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MacKinnon C, McLean R, Pritchard AL. Lymphoblastoid cell lines do not recapitulate physiological circulating B cell subtypes. CURRENT RESEARCH IN IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 5:100079. [PMID: 38910966 PMCID: PMC11192983 DOI: 10.1016/j.crimmu.2024.100079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) are immortalised peripheral B lymphocytes, transformed via infection with Epstein Barr virus (EBV). The use of LCLs to study B cell function remains controversial and core markers to define physiological B cell populations are not consistent between studies of physiological B cells and LCLs. A consensus on the nature of these commonly used cell lines has not been reached. Recently, a core set of markers to subtype peripheral B cells was proposed, addressing the lack of agreed markers for B cell characterisation. In this present study, the consensus panel was applied to describe the B cell subtypes in LCLs. We found that LCLs were generally not physiologically representative of B cells, with most cells harbouring marker combinations absent on peripheral B cells. Some B cell subtyping markers were fundamentally altered during EBV transformation to LCLs (e.g. CD19, CD21). Notably, most LCLs secreted IgG but the associated marker combinations were predominantly only present in vitro following EBV transformation. This study therefore informs interpretation of past investigations, and planning of future studies using LCLs, as these cells are unlikely to behave like their pre-transformed B cell subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie MacKinnon
- Genetics and Immunology Department, Division of Medical Science, Institute of Health Research and Innovation, University of the Highlands and Islands, An Lochran, 10 Inverness Campus, IV2 5NA, UK
| | - Ryan McLean
- Genetics and Immunology Department, Division of Medical Science, Institute of Health Research and Innovation, University of the Highlands and Islands, An Lochran, 10 Inverness Campus, IV2 5NA, UK
| | - Antonia L. Pritchard
- Genetics and Immunology Department, Division of Medical Science, Institute of Health Research and Innovation, University of the Highlands and Islands, An Lochran, 10 Inverness Campus, IV2 5NA, UK
- Oncogenomics Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia
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Thakur A, Kumar M. Integration of Human and Viral miRNAs in Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated Tumors and Implications for Drug Repurposing. OMICS : A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2023; 27:93-108. [PMID: 36927073 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2023.0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with several tumors, and has substantial relevance for public health. Therapeutics innovation for EBV-related disorders is much needed. In this context, miRNAs are noncoding RNA molecules that play vital roles in EBV infection. miRNA-Seq and RNA-Seq data for EBV-associated clinical samples and cell lines have been generated, but their detailed integrative analyses, and exploitation for drug repurposing against EBV are lacking. Hence, we identified and analyzed the differentially expressed miRNAs (DEmiRs) in EBV-infected cell lines (28) and infected (28) and uninfected human tissue (20) samples using an in-house pipeline. We found significantly enriched host miRNAs like hsa-mir-3651, hsa-mir-1248, and hsa-mir-29c-3p in EBV-infected samples from EBV-associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma and Hodgkin's lymphoma, among others. Furthermore, we also identified significantly enriched novel miRNAs such as hsa-mir-29c-3p, hsa-mir-3651, and hsa-mir-98-3p, which were not previously reported in EBV-related tumors. Differentially expressed mRNAs (DEMs) were identified in EBV-infected cell lines (21) and uninfected human tissue (14) samples. We predicted and selected 1572 DEMs (upregulated) that are targeted by 547 DEmiRs (downregulated). These were further classified into essential (870) and nonessential (702) genes. Moreover, a miRNA-mRNA network was developed for the hub miRNAs. Importantly, we used the DEMs during EBV latent infection types I, II, and III to identify the candidate drugs for repurposing: Glyburide, Levodopa, Nateglinide, and Stiripentol, among others. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first integrative analyses that identified DEmiRs and DEMs as potential therapeutic targets and predicted drugs as potential candidates for repurposing against EBV-related tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamika Thakur
- Virology Unit and Bioinformatics Centre, Institute of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Sector 39-A, Chandigarh, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Virology Unit and Bioinformatics Centre, Institute of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Sector 39-A, Chandigarh, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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3
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The generation and application of antigen-specific T cell therapies for cancer and viral-associated disease. Mol Ther 2022; 30:2130-2152. [PMID: 35149193 PMCID: PMC9171249 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2022.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy with antigen-specific T cells is a promising, targeted therapeutic option for patients with cancer as well as for immunocompromised patients with virus infections. In this review, we characterize and compare current manufacturing protocols for the generation of T cells specific to viral and non-viral tumor-associated antigens. Specifically, we discuss: (1) the different methodologies to expand virus-specific T cell and non-viral tumor-associated antigen-specific T cell products, (2) an overview of the immunological principles involved when developing such manufacturing protocols, and (3) proposed standardized methodologies for the generation of polyclonal, polyfunctional antigen-specific T cells irrespective of donor source. Ex vivo expanded cells have been safely administered to treat numerous patients with virus-associated malignancies, hematologic malignancies, and solid tumors. Hence, we have performed a comprehensive review of the clinical trial results evaluating the safety, feasibility, and efficacy of these products in the clinic. In summary, this review seeks to provide new insights regarding antigen-specific T cell technology to benefit a rapidly expanding T cell therapy field.
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4
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Walkiewicz D, Wicik Z, Puzianowska-Kuznicka M. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor pathway affects the function of human EBV-transformed B lymphocytes in an age-independent way. Exp Gerontol 2021; 152:111471. [PMID: 34256116 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2021.111471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Immune system function changes during aging, but the molecular mechanisms of this phenomenon are not fully understood. The present study identified pathways that are associated with age-associated changes in human B lymphocytes. Initial in silico analysis of 1355 genes involved in aging revealed the strongest association (p = 4.36E-21) with the gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (GnRHR) pathway. Extended analysis of 2736 aging-related genes using updated databases confirmed such association (p = 2.41E-16). Genes involved in both aging and the GnRHR pathway were significantly involved in lymphocyte B and T activation and aging-related phenotypes, including hyperinsulinemia and diabetes, arthritis, cerebrovascular disease, and cancers. We, therefore, examined non-tumorigenic Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-transformed B-lymphocyte cell lines that originated from 12 young subjects (20-31 years old) and 10 centenarians (100-102 years old). Gonadotropin-releasing hormone I (GnRH-I) and GnRHR levels did not depend on the age of the cell donors. Inhibition of the GnRHR pathway age-independently decreased cell proliferation (p < 0.001) and increased apoptosis (p < 0.001). However, the decrease in immunoglobulin G synthesis (p < 0.01) was twice as high in centenarian cells than in young cells. In conclusion, the GnRHR pathway regulated essential properties of B lymphocytes. However, upon EBV transformation, memory class-switched B cells became the dominant cell subpopulation. Therefore, the observed effects of GnRHR inhibition were attributable to this subpopulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Walkiewicz
- Department of Human Epigenetics, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, PAS, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Medical Centre of Postgraduate Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zofia Wicik
- Department of Human Epigenetics, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, PAS, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Monika Puzianowska-Kuznicka
- Department of Human Epigenetics, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, PAS, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Medical Centre of Postgraduate Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland.
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5
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Rosén A, Bergh AC, Gogok P, Evaldsson C, Myhrinder AL, Hellqvist E, Rasul A, Björkholm M, Jansson M, Mansouri L, Liu A, Teh BT, Rosenquist R, Klein E. Lymphoblastoid cell line with B1 cell characteristics established from a chronic lymphocytic leukemia clone by in vitro EBV infection. Oncoimmunology 2021; 1:18-27. [PMID: 22720208 PMCID: PMC3376971 DOI: 10.4161/onci.1.1.18400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells express the receptor for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and can be infected in vitro. Infected cells do not express the growth-promoting set of EBV-encoded genes and therefore they do not yield LCLs, in most experiments. With exceptional clones, lines were obtained however. We describe a new line, HG3, established by in vitro EBV-infection from an IGHV1–2 unmutated CLL patient clone. All cells expressed EBNA-2 and LMP-1, the EBV-encoded genes pivotal for transformation. The karyotype, FISH cytogenetics and SNP-array profile of the line and the patient's ex vivo clone showed biallelic 13q14 deletions with genomic loss of DLEU7, miR15a/miR16–1, the two micro-RNAs that are deleted in 50% of CLL cases. Further features of CLL cells were: expression of CD5/CD20/CD27/CD43 and release of IgM natural antibodies reacting with oxLDL-like epitopes on apoptotic cells (cf. stereotyped subset-1). Comparison with two LCLs established from normal B cells showed 32 genes expressed at higher levels (> 2-fold). Among these were LHX2 and LILRA. These genes may play a role in the development of the disease. LHX2 expression was shown in self-renewing multipotent hematopoietic stem cells, and LILRA4 codes for a receptor for bone marrow stromal cell antigen-2 that contributes to B cell development. Twenty-four genes were expressed at lower levels, among these PARD3 that is essential for asymmetric cell division. These genes may contribute to establish precursors of CLL clones by regulation of cellular phenotype in the hematopoietic compartment. Expression of CD5/CD20/CD27/CD43 and spontaneous production of natural antibodies may identify the CLL cell as a self-renewing B1 lymphocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Rosén
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; Division of Cell Biology; Linköping University; Linköping, Sweden
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6
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Grunebaum E, Campbell N, Leon-Ponte M, Xu X, Chapdelaine H. Partial Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase Deficiency Helps Determine Minimal Activity Required for Immune and Neurological Development. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1257. [PMID: 32695102 PMCID: PMC7338719 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Complete or near complete absence of the purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) enzyme causes a profound T cell immunodeficiency and neurological abnormalities that are often lethal in infancy and early childhood. We hypothesized that patients with partial PNP deficiency, characterized by a late and mild phenotype due to residual PNP enzyme, would provide important information about the minimal PNP activity needed for normal development. Methods: Three siblings with a homozygous PNP gene mutation (c.769C>G, p.His257Asp) resulting in partial PNP deficiency were investigated. PNP activity was semi-quantitively assayed by the conversion of [14C]inosine in hemolysates, mononuclear cells, and lymphoblastoid B cells. PNP protein expression was determined by Western Blotting in lymphoblastoid B cells. DNA repair was quantified by measuring viability of lymphoblastoid B cells following ionizing irradiation. Results: A 21-year-old female was referred for recurrent sino-pulmonary infections while her older male siblings, aged 25- and 28- years, did not suffer from significant infections. Two of the siblings had moderately reduced numbers of T, B, and NK cells, while the other had near normal lymphocyte subset numbers. T cell proliferations were normal in the two siblings tested. Hypogammaglobulinemia was noted in two siblings, including one that required immunoglobulin replacement. All siblings had typical (normal) neurological development. PNP activity in various cells from two patients were 8-11% of the normal level. All siblings had normal blood uric acid and increased PNP substrates in the urine. PNP protein expression in cells from the two patients examined was similar to that observed in cells from healthy controls. The survival of lymphoblastoid B cells from 2 partial PNP-deficient patients after irradiation was similar to that of PNP-proficient cells and markedly higher than the survival of cells from a patient with absent PNP activity or a patient with ataxia telangiectasia. Conclusions: Patients with partial PNP deficiency can present in the third decade of life with mild-moderate immune abnormalities and typical development. Near-normal immunity might be achieved with relatively low PNP activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyal Grunebaum
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nicholas Campbell
- Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de I'Universite de Montreal, and Montreal Clinical Research Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Matilde Leon-Ponte
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Xiaobai Xu
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hugo Chapdelaine
- Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de I'Universite de Montreal, and Montreal Clinical Research Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
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7
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Functional interplay of Epstein-Barr virus oncoproteins in a mouse model of B cell lymphomagenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:14421-14432. [PMID: 32522871 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1921139117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a B cell transforming virus that causes B cell malignancies under conditions of immune suppression. EBV orchestrates B cell transformation through its latent membrane proteins (LMPs) and Epstein-Barr nuclear antigens (EBNAs). We here identify secondary mutations in mouse B cell lymphomas induced by LMP1, to predict and identify key functions of other EBV genes during transformation. We find aberrant activation of early B cell factor 1 (EBF1) to promote transformation of LMP1-expressing B cells by inhibiting their differentiation to plasma cells. EBV EBNA3A phenocopies EBF1 activities in LMP1-expressing B cells, promoting transformation while inhibiting differentiation. In cells expressing LMP1 together with LMP2A, EBNA3A only promotes lymphomagenesis when the EBNA2 target Myc is also overexpressed. Collectively, our data support a model where proproliferative activities of LMP1, LMP2A, and EBNA2 in combination with EBNA3A-mediated inhibition of terminal plasma cell differentiation critically control EBV-mediated B cell lymphomagenesis.
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8
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McDonald MP, Gemeinhardt A, König K, Piliarik M, Schaffer S, Völkl S, Aigner M, Mackensen A, Sandoghdar V. Visualizing Single-Cell Secretion Dynamics with Single-Protein Sensitivity. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:513-519. [PMID: 29227108 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b04494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Cellular secretion of proteins into the extracellular environment is an essential mediator of critical biological mechanisms, including cell-to-cell communication, immunological response, targeted delivery, and differentiation. Here, we report a novel methodology that allows for the real-time detection and imaging of single unlabeled proteins that are secreted from individual living cells. This is accomplished via interferometric detection of scattered light (iSCAT) and is demonstrated with Laz388 cells, an Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-transformed B cell line. We find that single Laz388 cells actively secrete IgG antibodies at a rate of the order of 100 molecules per second. Intriguingly, we also find that other proteins and particles spanning ca. 100 kDa-1 MDa are secreted from the Laz388 cells in tandem with IgG antibody release, likely arising from EBV-related viral proteins. The technique is general and, as we show, can also be applied to studying the lysate of a single cell. Our results establish label-free iSCAT imaging as a powerful tool for studying the real-time exchange between cells and their immediate environment with single-protein sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P McDonald
- Nano-Optics Division, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light , Staudtstraße 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - André Gemeinhardt
- Nano-Optics Division, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light , Staudtstraße 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Katharina König
- Nano-Optics Division, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light , Staudtstraße 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Physics , Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg , Schloßplatz 4, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marek Piliarik
- Nano-Optics Division, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light , Staudtstraße 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Schaffer
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology and Oncology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg , Ulmenweg 18, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Simon Völkl
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology and Oncology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg , Ulmenweg 18, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Aigner
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology and Oncology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg , Ulmenweg 18, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Mackensen
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology and Oncology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg , Ulmenweg 18, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Vahid Sandoghdar
- Nano-Optics Division, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light , Staudtstraße 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Physics , Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg , Schloßplatz 4, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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9
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Neumann L, Mueller M, Moos V, Heller F, Meyer TF, Loddenkemper C, Bojarski C, Fehlings M, Doerner T, Allers K, Aebischer T, Ignatius R, Schneider T. Mucosal Inducible NO Synthase-Producing IgA+ Plasma Cells in Helicobacter pylori-Infected Patients. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:1801-8. [PMID: 27456483 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The mucosal immune system is relevant for homeostasis, immunity, and also pathological conditions in the gastrointestinal tract. Inducible NO synthase (iNOS)-dependent production of NO is one of the factors linked to both antimicrobial immunity and pathological conditions. Upregulation of iNOS has been observed in human Helicobacter pylori infection, but the cellular sources of iNOS are ill defined. Key differences in regulation of iNOS expression impair the translation from mouse models to human medicine. To characterize mucosal iNOS-producing leukocytes, biopsy specimens from H. pylori-infected patients, controls, and participants of a vaccination trial were analyzed by immunohistochemistry, along with flow cytometric analyses of lymphocytes for iNOS expression and activity. We newly identified mucosal IgA-producing plasma cells (PCs) as one major iNOS(+) cell population in H. pylori-infected patients and confirmed intracellular NO production. Because we did not detect iNOS(+) PCs in three distinct infectious diseases, this is not a general feature of mucosal PCs under conditions of infection. Furthermore, numbers of mucosal iNOS(+) PCs were elevated in individuals who had cleared experimental H. pylori infection compared with those who had not. Thus, IgA(+) PCs expressing iNOS are described for the first time, to our knowledge, in humans. iNOS(+) PCs are induced in the course of human H. pylori infection, and their abundance seems to correlate with the clinical course of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Neumann
- Medical Clinic I, Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Mattea Mueller
- Medical Clinic I, Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Verena Moos
- Medical Clinic I, Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Heller
- Practice for Gastroenterology, 12163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas F Meyer
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Christian Bojarski
- Medical Clinic I, Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Fehlings
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Doerner
- Department of Medicine, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kristina Allers
- Medical Clinic I, Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Ralf Ignatius
- Institute for Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Schneider
- Medical Clinic I, Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
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10
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Miller SI, Chaudhary A. A Cellular GWAS Approach to Define Human Variation in Cellular Pathways Important to Inflammation. Pathogens 2016; 5:pathogens5020039. [PMID: 27128945 PMCID: PMC4931390 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens5020039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
An understanding of common human diversity in innate immune pathways should be beneficial in understanding autoimmune diseases, susceptibility to infection, and choices of anti-inflammatory treatment. Such understanding could also result in definition of currently unknown components of human inflammation pathways. A cellular genome-wide association studies (GWAS) platform, termed Hi-HOST (High-throughput human in vitro susceptibility testing), was developed to assay in vitro cellular phenotypes of infection in genotyped lymphoblastoid cells from genetically diverse human populations. Hi-HOST allows for measurement of multiple host and pathogen parameters of infection/inflammation including: bacterial invasion and intracellular replication, host cell death, and cytokine production. Hi-HOST has been used to successfully define a significant portion of the heritable human diversity in inflammatory cell death in response to Salmonella typhimurium. It also led to the discovery of genetic variants important to protection against systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and protection against death and bacteremia in individuals with SIRS. Our laboratory is currently using this platform to define human diversity in autophagy and the NLPR3 inflammasome pathways, and to define new components that can impact the expression of phenotypes related to these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel I Miller
- Department of Microbiology, Department of Immunology, Department of Medicine, Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Anu Chaudhary
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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11
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Khsheibun R, Paperna T, Volkowich A, Lejbkowicz I, Avidan N, Miller A. Gene expression profiling of the response to interferon beta in Epstein-Barr-transformed and primary B cells of patients with multiple sclerosis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102331. [PMID: 25025430 PMCID: PMC4099420 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of interferon-beta (IFN-β), one of the key immunotherapies used in multiple sclerosis (MS), on peripheral blood leukocytes and T cells have been extensively studied. B cells are a less abundant leukocyte type, and accordingly less is known about the B cell-specific response to IFN-β. To identify gene expression changes and pathways induced by IFN-β in B cells, we studied the in vitro response of human Epstein Barr-transformed B cells (lymphoblast cell lines-LCLs), and validated our results in primary B cells. LCLs were derived from an MS patient repository. Whole genome expression analysis identified 115 genes that were more than two-fold differentially up-regulated following IFN-β exposure, with over 50 previously unrecognized as IFN-β response genes. Pathways analysis demonstrated that IFN-β affected LCLs in a similar manner to other cell types by activating known IFN-β canonical pathways. Additionally, IFN-β increased the expression of innate immune response genes, while down-regulating many B cell receptor pathway genes and genes involved in adaptive immune responses. Novel response genes identified herein, NEXN, DDX60L, IGFBP4, and HAPLN3, B cell receptor pathway genes, CD79B and SYK, and lymphocyte activation genes, LAG3 and IL27RA, were validated as IFN-β response genes in primary B cells. In this study new IFN-β response genes were identified in B cells, with possible implications to B cell-specific functions. The study's results emphasize the applicability of LCLs for studies of human B cell drug response. The usage of LCLs from patient-based repositories may facilitate future studies of drug response in MS and other immune-mediated disorders with a B cell component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Khsheibun
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Tamar Paperna
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Anat Volkowich
- Division of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Center, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Izabella Lejbkowicz
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Nili Avidan
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ariel Miller
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Division of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Center, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
- * E-mail:
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12
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Campion EM, Hakimjavadi R, Loughran ST, Phelan S, Smith SM, D'Souza BN, Tierney RJ, Bell AI, Cahill PA, Walls D. Repression of the proapoptotic cellular BIK/NBK gene by Epstein-Barr virus antagonizes transforming growth factor β1-induced B-cell apoptosis. J Virol 2014; 88:5001-13. [PMID: 24554662 PMCID: PMC3993823 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03642-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) establishes a lifelong latent infection in humans. EBV infection of primary B cells causes cell activation and proliferation, a process driven by the viral latency III gene expression program, which includes EBV nuclear proteins (EBNAs), latent membrane proteins, and untranslated RNAs, including microRNAs. Some latently infected cells enter the long-lived memory B-cell compartment and express only EBNA1 transiently (Lat I) or no EBV protein at all (Lat 0). Targeting the molecular machinery that controls B-cell fate decisions, including the Bcl-2 family of apoptosis-regulating proteins, is crucial to the EBV cycle of infection. Here, we show that BIK (also known as NBK), which encodes a proapoptotic "sensitizer" protein, is repressed by the EBNA2-driven Lat III program but not the Lat I program. BIK repression occurred soon after infection of primary B cells by EBV but not by a recombinant EBV in which the EBNA2 gene had been knocked out. Ectopic BIK induced apoptosis in Lat III cells by a mechanism dependent on its BH3 domain and the activation of caspases. We show that EBNA2 represses BIK in EBV-negative B-cell lymphoma-derived cell lines and that this host-virus interaction can inhibit the proapoptotic effect of transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), a key physiological mediator of B-cell homeostasis. Reduced levels of TGF-β1-associated regulatory SMAD proteins were bound to the BIK promoter in response to EBV Lat III or ectopic EBNA2. These data are evidence of an additional mechanism used by EBV to promote B-cell survival, namely, the transcriptional repression of the BH3-only sensitizer BIK. IMPORTANCE Over 90% of adult humans are infected with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). EBV establishes a lifelong silent infection, with its DNA residing in small numbers of blood B cells that are a reservoir from which low-level virus reactivation and shedding in saliva intermittently occur. Importantly, EBV DNA is found in some B-cell-derived tumors in which viral genes play a key role in tumor cell emergence and progression. Here, we report for the first time that EBV can shut off a B-cell gene called BIK. When activated by a molecular signal called transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), BIK plays an important role in killing unwanted B cells, including those infected by viruses. We describe the key EBV-B-cell molecular interactions that lead to BIK shutoff. These findings further our knowledge of how EBV prevents the death of its host cell during infection. They are also relevant to certain posttransplant lymphomas where unregulated cell growth is caused by EBV genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M. Campion
- School of Biotechnology and National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Roya Hakimjavadi
- School of Biotechnology and National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sinéad T. Loughran
- School of Biotechnology and National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Susan Phelan
- School of Biotechnology and National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sinéad M. Smith
- School of Biotechnology and National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Brendan N. D'Souza
- School of Biotechnology and National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Rosemary J. Tierney
- School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medicine and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew I. Bell
- School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medicine and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Paul A. Cahill
- School of Biotechnology and National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
- Vascular Biology Research Group, School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Dermot Walls
- School of Biotechnology and National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
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13
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Epstein-Barr virus induces the differentiation of semi-mature dendritic cells from cord blood monocytes. Hum Immunol 2014; 75:306-16. [PMID: 24530751 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a tumorigenic virus which has effectively infected nearly all human beings with over 95% adult being seropositive. The persistence of latent EBV infection is not fully understood. Recent studies point towards a hypothesis of immune suppression and immune evasion involving regulatory T cells (Tregs) and dendritic cells (DCs). We sought to explore the mechanism of EBV suppression and immune evasion. METHODS We compared the effects of EBV on cord blood (CB) and adult DCs differentiation and maturation including phenotype by flow cytometry, cytokine by ELISA and RT-PCR. And we evaluated the function of DC by co-culture DC and Treg by detection the expression of Foxp3, the phenotype and the cytokine profile of Tregs by flow cytometry. RESULTS CB DCs derived from EBV-infected CB monocytes or from EBV-infected CB immature DCs (iDCs) displayed distinct phenotypes of "semi-mature" DCs with high expression of co-stimulatory molecules, such as CD40, CD80 and CD86 but low cytokine production, related to immune tolerance and homeostasis. While the EBV-infected adult iDCs resemble that of "pathogen-driven regulatory mature DCs" with high expression of co-stimulatory molecules, down-regulation of IL-12 secretion and up-regulation of IL-10 secretion, related to protection of host and immune evasion of pathogens. EBV infected cord blood monocytes-derived DCs drived Tregs development by driving the expression of Foxp3, increasing the expression of CTLA-4, decreasing the expression of GITR and promoted the generation of intracellular IL-2 and IL-10 by Tregs. CONCLUSION Epstein-Barr virus induces the differentiation of semi-mature dendritic cells from cord blood monocytes. The differences between CB and adult DCs suggested that the developmental maturity of the cells may affect their immune responses to EBV infection.
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Plasma markers of B-cell activation and clonality in pediatric liver and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Transplantation 2013; 95:519-26. [PMID: 23222884 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e318274ab63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transplant recipients are at risk of posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD). METHODS Thirty-six pediatric transplant recipients were evaluated (18 hematopoietic stem cell and 18 liver recipients; 12 had PTLD). We studied 207 longitudinal plasma samples from these recipients for three markers of B-cell activation or clonality: immunoglobulin free light chains (FLCs), soluble CD30 (sCD30), and monoclonal immunoglobulins (M-proteins). RESULTS Kappa FLCs, lambda FLCs, and sCD30 were elevated in 20.8%, 28.0%, and 94.2% of plasma specimens, respectively. Free light chain and sCD30 levels increased significantly 1.18 to 1.82 fold per log10 Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) load in peripheral blood. Five PTLD cases manifested elevated FLCs with an abnormal kappa/lambda ratio, suggesting monoclonal FLC production. M-proteins were present in 91% of PTLD cases versus 50% to 67% of other recipients with high or low EBV loads (P=0.13). Concordance of FLCs, M-proteins, and PTLD tumor light chain restriction was imperfect. For example, one PTLD case with an IgG lambda M-protein had a tumor that was kappa restricted, and another case with an M-protein had a T-cell PTLD. In an additional case, an IgM kappa M-protein and excess kappa FLCs were both detected in plasma at PTLD diagnosis; although the tumor was not restricted at diagnosis, kappa restriction was present 5 years later when the PTLD relapsed. CONCLUSIONS Plasma markers of B-cell dysfunction are frequent after transplantation and associated with poor EBV control. These abnormal markers may be produced by oligoclonal B-cell populations or PTLD tumor cells and could potentially help identify recipients at high risk of PTLD.
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15
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Dreyfus DH. Herpesviruses and the microbiome. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 132:1278-86. [PMID: 23611298 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The focus of this article will be to examine the role of common herpesviruses as a component of the microbiome of atopic patients and to review clinical observations suggesting that atopic patients might be predisposed to more severe and atypical herpes-related illness because their immune response is biased toward a TH2 cytokine profile. Human populations are infected with 8 herpesviruses, including herpes simplex virus HSV1 and HSV2 (also termed HHV1 and HHV2), varicella zoster virus (VZV or HHV3), EBV (HHV4), cytomegalovirus (HHV5), HHV6, HHV7, and Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (termed KSV or HHV8). Herpesviruses are highly adapted to lifelong infection of their human hosts and thus can be considered a component of the human "microbiome" in addition to their role in illness triggered by primary infection. HSV1 and HSV2 infection and reactivation can present with more severe cutaneous symptoms termed eczema herpeticum in the atopic population, similar to the more severe eczema vaccinatum, and drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms syndrome (DRESS) is associated with reactivation of HSV6 and possibly other herpesviruses in both atopic and nonatopic patients. In this review evidence is reviewed that primary infection with herpesviruses may have an atypical presentation in the atopic patient and conversely that childhood infection might alter the atopic phenotype. Reactivation of latent herpesviruses can directly alter host cytokine profiles through viral expression of cytokine-like proteins, such as IL-10 (EBV) or IL-6 (cytomegalovirus and HHV8), viral encoded and secreted siRNA and microRNAs, and modulation of expression of host transcription pathways, such as nuclear factor κB. Physicians caring for allergic and atopic populations should be aware of common and uncommon presentations of herpes-related disease in atopic patients to provide accurate diagnosis and avoid unnecessary laboratory testing or incorrect diagnosis of other conditions, such as drug allergy or autoimmune disease. Antiviral therapy and vaccines should be administered promptly when indicated clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Dreyfus
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Faculty, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, and the Center for Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology, Waterbury, Conn.
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16
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Willet JDP, Pichitsiri W, Jenkinson SE, Brain JG, Wood K, Alhasan AA, Spielhofer J, Robertson H, Ali S, Kirby JA. Kidney transplantation: analysis of the expression and T cell-mediated activation of latent TGF-β. J Leukoc Biol 2012. [PMID: 23192429 PMCID: PMC3928105 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0712324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells activate latent TGF-β by an LSKL peptide-sensitive mechanism, suggesting a role for thrombospondin-1 in T cell differentiation after kidney transplantation. Activated T cells infiltrate a renal allograft during rejection and can respond to TGF-β within the tubules, causing local differentiation and expression of the αE(CD103)β7 integrin. This study was performed to examine the expression of latent TGF-β within renal allograft tissues and to define a mechanism by which T cells can activate and respond to this latent factor. Rejecting renal allograft biopsy tissues showed increased expression of the latent TGF-β complex, which was localized around the tubules by a mechanism that might involve interaction with heparan sulfate in the basement membrane. A cultured renal TEC line also expressed the latent complex, but these cells did not respond to this form of TGF-β by pSmad 3. However, coculture of these cells with activated T cells induced the expression of CD103, suggesting that T cells can activate and respond to the latent TGF-β associated with TEC. Although activated T cells expressed little cell-surface TSP-1, this was increased by culture with fibronectin or fibronectin-expressing renal TEC. Blockade of TSP-1 using LSKL peptides reduced the potential of activated T cells to differentiate in response to latent TGF-β. This study suggests that penetration of renal tubules by activated T cells leads to increased expression of T cell-surface TSP-1, allowing activation of latent TGF-β sequestered on heparan sulfate within the microenvironment. This mechanism may be important for localized phenotypic maturation of T cells that have infiltrated the kidney during allograft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D P Willet
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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17
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Engels EA, Preiksaitis J, Zingone A, Landgren O. Circulating antibody free light chains and risk of posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder. Am J Transplant 2012; 12:1268-74. [PMID: 22300426 PMCID: PMC3338891 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2011.03954.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) is a major complication of solid-organ transplantation. With human immunodeficiency virus infection (an analogous immunosuppressive state), elevated kappa and lambda immunoglobulin free light chains (FLCs) in peripheral blood are associated with increased risk of lymphoma. To assess the role of B-cell dysfunction in PTLD, we measured circulating FLCs among Canadian transplant recipients, including 29 individuals with PTLD and 57 matched transplant recipients who were PTLD-free. Compared with controls, PTLD cases had higher kappa FLCs (median 1.53 vs. 1.07 times upper limit of normal) and lambda FLCs (1.03 vs. 0.68). Using samples obtained on average 3.5 months before PTLD diagnosis, cases were more likely to have polyclonal FLC elevations (i.e. elevated kappa and/or lambda with normal kappa/lambda ratio: odds ratio [OR] 4.2, 95%CI 1.1-15) or monoclonal elevations (elevated kappa and/or lambda with abnormal ratio: OR 3.0, 95%CI 0.5-18). Strong FLC-PTLD associations were also observed at diagnosis/selection. Among recipients with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA measured in blood, EBV DNAemia was associated with FLC abnormalities (ORs 6.2 and 3.2 for monoclonal and polyclonal elevations). FLC elevations are common in transplant recipients and associated with heightened PTLD risk. FLCs likely reflect B-cell dysfunction, perhaps related to EBV-driven lymphoproliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Engels
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA.
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18
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Davies ML, Xu S, Lyons-Weiler J, Rosendorff A, Webber SA, Wasil LR, Metes D, Rowe DT. Cellular factors associated with latency and spontaneous Epstein-Barr virus reactivation in B-lymphoblastoid cell lines. Virology 2010; 400:53-67. [PMID: 20153012 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2009] [Revised: 11/10/2009] [Accepted: 01/04/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
EBV-immortalized B-lymphoblastoid cell lines are used as models for cellular transformation and as antigen-presenting cells in immunological assays. LCLs vary in surface markers and other phenotypic properties, but it is not known how this heterogeneity relates to the EBV life cycle. To explore correlations, we examined 62 LCLs for cellular and viral phenotypes. LCLs generated from pediatric and adult donors could similarly be categorized as either low in EBV copy number or fluctuating within a high range. High-copy status accompanied higher lytic viral gene expression and lower latent gene expression. Inhibiting lytic EBV replication did not affect cellular phenotype or lytic switch protein expression, indicating that an LCL's lytic permissivity was a stable property. Among the cellular genes overexpressed in permissive LCLs were unfolded protein response genes and plasma cell markers. Among genes overexpressed in non-permissive LCLs were transcription factors involved in maintaining B cell lineage, in particular EBF1. This study suggests previously undetected mechanisms by which cellular pathways influence the lytic reactivation of EBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Davies
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 435 Parran Hall, 130 DeSoto Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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19
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Funaro A, Gribaudo G, Luganini A, Ortolan E, Lo Buono N, Vicenzi E, Cassetta L, Landolfo S, Buick R, Falciola L, Murphy M, Garotta G, Malavasi F. Generation of potent neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies against cytomegalovirus infection from immune B cells. BMC Biotechnol 2008; 8:85. [PMID: 19014469 PMCID: PMC2631500 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-8-85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2008] [Accepted: 11/12/2008] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) generated as a result of the immune response are likely to be the most effective therapeutic antibodies, particularly in the case of infectious diseases against which the immune response is protective. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is an ubiquitous opportunistic virus that is the most serious pathogenic agent in transplant patients. The available therapeutic armamentarium (e.g. HCMV hyperimmune globulins or antivirals) is associated with severe side effects and the emergence of drug-resistant strains; therefore, neutralizing human mAb may be a decisive alternative in the prevention of primary and re-activated HCMV infections in these patients. Results The purpose of this study was to generate neutralizing mAb against HCMV from the immunological repertoire of immune donors. To this aim, we designed an efficient technology relying on two discrete and sequential steps: first, human B-lymphocytes are stimulated with TLR9-agonists and IL-2; second, after both additives are removed, the cells are infected with EBV. Using this strategy we obtained 29 clones secreting IgG neutralizing the HCMV infectivity; four among these were further characterized. All of the mAbs neutralize the infection in different combinations of HCMV strains and target cells, with a potency ~20 fold higher than that of the HCMV hyperimmune globulins, currently used in transplant recipients. Recombinant human monoclonal IgG1 suitable as a prophylactic or therapeutic tool in clinical applications has been generated. Conclusion The technology described has proven to be more reproducible, efficient and rapid than previously reported techniques, and can be adopted at low overall costs by any cell biology laboratory for the development of fully human mAbs for immunotherapeutic uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada Funaro
- Department of Genetics, Biology and Biochemistry, University of Torino Medical School, Via Santena 19, 10126 Torino, Italy.
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20
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Zhu F, Ramadan G, Davies B, Margolis DA, Keever-Taylor CA. Stimulation by means of dendritic cells followed by Epstein-Barr virus-transformed B cells as antigen-presenting cells is more efficient than dendritic cells alone in inducing Aspergillus f16-specific cytotoxic T cell responses. Clin Exp Immunol 2007; 151:284-96. [PMID: 18005260 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2007.03544.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Adoptive immunotherapy with in vitro expanded antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) may be an effective approach to prevent, or even treat, Aspergillus (Asp) infections. Such lines can be generated using monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DC) as antigen-presenting cells (APC) but requires a relatively high volume of starting blood. Here we describe a method that generates Asp-specific CTL responses more efficiently using a protocol of antigen presented on DC followed by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-transformed B lymphoblastoid cell lines (BLCL) as APC. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stimulated weekly (2-5x) with a complete pool of pentadecapeptides (PPC) spanning the coding region of Asp f16 pulsed onto autologous mature DC. Cultures were split and stimulated subsequently with either PPC-DC or autologous PPC-pulsed BLCL (PPC-BLCL). Lines from the DC/BLCL arm demonstrated Asp f16-specific cytotoxicity earlier and to a higher degree than lines generated with PPC-DC alone. The DC/BLCL-primed lines showed a higher frequency of Asp f16-specific interferon (IFN)-gamma producing cells but an identical effector cell phenotype and peptide specificity compared to PPC-DC-only-primed lines. Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, but not IL-10, appeared to play a role in the effectiveness of BLCL as APC. These results demonstrate that BLCL serve as highly effective APC for the stimulation of Asp f16-specific T cell responses and that a culture approach using initial priming with PPC-DC followed by PPC-BLCL may be a more effective method to generate Asp f16-specific T cell lines and requires less starting blood than priming with PPC-DC alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Zhu
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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21
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Bhende PM, Dickerson SJ, Sun X, Feng WH, Kenney SC. X-box-binding protein 1 activates lytic Epstein-Barr virus gene expression in combination with protein kinase D. J Virol 2007; 81:7363-70. [PMID: 17494074 PMCID: PMC1933364 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00154-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) establishes a latent form of infection in memory B cells, while antibody-secreting plasma cells often harbor the lytic form of infection. The switch between latent and lytic EBV infection is mediated by the two viral immediate-early proteins BZLF1 (Z) and BRLF1 (R), which are not expressed in latently infected B cells. Here we demonstrate that a cellular transcription factor that plays an essential role in plasma cell differentiation, X-box-binding protein 1 (XBP-1), also activates the transcription of the two EBV immediate-early gene promoters. In reporter gene assays, XBP-1 alone was sufficient to activate the R promoter, whereas the combination of XBP-1 and protein kinase D (PKD) was required for efficient activation of the Z promoter. Most importantly, the expression of XBP-1 and activated PKD was sufficient to induce lytic viral gene expression in EBV-positive nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells and lymphoblastoid cells, while an XBP-1 small interfering RNA inhibited constitutive lytic EBV gene expression in lymphoblastoid cells. These results suggest that the plasma cell differentiation factor XBP-1, in combination with activated PKD, can mediate the reactivation of EBV, thereby allowing the viral life cycle to be intimately linked to plasma cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanna M Bhende
- Department of Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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22
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Lee DH, Park KS, Kong ID, Kim JW, Han BG. Expression of P2 receptors in human B cells and Epstein-Barr virus-transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines. BMC Immunol 2006; 7:22. [PMID: 16970829 PMCID: PMC1609185 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-7-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2006] [Accepted: 09/14/2006] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection immortalizes primary B cells in vitro and generates lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs), which are used for several purposes in immunological and genetic studies. Purinergic receptors, consisting of P2X and P2Y, are activated by extracellular nucleotides in most tissues and exert various physiological effects. In B cells, especially EBV-induced LCLs, their expression and function have not been well studied. We investigated the expression of P2 receptors on primary human B cells and LCLs using the quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method for revealing the gene expression profile of the P2 receptor subtypes and their changes during transformation. Results The mRNA transcripts of most P2 receptors were detected in primary B cells; the expression of P2X3 and P2X7 receptors was the lowest of all the P2 receptors. By contrast, LCLs expressed several dominant P2 receptors – P2X4, P2X5, and P2Y11 – in amounts similar to those seen in B cells infected with EBV for 2 weeks. The amount of most P2 subtypes in LCLs or EBV-infected B cells was lower than in normal B cells. However, the amount of P2X7 receptor expressed in LCLs was higher. Protein expression was studied using Western blotting to confirm the mRNA findings for P2X1, P2X4, P2X7, P2Y1, and P2Y11 receptors. ATP increased the intracellular free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) by enhancing the Ca2+ influx in both B cells and LCLs in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion These findings describe P2 receptor expression profiles and the effects of purinergic stimuli on B cells and suggest some plasticity in the expression of the P2 receptor phenotype. This may help explain the nature and effect of P2 receptors on B cells and their role in altering the characteristics of LCLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hyeon Lee
- Biobank for Health Sciences, Center for Genome Sciences, National Institute of Health, Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyu Sang Park
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Science, Yonsei University, Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, South Korea
| | - In Deok Kong
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Science, Yonsei University, Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, South Korea
| | - Jun Woo Kim
- Biobank for Health Sciences, Center for Genome Sciences, National Institute of Health, Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Bok Ghee Han
- Biobank for Health Sciences, Center for Genome Sciences, National Institute of Health, Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Seoul, South Korea
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Gallot G, Vollant S, Vivien R, Clémenceau B, Ferrand C, Tiberghien P, Gaschet J, Robillard N, Vié H. Selection of Epstein-Barr virus specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes can be performed with B lymphoblastoid cell lines created in serum-free media. Clin Exp Immunol 2006; 144:158-68. [PMID: 16542378 PMCID: PMC1809631 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2006.03035.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)-transformed B lymphoblastoid cell lines (BLCL) are currently used for numerous applications in cellular immunology. Where protocols destined for clinical application are concerned, the final choice of assay is made according to a risk/benefit ratio analysis. In this balance the use of xenogenic or allogenic serum has always been a major concern, as it carries both an infectious and an immunological risk. So far, it is unknown whether serum can be omitted from the entire BLCL selection procedure. In addition, as BLCL have been described as heterogeneous, serum deprivation may affect their antigen-presenting capacity. In the present study, BLCL were generated in the absence or presence of fetal calf serum (referred to as BLCL0 or BLCL(FCS), respectively). Next, in order to assess the antigen-presenting capacity of these cells, we compared the ability of BLCL0 and BLCL(FCS) cells to stimulate the EBV-specific repertoire of the corresponding donor's peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro. Our results showed that addition of serum was not essential for BLCL infection and culture, and that as far as we could determine, BLCL0 cells were as effective as BLCL(FCS) in reactivating the EBV-specific T-cell repertoire in vitro. Notably, FCS-specific T-lymphocytes can be detected among the BLCL(FCS)-specific CD4+-CTL. Not only was this latter observation unexpected for an EBV-seropositive donor, but it implied that the BLCL had captured and processed the corresponding FCS-derived solubles antigens; taken together our results emphasized the interest of the possibility to generate BLCL0, both for research and for clinical applications.
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Clémenceau B, Gallot G, Vivien R, Gaschet J, Campone M, Vié H. Long-term preservation of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) of natural killer cells amplified in vitro from the peripheral blood of breast cancer patients after chemotherapy. J Immunother 2006; 29:53-60. [PMID: 16365600 DOI: 10.1097/01.cji.0000175686.13368.5c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Twenty percent of breast cancer adenocarcinomas overexpress the oncogene c-erb-2 that is recognized by the humanized anti-Her2/neu monoclonal antibody Herceptin. Results from clinical studies suggest that antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) is involved in the clinical response of Herceptin-treated patients. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the possibility of amplifying in vitro the CD3-/CD16+ natural killer (NK) cell subset that mediates ADCC from breast cancer patients after chemotherapy. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from six breast cancer patients taken 2 months after chemotherapy completion were co-cultured with an autologous irradiated Epstein-Barr virus-transformed B-lymphoblastoid cell line (LCL) in the presence of interleukin-2 (IL-2) for 4-6 weeks. These LCL + IL2 activated cultures (ACs) were tested for ADCC potential, and their CD3/CD16 NK proportion was quantified. Among the ACs, the proportion of CD3-/CD16+ NK cells increased up to 64% over the first 2 weeks of culture and the ACs continued to expand for 1 month thereafter. Control and patient ACs displayed ADCC activity (tested in the presence of Rituximab against the autologous LCL to take into account any possible effect of inhibitory NK receptors) as well as against the MCF-7(Her2/neu) breast cancer cell line in the presence of Herceptin. This ADCC activity was maintained during the entire culture period. In conclusion, chemotherapy in breast cancer patients does not obviate the possibility of amplifying in vitro the NK cell subset that mediates ADCC. Consequently, adoptive transfer of lymphocytes mediating ADCC can be considered using this protocol to test its benefit in patients under Herceptin treatment.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/drug therapy
- Adenocarcinoma/immunology
- Adult
- Aged
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
- Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity/drug effects
- Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity/immunology
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Breast Neoplasms/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Transformation, Viral
- Coculture Techniques/methods
- Female
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/immunology
- Humans
- Interleukin-2/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/drug effects
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Middle Aged
- Trastuzumab
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25
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Tsai DE, Aqui NA, Tomaszewski JE, Olthoff KM, Ahya VN, Kotloff RM, Bloom RD, Brozena SC, Hodinka RL, Stadtmauer EA, Schuster SJ, Nasta SD, Porter DL, Luger SM, Klumpp TR. Serum protein electrophoresis abnormalities in adult solid organ transplant patients with post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder*. Clin Transplant 2005; 19:644-52. [PMID: 16146557 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0012.2005.00388.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) is an Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) associated malignancy that occurs in the setting of pharmacologic immunosuppression used after organ transplantation. The presence of monoclonal gammopathy (MG) after organ transplantation is a risk factor for the development of PTLD. We retrospectively explored the characteristics of serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP) in 38 adult solid organ transplant patients with biopsy proven PTLD and SPEP. Twenty-three (61%) had MG with nine (24%) showing multiple MG. Background gammaglobulin levels were abnormal in 13 (34%) patients with five (13%) and eight (21%) having polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia or hypogammaglobulinemia, respectively. Hypogammaglobulinemia was correlated with the presence of MG (p = 0.01) and polymorphic B-cell hyperplasia histology (p = 0.01). No correlation between SPEP findings and overall survival were noted. With median follow-up of 116 wk (range 2-261 wk), 21 (55%) patients are alive with 20 (53%) in complete remission. Response to reduction in immunosuppression was correlated with improved overall survival (262 wk vs. 68 wk, p = 0.003). Persistence of MG after complete response of the PTLD did not predict relapse. There is a high incidence of MG and gammaglobulin abnormalities in patients with PTLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald E Tsai
- Hematologic Malignancies Program, University of Pennsylvania Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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26
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Cooper-Casey K, Mésen-Fainardi A, Galke-Rollins B, Llach M, Laprade B, Rodriguez C, Riondet S, Bertheau A, Byerley W. Suggestive linkage of schizophrenia to 5p13 in Costa Rica. Mol Psychiatry 2005; 10:651-6. [PMID: 15700049 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4001640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia afflicts roughly 1% of all people worldwide. Remarkably, despite differing cultures and environments, the expression of illness is essentially the same. Family, twin, and adoption studies identify schizophrenia as a genetically influenced disease. Linkage studies suggest many positive regions of interest, but as a complex genetic disorder most of the pathogenic loci have not yet been found. Isolated populations are commonly used to study rare Mendelian inherited diseases due to the more homogenous genetic background of the subjects and are thought to be useful for detecting linkage in complex genetic disorders such as schizophrenia. This study aims to define areas of the genome that exhibit co-inheritance with schizophrenia in one large, Mendelian-like family from the central valley of Costa Rica. The whole genome scan analysis of this pedigree, which included 11 cases of schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder, identified a number of markers on chromosome 5p that appear to co-segregate with the disease with a maximum lod score of 2.70 at marker D5S426. Current studies include investigating additional Costa Rican pedigrees to replicate these findings and identify additional loci linked to the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Cooper-Casey
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA.
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27
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Hudnall SD, Ge Y, Wei L, Yang NP, Wang HQ, Chen T. Distribution and phenotype of Epstein-Barr virus-infected cells in human pharyngeal tonsils. Mod Pathol 2005; 18:519-27. [PMID: 15696119 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.3800369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Although Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is often found in human tonsils, it remains to be precisely determined in what cells and microenvironment the virus is present. Although generally regarded as a B lymphotropic virus, EBV is associated with non-B-cell tumors, for example, NK/T-cell lymphoma, carcinoma, and leiomyosarcoma. To provide a basis for understanding the origin and biology of EBV-infected non-B cells, the immunophenotype of all EBV-infected cells in reactive human tonsils was determined by subjecting tonsil sections to dual/triple EBER in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry with monoclonal antibodies to T cells (CD3, CD4, CD8, CCR3), B cells (CD20), plasma cells (CD138), natural killer (NK) cells (PEN5), and epithelial cells (cytokeratin), as well as frozen section immunostaining with antibodies to EBV latent proteins EBNA1, EBNA2, LMP1, and EBV early protein BZLF1. Most tonsils contained nearly equal numbers of EBNA1- and LMP1-positive cells (latency program) while only a few contained EBNA2-positive cells (growth program). More than 1000 EBER-positive cells from six tonsils were detected in the interfollicular zone (59%), tonsillar crypts (26%), and follicles (15%). Most (82%) EBER-positive cells are CD20-positive B cells, 7% are CD3-positive T cells, and 11% are cells of indeterminate lineage, often with plasmacytoid morphology. However, no EBER-positive plasma cells were identified. Rare EBER-positive NK cells and EBER/BZLF1-positive epithelial cells were identified. The direct demonstration of EBV within rare T cells, NK cells, and epithelial cells in reactive human tonsils provide a basis for further understanding of the origin of EBV-associated tumors of non-B-cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- S David Hudnall
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0741, USA.
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28
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Hur DY, Lee MH, Kim JW, Kim JH, Shin YK, Rho JK, Kwack KB, Lee WJ, Han BG. CD19 signalling improves the Epstein-Barr virus-induced immortalization of human B cell. Cell Prolif 2005; 38:35-45. [PMID: 15679865 PMCID: PMC6496141 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.2005.00328.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection in vitro immortalizes primary B cells and generates B lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs). These EBV-LCLs have been used for several purposes in immunological and genetic studies, but some trials involving these transformations fail for unknown reasons, and several EBV-LCLs do not grow in normal culture. In this study, we improved the immortalization method by CD19 and B-cell receptor (BCR) co-ligation. This method shortens the time required for the immortalization and generation of EBV-LCLs but does not alter the cell phenotype of the LCLs nor the expression of the EBV genes. In particular, the CD19 and BCR co-ligation method was found to be the most effective method examined. EBV-infected B cells induced by CD19 and/or BCR ligation expressed the intracellular latent membrane protein LMP-1 earlier than EBV-infected B cells, and the expression of intracellular LMP-1 was found to be closely related to the time of immortalization. These results suggest that the modified method, using CD19 and/or BCR ligation, may efficiently generate EBV-LCLs, by expressing intracellular LMP-1 at an early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Y Hur
- Department of Anatomy and Research Center for Immune Modulation, Inje University College of Medicine, 614-735 Busan, South Korea
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29
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Kang I, Quan T, Nolasco H, Park SH, Hong MS, Crouch J, Pamer EG, Howe JG, Craft J. Defective Control of Latent Epstein-Barr Virus Infection in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:1287-94. [PMID: 14707107 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.2.1287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
EBV infection is more common in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) than in control subjects, suggesting that this virus plays an etiologic role in disease and/or that patients with lupus have impaired EBV-specific immune responses. In the current report we assessed immune responsiveness to EBV in patients with SLE and healthy controls, determining virus-specific T cell responses and EBV viral loads using whole blood recall assays, HLA-A2 tetramers, and real-time quantitative PCR. Patients with SLE had an approximately 40-fold increase in EBV viral loads compared with controls, a finding not explained by disease activity or immunosuppressive medications. The frequency of EBV-specific CD69+ CD4+ T cells producing IFN-gamma was higher in patients with SLE than in controls. By contrast, the frequency of EBV-specific CD69+ CD8+ T cells producing IFN-gamma in patients with SLE appeared lower than that in healthy controls, although this difference was not statistically significant. These findings suggest a role for CD4+ T cells in controlling, and a possible defect in CD8+ T cells in regulating, increased viral loads in lupus. These ideas were supported by correlations between viral loads and EBV-specific T cell responses in lupus patients. EBV viral loads were inversely correlated with the frequency of EBV-specific CD69+ CD4+ T cells producing IFN-gamma and were positively correlated with the frequencies of CD69+ CD8+ T cells producing IFN-gamma and with EBV-specific, HLA-A2 tetramer-positive CD8+ T cells. These results demonstrate that patients with SLE have defective control of latent EBV infection that probably stems from altered T cell responses against EBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Insoo Kang
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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30
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Aqui NA, Tomaszewski JE, Goodman D, Tsai DE. Use of serum protein electrophoresis to monitor patients with post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder. Am J Transplant 2003; 3:1308-11. [PMID: 14510706 DOI: 10.1046/j.1600-6143.2003.00219.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) is a potentially life-threatening complication of solid organ transplantation. Reduction in immunosuppression is usually the first line of therapy and is often curative. While undergoing treatment, imaging studies including MRI and CT scans are commonly used to follow the disease course. Laboratory studies such as lactate dehydrogenase and Epstein-Barr virus PCR can also be used to monitoring disease status. We report here a case of PTLD developing 48 months post renal transplant. A monoclonal protein (M protein) was demonstrated at diagnosis with a corresponding antibody expressed on the malignant lymphocytes. The patient was followed with serial serum protein electrophoreses (SPEP) to monitor his response to therapy. The amount of M protein paralleled the disease course, decreasing as the clinical symptoms improved. This case illustrates the utility of using SPEP to monitor patients with PTLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A Aqui
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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31
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Yannelli JR, Hirscowitz E, Wroblewski JM. Growth and Functional Reactivity of Lymphocytes Obtained from Three Anatomic Compartments in Patients with Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC). Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2003; 18:735-49. [PMID: 14629822 DOI: 10.1089/108497803770418283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) claims the lives of both men and women worldwide. In this study, we describe the ability to expand lymphocytes from solid tumor biopsies, pleural fluid, and peripheral blood of patients with NSCLC. While lymphocytes readily expanded from both solid biopsies and pleural fluids, the incidence of obtaining tumor-specific lymphocytes was low. Specific cytolytic and/or cytokine-releasing activity was observed in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) from 3/15 solid tumor biopsies (20%) and 2 of 4 pleural fluid samples (50%). Two of the CTL derived from solid tumor were cytolytic, one being HLA-A2 restricted while the other was either restricted at HLA-A30 or - B18. One of the pleural fluid cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) was also HLA-A2 restricted. Peripheral blood from NSCLC patients was studied using mixed lymphocyte tumor cell cultures (MLTC) as reported previously. Peripheral blood lymphocytes were cultured with allogeneic NSCLC-TC line 29.7, which expressed by gene transfer the lymphocyte costimulatory molecule CD80. Of 9 HLA-A2 patient samples tested, 8 gave rise to lymphocytes, which lysed NSCLC tumor cells expressing HLA-A2 in an major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted fashion. While specific CTL can be generated from all anatomic sites, for clinical trials peripheral blood appears to be the site of choice for obtaining specific precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Yannelli
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Markey Cancer Center, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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