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Osborn MF, Coles AH, Biscans A, Haraszti RA, Roux L, Davis S, Ly S, Echeverria D, Hassler MR, Godinho BMDC, Nikan M, Khvorova A. Hydrophobicity drives the systemic distribution of lipid-conjugated siRNAs via lipid transport pathways. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:1070-1081. [PMID: 30535404 PMCID: PMC6379714 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky1232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient delivery of therapeutic RNA beyond the liver is the fundamental obstacle preventing its clinical utility. Lipid conjugation increases plasma half-life and enhances tissue accumulation and cellular uptake of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). However, the mechanism relating lipid hydrophobicity, structure, and siRNA pharmacokinetics is unclear. Here, using a diverse panel of biologically occurring lipids, we show that lipid conjugation directly modulates siRNA hydrophobicity. When administered in vivo, highly hydrophobic lipid-siRNAs preferentially and spontaneously associate with circulating low-density lipoprotein (LDL), while less lipophilic lipid-siRNAs bind to high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Lipid-siRNAs are targeted to lipoprotein receptor-enriched tissues, eliciting significant mRNA silencing in liver (65%), adrenal gland (37%), ovary (35%), and kidney (78%). Interestingly, siRNA internalization may not be completely driven by lipoprotein endocytosis, but the extent of siRNA phosphorothioate modifications may also be a factor. Although biomimetic lipoprotein nanoparticles have been explored for the enhancement of siRNA delivery, our findings suggest that hydrophobic modifications can be leveraged to incorporate therapeutic siRNA into endogenous lipid transport pathways without the requirement for synthetic formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maire F Osborn
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Andrew H Coles
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Annabelle Biscans
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Reka A Haraszti
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Loic Roux
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Sarah Davis
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Socheata Ly
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Dimas Echeverria
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Matthew R Hassler
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Bruno M D C Godinho
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Mehran Nikan
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Anastasia Khvorova
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
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2
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Babashamsi MM, Koukhaloo SZ, Halalkhor S, Salimi A, Babashamsi M. ABCA1 and metabolic syndrome; a review of the ABCA1 role in HDL-VLDL production, insulin-glucose homeostasis, inflammation and obesity. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2019; 13:1529-1534. [PMID: 31336517 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) is an integral cell-membrane protein that mediates the rate-limiting step of high density lipoprotein (HDL) biogenesis and suppression of inflammation by triggering a number of signaling pathways via interacting with an apolipoprotein acceptor. The hepatic ABCA1 is involved in regulation of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) production by affecting the apolipoprotein B trafficking and lipidation of VLDL particles. This protein is involved in protecting the function of pancreatic β-cells and insulin secretion by cholesterol homeostasis. Adipose tissue lipolysis is associated with ABCA1 activity. This transporter is involved in controlling obesity and insulin sensitivity by regulating triglyceride (TG) lipolysis and influencing on adiponectin, visfatin, leptin, and GLUT4 genes expression. The ABCA1 of skeletal muscle cells play a role in increasing the glucose uptake by enhancing the Akt phosphorylation and transferring GLUT4 to the plasma membrane. Abnormal status of ABCA1-regulated phenotypes is observed in metabolic syndrome. This syndrome is associated with the occurrence of many diseases. This review is a summary of the role of ABCA1 in HDL and VLDL production, homeostasis of insulin and glucose, suppression of inflammation and obesity controlling to provide a better insight into the association of this protein with metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sohrab Halalkhor
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Ali Salimi
- Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Babashamsi
- Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
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3
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Zhao F, Qi Y, Liu J, Wang W, Xie W, Sun J, Liu J, Hao Y, Wang M, Li Y, Zhao D. Low Very low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol but High Very low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor mRNA Expression in Peripheral White Blood Cells: An Atherogenic Phenotype for Atherosclerosis in a Community-Based Population. EBioMedicine 2017; 25:136-142. [PMID: 29042132 PMCID: PMC5704045 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C), via binding very low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR), can induce the development of atherosclerosis. Besides monocytes, VLDLR expression is detected in various peripheral white blood cells (WBCs), yet its underlying role remains unclear. We thereby aimed to test the hypothesis that VLDLR in all types of peripheral WBCs may be involved in the association between VLDL-C and atherosclerosis. VLDLR mRNA expression in peripheral WBC and plasma VLDL-C levels were measured in 747 participants from a community-based study. Plaque prevalence and total plaque area (TPA) were used to evaluate the burden of carotid atherosclerosis. VLDL-C was positively associated with atherosclerosis risk, whereas this association was modified by VLDLR mRNA level. In participants with the lowest VLDL-C but the highest VLDLR mRNA expression, the risk for plaque prevalence unexpectedly was the highest. This association was also observed for TPA. Moreover, this association remained unchanged after adjusting for WBC or monocytes. Our findings described an atherogenic phenotype characterized by low VLDL-C but high VLDLR mRNA expression in peripheral WBCs, which suggested that VLDLR in all types of peripheral WBCs may be involved in lipid deposition, and VLDL-C and VLDLR may co-determine the development of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Qi
- Department of Epidemiology, Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China.
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Wuxiang Xie
- Department of Epidemiology, Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jiayi Sun
- Department of Epidemiology, Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yongchen Hao
- Department of Epidemiology, Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Miao Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
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4
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Shrestha R, Hui SP, Sakurai T, Yagi A, Takahashi Y, Takeda S, Jin S, Fuda H, Chiba H. Identification of molecular species of cholesteryl ester hydroperoxides in very low-density and intermediate-density lipoproteins. Ann Clin Biochem 2013; 51:662-71. [DOI: 10.1177/0004563213516093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Oxidation of lipoproteins is thought to play a crucial role in atherogenesis. Role for triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in atherogenesis is unclear. Thus, we aimed to investigate whether cholesteryl ester hydroperoxides (CEOOH) are present in very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) and intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDL) by using highly sensitive liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Methods Total lipids were extracted from the plasma of healthy donors ( n = 6) and their fractions of VLDL and IDL. Additional three plasma samples were analysed freshly for CEOOH. Detection and identification of CEOOH was conducted by liquid chromatography/LTQ ion trap mass spectrometry/Orbitrap high mass accuracy mass spectrometry. Authentic standards of CEOOH were used for unequivocal identification on the basis of their mass spectra. Results We identified six molecular CEOOH species overall, namely, Ch18:1-OOH, Ch18:2-OOH, Ch18:3-OOH, Ch20:4-OOH, Ch20:5-OOH and Ch22:6-OOH. Of them, Ch18:2-OOH, Ch20:5-OOH, Ch20:4-OOH and Ch22:6-OOH were detected in all IDL samples, while only Ch20:4-OOH was detected in all VLDL samples. All of CEOOH species except for Ch18:3-OOH were detected in plasma, with constant detection of Ch20:5-OOH, and Ch22:6-OOH in all plasma samples. Conclusion The presence of CEOOH species in VLDL and IDL was confirmed with the analytical sensitivity of 0.1 pmol, showing the constant appearance of more CEOOH species in IDL than VLDL. This finding might add biochemical evidences of atherogenicity of these lipoproteins. Clinical utility of measuring CEOOH level in these lipoproteins need to be investigated for the risk assessment of the cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rojeet Shrestha
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shu-Ping Hui
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Akiko Yagi
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuji Takahashi
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Seiji Takeda
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shigeki Jin
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hirotoshi Fuda
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Chiba
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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5
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Pennings M, Meurs I, Ye D, Out R, Hoekstra M, Van Berkel TJC, Van Eck M. Regulation of cholesterol homeostasis in macrophages and consequences for atherosclerotic lesion development. FEBS Lett 2006; 580:5588-96. [PMID: 16935283 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2006.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2006] [Revised: 07/28/2006] [Accepted: 08/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Foam cell formation due to excessive accumulation of cholesterol by macrophages is a pathological hallmark of atherosclerosis. Macrophages cannot limit the uptake of cholesterol and therefore depend on cholesterol efflux pathways for preventing their transformation into foam cells. Several ABC-transporters, including ABCA1 and ABCG1, facilitate the efflux of cholesterol from macrophages. These transporters, however, also affect membrane lipid asymmetry which may have important implications for cellular endocytotic pathways. We propose that in addition to the generally accepted role of these ABC-transporters in the prevention of foam cell formation by induction of cholesterol efflux from macrophages, they also influence the macrophage endocytotic uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke Pennings
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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6
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Abstract
Proteoglycans (PGs) have been suggested to work as receptors in lipoprotein uptake mechanisms. An interaction between apolipoprotein E (apoE) and glucosaminoglycans (GAG), polysaccharides linked to proteoglycans, has been proposed in this pathway. At the same time, proteoglycans, apoE as well as lipoprotein receptors have been reported to be constituents of amyloid plaques, one hallmark of Alzheimer's disease. With this study, we are the first to investigate the interaction between beta very low density lipoprotein (beta-VLDL) and a neuronal highly abundant GAG, chondroitin sulphate (CS), comparing hippocampal neurons, expressing high levels of low density lipoprotein receptor related protein (LRP) and U373 astrocytoma cells, highly positive for the low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR). We were able demonstrate that degradation of chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans (CSPGs) with chondroitinase ABC resulted in reduced (125)I-beta-VLDL uptake. We showed that externally added CSs compete with internalization of beta-VLDL. The effect was found to be dose-dependent, but was influenced neither by cell type, nor receptor type. The position of sulphation of added CSs showed only a slight influence. The data generated suggested an interaction between apolipoproteins and soluble CSs; therefore, 3H-cholesterol linked to apoE was coadministered with CSs to the cells. The results revealed that apoE bound, but no unbound cholesterol, was reduced in cellular internalization, suggesting that CSPGs may be involved in lipoprotein uptake in the intact brain, mediated, at least in part, by apoE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred Rapp
- MedUniWien, Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Department of Medical Chemistry, Währingerstrasse 10, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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7
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Van Eck M, Bos IST, Hildebrand RB, Van Rij BT, Van Berkel TJC. Dual role for scavenger receptor class B, type I on bone marrow-derived cells in atherosclerotic lesion development. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2004; 165:785-94. [PMID: 15331403 PMCID: PMC1618614 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63341-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The function of scavenger receptor class B, type I (SR-BI) in the liver as a high-density lipoprotein receptor that promotes the selective uptake of cholesteryl esters is well defined. Its role in macrophages, however, is primarily unknown, because it functions in the uptake of (modified) lipoproteins as well as the secretion of cholesterol to high-density lipoproteins. In this study, the biological role of SR-BI on bone marrow-derived cells, including macrophages, in lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis was assessed by selective disruption of SR-BI in bone marrow in two established models of atherosclerosis: low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-deficient mice that develop extensive atherosclerosis on a Western-type diet and wild-type mice that develop fatty streak lesions when fed a high-cholesterol diet containing 0.5% cholate. The presence of SR-BI in bone marrow-derived cells in LDLr-/- mice decreased lesion development after 9 and 12 weeks of Western-type diet feeding, indicating that macrophage SR-BI protects against lesion development. At 6 weeks, no significant effect of SR-BI in bone marrow-derived cells on lesion development was observed. Interestingly, after only 4 weeks of Western-type diet feeding of transplanted LDLr-/- mice and in wild-type mice on a high-cholesterol/cholate diet, the presence of SR-BI in bone marrow-derived cells increased the development of small fatty streak lesions. It thus appears that, depending on the stage of atherosclerotic lesion development, SR-BI in bone marrow-derived cells is either pro-atherogenic or anti-atherogenic, indicating a unique dual role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Arteriosclerosis/metabolism
- Arteriosclerosis/pathology
- Bone Marrow Cells/cytology
- Bone Marrow Cells/metabolism
- CD36 Antigens
- Cholates/metabolism
- Cholesterol, Dietary
- Diet, Atherogenic
- Female
- Homozygote
- Lipid Metabolism
- Lipoproteins, LDL/metabolism
- Macrophages/physiology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Rats
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/physiology
- Receptors, LDL/genetics
- Receptors, LDL/physiology
- Receptors, Scavenger
- Scavenger Receptors, Class B
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda Van Eck
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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8
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van Berkel T, von der Thüsen J, Kuiper J, Biessen E, van Eck M. Genetic manipulation of macrophage—and vascular genes in mouse models of atherosclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ics.2003.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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9
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Dergunov AD, Hoy A, Smirnova EA, Visvikis S, Siest G. Charge-based heterogeneity of human plasma lipoproteins at hypertriglyceridemia: capillary isotachophoresis study. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2003; 35:530-43. [PMID: 12565713 DOI: 10.1016/s1357-2725(02)00359-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
To reveal the metabolic links between and within pools of pro-atherogenic triglyceride(TG)-rich lipoproteins and anti-atherogenic high density lipoproteins (HDL), the changes in lipoprotein profile at hypertriglyceridemia were analyzed by capillary isotachophoresis. Plasma samples from patients with apoE3/3 phenotype were stained with a fluorescent probe NBD-C6-ceramide and lipoproteins resolved into six H-, one (V+I) and four L-components which belong to HDL, very low and intermediate density (VLDL+IDL) and low density lipoproteins (LDL), respectively. The expected correlation between the relative size of the combined fractions and lipid and apolipoprotein values was obtained confirming the validity of the approach. The new findings were obtained as follows. (1) The fast L-component correlated inversely with HDL-cholesterol (Chol), while intermediate and slow H-components correlated inversely with plasma and LDL-Chol and apoB. (2) The content of intermediate and slow H-components increased within H-pool and decreased relative TG-rich lipoproteins as hypertriglyceridemia rose due to the impairment of triglyceride hydrolysis by lipoprotein lipase within TG-rich particles. (3) A predictive value of the ratios of fast to slow H-components as an indicator of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase activity was demonstrated which tended to decrease at hypertriglyceridemia. (4) The L1/L2 ratio may be considered as an indicator of the accumulation of small dense LDL, which is a feature of clinically manifested atherogenic B-pattern. The competition between H(DL) and L(DL) particles for hepatic lipase and significant contribution of apoE to functional deficiency of H(DL) particles at hypertriglyceridemia are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D Dergunov
- National Research Centre for Preventive Medicine, 10, Petroverigsky street, 101953, Moscow, Russia.
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10
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Tai ES, Adiconis X, Ordovas JM, Carmena-Ramon R, Real J, Corella D, Ascaso J, Carmena R. Polymorphisms at the SRBI locus are associated with lipoprotein levels in subjects with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. Clin Genet 2003; 63:53-8. [PMID: 12519372 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-0004.2003.630108.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Scavenger receptor, class B, type 1 (SRBI) is a promising candidate gene involved in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis. We have examined the association of three common polymorphisms at the SRBI locus in 77 subjects who were heterozygous for familial hypercholesterolemia (FH). The alleles represented by polymorphisms in exon 1 and exon 8 were associated with variation in plasma concentrations of fasting triglyceride (TG). Mean plasma TG concentrations for homozygotes for the most common allele, and for heterozygotes and homozygotes for the less common allele were 85 +/- 6, 111 +/- 9 and 135 +/- 22 mg/dl (p = 0.011) for exon 1, and 96 +/- 11, 86 +/- 6 and 134 +/- 13 mg/dl (p = 0.007) for exon 8, after adjustment for age, sex and body mass index. In addition, the exon 8 polymorphism was associated with increased total cholesterol (320 +/- 15, 340 +/- 8 and 388 +/- 18 mg/dl, p = 0.015), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol (18 +/- 2.9, 15.7 +/- 1.6 and 33.4 +/- 3.9 mg/dl, p < 0.001) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (251 +/- 15, 270 +/- 8 and 312 +/- 10 mg/dl, p = 0.041) concentrations. In agreement with animal studies, our data also suggest a role for the SRBI in the metabolism of apolipoprotein B (apoB)-containing lipoproteins in humans. This pathway may constitute a backup mechanism to LDL receptor-mediated pathways for the catabolism of these lipoproteins, which could be particularly relevant in subjects with high levels of apoB-containing lipoproteins, such as those occurring in patients with FH.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Tai
- Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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11
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Tomkin GH, Owens D. Abnormalities in apo B-containing lipoproteins in diabetes and atherosclerosis. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2001; 17:27-43. [PMID: 11241889 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the major cause of death in patients with diabetes. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) being the most important cholesterol-carrying lipoprotein has been studied extensively in both diabetes and non-diabetes. This paper reviews the literature but also focuses on the precursors of LDL and in particular the postprandial apo B-containing lipoproteins. Abnormalities in the postprandial lipoproteins and alteration in chylomicron assembly and clearance are discussed and the evidence presented suggesting the importance of dysregulation of these lipoproteins in atherosclerotic progression. The relationship between chylomicron production in the intestine and hepatic release of very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) is explored, as is the interrelationship between clearance rates of these lipoproteins. The size of LDL influences its atherogenicity. VLDL composition and size in relation to its influence on LDL is discussed. The effect of diet on the composition of lipoproteins and the relationship between fatty acid composition and clearance is reviewed. Evidence that diabetic control beneficially alters lipoprotein composition is presented suggesting how improved diabetic control may reduce atherosclerosis. The review concludes with a discussion on the effect of the apo B-containing lipoproteins and their modification through glycation and oxidation on macrophage and endothelial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H Tomkin
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Trinity College Dublin and Adelaide and Meath Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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