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Gender-Specific Metabolomics Approach to Kidney Cancer. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11110767. [PMID: 34822425 PMCID: PMC8624667 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11110767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common form of kidney malignancy. RCC is more common among men with a 2/1 male/female incidence ratio worldwide. Given the underlying epidemiological differences in the RCC incidence between males and females, we explored the gender specific 1H NMR serum metabolic profiles of RCC patients and their matched controls. A number of differential metabolites were shared by male and female RCC patients. These RCC specific changes included lower lactate, threonine, histidine, and choline levels together with increased levels of pyruvate, N-acetylated glycoproteins, beta-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate, and lysine. Additionally, serum lactate/pyruvate ratio was a strong predictor of RCC status regardless of gender. Although only moderate changes in metabolic profiles were observed between control males and females there were substantial gender related differences among RCC patients. Gender specific metabolic features associated with RCC status were identified suggesting that different metabolic panels could be leveraged for a more precise diagnostic.
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Yang G, Wang X, Yang Y, Yang R, Gowetski DB, Paula Lei Q. Quantitation of residual valproic acid in flu vaccine drug substance. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1152:122235. [PMID: 32668376 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative measurement of process-related impurities is a critical safety requirement for the production of drug substances of vaccine and therapeutic biologics. A simple and sensitive HPLC method has been developed for separation and quantitation of residual valproic acid (VPA) used in the cell transfection procedure for the manufacturing of an influenza vaccine. The method is comprised of a modified Dole liquid phase extraction followed by a quick pre-column derivatization using 2-bromoacetophenone. Nonanoic acid (NNA) is used as the internal standard (IS) and the quantification is performed by reversed-phase liquid chromatography. This new method can accurately measure as low as 6.8 μg/mL (LOQ) residual VPA in the vaccine drug substance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gengcheng Yang
- Vaccine Production Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Xiangchun Wang
- Vaccine Production Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Yanhong Yang
- Vaccine Production Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Rong Yang
- Vaccine Production Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Daniel B Gowetski
- Vaccine Production Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Q Paula Lei
- Vaccine Production Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Gaithersburg, MD, United States.
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Wang L, Du Y, Xu BJ, Deng X, Liu QH, Zhong QQ, Wang CX, Ji S, Guo MZ, Tang DQ. Metabolomics Study of Metabolic Changes in Renal Cells in Response to High-Glucose Exposure Based on Liquid or Gas Chromatography Coupled With Mass Spectrometry. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:928. [PMID: 31481892 PMCID: PMC6711339 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of the most serious microvascular complications and the leading causes of death in diabetes mellitus (DM). To find biomarkers for prognosing the occurrence and development of DN has significant clinical value for its prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. In this study, a non-targeted cell metabolomics–based ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry was developed and performed the dynamic metabolic profiles of rat renal cells including renal tubular epithelial cells (NRK-52E) and glomerular mesangial cells (HBZY-1) in response to high glucose at time points of 12 h, 24 h, 36 h, and 48 h. Some potential biomarkers were then verified using clinical plasma samples collected from 55 healthy volunteers, 103 DM patients, and 57 DN patients. Statistical methods, such as principal component analysis and partial least squares to latent structure-discriminant analysis were recruited for data analyses. As a result, palmitic acid and linoleic acid (all-cis-9,12) were the potential indicators for the occurrence and development of DN, and valine, leucine, and isoleucine could be used as the prospective biomarkers for DM. In addition, rise and fall of leucine and isoleucine levels in plasma could be used for prognosing DN in DM patients. Through this study, we established a novel non-targeted cell dynamic metabolomics platform and identified potential biomarkers that may be applied for the diagnosis and prognosis of DM and DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Bioinformatics, School of Medical Informatics, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yan Du
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Deparment of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Bing-Ju Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xu Deng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Qing-Hua Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Qiao-Qiao Zhong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Chen-Xiang Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Shuai Ji
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Deparment of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Meng-Zhe Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Deparment of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Dao-Quan Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Deparment of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
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Pflimlin E, Bielohuby M, Korn M, Breitschopf K, Löhn M, Wohlfart P, Konkar A, Podeschwa M, Bärenz F, Pfenninger A, Schwahn U, Opatz T, Reimann M, Petry S, Tennagels N. Acute and Repeated Treatment with 5-PAHSA or 9-PAHSA Isomers Does Not Improve Glucose Control in Mice. Cell Metab 2018; 28:217-227.e13. [PMID: 29937376 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acid esters of hydroxylated fatty acids (FAHFAs) were discovered as a novel class of endogenous mammalian lipids whose profound effects on metabolism have been shown. In the current study, in vitro and in vivo the metabolic effects of two of these FAHFAs, namely palmitic acid-5- (or -9) -hydroxy-stearic acid (5- or 9-PAHSA, respectively) were profiled. In DIO mice fed with differentially composed low- or high-fat diets, acute and subchronic treatment with 5-PAHSA and 9-PAHSA alone, or in combination, did not significantly improve the deranged metabolic status. Neither racemic 5- or 9-PAHSA, nor the enantiomers were able to: (1) increase basal or insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in vitro, (2) stimulate GLP-1 release from GLUTag cells, or (3) induce GSIS in rat, mouse, or human islets or in a human pancreatic β cell line. Therefore, our data do not support the further development of PAHSAs or their derivatives for the control of insulin resistance and hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Pflimlin
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, Bldg. H821, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Maximilian Bielohuby
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, Bldg. H821, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Marcus Korn
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, Bldg. H821, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Kristin Breitschopf
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, Bldg. H821, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Matthias Löhn
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, Bldg. H821, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Paulus Wohlfart
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, Bldg. H821, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anish Konkar
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, Bldg. H821, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Michael Podeschwa
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, Bldg. H821, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Felix Bärenz
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, Bldg. H821, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anja Pfenninger
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, Bldg. H821, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Uwe Schwahn
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, Bldg. H821, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Till Opatz
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Marcel Reimann
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefan Petry
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, Bldg. H821, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Norbert Tennagels
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, Bldg. H821, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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Stearic acid at physiologic concentrations induces in vitro lipotoxicity in circulating angiogenic cells. Atherosclerosis 2017; 265:162-171. [PMID: 28892713 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Saturated free fatty acids (SFAs) can induce lipotoxicity in different cells. No studies have investigated the effects of SFA in circulating angiogenic cells (CACs), which play a key role in endothelial repair processes. The aim of the study was to assess the effects of SFAs, specifically stearic acid (SA), on viability and function of CACs and to investigate potential underlying molecular mechanisms. METHODS CACs were isolated from healthy subjects by established methods. CACs were incubated with BSA-complexed stearate (100 μM) to assess the time course (from 8 to 24 h exposure) of the effects on viability and apoptosis (activation of caspases 3/7), angiogenic function (tube formation assay), pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1 and TNFα) gene expression (qPCR) and secretion (ELISA), activation of MAPK (JNK, p38 and Erk1/2) by Western blot and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress marker (CHOP, BIP, ATF4, XBP-1 and sXBP-1) gene expression by qPCR. RESULTS Stearic acid activates effector caspases in CACs in a dose- and time-dependent manner. SA also impairs CAC function and increases pro-inflammatory molecule (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1 and TNFα) gene expression and secretion in CACs starting from 3 h of incubation. The activation of JNK by SA mediates pro-inflammatory response, but it may be not necessary for apoptosis. Moreover, SA induces the expression of ER stress markers across the three branches of the ER stress response. CONCLUSIONS In humans, both function and viability of CACs are exquisitely vulnerable to physiologic concentrations of stearate; lipotoxic impairment of endothelial repair processes may be implicated in vascular damage caused by SFAs.
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Krumsiek J, Mittelstrass K, Do KT, Stückler F, Ried J, Adamski J, Peters A, Illig T, Kronenberg F, Friedrich N, Nauck M, Pietzner M, Mook-Kanamori DO, Suhre K, Gieger C, Grallert H, Theis FJ, Kastenmüller G. Gender-specific pathway differences in the human serum metabolome. Metabolomics 2015; 11:1815-1833. [PMID: 26491425 PMCID: PMC4605991 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-015-0829-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The susceptibility for various diseases as well as the response to treatments differ considerably between men and women. As a basis for a gender-specific personalized healthcare, an extensive characterization of the molecular differences between the two genders is required. In the present study, we conducted a large-scale metabolomics analysis of 507 metabolic markers measured in serum of 1756 participants from the German KORA F4 study (903 females and 853 males). One-third of the metabolites show significant differences between males and females. A pathway analysis revealed strong differences in steroid metabolism, fatty acids and further lipids, a large fraction of amino acids, oxidative phosphorylation, purine metabolism and gamma-glutamyl dipeptides. We then extended this analysis by a network-based clustering approach. Metabolite interactions were estimated using Gaussian graphical models to get an unbiased, fully data-driven metabolic network representation. This approach is not limited to possibly arbitrary pathway boundaries and can even include poorly or uncharacterized metabolites. The network analysis revealed several strongly gender-regulated submodules across different pathways. Finally, a gender-stratified genome-wide association study was performed to determine whether the observed gender differences are caused by dimorphisms in the effects of genetic polymorphisms on the metabolome. With only a single genome-wide significant hit, our results suggest that this scenario is not the case. In summary, we report an extensive characterization and interpretation of gender-specific differences of the human serum metabolome, providing a broad basis for future analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Krumsiek
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Kirstin Mittelstrass
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Kieu Trinh Do
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ferdinand Stückler
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Janina Ried
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jerzy Adamski
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Genome Analysis Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Lehrstuhl für Experimentelle Genetik, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Annette Peters
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Disease Research (DZHK e.V.), Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Illig
- Hannover Unified Biobank, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Florian Kronenberg
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Nele Friedrich
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Matthias Nauck
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Maik Pietzner
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Dennis O. Mook-Kanamori
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Department of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Karsten Suhre
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christian Gieger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Harald Grallert
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Fabian J. Theis
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Mathematics, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Gabi Kastenmüller
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
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Kassaar O, Schwarz-Linek U, Blindauer CA, Stewart AJ. Plasma free fatty acid levels influence Zn(2+) -dependent histidine-rich glycoprotein-heparin interactions via an allosteric switch on serum albumin. J Thromb Haemost 2015; 13:101-10. [PMID: 25353308 PMCID: PMC4309485 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRG) regulates coagulation through its ability to bind and neutralize heparins. HRG associates with Zn(2+) to stimulate HRG-heparin complex formation. Under normal conditions, the majority of plasma Zn(2+) associates with human serum albumin (HSA). However, free fatty acids (FFAs) allosterically disrupt Zn(2+) binding to HSA. Thus, high levels of circulating FFAs, as are associated with diabetes, obesity, and cancer, may increase the proportion of plasma Zn(2+) associated with HRG, contributing to an increased risk of thrombotic disease. OBJECTIVES To characterize Zn(2+) binding by HRG, examine the influence that FFAs have on Zn(2+) binding by HSA, and establish whether FFA-mediated displacement of Zn(2+) from HSA may influence HRG-heparin complex formation. METHODS Zn(2+) binding to HRG and to HSA in the presence of different FFA (myristate) concentrations were examined by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and the formation of HRG-heparin complexes in the presence of different Zn(2+) concentrations by both ITC and ELISA. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS We found that HRG possesses 10 Zn(2+) sites (K' = 1.63 × 10(5) ) and that cumulative binding of FFA to HSA perturbed its ability to bind Zn(2+) . Also Zn(2+) binding was shown to increase the affinity with which HRG interacts with unfractionated heparins, but had no effect on its interaction with low molecular weight heparin (~ 6850 Da). [Correction added on 1 December 2014, after first online publication: In the preceding sentence, "6850 kDa" was corrected to "6850 Da".] Speciation modeling of plasma Zn(2+) based on the data obtained suggests that FFA-mediated displacement of Zn(2+) from serum albumin would be likely to contribute to the development of thrombotic complications in individuals with high plasma FFA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Kassaar
- School of Medicine, University of St AndrewsSt Andrews, UK
| | - U Schwarz-Linek
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St AndrewsSt Andrews, UK
| | - C A Blindauer
- Department of Chemistry, University of WarwickCoventry, UK
| | - A J Stewart
- School of Medicine, University of St AndrewsSt Andrews, UK
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Barnett JP, Blindauer CA, Kassaar O, Khazaipoul S, Martin EM, Sadler PJ, Stewart AJ. Allosteric modulation of zinc speciation by fatty acids. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:5456-64. [PMID: 23726993 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum albumin is the major protein component of blood plasma and is responsible for the circulatory transport of a range of small molecules that include fatty acids, hormones, metal ions and drugs. Studies examining the ligand-binding properties of albumin make up a large proportion of the literature. However, many of these studies do not address the fact that albumin carries multiple ligands (including metal ions) simultaneously in vivo. Thus the binding of a particular ligand may influence both the affinity and dynamics of albumin interactions with another. SCOPE OF REVIEW Here we review the Zn(2+) and fatty acid transport properties of albumin and highlight an important interplay that exists between them. Also the impact of this dynamic interaction upon the distribution of plasma Zn(2+), its effect upon cellular Zn(2+) uptake and its importance in the diagnosis of myocardial ischemia are considered. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS We previously identified the major binding site for Zn(2+) on albumin. Furthermore, we revealed that Zn(2+)-binding at this site and fatty acid-binding at the FA2 site are interdependent. This suggests that the binding of fatty acids to albumin may serve as an allosteric switch to modulate Zn(2+)-binding to albumin in blood plasma. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Fatty acid levels in the blood are dynamic and chronic elevation of plasma fatty acid levels is associated with some metabolic disorders such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Since the binding of Zn(2+) to albumin is important for the control of circulatory/cellular Zn(2+) dynamics, this relationship is likely to have important physiological and pathological implications. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Serum Albumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Barnett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
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Shaw JLV, Binesh Marvasti T, Colantonio D, Adeli K. Pediatric reference intervals: Challenges and recent initiatives. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2013; 50:37-50. [DOI: 10.3109/10408363.2013.786673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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10
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Diffusion of docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acids through the blood–brain barrier: An in situ cerebral perfusion study. Neurochem Int 2009; 55:476-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2009.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2009] [Revised: 04/15/2009] [Accepted: 04/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Mansoub S, Chan MK, Adeli K. Gap analysis of pediatric reference intervals for risk biomarkers of cardiovascular disease and the metabolic syndrome. Clin Biochem 2006; 39:569-87. [PMID: 16624272 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2006.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2005] [Revised: 01/17/2006] [Accepted: 02/07/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The childhood obesity epidemic has begun to compromise the health of the pediatric population by promoting premature development of atherosclerosis and the metabolic syndrome (MS), both of which significantly increase the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) early in life. As a result, recently, there has been increased recognition of the need to assess and closely monitor children and adolescents for risk factors of CVD and components of the MS. Serum/Plasma biomarkers including total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-C, LDL-C, insulin and C-peptide have been used for this purpose for many years. Recently, emerging biomarkers such as apolipoprotein AI, apolipoprotein B, leptin, adiponectin, free fatty acids, and ghrelin have been proposed as tools that provide valuable complementary information to that obtained from traditional biomarkers, if not more powerful predictions of risk. In order for biomarkers to be clinically useful in accurately diagnosing and treating disorders, age-specific reference intervals that account for differences in gender, pubertal stage, and ethnic origin are a necessity. Unfortunately, to date, many critical gaps exist in the reference interval database of most of the biomarkers that have been identified. This review contains a comprehensive gap analysis of the reference intervals for emerging and traditional risk biomarkers of CVD and the MS and discusses the clinical significance and analytical considerations of each biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Mansoub
- Clinical Biochemistry Division, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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12
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Cury-Boaventura MF, Gorjão R, de Lima TM, Newsholme P, Curi R. Comparative toxicity of oleic and linoleic acid on human lymphocytes. Life Sci 2005; 78:1448-56. [PMID: 16236329 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2005.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2005] [Accepted: 07/12/2005] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Commercially available lipid emulsions for parenteral nutrition are mainly composed by long chain triacylglycerol containing a high proportion of linoleic acid (LA) or oleic acid (OA). The immunological impact of such therapy is particularly important because parenteral diets are often administered to critically ill patients as a mechanism to supply adequate nutrition during catabolic stress conditions. The comparative toxicity of OA and LA on human lymphocytes and the type of cell death induced by these fatty acids were determined in vitro. Parameters of cell death were investigated by flow cytometry-cell viability, DNA fragmentation, phosphatidylserine externalization, mitochondrial depolarization, neutral lipid accumulation and production of reactive oxygen species-and by fluorescence microscopy-chromatin condensation. Additionally a spectrofluorometric assay was employed to determine the activities of caspase--3, 6 and 8. Evidence is presented herein that OA is less toxic to human lymphocytes than LA. However, both fatty acids promoted apoptosis and necrosis of these cells. The mechanism of cell death induced by OA involved activation of caspase 3 while the mechanism of death induced by LA involved mitochondrial depolarization and ROS production. Importantly, neutral lipid accumulation may be a mechanism to protect lymphocytes against the toxicity induced by OA. OA may offer an immunological less problematic alternative to LA with respect to fatty acid composition of parenteral nutritional emulsions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria F Cury-Boaventura
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524, CEP 05508-900, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Cury-Boaventura MF, Pompéia C, Curi R. Comparative toxicity of oleic acid and linoleic acid on Raji cells. Nutrition 2005; 21:395-405. [PMID: 15797684 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2004.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2004] [Accepted: 07/01/2004] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Parenteral diets are often administered to critically ill patients. To study one of the effects of commercially available parenteral lipid diets, rich in triacylglycerol esters of omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids or omega-9 monounsaturated fatty acids, on the immune system of such patients, we evaluated the cytotoxicity of oleic and linoleic acids on Raji cells that had been derived from human B-lymphocytes. METHODS Cell death intensity and type were investigated by flow cytometry by quantitation of cell volume, granularity, DNA fragmentation, mitochondrial depolarization, and lipid accumulation. Fluorescence microscopy was used to determine chromatin condensation and type of cell death (acridine orange/ethidium bromide assay). Gene expression of BCL-XL, BCL-XS, C-MYC, and P53 was studied by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Oleic acid was less toxic than linoleic acid to Raji cells. Both fatty acids promote apoptosis and necrosis of these cells. The mechanism of cell death induced by these fatty acids seemed to involve mitochondrial depolarization, lipid accumulation, and overexpression of C-MYC and P53. CONCLUSION Oleic acid may offer a less harmful alternative to linoleic acid in parenteral diets with respect to patient B-lymphocyte-mediated immunologic activity.
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Cury-Boaventura MF, Curi R. Regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by C18 fatty acids in Jurkat and Raji cells. Clin Sci (Lond) 2005; 108:245-53. [PMID: 15563273 DOI: 10.1042/cs20040281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the effects of C18 fatty acids with different numbers of double bonds, SA (stearic acid; C18:0), OA (oleic acid; C18:1), LA (linoleic acid; C18:2) and gamma-LNA (gamma-linolenic acid; C18:3), on ROS (reactive oxygen species) production by Jurkat (a human T-lymphocyte-derived cell line) and Raji (a human B-lymphocyte-derived cell line) cells were investigated. ROS production was determined by NBT (Nitro Blue Tetrazolium) reduction (intracellular and extracellular ROS production) and by dihydroethidium oxidation using flow cytometry (intracellular ROS production). The effectiveness on ROS production was gamma-LNA<SA<OA<LA in Jurkat cells and SA<gamma-LNA<OA<LA in Raji cells. LA (found in corn, soya bean and sunflower oils) was more potent than OA (found in olive oil) in stimulating ROS production in both Raji and Jurkat cells. The lower ROS production by OA compared with LA may be one of the benefits of olive oil consumption. As SA and gamma-LNA acids had little or no effect, further studies on the site of ROS production in these cells were carried out with OA and LA only. Activation of NADPH oxidase via PKC (protein kinase C) was found to be the major mechanism of ROS production induced by OA and LA in Jurkat and Raji cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria F Cury-Boaventura
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof Lineu Prestes, 1524, CEP 05508-900, SP, Brazil.
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Cury-Boaventura MF, Pompéia C, Curi R. Comparative toxicity of oleic acid and linoleic acid on Jurkat cells. Clin Nutr 2005; 23:721-32. [PMID: 15297111 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2003.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2003] [Accepted: 12/17/2003] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipid emulsions for parenteral nutrition commercially available are mainly composed of long-chain triacylglycerol containing a high proportion of alpha-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids or alpha-9 monounsaturated fatty acids. The immunological impact of such therapy is particularly important because parenteral and enteral diets are often administered to critical ill patients. The comparative toxicity of oleic acid and linoleic acid on Jurkat cells, a human T lymphocyte cell line, and the type of cell death induced by these fatty acids were determined. METHODS Cell death was investigated by cytometry: decrease in cell volume, increase of granularity, DNA fragmentation, phosphatidylserine externalization, mitochondrial depolarization, lipid accumulation; by fluorescence microscopy: chromatin condensation and acridine orange/ethidium bromide assay; and by RT-PCR: mRNA expression of apoptotic genes. RESULTS Evidence is presented herein that oleic acid is much less toxic to Jurkat cells than linoleic acid. Both fatty acids promote apoptosis and necrosis of these cells. The mechanism of cell death induced by these fatty acids seem to involve with mitochondrial depolarization, lipid accumulation and the levels of C-MYC and P53 mRNA expression. CONCLUSION Therefore, oleic acid may offer an immunological less harmful alternative to linoleic acid for parenteral and enteral diets preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fernanda Cury-Boaventura
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof Lineu Prestes, 1524, São Paulo CEP 05508-900, SP, Brazil.
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Mehta A, Oeser AM, Carlson MG. Rapid quantitation of free fatty acids in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1998; 719:9-23. [PMID: 9869359 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(98)00403-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We report a rapid and sensitive method for separation and quantitation of free fatty acids (FFAs) in human plasma using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Two established techniques of lipid extraction were investigated and modified to achieve maximal FFA recovery in a reasonably short time period. A modified Dole extraction method exhibited greater recovery (approximately 90%) and short processing times (30 min) compared to the method of Miles et al. Reversed-phase HPLC using UV detection was used for plasma FFA separation and quantitation. Two phenacyl ester derivatives, phenacyl bromide and p-bromophenacyl bromide, were investigated in order to achieve optimal separation of individual plasma FFAs (saturated and unsaturated) with desirable detection limits. Different chromatographic parameters including column temperature, column type and elution profiles (isocratic and gradient) were tested to achieve optimal separation and recovery of fatty acids. Phenacyl bromide esters of plasma fatty acids were best resolved using an octadecylsilyl column with endcapped silanol groups. An isocratic elution method using acetonitrile-water (83:17) at 2 ml/min with UV detection at 242 nm and a column temperature of 45 degrees C was found to optimally resolve the six major free fatty acids present in human plasma (myristic [14:0], palmitic [16:0], palmitoleic [16:1], stearic [18:0], oleic [18:1] and linoleic [18:2]), with a run time of less than 35 min and detection limits in the nmol range. The entire process including plasma extraction, pre-column derivatization, and HPLC quantitation can be completed in approximately 90 min with plasma samples as small as 50 microl. Over a wide physiological range, plasma FFA concentrations determined using our HPLC method agree closely with measurements using established TLC-GC methods (r2 < or = 0.95). In addition, by measuring [14C] or [3H] radioactivity in eluent fractions following HPLC separation of plasma FFA, this method can also quantitate rates of FFA turnover in vivo in human metabolic studies employing isotopic tracers of one or more fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mehta
- John F. Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville VA Medical Center, TN 37232-6303, USA
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17
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Navon R, Khosravi R, Korczyn T, Masson M, Sonnino S, Fardeau M, Eymard B, Lefevre M, Turpin JC, Rondot P. A new mutation in the HEXA gene associated with a spinal muscular atrophy phenotype. Neurology 1995; 45:539-43. [PMID: 7898712 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.45.3.539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe two adult siblings who had had mild GM2 gangliosidosis since childhood. They presented with spinal muscular atrophy and dysarthria, and one sibling also had mental disturbances. Laboratory studies established the diagnosis of the B1 variant of GM2 gangliosidosis, because the hexosaminidase (Hex) A deficiency was not present upon testing with the unsulfated synthetic substrate 4-methylumbelliferyl N-acetylglucosaminide. HEXA gene analysis proved that the patients are compound heterozygotes for the previously identified G533-->A mutation and for a new mutation, G1171-->A, at exon 11. This new mutation affects a conserved amino acid and results in a Val-->Met substitution at position 391 of the HEXA gene. Full sequence of the alpha-subunit cDNA of Hex A revealed no other mutation. Assays for Hex A activities in patients suspected of having GM2 gangliosidosis should be performed with the sulfated substrate 4-methylumbelliferyl N-acetylglucosamine 6-sulfate.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Navon
- Department of Human Genetics, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
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18
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Bakken AM, Farstad M, Osmundsen H. The activities of acyl-CoA hydrolase in lysate and subcellular fractions of human blood platelets in relation to activities of acyl-CoA:1-acyl-lysophospholipid acyltransferase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1994; 1214:180-6. [PMID: 7918598 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(94)90042-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The activities of acyl-CoA hydrolase (EC 3.1.2.2.) and acyl-CoA:1-acyl- lysophospholipid acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.23) have been studied in subcellular fractions of human platelets. The acyl-CoA:1-acyl-lysophospholipid acyltransferase activity was higher in the 'dense-tubular-system-enriched' fraction than in the 'light-mitochondrial' fraction, using endogenously acyl-CoAs formed from labelled fatty acids, ATP, CoA and various lysophospholipids. No activity was found in the 'particle-free' fraction. No difference in specificities was observed between the incorporation of various fatty acids into different lysoPLs in the subcellular fractions compared with the platelet lysates. Generally, arachidonic, linoleic and eicosapentaenoic acids were better substrates for the acyl-CoA:1-acyl-lysophospholipid acyltransferases than oleic, docosahexaenoic and palmitic acids. The opposite was observed with the acyl-CoA hydrolase activity, palmitoyl-CoA was the substrate giving the highest activity, and eicosapentaenoyl-CoA and arachidonoyl-CoA the lowest. About 85% of the hydrolase activity was detected in the 'particle-free' fraction, with each of the six acyl-CoA derivatives tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Bakken
- Department of Clinical Biology, University of Bergen, University Hospital Haukeland, Norway
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19
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Decsi T, Koletzko B. Fatty acid composition of plasma lipid classes in healthy subjects from birth to young adulthood. Eur J Pediatr 1994; 153:520-5. [PMID: 7957371 DOI: 10.1007/bf01957009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The fatty acid (FA) composition of plasma phospholipids, triglycerides and cholesterol esters (STE) was determined by high resolution capillary gas-chromatography in 115 apparently healthy subjects from birth to young adulthood. After birth, percentage contributions of linoleic and alpha-linolenic acid increased, whereas long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids decreased in all FA fractions. No difference in plasma FA composition was seen between groups of children aged 1-< 5, 5-<10 and 10-<15 years, except for a decrease of total saturated FA in STE between 1-<5 years (18.5%, wt/wt) and 10-<15 years (14.5%, P < 0.005). No difference was observed for the values of boys and girls. The results on plasma lipid FA distribution in children aged 1-15 years may be used as reference values for metabolic and nutritional investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Decsi
- Kinderpoliklinik der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Germany
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20
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Homan R, Grossman JE, Pownall HJ. Differential effects of eicosapentaenoic acid and oleic acid on lipid synthesis and secretion by HepG2 cells. J Lipid Res 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)42084-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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21
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Murawski U, Kriesten K, Egge H. Age-related changes of lipid fractions and total fatty acids in the serum of female and male rats aged from 37 to 1200 days. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1989; 94:525-36. [PMID: 2620497 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(89)90192-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
1. Total lipids and the lipid fractions cholesterol ester, triacylglycerols, free cholesterol, free fatty acids and phospholipids as well as the fatty acid patterns of total lipids were measured in the serum of female and male rats (Wistar SPF, strain Hannover) aged 37-1213 days. 2. All parameters were monitored every 49th day. Five female and five male animals were used in each experiment. 3. All lipid fractions showed a significant positive linear regression vs age in both sexes. There were multiple significant differences in lipid fractions between the sexes. 4. Among the fatty acids only docosahexaenoic acid shows a significant correlation with age in both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Murawski
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University of Bonn, FRG
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22
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Abstract
A convenient and reliable gas-liquid chromatographic method for determining the free fatty acids in biological specimens is described. The free fatty acids were extracted with hexane in the presence of H3PO4 and then back-extracted from the hexane phase into a very small volume of trimethyl (alpha, alpha, alpha-trifluoro-m-tolyl)ammonium hydroxide solution. Direct injection of the resultant quaternary ammonium salts of the fatty acids into a gas-liquid chromatograph unit gave their methyl esters, with a high recovery. The presence of triglycerides, phospholipids, or cholesterol esters did not interfere with the determination of free fatty acids. This method was applied to determination of free fatty acids in the samples of serum or brain. The results were more precise and reliable than those reported with the conventional methods with TLC separation. This method should be a useful aid for providing precise information about the physiological or pathological roles of free fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kishiro
- Research Laboratories, Yoshitomi Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd., Japan
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23
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Pedersen AO, Brodersen R. Myristic acid binding to human serum albumin investigated by dialytic exchange rate. J Biol Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)81504-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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24
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Stoll LL, Spector AA. Lipid transfer between endothelial and smooth muscle cells in coculture. J Cell Physiol 1987; 133:103-10. [PMID: 3117805 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1041330113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A coculture system was employed to study the interactions between endothelium and vascular smooth muscle cells in arachidonic acid metabolism. Bovine aortic endothelial cells grown on micropore filters impregnated with gelatin and coated with fibronectin are mounted on polystyrene chambers and suspended over confluent smooth muscle cultures. The endothelial basal laminae are oriented toward the underlying smooth muscle, and the two layers are separated by only 1 mm. Each cell layer was assayed individually: apical and basolateral fluid also was collected separately for assay. Fatty acids, including arachidonic acid, are readily transferred between the endothelial and smooth muscle cells in this system. Distribution of the incorporated fatty acids among the lipids of each cell is the same as when the fatty acid is added directly to the culture medium. Arachidonic acid released from endothelial cells is available as a substrate for prostaglandin production by smooth muscle. In addition, fatty acids released from the smooth muscle cells can pass through the endothelium and accumulate in the fluid bathing the endothelial apical surface. These fatty acid interchanges may be involved in cell-cell signaling within the vascular wall, the clearance of lipids from the vascular wall, or the redistribution of arachidonic acid and other polyunsaturated fatty acids between adjacent cell types. Furthermore, the findings suggest that prostaglandin production by smooth muscle cells can occur in response to stimuli that cause arachidonic acid release from endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L Stoll
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242
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25
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Ghiggeri GM, Ginevri F, Candiano G, Oleggini R, Perfumo F, Queirolo C, Gusmano R. Characterization of cationic albumin in minimal change nephropathy. Kidney Int 1987; 32:547-53. [PMID: 3430951 DOI: 10.1038/ki.1987.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The presence of isoalbumins with a less anionic charge than the normal protein (pI = 4.7) is the hallmark of proteinuria in minimal change nephropathy (MCN). Steroid-induced restoration of near normal levels of proteinuria is characterized by the appearance in urines of isoalbumins with a pI still more anionic than the normal. In our search for an explanation for the pI changes, we used preparative isoelectric focusing in granulated gels to split the microheterogeneous bands obtained from nine MCN-affected children into four fractions (A1, A2, A3, A4) with decreasing pI from 5.8 to 4.0 and we have determined their fatty acid content. The least anionic fraction, A1, was the most defatted, followed by A2, A3 and A4 in which fatty acid content progressively increased, A4 being the most fatted fraction. Accordingly, the mean content of fatty acids in urinary albumin in proteinuric children was lower than in both the remission phase and in normal children (2.17 +/- 0.03 vs. 20.91 +/- 0.38 and 20.94 +/- 0.39, respectively) and was lower by a factor of 4 compared to serum albumin in the same phase of the disease (2.17 +/- 0.03 vs. 8.59 +/- 1.64). Among medium and long-chain fatty acids, the ratio between serum and urinary albumin was the highest for linoleic acid (approximately 7), followed by that of oleic acid, palmitic acid and lauric acid. At variance in five other patients affected by non-MCN nephrotic syndrome this ratio was for practically all FAs about 1.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Ghiggeri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital of Lavagna, Genoa, Italy
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26
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Uji Y, Noma A, Shiraki M, Maeda M, Tsuji A, Okabe H. Separation and quantitation of plasma free fatty acids as phenacyl esters by HPLC. Biomed Chromatogr 1987; 2:110-4. [PMID: 3507217 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1130020306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a rapid method for the separation of plasma free fatty acids as their phenacyl esters by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using a reversed-phase (C18) column. The derivatives of series of both saturated and unsaturated fatty acids (C12:0-C22:6) are simultaneously separated within 45 min and detected with ultraviolet at 241 nm. The limit of detection of fatty acids was approximately 0.5 nmol in 20 microL injected volume of extracts, and the coefficient of variation of the present method did not exceed 3.0%. Comparison of the results of the present HPLC method with those of gas chromatography, gave very good correlations for all fatty acids in human plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Uji
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, Japan
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27
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Hatsumi M, Kimata S, Hirosawa K. Microanalysis of free fatty acids in plasma of experimental animals and humans by high-performance liquid chromatography. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1986; 380:247-55. [PMID: 3760054 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)83653-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method was developed for microanalysis of thirteen free fatty acids using 200 microliter of plasma. Fatty acids were derivatized with 9-anthryldiazomethane for HPLC analysis. Use of an ODS minicolumn for pretreatment of plasma gave a more accurate determination of free fatty acids in plasma than by chloroform extraction. Using this method, thirteen free fatty acids in the plasma of normal human, dog, rabbit, guinea pig and rat were determined.
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Hadjiagapiou C, Kaduce TL, Spector AA. Eicosapentaenoic acid utilization by bovine aortic endothelial cells: effects on prostacyclin production. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1986; 875:369-81. [PMID: 3002484 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(86)90188-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated whether the presence of other fatty acids in physiologic amounts will influence the effects of eicosapentaenoic acid on cellular lipid metabolism and prostaglandin production. Eicosapentaenoic acid uptake by cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells was time and concentration dependent. At concentrations between 1 and 25 microM, most of the eicosapentaenoic acid was incorporated into phospholipids and of this, 60-90% was present in choline phosphoglycerides. Eicosapentaenoic acid inhibited arachidonic acid uptake and conversion to prostacyclin (prostaglandin I2) but was not itself converted to eicosanoids. Only small effects on the uptake of 10 microM eicosapentaenoic acid occurred when palmitic, stearic or oleic acids were added to the medium in concentrations up to 75 microM. In contrast, eicosapentaenoic acid uptake was reduced considerably by the presence of linoleic, n-6 eicosatrienoic, arachidonic or docosahexaenoic acids. Although a 100 microM mixture of palmitic, stearic, oleic and linoleic acid (25:10:50:15) had little effect on the uptake of 10 or 20 microM eicosapentaenoic acid, less of this acid was channeled into endothelial phospholipids. However, the fatty acid mixture did not prevent the inhibitory effect of eicosapentaenoic acid on prostaglandin I2 formation in response to either arachidonic acid or ionophore A23187. An 8 h exposure to eicosapentaenoic acid was required for the inhibition to become appreciable and, after 16 h, prostaglandin I2 production was reduced by as much as 60%. These findings indicate that the capacity of aortic endothelial cells to produce prostaglandin I2 is decreased by continuous exposure to eicosapentaenoic acid. Even if the eicosapentaenoic acid is present as a small percentage of a physiologic fatty acid mixture, it is still readily incorporated into endothelial phospholipids and retains its inhibitory effect against endothelial prostaglandin I2 formation. Therefore, these actions may be representative of the in vivo effects of eicosapentaenoic acid on the endothelium.
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29
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Ghiggeri GM, Candiano G, Delfino G, Queirolo C, Ginevri F, Perfumo F, Gusmano R. Separation of the 9-anthryldiazomethane derivatives of fatty acids by high-performance liquid chromatography on a Fatty Acid Analysis Column®. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)83608-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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30
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Effect of human plasma lipoproteins on prostacyclin production by cultured endothelial cells. J Lipid Res 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)34371-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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31
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Ikeda M, Shimada K, Sakaguchi T, Matsumoto U. Fluorometric high-performance liquid chromatography of 9-aminophenanthrene-derivatized free fatty acids. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1984; 305:261-70. [PMID: 6707158 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)83341-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The application of 9-aminophenanthrene (9-AP), a fluorescence-labeling reagent for free fatty acids (FFA), was examined. 9-AP dissolved in benzene was added to a benzene solution of FFA chlorides derived from FFA and oxalyl chloride. The mixture was allowed to react for 45 min at 70 degrees C. By the method, 9-AP-tagged FFA with a strong fluorescence was formed. The materials thus obtained have a lambda max at around 303 nm for excitation and 376 nm for emission. By using this derivatization method, recoveries were measured for seven kinds of FFA added to 0.5 ml of healthy human serum. Significant recoveries ranging from 96 to 107% (coefficient of variation 1.4-5.0%) were obtained for each FFA. The proposed method was clinically applied to the determination of FFA in 0.5 ml of healthy human serum, and almost satisfactory results were obtained. Detection limits of FFA by this derivatization method were 10 pmol for C14:0, C16:0, C16:1, C18:1 and C18:2, and 15 pmol for C18:0 and C20:4. As a quantitative measurement of FFA, gas chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection, which have been routinely used, were chosen for comparison with the present method.
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32
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Hayashi K, Kawase J, Yoshimura K, Ara K, Tsuji K. Determination of trace levels of fatty acid metal salts by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence prelabeling. Anal Biochem 1984; 136:314-20. [PMID: 6721136 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(84)90223-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A simple method is described for picomole determinations of fatty acid metal salts. Fatty acid salts are directly labeled with 4-bromomethyl-7-methoxycoumarin in the presence of excess ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid tripotassium salt without any solvent extractions. The fluorescence derivatives of fatty acids are separated by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography followed by fluorometric detection. The response of each fatty acid (C8-C18) calcium salt is linear from 1 to 50 micrograms/ml of samples. The detection limit is about 7 pmol. Good recoveries are obtained for the calcium salts of myrystic acid and soap (C8-C18, C18:1,2). The new method is successfully applied to the study on biodegradation of fatty acids in river water.
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33
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Ikeda M, Shimada K, Sakaguchi T. High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of free fatty acids with 1-naphthylamine. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1983; 272:251-9. [PMID: 6833423 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)86127-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A 1% benzene solution of oxalyl chloride was added to saturated and unsaturated fatty acids and the mixture was allowed to react at 70 degrees C for 30 min; by this procedure, each fatty acid was converted into its acid chloride in a considerably quantitative manner. By reacting this acid chloride with 1-naphthylamine at 30 degrees C for 15 min, naphtylamine derivatives were produced, which showed strong ultraviolet absorption around 280-290 nm. Experiments were made on the recovery of the fatty acids added to 0.5 ml of human serum, and the recovery was found to fall in the range of 94-106% (coefficient of variation = 0.5-4.1%) when the following amounts of six fatty acids were added: C14:0, 2 micrograms; C16:0, 20 micrograms; C16:1, 5 micrograms; C18:0, 4 micrograms; C18:1, 20 micrograms; C18:2, 10 micrograms.
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