a Pt slab and O2 for the first reduction step, and either products or intermediate species for the subsequent reduction steps, the detailed mechanisms of the ORR are well illustrated via monitoring MD trajectories and analyzing Kohn-Sham electronic energies. A proton transfer is found to be involved in the first reduction step; depending on the initial proton-oxygen distance, on the degree of proton hydration, and on the surface charge, such transfer may take place either earlier or later than the O2 chemisorption, in all cases forming an adsorbed end-on complex H-O-O*. Decomposition of H-O-O* takes place with a rather small barrier, after a short lifetime of approximately 0.15 ps, yielding coadsorbed oxygen and hydroxyl (O + HO*). Formation of the one-end adsorbed hydrogen peroxide, HOO*H, is observed via the reduction of H-O-O*, which suggests that the ORR may also proceed via HOO*H, i.e., a series pathway. However, HOO*H readily dissociates homolytically into two coadsorbed hydroxyls (HO* + HO*) rather than forming a dual adsorbed HOOH. Along the direct pathway, the reduction of H-O* + O* yields two possible products, O* + H2O* and HO* + HO*. Of the three intermediates from the second electron-transfer step, HOO*H from the series pathway has the highest energy, followed by O* + H2O* and HO* + HO* from the direct pathway. It is therefore theoretically validated that the O2 reduction on a Pt surface may proceed via a parallel pathway, the direct and series occurring simultaneously, with the direct as the dominant step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3122 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843
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45
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Montoya A, Schlunke A, Haynes BS. Reaction of hydrogen with Ag(111): binding states, minimum energy paths, and kinetics. J Phys Chem B 2007; 110:17145-54. [PMID: 16928010 DOI: 10.1021/jp062725g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of atomic and molecular hydrogen with the Ag(111) surface is studied using periodic density functional total-energy calculations. This paper focuses on the site preference for adsorption, ordered structures, and energy barriers for H diffusion and H recombination. Chemisorbed H atoms are unstable with respect to the H(2) molecule in all adsorption sites below monolayer coverage. The three-hollow sites are energetically the most favorable for H chemisorption. The binding energy of H to the surface decreases slightly up to one monolayer, suggesting a small repulsive H-H interaction on nonadjacent sites. Subsurface and vacancy sites are energetically less favorable for H adsorption than on-top sites. Recombination of chemisorbed H atoms leads to the formation of gas-phase H(2) with no molecular chemisorbed state. Recombination is an exothermic process and occurs on the bridge site with a pronounced energy barrier. This energy barrier is significantly higher than that inferred from experimental temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) studies. However, there is significant permeability of H atoms through the recombination energy barrier at low temperatures, thus increasing the rate constant for H(2) desorption due to quantum tunneling effects, and improving the agreement between experiment and theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Montoya
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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46
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German ED, Sheintuch M. A study of oxygen dissociative adsorption on close-packed metal surfaces using a hybrid analytical approach. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B 2007. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990793107040069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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47
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Mitsui T, Fomin E, Ogletree D, Salmeron M, Nilekar A, Mavrikakis M. Manipulation and Patterning of the Surface Hydrogen Concentration on Pd(111) by Electric Fields. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200604498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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48
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Mhadeshwar AB, Vlachos DG. A Catalytic Reaction Mechanism for Methane Partial Oxidation at Short Contact Times, Reforming, and Combustion, and for Oxygenate Decomposition and Oxidation on Platinum. Ind Eng Chem Res 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/ie070322c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. B. Mhadeshwar
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Center for Catalytic Science and Technology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716-3110
| | - D. G. Vlachos
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Center for Catalytic Science and Technology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716-3110
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Mitsui T, Fomin E, Ogletree DF, Salmeron M, Nilekar AU, Mavrikakis M. Manipulation and patterning of the surface hydrogen concentration on Pd(111) by electric fields. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:5757-61. [PMID: 17585396 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200604498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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50
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Pang XY, Xue LQ, Wang GC. Adsorption of atoms on cu surfaces: a density functional theory study. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2007; 23:4910-7. [PMID: 17388612 DOI: 10.1021/la063097x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The chemisorption of atoms (H, N, S, O, and C) on Cu surfaces has been systematically studied by the density functional theory generalized gradient approximation method with the slab model. Our calculated results indicate that the orders of the adsorption energy are H < N < S < O < C on Cu(111) and H < N < O < S < C on Cu(110) and Cu(100). Furthermore, the adsorption energies of the given atoms on Cu(100) are larger than those on Cu(111) and Cu(110). The preferred adsorption sites are a 3-fold hollow site on Cu(111) and a 4-fold hollow site on Cu(100), but the preferred adsorption sites on Cu(110) are different for different adatoms. The energy, as well as the geometry, is in good agreement with the experimental and other theoretical data. In addition, this study focuses on the electronic and geometric properties of the metal-atom (M-A) bond to explain the difference in adsorption energies among adatoms. A detailed investigation of the density of states curves explains the nature of the most stable site. Finally, we test the effect of the coverage and find that the surface coverage has no influence on the preferred adsorption sites of the given adatoms on Cu(110) with the exception of hydrogen and oxygen, but has much influence on the value of the adsorption energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Yong Pang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, People's Republic of China
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