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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Levels of small, dense low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (sdLDL) particles determined by several analytic procedures have been associated with risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). This review focuses on the clinical significance of sdLDL measurement. RECENT FINDINGS Results of multiple prospective studies have supported earlier evidence that higher levels of sdLDL are significantly associated with greater ASCVD risk, in many cases independent of other lipid and ASCVD risk factors as well as levels of larger LDL particles. A number of properties of sdLDL vs. larger LDL, including reduced LDL receptor affinity and prolonged plasma residence time as well as greater oxidative susceptibility and affinity for arterial proteoglycans, are consistent with their heightened atherogenic potential. Nevertheless, determination of the extent to which sdLDL can preferentially impact ASCVD risk compared with other apoprotein B-containing lipoproteins has been confounded by their metabolic interrelationships and statistical collinearity, as well as differences in analytic procedures and definitions of sdLDL. SUMMARY A growing body of data points to sdLDL concentration as a significant determinant of ASCVD risk. Although future studies should be aimed at determining the clinical benefit of reducing sdLDL levels, there is sufficient evidence to warrant consideration of sdLDL measurement in assessing and managing risk of cardiovascular disease. VIDEO ABSTRACT https://www.dropbox.com/s/lioohr2ead7yx2p/zoom_0.mp4?dl=0.
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Borén J, Chapman MJ, Krauss RM, Packard CJ, Bentzon JF, Binder CJ, Daemen MJ, Demer LL, Hegele RA, Nicholls SJ, Nordestgaard BG, Watts GF, Bruckert E, Fazio S, Ference BA, Graham I, Horton JD, Landmesser U, Laufs U, Masana L, Pasterkamp G, Raal FJ, Ray KK, Schunkert H, Taskinen MR, van de Sluis B, Wiklund O, Tokgozoglu L, Catapano AL, Ginsberg HN. Low-density lipoproteins cause atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: pathophysiological, genetic, and therapeutic insights: a consensus statement from the European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel. Eur Heart J 2021; 41:2313-2330. [PMID: 32052833 PMCID: PMC7308544 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 701] [Impact Index Per Article: 233.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Borén
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - M John Chapman
- Endocrinology-Metabolism Division, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Sorbonne University, Paris, France.,National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Paris, France
| | - Ronald M Krauss
- Department of Atherosclerosis Research, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute and UCSF, Oakland, CA 94609, USA
| | - Chris J Packard
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jacob F Bentzon
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Heart Diseases, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Christoph J Binder
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mat J Daemen
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Linda L Demer
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Robert A Hegele
- Department of Medicine, Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen J Nicholls
- Monash Cardiovascular Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Børge G Nordestgaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, The Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gerald F Watts
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,Department of Cardiology, Lipid Disorders Clinic, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - Eric Bruckert
- INSERM UMRS1166, Department of Endocrinology-Metabolism, ICAN - Institute of CardioMetabolism and Nutrition, AP-HP, Hopital de la Pitie, Paris, France
| | - Sergio Fazio
- Departments of Medicine, Physiology and Pharmacology, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Center of Preventive Cardiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Brian A Ference
- Centre for Naturally Randomized Trials, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Institute for Advanced Studies, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Jay D Horton
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ulf Landmesser
- Department of Cardiology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrich Laufs
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Kardiologie, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Liebigstraße 20, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Luis Masana
- Research Unit of Lipids and Atherosclerosis, IISPV, CIBERDEM, University Rovira i Virgili, C. Sant Llorenç 21, Reus 43201, Spain
| | - Gerard Pasterkamp
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frederick J Raal
- Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Kausik K Ray
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial Centre for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Heribert Schunkert
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik für Herz- und Kreislauferkrankungen, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Lazarettstr, Munich, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Marja-Riitta Taskinen
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Bart van de Sluis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Olov Wiklund
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lale Tokgozoglu
- Department of Cardiology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Alberico L Catapano
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, and IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
| | - Henry N Ginsberg
- Department of Medicine, Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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3
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Abstract
The organs require oxygen and other types of nutrients (amino acids, sugars, and lipids) to function, the heart consuming large amounts of fatty acids for oxidation and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) generation.
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Rodríguez M, Guardiola M, Oliva I, Carles Vallvé J, Ferré R, Masana L, Parra S, Ribalta J, Castro A. Low-density lipoprotein net charge is a risk factor for atherosclerosis in lupus patients independent of lipid concentrations. Int J Rheum Dis 2018; 22:480-487. [PMID: 30450745 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.13445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) suffer from accelerated atherosclerosis. Their most common cause of death is a cardiovascular disease (CVD), in spite of the presence of moderate lipid alterations and normal cardiovascular risk scores. However, cholesterol still accumulates in the arteries of SLE patients, so we aim to identify additional factors that may help explain the residual risk that exists in these patients. We focus on investigating whether the net charge contributes significantly to both the development and the progression of atherosclerosis in patients with SLE. METHODS The lipoproteins from 78 patients with SLE and 32 controls were isolated via sequential ultracentrifugation. Lipoprotein subclasses distributions were analyzed via nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and the net charges of very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) were measured using a Zetasizer Nano-ZS. The degree of atherosclerosis (carotid intima-media thickness [cIMT]) was determined in all the participants. RESULTS Each lipoprotein class exhibited a negative net charge. IDL and LDL net charge correlated negatively with cIMT (r = -0.274, P = 0.034; r = -0.288; P = 0.033, respectively) in patients with SLE. This effect was independent of age, body mass index (BMI), gender, tobacco consumption, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), lipid concentration and lipoprotein particle number. LDL net charge explained 4% of the cIMT variability among these patients; this contribution was also independent of age, BMI, gender, tobacco consumption, lipids levels, apolipoproteins and hsCRP. CONCLUSIONS Low-density lipoprotein net charge may be considered a new independent contributor to subclinical atherosclerosis in SLE patients. The observed relationship was independent of lipid concentrations and extends the prominent role that IDL and LDL play in cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Rodríguez
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia, Unitat de Recerca en Lípids i Arteriosclerosi, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain.,Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Reus, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Spain
| | - Montse Guardiola
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia, Unitat de Recerca en Lípids i Arteriosclerosi, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain.,Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Reus, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Spain
| | - Iris Oliva
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia, Unitat de Recerca en Lípids i Arteriosclerosi, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain.,Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Reus, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Spain
| | - Joan Carles Vallvé
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia, Unitat de Recerca en Lípids i Arteriosclerosi, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain.,Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Reus, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Spain
| | - Raimon Ferré
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia, Unitat de Recerca en Lípids i Arteriosclerosi, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain.,Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Reus, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Spain.,Unitat de Medicina Vascular i Metabolisme (UVASMET), Hospital Universitari Sant Joan de Reus, Reus, Spain
| | - Lluís Masana
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia, Unitat de Recerca en Lípids i Arteriosclerosi, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain.,Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Reus, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Spain.,Unitat de Medicina Vascular i Metabolisme (UVASMET), Hospital Universitari Sant Joan de Reus, Reus, Spain
| | - Sandra Parra
- Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Reus, Spain.,Unitat de Malalties Autoinmunes, Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan de Reus, Reus, Spain
| | - Josep Ribalta
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia, Unitat de Recerca en Lípids i Arteriosclerosi, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain.,Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Reus, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Spain
| | - Antoni Castro
- Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Reus, Spain.,Unitat de Malalties Autoinmunes, Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan de Reus, Reus, Spain
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5
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Kornmueller K, Lehofer B, Meindl C, Fröhlich E, Leitinger G, Amenitsch H, Prassl R. Peptides at the Interface: Self-Assembly of Amphiphilic Designer Peptides and Their Membrane Interaction Propensity. Biomacromolecules 2016; 17:3591-3601. [PMID: 27741400 PMCID: PMC5111122 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.6b01089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Self-assembling
amphiphilic designer peptides have been successfully
applied as nanomaterials in biomedical applications. Understanding
molecular interactions at the peptide–membrane interface is
crucial, since interactions at this site often determine (in)compatibility.
The present study aims to elucidate how model membrane systems of
different complexity (in particular single-component phospholipid
bilayers and lipoproteins) respond to the presence of amphiphilic
designer peptides. We focused on two short anionic peptides, V4WD2 and A6YD, which are structurally
similar but showed a different self-assembly behavior. A6YD self-assembled into high aspect ratio nanofibers at low peptide
concentrations, as evidenced by synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering
and electron microscopy. These supramolecular assemblies coexisted
with membranes without remarkable interference. In contrast, V4WD2 formed only loosely associated assemblies over
a large concentration regime, and the peptide promoted concentration-dependent
disorder on the membrane arrangement. Perturbation effects were observed
on both membrane systems although most likely induced by different
modes of action. These results suggest that membrane activity critically
depends on the peptide’s inherent ability to form highly cohesive
supramolecular structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Kornmueller
- Institute of Biophysics, Medical University of Graz , BioTechMed-Graz, Harrachgasse 21/VI, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Bernhard Lehofer
- Institute of Biophysics, Medical University of Graz , BioTechMed-Graz, Harrachgasse 21/VI, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Claudia Meindl
- Center for Medical Research, Core Facility Imaging, Medical University of Graz , Stiftingtalstraße 24, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Eleonore Fröhlich
- Center for Medical Research, Core Facility Imaging, Medical University of Graz , Stiftingtalstraße 24, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Gerd Leitinger
- Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Research Unit Electron Microscopic Techniques, Medical University of Graz , Harrachgasse 21, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Heinz Amenitsch
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology , Stremayrgasse 9/4, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ruth Prassl
- Institute of Biophysics, Medical University of Graz , BioTechMed-Graz, Harrachgasse 21/VI, 8010 Graz, Austria
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6
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Cauet G, Daynès A, Temurok N. Interfering lipoproteins in magnetic field-assisted agglutination of superparamagnetic particles immunoassay. Pract Lab Med 2016; 4:82-88. [PMID: 28856196 PMCID: PMC5574500 DOI: 10.1016/j.plabm.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The technology of magnetic field-assisted immuno-agglutination of superparamagnetic particles allows sensitive detection of biomarkers in whole blood. However, we observed non-specific agglutination (NSA), due to interfering plasma proteins, that negatively affects C-reactive protein immunoassay. The objective of the study was to identify the plasma proteins involved and to eliminate these interferences. DESIGN AND METHODS Plasma was fractionated by size exclusion HPLC and each fraction was tested for non-specific agglutination. In addition, plasma proteins bound to magnetic particles were analyzed by SDS-gel electrophoresis and identified by mass spectrometry. RESULTS We found that NSA was due to the binding of some lipoproteins to the particles. NSA was observed in the presence of purified LDL and VLDL but not HDL. NSA was mediated by the binding of ApoB100 to magnetic particles through its heparin binding sites. These interferences could be eliminated by addition of heparin or other polyanions like dextran sulfate to the assay buffer. CONCLUSION NSA results from the binding of some plasma lipoproteins to magnetic particles. The use of a polyanion to eliminate these interferences allows the formulation of a stable reagent.
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Key Words
- ApoA1, ApoB100, apolipoprotein A1 and B100, respectively.
- ApoB100
- CRP, C-reactive protein
- DXS, dextran sulfate
- Heparin
- LDL, VLDL, HDL, low density, very low density and high density lipoprotein, respectively
- Lipoproteins
- MALDI-TOF, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight
- Magnetic-assisted agglutination
- NSA, non-specific agglutination
- Non-specific agglutination
- SEC-HPLC, size exclusion chromatography-high performance liquid chromatography
- SMP, superparamagnetic particles
- Superparamagnetic particles
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Cauet
- HORIBA ABX SAS, Parc Euromédecine - Rue du Caducée, BP 7290, 34184 Montpellier Cedex 4, France
| | - Aurélien Daynès
- HORIBA ABX SAS, Parc Euromédecine - Rue du Caducée, BP 7290, 34184 Montpellier Cedex 4, France
| | - Nevzat Temurok
- HORIBA ABX SAS, Parc Euromédecine - Rue du Caducée, BP 7290, 34184 Montpellier Cedex 4, France
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7
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Medlow P, McEneny J, Murphy MH, Trinick T, Duly E, Davison GW. Lipoprotein subfraction oxidation in acute exercise and ageing. Free Radic Res 2015; 50:345-53. [DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2015.1109084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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8
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Rull A, Ordóñez-Llanos J, Sánchez-Quesada JL. The role of LDL-bound apoJ in the development of atherosclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.2217/clp.15.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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9
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Abstract
Background/Objectives Small dense LDL particles and apolipoprotein (apo) CIII are risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) that can be modulated by diet, but there is little information regarding the effects of dietary saturated fat on their plasma levels. We tested the effects of high vs. low saturated fat intake in the context of a high beef protein diet on levels and composition of LDL subclasses and on apoCIII levels in plasma and LDL. Subjects/Methods Following consumption of a baseline diet (50% CHO, 13% protein, 38% total fat, 15% saturated fat) for 3 wk, 14 healthy men were randomly assigned to two reduced carbohydrate high beef protein diets (31% CHO, 31% protein, 38% fat) that differed in saturated fat content (15% vs. 8%) for 3 wk each in a crossover design. Results The high saturated fat diet resulted in higher mass concentrations of buoyant LDL I, medium density LDL II and dense LDL III, but not the very dense LDL IV; and significant increases in plasma and LDL apoCIII concentration of 9.4% and 33.5%, respectively. The saturated fat-induced changes in LDL apoCIII were specifically correlated with changes in apoCIII content of LDL IV. Conclusions Taken together with previous observations, these findings suggest that, at least in the context of a lower carbohydrate high beef protein diet, high saturated fat intake may increase CVD risk by metabolic processes that involve apoCIII.
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10
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Urata J, Ikeda S, Koga S, Nakata T, Yasunaga T, Sonoda K, Koide Y, Ashizawa N, Kohno S, Maemura K. Negatively charged low-density lipoprotein is associated with atherogenic risk in hypertensive patients. Heart Vessels 2011; 27:235-42. [PMID: 21491122 DOI: 10.1007/s00380-011-0139-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2010] [Accepted: 03/18/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Negatively charged low-density lipoprotein (LDL), generated via multiple processes such as oxidation, acetylation, or glycosylation, plays a key role in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis and related diseases. Anion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography (AE-HPLC) can subfractionate LDL into LDL-1, LDL-2, and LDL-3 based on LDL particle charge, but the clinical significance of LDL subfractions has not yet been elucidated. The aim of this study was to determine the clinical significance of these fractions with particular regard to atherogenic risk in hypertensive patients. Ninety-eight patients with essential hypertension (age 67.0 ± 10.7 years; 54 males) were enrolled in the present study. The relationships between LDL subfractions and atherogenic risk factors, including lipid profiles, blood pressure and plasma 8-isoprostane as a marker of oxidative stress, were examined. LDL-1 levels were significantly and negatively correlated with body mass index (r = -0.384, p < 0.001), systolic blood pressure (r = -0.457, p < 0.001), non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (r = -0.457, p < 0.001) and 8-isoprostane levels (r = -0.415, p < 0.001). LDL-3, which is the most negatively charged fraction of total LDL, was significantly and positively correlated with these parameters (r = 0.267, 0.481, 0.357, and 0.337, respectively). LDL-1 levels were significantly lower (p < 0.001), and LDL-2 and LDL-3 levels were significantly higher (each p < 0.001) in patients with poorly controlled hypertension than in patients with well-controlled hypertension. In addition, an increase in the total number of traditional risk factors at time of study participation, but not previous diagnosis, was associated with a decrease in LDL-1 levels and increases in LDL-2 and LDL-3 levels. These data suggest that LDL subfractions are associated with multiple atherogenic risk factors and that treatment to modify these risk factors could result in changes in LDL subfraction levels. In conclusion, LDL subfractions isolated by AE-HPLC may represent a marker of atherogenic risk in patients with hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungo Urata
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
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11
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Mori N, Lee P, Kondo K, Kido T, Saito T, Arai T. Potential use of cholesterol lipoprotein profile to confirm obesity status in dogs. Vet Res Commun 2011; 35:223-35. [PMID: 21327518 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-011-9466-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A common sign of obesity, in dogs, is hyperlipidemia, which is characterized by hypercholesterolemia and/or hypertriglycemia. Hyperlipidemia can be caused by a quantitative increase in circulating lipoproteins (LP) or by a higher lipid concentration in the various LP classes. In this study, we sought to determine whether aberrations occur with cholesterol lipoprotein profile, especially with sub HDL-cholesterol fraction % in obese dogs. Using clinically healthy and disease free (no overt signs) body condition score classified obese dogs, of all ages, we attempted to determine the influence of age, gender and obesity status on cholesterol lipoprotein profiling. Overall, no aberration in pattern was observed in obese dogs <8 years of age. However, in older obese animals (≥8 years of age), the general aberration pattern to cholesterol lipoprotein observed was that a significant decrease in HDL2 and 3 fraction % occurs with a concomitant increase in either HDL1-Cho or VLDL and LDL -Cho fraction % depending on gender. Linear regression analysis indicated that obesity status appears to significantly affect total cholesterol, HDL2 and 3-Cho, VLDL and LDL-Cho levels (P=0.02, 0.046, and 0.045, respectively), whereas it is borderline with HDL1-Cho (P=0.062). On the other hand, age significantly influenced TG, Total cholesterol, and HDL1-Cho levels (P=0.009, 0.006, and 0.002, respectively), while gender influenced VLDL and LDL-Cho (P=0.024) level. Therefore, aberrations in cholesterol lipoprotein profile pattern might be of potential use to assess and diagnose obesity status, in conjunction with BCS, especially of older overweight animals which might be considered borderline obese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuko Mori
- Department of Veterinary Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 171, Musashino, Tokyo, Japan
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12
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Electronegative low-density lipoprotein is associated with dense low-density lipoprotein in subjects with different levels of cardiovascular risk. Lipids 2010; 45:619-25. [PMID: 20574778 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-010-3439-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Dyslipidemias and physicochemical changes in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) are very important factors for the development of coronary artery disease (CAD). However, pathophysiological properties of electronegative low-density lipoprotein [LDL(-)] remain a controversial issue. Our objective was to investigate LDL(-) content in LDL and its subfractions (phenotypes A and B) of subjects with different cardiovascular risk. Seventy-three subjects were randomized into three groups: normolipidemic (N; n = 30) and hypercholesterolemic (HC; n = 33) subjects and patients with CAD (n = 10). After fasting, blood samples were collected and total, dense and light LDL were isolated. LDL(-) content in total LDL and its subfractions was determined by ELISA. LDL(-) content in total LDL was lower in the N group as compared to the HC (P < 0.001) and CAD (P = 0.006) groups. In the total sample and in those of the N, HC, and CAD groups, LDL(-) content in dense LDL was higher than in light LDL (P = 0.001, 0.001, 0.001, and 0.033, respectively) The impact of LDL(-) on cardiovascular risk was reinforced when LDL(-) content in LDL showed itself to have a positive association with total cholesterol (beta = 0.003; P < 0.001), LDL-C (beta = 0.003; p < 0.001), and non-HDL-C (beta = 0.003; P < 0.001) and a negative association with HDL-C (beta = -0.32; P = 0.04). Therefore, LDL(-) is an important biomarker that showed association with the lipid profile and the level of cardiovascular risk.
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13
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Kajiyama S, Hasegawa G, Asano M, Hosoda H, Fukui M, Nakamura N, Kitawaki J, Imai S, Nakano K, Ohta M, Adachi T, Obayashi H, Yoshikawa T. Supplementation of hydrogen-rich water improves lipid and glucose metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance. Nutr Res 2009; 28:137-43. [PMID: 19083400 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2008.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2007] [Revised: 12/26/2007] [Accepted: 01/17/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is recognized widely as being associated with various disorders including diabetes, hypertension, and atherosclerosis. It is well established that hydrogen has a reducing action. We therefore investigated the effects of hydrogen-rich water intake on lipid and glucose metabolism in patients with either type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). We performed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study in 30 patients with T2DM controlled by diet and exercise therapy and 6 patients with IGT. The patients consumed either 900 mL/d of hydrogen-rich pure water or 900 mL of placebo pure water for 8 weeks, with a 12-week washout period. Several biomarkers of oxidative stress, insulin resistance, and glucose metabolism, assessed by an oral glucose tolerance test, were evaluated at baseline and at 8 weeks. Intake of hydrogen-rich water was associated with significant decreases in the levels of modified low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (ie, modifications that increase the net negative charge of LDL), small dense LDL, and urinary 8-isoprostanes by 15.5% (P < .01), 5.7% (P < .05), and 6.6% (P < .05), respectively. Hydrogen-rich water intake was also associated with a trend of decreased serum concentrations of oxidized LDL and free fatty acids, and increased plasma levels of adiponectin and extracellular-superoxide dismutase. In 4 of 6 patients with IGT, intake of hydrogen-rich water normalized the oral glucose tolerance test. In conclusion, these results suggest that supplementation with hydrogen-rich water may have a beneficial role in prevention of T2DM and insulin resistance.
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Sparks DL, Chatterjee C, Young E, Renwick J, Pandey NR. Lipoprotein charge and vascular lipid metabolism. Chem Phys Lipids 2008; 154:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2008.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2008] [Revised: 04/24/2008] [Accepted: 04/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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15
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The α-glucosidase inhibitor acarbose reduces the net electronegative charge of low-density lipoprotein in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. Clin Chim Acta 2008; 390:110-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2008.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2007] [Revised: 12/18/2007] [Accepted: 01/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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16
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Kiya Y, Miura SI, Zhang B, Urata H, Saku K. Effect of levothyroxine on total lipid profiles as assessed by analytical capillary isotachophoresis in a patient with hypothyroidism. Endocr J 2006; 53:865-8. [PMID: 17001111 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.k05-181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The patient was a 51-year-old Japanese female who had been diagnosed with hyperlipidemia. At the first medical examination, her serum levels of total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) were 482 and 205 mg/dl, respectively. Since hyperlipidemia was not improved by pravastatin, atorvastatin or niceritrol, and since the levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free T4 were 730 IU/ml and 0.3 ng/dl, respectively, the patient was diagnosed as secondary hyperlipidemia with hypothyroidism. A method for the charge isolation of lipoproteins using capillary isotachophoresis (cITP) is proposed as a clinical application because it allows us to quantitatively measure electronegative low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), a potent marker of coronary heart disease. After 5 months of treatment with levothyroxine, Serum TC and LDL-C levels drastically decreased without statin treatment and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) increased. In the lipoprotein profiles as assessed by cITP after treatment with levothyroxin, all HDL-C subfractions were increased and fast-migrating LDL/electronegative LDL appeared to be greatly reduced after treatment, while the area under the non-modified LDL peak was increased. The cITP analysis was able to obtain more information about coronary risk factors and may be clinically useful for evaluating the effect of treatment with levothyroxine in patients with hypothyroidism and secondary hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Kiya
- Department of Cardiology, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, Japan
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17
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Rajasekaran NS, Sathyanarayanan S, Devaraj NS, Devaraj H. Chronic depletion of glutathione (GSH) and minimal modification of LDL in vivo: its prevention by glutathione mono ester (GME) therapy. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2004; 1741:103-12. [PMID: 15955453 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2004.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2004] [Revised: 11/12/2004] [Accepted: 11/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A decline in reduced glutathione (GSH) level is associated with aging and free radical mediated diseases. The objective of this study was to determine whether the chronic depletion of extra cellular GSH causes oxidative damage to the circulating macromolecules such as lipoproteins. Decreased concentrations of plasma glutathione, vitamin E and ascorbic acid were recorded in the rats treated with buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), a selective GSH inhibitor. In LDL isolated from BSO-treated animals, the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) and conjugated dienes were significantly increased (P<0.01), whereas the levels of vitamin E were decreased (P<0.01). The analysis of total and LDL cholesterol revealed significant changes between the control and experimental groups. Of interest, altered concentrations of lyso-phosphatidyl choline (Lyso-PC) and phosphatidyl choline (PC) were recorded from the BSO mediated minimally modified LDL. A negative correlation between LDL-BDC/MDA and its antioxidant capacity was noted. Upon in vitro oxidation with CuSO(4), the electrophoretic behavior of purified LDL-apoprotein-B on agarose gel showed an increased mobility in BSO-treated rats, indicative of in vivo modification of LDL to become susceptible for in vitro oxidation. The increased mobility of LDL (after in vitro oxidation) isolated from the BSO-treated animals correlates with a decrease in its amino groups, as determined by the trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) reactants. However, the mobility of LDL molecule was not altered due to BSO treatment in vivo. Interestingly, the minimal modification on LDL does not lead to any vascular damage in the dorsal aorta of the rats injected with BSO. The administration of glutathione monoester (GME), at a dose of 5 mmol/kg body weight, twice a day, for 30 days, to animals treated with l-buthionine-SR-sulfoximine (BSO, 4 mmol/kg body weight, twice a day, for 30 days) normalized the antioxidant status and prevented the minimal modifications on LDL. Thus, increasing the cellular GSH levels may trigger beneficial effects against oxidative stress.
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18
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Yano M, Inoue M, Maehata E, Shiba T, Yamakado M, Hirabayashi Y, Taniyama M, Suzuki S. Increased electronegative charge of serum low-density lipoprotein in patients with diabetes mellitus. Clin Chim Acta 2004; 340:93-8. [PMID: 14734200 DOI: 10.1016/j.cccn.2003.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with diabetes mellitus have been reported to show increased serum levels of modified low-density lipoprotein (LDL), including glycosylated, oxidized and small, dense LDL. This change has been suggested to represent an important risk factor for diabetic macroangiopathy. A common characteristic shared by these modified LDL species is the increase in electronegative charge on particle surfaces, which can be detected by agarose gel electrophoresis as "LDL charge modified frequency" (LDL-CMF) determined from the relative mobility of LDL fraction. METHODS LDL-CMF was measured in the sera from 129 outpatients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and compared with the data from 34 normal subjects. RESULTS The LDL fraction from diabetics migrates more closely to the anode side as compared with that from normal subjects. The LDL-CMF measured in diabetics, 5.5+/-8.1%, was significantly (p<0.0001) higher than 0.6+/-3.4% in normal subjects. Serum LDL-CMF showed significant positive correlations with triglyceride at r=0.552 (p<0.0001) and malondialdehyde modified LDL at r=0.390 (p<0.0001), as well as systolic blood pressure, body mass index, fasting plasma glucose, hemoglobin A(1c), total cholesterol, free fatty acid (FFA) and homeostasis model assessment ratio. It showed negative correlations with high-density lipoprotein and total superoxide dismutase activity. CONCLUSION The results indicate that LDL-CMF reflects the degree of serum LDL modification in diabetics and can be regarded as an important risk factor for diabetic macroangiopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masao Yano
- Central Clinical Laboratories, Mitsui Memorial Hospital, 1 Kanda Izumi-cho, Tokyo 101-8643, Chiyoda-ku, Japan.
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Witte DR, Taskinen MR, Perttunen-Nio H, Van Tol A, Livingstone S, Colhoun HM. Study of agreement between LDL size as measured by nuclear magnetic resonance and gradient gel electrophoresis. J Lipid Res 2004; 45:1069-76. [PMID: 14993238 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m300395-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
LDL particle size can be measured by gradient gel electrophoresis (GGE) and NMR. The agreement between the two methods has not been extensively evaluated. Therefore, we measured LDL size by NMR and GGE in 324 individuals (152 with type 1 diabetes and 172 controls). The Spearman correlation between both methods was 0.39 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.29, 0.48]. The average difference was 5.38 nm (NMR being smaller), but it increased with increasing LDL size. Less than 50% of people classified as pattern B on GGE were classified as pattern B on NMR (kappa = 0.31; 95% CI = 0.17, 0.45). Agreement was lower for diabetic subjects compared with controls, for women compared with men, and for subjects with triglycerides less than 1.30 mmol/l compared with subjects with triglycerides greater than 1.30 mmol/l. External validation showed that cholesteryl ester transfer rate was related to LDL size on GGE in all subgroups and to LDL size on NMR only in men and nondiabetic subjects. Our findings show that agreement between NMR- and GGE-based LDL size is far from perfect and is not consistent across subgroups of patients. In particular, the two methods should not be assumed to be interchangeable in women and diabetic subjects. Whether NMR or GGE predicts cardiovascular disease risk better has not yet been evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Witte
- EURODIAB, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Royal Free and University College London Medical School, London, United Kingdom.
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20
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The occurrence in blood of an electronegatively charged LDL was described in 1988. During the 1990s reports studying electronegative LDL (LDL(-)) were scant and its atherogenic role controversial. Nevertheless, recent reports have provided new evidence on a putative atherogenic role of LDL(-). This review focuses on and discusses these new findings. RECENT FINDINGS In recent years, LDL(-) has been found to be involved in several atherogenic features through its action on cultured endothelial cells. LDL(-) induces the production of chemokines, such as IL-8 and monocyte chemotactic protein 1, and increases tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced production of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, with these molecules being involved in early phases of leukocyte recruitment. LDL(-) from familial hypercholesterolemic patients also decreases DNA synthesis and intracellular fibroblast growth factor 2 production, which may contribute to impaired angiogenesis and increased apoptosis. In addition, the preferential association of platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase with LDL(-) has been reported, suggesting a proinflammatory role of this enzyme in LDL(-). SUMMARY Recent findings suggest that LDL(-) could contribute to atherogenesis via several mechanisms, including proinflammatory, proapoptotic and anti-angiogenesis properties. Further studies are required to define the role of LDL(-) in atherogenesis more precisely and to clarify mechanisms involved in endothelial cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Sánchez-Quesada
- Biochemistry Department and Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, C/Antoni Maria Claret 167, 08025 Barcelona, Spain
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21
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Benítez S, Ordóñez-Llanos J, Franco M, Marín C, Paz E, López-Miranda J, Otal C, Pérez-Jiménez F, Sánchez-Quesada JL. Effect of simvastatin in familial hypercholesterolemia on the affinity of electronegative low-density lipoprotein subfractions to the low-density lipoprotein receptor. Am J Cardiol 2004; 93:414-20. [PMID: 14969613 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2003.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2003] [Revised: 10/23/2003] [Accepted: 10/23/2003] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The effect of simvastatin therapy on the biologic characteristics of the electronegative low-density lipoprotein (LDL) subfraction of patients with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) was studied. Total LDL, isolated from FH plasma at 0, 3 and 6 months of simvastatin treatment, was subfractionated into electropositive LDL (LDL[+]) and electronegative LDL (LDL[-]) by anion exchange chromatography. LDL isolated from healthy normolipemic (NL) subjects was used as a control. The LDL(-) proportion was twofold higher in patients with FH than in NL subjects (17.6 +/- 1.6% vs 7.8 +/- 1.5%, respectively; p <0.05) and was progressively reduced by simvastatin therapy (15.7 +/- 1.6% at 3 months; 13.8 +/- 2.5% at 6 months; p <0.05). Both LDL subfractions from patients with FH had a higher relative cholesterol content and decreased apolipoprotein B and triglycerides than NL subfractions. Simvastatin progressively induced changes in lipid content of both LDL subfractions in patients with FH, and lipid composition was closer to these subfractions in NL subjects after 6 months of therapy. Binding displacement experiments in human fibroblasts demonstrated that LDL(-) from both groups of subjects had a lower affinity of binding to the LDL receptor that LDL(+). In addition, LDL(+) in patients with FH presented an intermediate binding affinity between LDL(-) and LDL(+) in NL subjects. Simvastatin-induced changes in LDL composition were accompanied by a progressive increase in affinity of LDL(+) and LDL(-) in patients with FH. After 6 months of therapy, LDL(+) in FH had an affinity similar to that of LDL(+) in NL subjects. The LDL(-)-induced release of chemokines interleukin-8 and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 from cultured endothelial cells was twofold higher compared with that of LDL(+). No difference in chemokine release between patients with FH and NL subjects or the effect of simvastatin were observed. We conclude that simvastatin therapy was able to modify LDL subfraction composition in subjects with FH and increase their affinity to the LDL receptor. This improvement could contribute to the observed reduction in LDL(-) proportion induced by simvastatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Benítez
- Department of Biochemistry, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, and Department of Biochemisty and Molecular Biology, University Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
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Burgess JW, Boucher J, Neville TAM, Rouillard P, Stamler C, Zachariah S, Sparks DL. Phosphatidylinositol promotes cholesterol transport and excretion. J Lipid Res 2003; 44:1355-63. [PMID: 12700341 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m300062-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Administration of phosphatidylinositol (PI) to New Zealand White rabbits increases HDL negative charge and stimulates reverse cholesterol transport. Intravenously administered PI (10 mg/kg) associated almost exclusively with the HDL fraction in rabbits. PI promoted an increase in the hepatic uptake of plasma free cholesterol (FC) and a 21-fold increase in the biliary secretion of plasma-derived cholesterol. PI also increased cholesterol excretion into the feces by 2.5-fold. PI directly affects cellular cholesterol metabolism. In cholesterol-loaded macrophages, PI stimulated cholesterol mass efflux to lipid-poor reconstituted HDL. PI was about half as effective as cAMP at stimulating efflux, and the effects of cAMP and PI were additive. In cultured HepG2 cells, PI-enriched HDL also enhanced FC uptake from HDL by 3-fold and decreased cellular cholesterol synthesis and esterification. PI enrichment had no effect on the selective uptake of cholesterol esters or on the internalization of HDL particles. PI-dependent metabolic events were efficiently blocked by inhibitors of protein kinase C and the inositol signaling cascade. The data suggest that HDL-PI acts via cell surface ATP binding cassette transporters and signaling pathways to regulate both cellular and intravascular cholesterol homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim W Burgess
- Liponex, Inc., 1740 Woodroffe Ave, Building 400, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K2G 3R8
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23
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Gambino R, Giunti S, Uberti B, Cavallo Perin P, Pagano G, Cassader M. LDL electronegativity is enhanced in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2003; 26:2214-5. [PMID: 12832344 DOI: 10.2337/diacare.26.7.2214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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24
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Olin-Lewis K, Krauss RM, La Belle M, Blanche PJ, Barrett PHR, Wight TN, Chait A. ApoC-III content of apoB-containing lipoproteins is associated with binding to the vascular proteoglycan biglycan. J Lipid Res 2002; 43:1969-77. [PMID: 12401896 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m200322-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Retention of apolipoprotein (apo)B and apoE-containing lipoproteins by extracellular vascular proteoglycans is critical in atherogenesis. Moreover, high circulating apoC-III levels are associated with increased atherosclerosis risk. To test whether apoC-III content of apoB-containing lipoproteins affects their ability to bind to the vascular proteoglycan biglycan, we evaluated the impact of apoC-III on the interaction of [(35)S]SO(4)-biglycan derived from cultured arterial smooth muscle cells with lipoproteins obtained from individuals across a spectrum of lipid concentrations. The extent of biglycan binding correlated positively with apoC-III levels within VLDL (r = 0.78, P < 0.01), IDL (r = 0.67, P < 0.01), and LDL (r = 0.52, P < 0.05). Moreover, the biglycan binding of VLDL, IDL, and LDL was reduced after depletion of apoC-III-containing lipoprotein particles in plasma by anti-apoC-III immunoaffinity chromatography. Since apoC-III does not bind biglycan directly, enhanced biglycan binding may result from a conformational change associated with increased apo C-III content by which apoB and/or apoE become more accessible to proteoglycans. This may be an intrinsic property of lipoproteins, since exogenous apoC-III enrichment of LDL and VLDL did not increase binding. ApoC-III content may thus be a marker for lipoproteins characterized as having an increased ability to bind proteoglycans.
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Sánchez-Quesada JL, Benítez S, Otal C, Franco M, Blanco-Vaca F, Ordóñez-Llanos J. Density distribution of electronegative LDL in normolipemic and hyperlipemic subjects. J Lipid Res 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)30111-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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26
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27
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Skoglund-Andersson C, Tang R, Bond MG, de Faire U, Hamsten A, Karpe F. LDL particle size distribution is associated with carotid intima-media thickness in healthy 50-year-old men. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1999; 19:2422-30. [PMID: 10521372 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.19.10.2422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Results of cross-sectional and prospective studies have suggested that small, dense low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles predispose to coronary heart disease. We investigated the relationships between plasma concentrations of LDL subfractions and intima-media thickness (IMT) of the common carotid artery (CCA), quantified by B-mode ultrasound, in 94 healthy, 50-year-old men, all of whom were homozygous for the apolipoprotein E3 allele. A novel 3% to 7.5% polyacrylamide gradient gel was developed to provide separation of LDL subfractions with high resolution, as was a procedure to quantify plasma concentrations of these LDL subspecies. The LDL particle size distribution pattern obtained by the gradient gel electrophoresis procedure was in good agreement with the one obtained by a well-established, single-spin density gradient ultracentrifugation technique. LDL-II (particle size, 23.5 to 25.0 nm) was the most abundant subfraction, and its plasma concentration correlated closely with the total LDL cholesterol concentration (r=0. 61, P<0.001) but not with CCA IMT (r=-0.13, NS). In contrast, the plasma concentration of the predominant small, dense LDL particle subfraction (LDL-III; particle size, 22.5 to 23.5 nm) correlated strongly with CCA IMT (r=0.42, P<0.001). In multivariate analysis, the plasma concentration of the LDL-III subfraction contributed significantly to the variation in CCA IMT (R(2)=0.19). When plasma triglycerides and LDL cholesterol were forced into the multivariate model, 10% of the variation in CCA IMT was still accounted for by the LDL-III subfraction. In summary, use of a novel and sensitive gradient gel electrophoresis method for evaluation of LDL heterogeneity provided the basis for demonstrating an independent relation between the plasma concentration of small LDL and IMT of the CCA in healthy, middle-aged men.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Skoglund-Andersson
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, King Gustaf V Research Institute, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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28
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Structural heterogeneity of apoB-containing serum lipoproteins visualized using cryo-electron microscopy. J Lipid Res 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)34899-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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29
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Védie B, Jeunemaitre X, Mégnien JL, Myara I, Trébeden H, Simon A, Moatti N. Charge heterogeneity of LDL in asymptomatic hypercholesterolemic men is related to lipid parameters and variations in the ApoB and CIII genes. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1998; 18:1780-9. [PMID: 9812918 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.18.11.1780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study was carried out to examine the relationship between the charge on low density lipoproteins (LDLs) and lipid and clinical parameters in 104 asymptomatic dyslipidemic men and to identify biochemical and genetic factors that could contribute to the charge variability of LDL. LDL charge heterogeneity was evaluated by relative electrophoretic mobility (REM) on preformed 0.5% agarose gels and by chromatographic quantification of a minor electronegative LDL subfraction designated LDL(-). The mean REM value for LDL was 0.147+/-0.016 and the mean LDL(-) subfraction percentage was 5.6+/-2.8%. Both were positively correlated with common atherosclerotic risk factors, especially total cholesterol [for REM, r=0.27, P<0.005; for LDL(-), r=0.28, P=0.008] and LDL cholesterol [for REM, r=0.27, P=0.007; for LDL(-), r=0.26, P=0.01)] levels, and REM was positively correlated with triglycerides (r=0.27, P<0.005) and negatively with apoAI levels (r=-0.30, P<0.002). The variations in LDL charge were not due to oxidation, as measured by the lag phase and binding to the LDL receptor. The results of the 2 methods used to measure LDL charge were significantly correlated and had some identical characteristics (eg, association with LDL apoCIII content and plasma triglyceride levels in borderline and IIb dyslipidemic subjects); these methods reflect different specific features of LDL charge. The percentage of LDL(-) was correlated positively with the LDL sialic acid content (P<0.0001), whereas the REM was related to at least 2 distinct chromosomal loci. Multiple logistic analysis showed that individuals carrying minor alleles of BsrDI (P<0.05), apoCIII/SacI (P<0.01), as well as the frequent allele of XbaI (P<0.05) at the apoB and CIII gene loci had high REMs. This result suggests that LDL charge heterogeneity, which is positively correlated with the atherogenic lipid profile, is influenced by both genetic and biochemical factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Védie
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Appliquée, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Châtenay-Malabry Moléculaire, Cedex, France.
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Hubel CA, Lyall F, Weissfeld L, Gandley RE, Roberts JM. Small low-density lipoproteins and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 are increased in association with hyperlipidemia in preeclampsia. Metabolism 1998; 47:1281-8. [PMID: 9781635 DOI: 10.1016/s0026-0495(98)90337-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The pregnancy disorder preeclampsia is characterized by endothelial cell dysfunction that may be promoted by abnormal increases in circulating lipids, particularly triglycerides and free fatty acids. Serum triglyceride concentration is a major regulatory determinant of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) size and density distribution. Smaller, denser LDL particles have several intrinsic properties capable of inducing endothelial dysfunction. The present nested, case-control study of gestationally matched preeclamptic and normal pregnant women tested the hypothesis that hypertriglyceridemia in preeclampsia is accompanied by decreases in LDL peak particle diameter (predominant LDL size). Plasma LDL peak particle diameter was determined by nondenaturing 2% to 16% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Correlations of LDL diameter with the concentration of serum triglycerides, free fatty acids, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B (apo B) were determined. In the same individuals, we measured serum concentrations of a marker of vascular dysfunction previously reported to be increased in preeclampsia, soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), and examined the association of VCAM-1 with LDL diameter and serum lipids. LDL peak particle diameter was decreased in preeclampsia relative to normal pregnancy (P < .01). The LDL-cholesterol:apo B ratio, which frequently decreases with decreasing LDL diameter, was also decreased (P < .04). Triglyceride concentrations were increased in preeclampsia (P < .0002), and there was a significant inverse relationship between LDL peak particle diameter and triglycerides (r = -.55, P < .02). Serum soluble VCAM-1 concentrations were markedly increased in preeclampsia (P < .0003). Apo B (P < .004), free fatty acids (P < .01), total cholesterol (P < .01), and LDL-cholesterol (P < .02) were also increased. VCAM-1 correlated with apo B (r = .50, P < .03) and LDL-cholesterol (r = .50, P < .03), but showed no relationship with the LDL diameter, LDL-cholesterol:apo B ratio, or other lipids. We conclude that the predominance of smaller, denser LDL, a potential contributor to endothelial cell dysfunction, is a feature of preeclampsia. However, the serum VCAM-1 level, one indicator of endothelial involvement, may be influenced more by quantitative lipoprotein changes (serum apo B or LDL-cholesterol) than by LDL particle size.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Hubel
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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