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Yu X, Zhang H, Zong S, Xiao H. Allergy in pathogenesis of Eustachian Tube Dysfunction. World Allergy Organ J 2024; 17:100860. [PMID: 38274710 PMCID: PMC10809091 DOI: 10.1016/j.waojou.2023.100860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Eustachian tube dysfunction (ETD) is a condition where the Eustachian tube (ET) fails to function normally, resulting in symptoms such as aural fullness, tinnitus, autophony, and hearing loss. ETD can further lead to middle ear diseases such as otitis media effusion and adhesive otitis media, which is becoming more common in the field of otology. Although the pathogenesis of ETD remains unclear, recent animal studies and clinical experiments have found allergic reactions and allergic diseases are closely related to the occurrence of ETD. As the mucosa of the ET is continuous with that of the nasopharynx and tympanic cavity, it is reasonable to assume that the immunological basis of the ET itself is similar to that of respiratory allergic diseases. However, due to the special anatomical location and complex pathogenesis of the ET, there is still no unified diagnostic gold standard. Additionally, there is an ongoing debate regarding whether ETD can be classified as a distinct disease or even an allergic disease. Furthermore, the effectiveness of anti-allergic therapy in patients with ETD is yet to be fully understood. Therefore, this review elaborates on the possible mechanisms of allergic reactions in the occurrence and development of ETD, and explores the potential role of anti-allergic therapy in managing this condition, in order to provide new insights into the pathogenesis and prevention of ETD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shimin Zong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Hongjun Xiao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
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Kim J, An S, Kim Y, Yoon DW, Son SA, Park JW, Jhe W, Park CS, Shin HW. Surface Active Salivary Metabolites Indicate Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Obstructive Sleep Apnea. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2023; 15:316-335. [PMID: 37075797 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2023.15.3.316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), a highly prevalent and potentially serious sleep disorder, requires effective screening tools. Saliva is a useful biological fluid with various metabolites that might also influence upper airway patency by affecting surface tension in the upper airway. However, little is known about the composition and role of salivary metabolites in OSA. Therefore, we investigated the metabolomics signature in saliva from the OSA patients and evaluated the associations between identified metabolites and salivary surface tension. METHODS We studied 68 subjects who visited sleep clinic due to the symptoms of OSA. All underwent full-night in-lab polysomnography. Patients with apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) < 10 were classified to the control, and those with AHI ≥ 10 were the OSA groups. Saliva samples were collected before and after sleep. The centrifuged saliva samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry (ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry; UPLC-MS/MS). Differentially expressed salivary metabolites were identified using open source software (XCMS) and Compound Discoverer 2.1. Metabolite set enrichment analysis (MSEA) was performed using MetaboAnalyst 5.0. The surface tension of the saliva samples was determined by the pendant drop method. RESULTS Three human-derived metabolites (1-palmitoyl-2-[5-hydroxyl-8-oxo-6-octenoyl]-sn-glycerol-3-phosphatidylcholine [PHOOA-PC], 1-palmitoyl-2-[5-keto-8-oxo-6-octenoyl]-sn-glycerol-3-phosphatidylcholine [KPOO-PC], and 9-nitrooleate) were significantly upregulated in the after-sleep salivary samples from the OSA patients compared to the control group samples. Among the candidate metabolites, only PHOOA-PC was correlated with the AHI. In OSA samples, salivary surface tension decreased after sleep. The differences in surface tension were negatively correlated with PHOOA-PC and 9-nitrooleate concentrations. Furthermore, MSEA revealed that arachidonic acid-related metabolism pathways were upregulated in the after-sleep samples from the OSA group. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed that salivary PHOOA-PC was correlated positively with the AHI and negatively with salivary surface tension in the OSA group. Salivary metabolomic analysis may improve our understanding of upper airway dynamics and provide new insights into novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets in OSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoung Kim
- Obstructive Upper Airway Research (OUaR) Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, Korea
- Metabolomics Medical Research Center (MMRC), Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sangmin An
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Institute of Applied Physics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Physics, Research institute of Physics and Chemistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Yisook Kim
- Obstructive Upper Airway Research (OUaR) Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, Korea
- Metabolomics Medical Research Center (MMRC), Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dae-Wui Yoon
- Obstructive Upper Airway Research (OUaR) Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soo Ah Son
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Yeouido St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Wan Park
- Obstructive Upper Airway Research (OUaR) Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, Korea
- Metabolomics Medical Research Center (MMRC), Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Wonho Jhe
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Institute of Applied Physics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Chan-Soon Park
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Catholic University of Korea, St. Vincent's Hospital, Suwon, Korea.
| | - Hyun-Woo Shin
- Obstructive Upper Airway Research (OUaR) Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, Korea
- Metabolomics Medical Research Center (MMRC), Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Yeouido St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
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Abdel-Razek O, Audlin J, Poe DS, Wang G. Surfactant proteins and innate immunity of otitis media. Innate Immun 2022; 28:213-223. [PMID: 36069032 PMCID: PMC9900255 DOI: 10.1177/17534259221123309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Otitis media (OM) is the most common disease among young children and one of the most frequent reasons to visit the pediatrician. Development of OM requires nasopharyngeal colonization by a pathogen which must gain access to the tympanic cavity through the eustachian tube (ET) along with being able to overcome the defense mechanisms of the immune system and middle ear mucosa. OM can be caused by viral or bacterial infection. The three main bacterial pathogens are Streptococcus pneumoniae, nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi), and Moraxella catarrhalis. Innate immunity is important in OM resolution as the disease occurs in very young children before the development of specific immunity. Elements of innate immunity include natural barriers and pattern recognition receptors such as Toll like receptors (TLRs), and Nod like receptors (NLRs). Surfactant proteins A (SP-A) and D (SP-D) act as pattern recognition receptors and are found in the lung and many other tissues including the ET and the middle ear where they probably function in host defense. Surfactant has a potential for use in the treatment of OM due to surface tension lowering function in the ET, and the possible immune functions of SP-D and SP-A in the middle ear and ET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama Abdel-Razek
- Department of Surgery, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA,Guirong Wang, Department of Surgery, UH Room 8715, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 E Adams St, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA.
| | - Jason Audlin
- Department of Otolaryngology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | | | - Guirong Wang
- Department of Surgery, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
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Foligno S, Loi B, Pezza L, Piastra M, Autilio C, De Luca D. Extrapulmonary Surfactant Therapy: Review of Available Data and Research/Development Issues. J Clin Pharmacol 2020; 60:1561-1572. [PMID: 32578234 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.1675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of surfactant, a large amount of knowledge has been accumulated about its biology and pharmacology. Surfactant is the cornerstone of neonatal respiratory critical care, but its proteins and phospholipids are produced in various tissues and organs, with possible roles only partially similar to that played in the alveoli. As surfactant research is focused mainly on its respiratory applications, knowledge about the possible role of surfactant in extrapulmonary disorders has never been summarized. Here we aim to comprehensively review the data about surfactant biology and pharmacology in organs other than the lung, especially focusing in the more promising surfactant extrapulmonary roles. We also review any preclinical or clinical data available about the therapeutic use of surfactant in these contexts. We offer a summary of knowledge and research/development milestones, as possible useful guidance for researchers of multidisciplinary background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Foligno
- Division of Pediatrics and Neonatal Critical Care, Medical Center, "A. Béclère," South Paris University Hospitals, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris (APHP), Paris, France
| | - Barbara Loi
- Division of Pediatrics and Neonatal Critical Care, Medical Center, "A. Béclère," South Paris University Hospitals, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris (APHP), Paris, France
| | - Lucilla Pezza
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University Hospital "A.Gemelli"-IRCCS, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Piastra
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University Hospital "A.Gemelli"-IRCCS, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Autilio
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, and Research Institut-Hospital "12 de Octubre,", Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniele De Luca
- Division of Pediatrics and Neonatal Critical Care, Medical Center, "A. Béclère," South Paris University Hospitals, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris (APHP), Paris, France.,Physiopathology and Therapeutic Innovation Unit-INSERM U999, South Paris/Saclay University, Paris, France
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Choline and choline-related nutrients in regular and preterm infant growth. Eur J Nutr 2018; 58:931-945. [PMID: 30298207 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-018-1834-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Choline is an essential nutrient, with increased requirements during development. It forms the headgroup of phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin in all membranes and many secretions. Phosphatidylcholine is linked to cell signaling as a phosphocholine donor to synthesize sphingomyelin from ceramide, a trigger of apoptosis, and is the major carrier of arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acid in plasma. Acetylcholine is important for neurodevelopment and the placental storage form for fetal choline supply. Betaine, a choline metabolite, functions as osmolyte and methyl donor. Their concentrations are all tightly regulated in tissues. CLINCAL IMPACT During the fetal growth spurt at 24-34-week postmenstrual age, plasma choline is higher than beyond 34 weeks, and threefold higher than in pregnant women [45 (36-60) µmol/L vs. 14 (10-17) µmol/L]. The rapid decrease in plasma choline after premature birth suggests an untimely reduction in choline supply, as cellular uptake is proportional to plasma concentration. Supply via breast milk, with phosphocholine and α-glycerophosphocholine as its major choline components, does not prevent such postnatal decrease. Moreover, high amounts of liver PC are secreted via bile, causing rapid hepatic choline turnover via the enterohepatic cycle, and deficiency in case of pancreatic phospholipase A2 deficiency or intestinal resection. Choline deficiency causes hepatic damage and choline accretion at the expense of the lungs and other tissues. CONCLUSION Choline deficiency may contribute to the impaired lean body mass growth and pulmonary and neurocognitive development of preterm infants despite adequate macronutrient supply and weight gain. In this context, a reconsideration of current recommendations for choline supply to preterm infants is required.
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Bernhard W. Lung surfactant: Function and composition in the context of development and respiratory physiology. Ann Anat 2016; 208:146-150. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Suri LNM, McCaig L, Picardi MV, Ospina OL, Veldhuizen RAW, Staples JF, Possmayer F, Yao LJ, Perez-Gil J, Orgeig S. Adaptation to low body temperature influences pulmonary surfactant composition thereby increasing fluidity while maintaining appropriately ordered membrane structure and surface activity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2013; 1818:1581-9. [PMID: 22387458 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2012.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Revised: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The interfacial surface tension of the lung is regulated by phospholipid-rich pulmonary surfactant films. Small changes in temperature affect surfactant structure and function in vitro. We compared the compositional, thermodynamic and functional properties of surfactant from hibernating and summer-active 13-lined ground squirrels (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus) with porcine surfactant to understand structure-function relationships in surfactant membranes and films. Hibernating squirrels had more surfactant large aggregates with more fluid monounsaturated molecular species than summer-active animals. The latter had more unsaturated species than porcine surfactant. Cold-adapted surfactant membranes displayed gel-to-fluid transitions at lower phase transition temperatures with reduced enthalpy. Both hibernating and summer-active squirrel surfactants exhibited lower enthalpy than porcine surfactant. LAURDAN fluorescence and DPH anisotropy revealed that surfactant bilayers from both groups of squirrels possessed similar ordered phase characteristics at low temperatures. While ground squirrel surfactants functioned well during dynamic cycling at 3, 25, and 37 degrees C, porcine surfactant demonstrated poorer activity at 3 degrees C but was superior at 37 degrees C. Consequently the surfactant composition of ground squirrels confers a greater thermal flexibility relative to homeothermic mammals, while retaining tight lipid packing at low body temperatures. This may represent the most critical feature contributing to sustained stability of the respiratory interface at low lung volumes. Thus, while less effective than porcine surfactant at 37 degrees C, summer-active surfactant functions adequately at both 37 degrees C and 3 degrees C allowing these animals to enter hibernation. Here further compositional alterations occur which improve function at low temperatures by maintaining adequate stability at low lung volumes and when temperature increases during arousal from hibernation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi N M Suri
- Sansom Institute for Health Research and School of Pharmacy & Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide SA 5000, Australia
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Hartmann T, Cairns TC, Olbermann P, Morschhäuser J, Bignell EM, Krappmann S. Oligopeptide transport and regulation of extracellular proteolysis are required for growth of Aspergillus fumigatus on complex substrates but not for virulence. Mol Microbiol 2011; 82:917-35. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2011.07868.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Hayasaka T, Goto-Inoue N, Sugiura Y, Zaima N, Nakanishi H, Ohishi K, Nakanishi S, Naito T, Taguchi R, Setou M. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization quadrupole ion trap time-of-flight (MALDI-QIT-TOF)-based imaging mass spectrometry reveals a layered distribution of phospholipid molecular species in the mouse retina. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2008; 22:3415-3426. [PMID: 18837478 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We recently developed a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization quadrupole ion trap time-of-flight (MALDI-QIT-TOF)-based imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) system. This system enables us to perform structural analyses using tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), as well as to visualize phospholipids and peptides in frozen sections. In the retina, phototransduction is regulated by the light-sensitive interaction between visual pigment-coupled receptor proteins, such as rhodopsin, and G proteins, such as transducin. There are some reports that the conformation of rhodopsin is influenced by the composition of phospholipids in the lipid bilayer membrane. However, these results were based on in vitro experiments and have not been analyzed in vivo. In this study, we visualized and identified phospholipids in mouse retinal sections with the MALDI-QIT-TOF-based IMS system. From a spectrum obtained by raster-scanned analysis of the sections, ions with high signal intensities were selected and analyzed by MS/MS. As a result, sixteen ions were identified as being from four diacyl-phosphatidylcholine (PC) species, i.e., PC (16:0/16:0), PC (16:0/18:1), PC (16:0/22:6), and PC (18:0/22:6), with different ion forms. The ion images revealed different distributions on the retinal sections: PC (16:0/18:1) was distributed in the inner nuclear layer and outer plexiform layer, PC (16:0/16:0) in the outer nuclear layer and inner segment, and both PC (16:0/22:6) and PC (18:0/22:6) in the outer segment and pigment epithelium. In conclusion, our in vivo IMS analyses demonstrated a three-zone distribution of PC species on the retinal sections. This approach may be useful for analyzing lipid changes and their contribution to phototransduction in the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Hayasaka
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
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Genetic Abnormalities of Surfactant Metabolism. MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY LIBRARY 2008. [PMCID: PMC7147445 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-72430-0_54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary surfactant is the complex mixture of lipids and proteins needed to reduce alveolar surface tension at the air-liquid interface and prevent alveolar collapse at the end of expiration. It has been recognized for almost 50 years that a deficiency in surfactant production due to pulmonary immaturity is the principal cause of the respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) observed in prematurely born infants.1 Secondary surfactant deficiency due to injury to the cells involved in its production and functional inactivation of surfactant is also important in the pathophysiology of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) observed in older children and adults.2,3 In the past 15 years, it has been recognized that surfactant deficiency may result from genetic mechanisms involving mutations in genes encoding critical components of the surfactant system or proteins involved in surfactant metabolism.4,5 Although rare, these single gene disorders provide important insights into normal surfactant metabolism and into the genes in which frequently occurring allelic variants may be important in more common pulmonary diseases.
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Chen Y, Crawford RW, Oloyede A. Unsaturated phosphatidylcholines lining on the surface of cartilage and its possible physiological roles. J Orthop Surg Res 2007; 2:14. [PMID: 17718898 PMCID: PMC2000865 DOI: 10.1186/1749-799x-2-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2007] [Accepted: 08/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Evidence has strongly indicated that surface-active phospholipid (SAPL), or surfactant, lines the surface of cartilage and serves as a lubricating agent. Previous clinical study showed that a saturated phosphatidylcholine (SPC), dipalmitoyl-phosphatidylcholine (DPPC), was effective in the treatment of osteoarthritis, however recent studies suggested that the dominant SAPL species at some sites outside the lung are not SPC, rather, are unsaturated phosphatidylcholine (USPC). Some of these USPC have been proven to be good boundary lubricants by our previous study, implicating their possible important physiological roles in joint if their existence can be confirmed. So far, no study has been conducted to identify the whole molecule species of different phosphatidylcholine (PC) classes on the surface of cartilage. In this study we identified the dominant PC molecule species on the surface of cartilage. We also confirmed that some of these PC species possess a property of semipermeability. Methods HPLC was used to analyse the PC profile of bovine cartilage samples and comparisons of DPPC and USPC were carried out through semipermeability tests. Results It was confirmed that USPC are the dominant SAPL species on the surface of cartilage. In particular, they are Dilinoleoyl-phosphatidylcholine (DLPC), Palmitoyl-linoleoyl-phosphatidylcholine, (PLPC), Palmitoyl-oleoyl-phosphatidylcholine (POPC) and Stearoyl-linoleoyl-phosphatidylcholine (SLPC). The relative content of DPPC (a SPC) was only 8%. Two USPC, PLPC and POPC, were capable of generating osmotic pressure that is equivalent to that by DPPC. Conclusion The results from the current study confirm vigorously that USPC is the endogenous species inside the joint as against DPPC thereby confirming once again that USPC, and not SPC, characterizes the PC species distribution at non-lung sites of the body. USPC not only has better anti-friction and lubrication properties than DPPC, they also possess a level of semipermeability that is equivalent to DPPC. We therefore hypothesize that USPC can constitute a possible addition or alternative to the current commercially available viscosupplementation products for the prevention and treatment of osteoarthritis in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chen
- Orthopedic Research Unit, Level 5, Clinical Science Building, Prince Charles Hospital, Rode Road, Chermside, Q 4032, Australia
| | - Ross W Crawford
- Orthopedic Research Unit, Level 5, Clinical Science Building, Prince Charles Hospital, Rode Road, Chermside, Q 4032, Australia
- School of Engineering Systems, Queensland University of Technology, Gardens Point Campus, P.O. Box 2434, 2 George Street, Brisbane Q 4001, Australia
| | - Adekunle Oloyede
- School of Engineering Systems, Queensland University of Technology, Gardens Point Campus, P.O. Box 2434, 2 George Street, Brisbane Q 4001, Australia
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Gale LR, Chen Y, Hills BA, Crawford R. Boundary lubrication of joints: characterization of surface-active phospholipids found on retrieved implants. Acta Orthop 2007; 78:309-14. [PMID: 17611842 DOI: 10.1080/17453670710013852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The identity of the vital active ingredient within synovial fluid (SF)--to which we owe the near frictionless performance of diarthrodial joints--has been the quest of researchers for many years. Initially, hyaluronic acid (HA) was thought to be the lubricant, but it has been shown not to possess the load-bearing ability required within the physiological joint. The glycoprotein fraction of synovial fluid (lubricin) has been shown to have the same lubricating ability as synovial fluid. All or part of this is thought to be due to the surface-active phospholipids (SAPLs) present in lubricin. We characterized the SAPLs adsorbed on the surface of retrieved prostheses which have been implicated as the boundary lubricant. MATERIAL AND METHODS Rinsing fluids collected from the bearing surfaces of 40 prostheses removed from hip and knee revision operations were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). RESULTS SAPLs were detected on all retrieved implants. During the study, 8 different species of phosphatidylcholines were identified. We also determined the relative concentration of each species, which suggested that the unsaturated SAPL species predominate. INTERPRETATION It is of value to know the identity of the lubricating constituents of SF, not only for the future development of artificial joints, but also in developing cures for several disease processes in which lubrication plays a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorne R Gale
- Medical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia.
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Mills PC, Chen Y, Hills YC, Hills BA. Comparison of surfactant lipids between pleural and pulmonary lining fluids. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2006; 19:292-6. [PMID: 16168690 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2005.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2005] [Revised: 08/01/2005] [Accepted: 08/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Saturated phospholipids (PCs), particularly dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), predominate in surfactant lining the alveoli, although little is known about the relationship between saturated and unsaturated PCs on the outer surface of the lung, the pleura. Seven healthy cats were anesthetized and a bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed, immediately followed by a pleural lavage (PL). Lipid was extracted from lavage fluid and then analyzed for saturated, primarily dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), and unsaturated PC species using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with combined fluorescence and ultraviolet detection. Dilution of epithelial lining fluid (ELF) in lavage fluids was corrected for using the urea method. The concentration of DPPC in BAL fluid (85.3+/-15.7 microg/mL) was significantly higher (P=0.021) than unsaturated PCs ( approximately 40 microg/mL). However, unsaturated PCs ( approximately 34 microg/mL), particularly stearoyl-linoleoyl-phosphatidylcholine (SLPC; 17.4+/-6.8), were significantly higher (P=0.021) than DPPC (4.3+/-1.8 microg/mL) in PL fluid. These results show that unsaturated PCs appear functionally more important in the pleural cavity, which may have implications for surfactant replenishment following pleural disease or thoracic surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Mills
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been confirmed that surface-active phospholipid (SAPL), or surfactant, lines the surface of peritoneum and serves as a release and lubricating agent. The most important component in SAPL is phosphatidylcholine. A previous animal study showed that a saturated phosphatidylcholine, dipalmitoyl-phosphatidylcholine, reduced the formation of surgical adhesion. Latest studies have indicated that the dominant SAPL species at some sites outside the lung are not saturated phosphatidylcholine but, rather, are unsaturated phosphatidylcholine. METHODS High performance liquid chromatography was used to analyse the phosphatidylcholine profile of dialysate samples obtained from peritoneal dialysis patients. Friction tests were performed on dipalmitoyl-phosphatidylcholine and selected unsaturated phosphatidylcholine. RESULTS It was discovered that unsaturated phosphatidylcholine was the dominant SAPL species inside the peritoneal cavity. They are palmitoyl-linoleoyl-phosphatidylcholine, palmitoyl-oleoylphosphatidylcholine and stearoylarachidonoylphosphatidylcholine. Most interestingly, there was no dipalmitoyl-phosphatidylcholine detected from these dialysate samples. The coefficients of static and dynamic friction from palmitoyllinoleoyl-phosphatidylcholine and palmitoyloleoyl-phosphatidylcholine were measured and found to be lower than that of dipalmitoyl-phosphatidylcholine. CONCLUSION The results from the current study reveal that unsaturated phosphatidylcholine is the endogenous species inside the peritoneal cavity. This discovery offers further evidence that the dominant SAPL species at non-lung sites are unsaturated phosphatidylcholine, not saturated phosphatidylcholine, strongly indicating the difference between phosphatidylcholine species distribution at lung and non-lung sites. Unsaturated phosphatidylcholine has better anti-friction and lubrication properties than dipalmitoyl-phosphatidylcholine. Unsaturated phosphatidylcholine-based SAPL pharmaceutical products should be developed and evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chen
- Golden Casket Paediatric Research Laboratory, Mater Medical Research Institute, Queensland, Australia.
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Mills PC, Chen Y, Hills YC, Hills BA. Differences in Surfactant Lipids Collected from Pleural and Pulmonary Lining Fluids. Pharm Res 2005; 22:1926-30. [PMID: 16132340 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-005-7677-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2005] [Accepted: 07/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The type and relative importance of saturated and unsaturated phospholipid components of surfactant within the epithelial lining fluid (ELF) of the inner and outer surfaces of the lung is not known. METHODS Seven healthy dogs were anesthetized and a bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed, immediately followed by a pleural lavage (PL). Lipid was extracted from lavage fluid and then analyzed for saturated, primarily dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), and unsaturated phosphatidylcholine (PC) species using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with combined fluorescence and ultraviolet detection. Dilution of ELF in lavage fluids was corrected for using the urea method. RESULTS DPPC (494.7 +/- 213.9 microg/mL) was the predominant PC present in ELF collected from the alveolar surface. In contrast, significantly higher (p = 0.028) proportions of unsaturated PC species were measured in PL fluid (approximately 105 microg/mL), particularly stearoyl-linoleoyl-phosphatidylcholine (SLPC), which could not be measured in fluid collected from the alveoli, compared to DPPC (2.6 +/- 2.0 microg/mL). CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that unsaturated PC species seem to be more important than saturated species, particularly DPPC, in the pleural cavity, which has implications for surfactant replenishment following pleural disease or thoracic surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul C Mills
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.
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Sommerer D, Süss R, Hammerschmidt S, Wirtz H, Arnold K, Schiller J. Analysis of the phospholipid composition of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid from man and minipig by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry in combination with TLC. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2004; 35:199-206. [PMID: 15030895 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2003.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2003] [Revised: 12/20/2003] [Accepted: 12/20/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Surfaces of lungs are covered by the surfactant, an aqueous mixture of different phospholipids (PL) and proteins. Although the surfactant represents a relatively simple mixture of only a few PL (primarily phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG)), reliable methods of routine lipid analysis of the surfactant are still lacking. It will be shown that matrix-assisted laser desorption and ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) represents a suitable technique for the differentiation of the apolar components of the surfactant of different species. Samples of man and minipig are used in this study since both are known to vary in their PL composition. PL of surfactant were separated by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and the obtained subfractions subjected to MALDI-TOF MS analysis in order to monitor the presence of even minor PL species. It will be shown that besides PG and PC, also phosphatidylethanolamine, -inositol and sphingomyelin can be detected in surfactant of man, whereas only sphingomyelin could be detected in the minipig sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Sommerer
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Department, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 27, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Bernhard W, Haslam PL, Floros J. From birds to humans: new concepts on airways relative to alveolar surfactant. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2004; 30:6-11. [PMID: 14678944 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2003-0158tr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary surfactant is a surface-active mixture of phospholipids and specific proteins that lines the epithelial surfaces of mammalian lungs. In the alveoli, its main function is to reduce surface tension to ensure that these structures can remain open during respiratory cycles of contraction and expansion. However, surfactant is also present in the conducting airways, even though they are relatively rigid and do not need a system capable of rapidly lowering surface tension in response to compression. This has raised the question whether there is a difference in composition and function between airway and alveolar surfactant. Interest in this question has been stimulated further by the recognition that surfactant also has important functions in the immune defenses of the respiratory tract. In this review, we describe differences that have been reported between human airway and alveolar surfactant. In addition, we draw parallels between human airway surfactant and surfactant from the lungs of birds. The latter are tubular and rigid and do not undergo cycles of contraction and expansion, thus more resembling the human conducting airways than alveoli. Using this as a model, we propose a new hypothesis to explain structural and functional differences between human airway and alveolar surfactant. We suggest that the molecular composition of surfactant is adapted to differences in the architecture of pulmonary surfaces and to the dynamics of surface area changes during respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Bernhard
- Department of Neonatology, Faculty of Medicine, Eberhard-Karls-University, Calwer Strasse 7, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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Pulfer M, Murphy RC. Electrospray mass spectrometry of phospholipids. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2003; 22:332-64. [PMID: 12949918 DOI: 10.1002/mas.10061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 666] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipids play a central role in the biochemistry of all living cells. These molecules constitute the lipid bilayer defining the outer confines of a cell, but also serve as the structural entities which confine subcellular components. Mass spectrometry has emerged as a powerful tool useful for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of complex phospholipids, including glycerophospholipids and the sphingolipid, sphingomyelin. Collision induced decomposition of both positive and negative molecular ion species yield rich information as to the polar head group of the phospholipid and the fatty-acyl substituents esterified to the glycerophospholipid backbone. This review presents the current level of understanding of the mechanisms involved in the formation of various product ions following collisional activation of molecular ion species generated by electrospray ionization of the common glycerophospholipids, including phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylserine, cardiolipin, and sphingomyelin. Recent advances in the application of matrix assisted laser desorption ionization is also considered. Several applications of mass spectrometry applied to phospholipid analysis are presented as they apply to physiology as well as pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Pulfer
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cell Biology, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, Colorado 80206, USA
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Abstract
There has been a recent surge in research on surfactant and surfactant proteins. Fields ranging from immunology to surface chemistry are making contributions to our understanding of this multifunctional compound. This paper reviews the literature on the structure and function of Eustachian tube surfactant. It covers the proposed functions of endogenous surfactant in normal physiology, as well as the experimental applications of exogenous surfactant in the treatment of otitis media. The analysis is based on four platforms of research: the role of surfactant in the innate immune system, the effect of surfactant on surface tension and Eustachian tube opening pressure, the capacity of surfactant to alter the rheological properties of mucus and the efficiency of the mucociliary system, and the ability of surfactant to mitigate oxygen free radical damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F McGuire
- School of Medicine, Georgetown University, 2908-B O Street NW, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
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