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He MT, Nguyen QN, Cho EJ, Kim SH, Park S, Park JY, Lee S, Kang KS. Aloe-Emodin Isolated from Rheum Undulatum L. Regulates Cell Cycle Distribution and Cellular Senescence in Human Prostate Cancer LNCaP Cells. J Diet Suppl 2023; 21:389-407. [PMID: 38062982 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2023.2284985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Senescence can promote hyperplastic pathologies, such as cancer. Prostate cancer is the second most common type of cancer in men. The p21-mediate cellular senescence, facilitated through the tumor suppressor p53-dependent pathway, is considered the primary mechanism for cancer treatment. Aloe-emodin, has been reported to exert anticancer effects in various types of cancers. This study aimed to investigate the bioactivity of aloe-emodin in LNCaP cells via the activation of p21-mediated cellular senescence. Aloe-emodin treatment increased the percentage of cells in the G1 phase while decreasing the percentage in the S phase. This effect was reflected in the expression levels of proteins associated with cell cycle progression, such as p21CIP, retinoblastoma protein, and cyclin-dependent kinase2/4 in LNCaP cells. However, aloe-emodin-treated LNCaP cells did not induce cell cycle arrest at G2/M checkpoint. Moreover, increased senescence-associated-galactosidase activity was observed in a dose-dependent manner following treatment with aloe-emodin. Aloe-emodin also induced DNA damage by modulating the expression of histone H2AX and lamin B1. Furthermore, aloe-emodin inhibited the proliferation of LNCaP cells, contrasting with the exponential growth observed in the nontreated cells. Importantly, this inhibition did not impact the immune system, as evidenced by the increased proliferation of splenocytes isolated from mice. These findings provide preliminary evidence of the anticancer effect of aloe-emodin in LNCaP cells, necessitating further investigations into the underlying mechanisms in vivo and human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Tong He
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Quynh Nhu Nguyen
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Eun Ju Cho
- Department of Food Science & Nutrition, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - SeonJu Park
- Chuncheon Center, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Jun Yeon Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyonggi University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Sullim Lee
- Department of Life Science, College of Bio-Nano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Ki Sung Kang
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam, South Korea
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Jin X, He R, Liu J, Wang Y, Li Z, Jiang B, Lu J, Yang S. An herbal formulation "Shenshuaifu Granule" alleviates cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity by suppressing inflammation and apoptosis through inhibition of the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 306:116168. [PMID: 36646160 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Shenshuaifu Granule (SSF) is an in-hospital preparation approved by the Guangdong Food and Drug Administration of China. It has been clinically used against kidney diseases for more than 20 years with a definite curative effect. AIM OF THE STUDY Cisplatin (CDDP) is a first-line chemotherapeutic drug in clinical practice, primarily excreted by the kidney with nephrotoxicity as a common side effect. Approximately 5-20% of cancer patients develop acute kidney injury (AKI) after chemotherapy; however, prevention and control strategies are currently unavailable. Therefore, it is important to identify safe and effective drugs that can prevent the nephrotoxicity of CDDP. SSF is an herbal formulation with 8 herbs, and has been used to protect the kidney in China. Nonetheless, its mechanism in relieving CDDP nephrotoxicity remains unclear. Therefore, this work attempt to prove that SSF can alleviate CDDP nephrotoxicity. We also explore its mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS First, Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) of a few herbs in SSF were performed for quality control. Several open-access databases were used to identify the active ingredients of SSF, their corresponding targets, and CDDP-induced nephrotoxicity targets. We performed Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI), Gene Ontology (GO), and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses. Next, the results of network pharmacology were validated using CDDP-induced nephrotoxicity mouse models. Renal function in the mice was assessed by analyzing the levels of serum creatinine (Scr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN). On the other hand, renal damage was assessed by determining the level of tubular injury and apoptotic cells using Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining and Terminal Dutp Nick End-Labeling (TUNEL) staining, respectively. The expression of inflammatory and apoptotic-related targets including IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, Cox-2, Bax, Bcl-2, Cleaved-caspase 3, and Cleaved-caspase 9 was determined using Western Blot (WB) and Immunohistochemistry (IHC). Furthermore, WB was used to analyze the expression of proteins associated with the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway in the kidneys of mice with CDDP-induced nephrotoxicity. Finally, molecular docking simulations were performed to evaluate the binding abilities between major active ingredients of SSF and core targets. RESULT Through network pharmacology, we identified 127 active ingredients of SSF and their corresponding 134 targets. Additional screening identified 14 active ingredients and 17 targets for further analysis. In biological process (BP), the targets were enriched in inflammation and apoptosis, among others. In KEGG terms, they were enriched in apoptosis and NF-κB pathways. Animal experiments revealed that SSF significantly reduced the levels of Scr and BUN and prevented renal tubular damage in mice treated with CDDP. In addition, SSF inhibited inflammation and apoptosis by targeting the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway. Molecular docking revealed good binding capacities of active ingredients and core targets. CONCLUSION In summary, the experimental findings were consistent with the network pharmacological predictions. SSF can inhibit inflammation and apoptosis by targeting the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway. Taken together, our data suggest that SSF is an alternative agent for the treatment of CDDP-induced nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Jin
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518033, China
| | - Riming He
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518033, China
| | - Jiahui Liu
- Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518033, China
| | - Yuzhi Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518033, China
| | - Zhongtang Li
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518033, China
| | - Beibei Jiang
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518033, China
| | - Jiandong Lu
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, 518033, China.
| | - Shudong Yang
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518033, China.
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Berillo D, Kozhahmetova M, Lebedeva L. Overview of the Biological Activity of Anthraquinons and Flavanoids of the Plant Rumex Species. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27041204. [PMID: 35208994 PMCID: PMC8880800 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27041204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Rumex confertus belongs to the genus Rumex and is classified as an invasive parasitic plant in agriculture. Despite other Rumex species being widely used in herbal medicine due to their antimicrobial, antioxidant, antitumor, and anti-inflammatory effects, there are almost no information about the potential of Rumex confertus for the treatment of various diseases. In this review we analyzed scientific articles revealing properties of Rumex plant’s substances against cancer, diabetes, pathogenic bacterial invasions, viruses, inflammation, and oxidative stress for the past 20 years. Compounds dominating in each composition of solvents for extraction were discussed, and common thin layer chromatography(TLC) and high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) methods for efficient separation of the plant’s extract are included. Physico-chemical properties such as solubility, hydrophobicity (Log P), pKa of flavonoids, anthraquinones, and other derivatives are very important for modeling of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics. An overview of clinical studies for abounded selected substances of Rumex species is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy Berillo
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry, Pharmacognosy and Botany School of Pharmacy, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan;
- Department of Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
- Correspondence:
| | - Marzhan Kozhahmetova
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry, Pharmacognosy and Botany School of Pharmacy, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan;
- Department of Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
| | - Lina Lebedeva
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan;
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Advances in Understanding the Role of Aloe Emodin and Targeted Drug Delivery Systems in Cancer. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:7928200. [PMID: 35087619 PMCID: PMC8789423 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7928200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the important causes of death worldwide. Despite remarkable improvements in cancer research in the past few decades, several cancer patients still cannot be cured owing to the development of drug resistance. Natural sources might have prominence as potential drug candidates. Among the several chemical classes of natural products, anthraquinones are characterized by their large structural variety, noticeable biological activity, and low toxicity. Aloe emodin, an anthraquinone derivative, is a natural compound found in the roots and rhizomes of many plants. This compound has proven its antineoplastic, anti-inflammatory, antiangiogenic, and antiproliferative potential as well as ability to prevent cancer metastasis and potential in reversing multidrug resistance of cancer cells. The anticancer property of aloe emodin, a broad-spectrum inhibitory agent of cancer cells, has been detailed in many biological pathways. In cancer cells, these molecular mechanisms consist of inhibition of cell growth and proliferation, cell cycle arrest deterioration, initiation of apoptosis, antimetastasis, and antiangiogenic effect. In accordance with the strategy of developing potential drug candidates from natural products, aloe emodin's low bioavailability has been tried to be overcome by structural modifications and nanocarrier systems. Consequently, this review summarizes the antiproliferative and anticarcinogenic properties of aloe emodin, as well as the enhanced activity of its derivatives and the advantages of drug delivery systems on bioavailability.
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Periyasamy L, Muruganantham B, Park WY, Muthusami S. Phyto-targeting the CEMIP Expression as a Strategy to Prevent Pancreatic Cancer Metastasis. Curr Pharm Des 2022; 28:922-946. [PMID: 35236267 DOI: 10.2174/1381612828666220302153201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Metastasis of primary pancreatic cancer (PC) to adjacent or distant organs is responsible for the poor survival rate of affected individuals. Chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy are currently being prescribed to treat PC in addition to surgical resection. Surgical resection is the preferred treatment for PC that leads to 20% of 5-year survival, but only less than 20% of patients are eligible for surgical resection because of the poor prognosis. To improve the prognosis and clinical outcome, early diagnostic markers need to be identified, and targeting them would be of immense benefit to increase the efficiency of the treatment. Cell migration-inducing hyaluronan-binding protein (CEMIP) is identified as an important risk factor for the metastasis of various cancers, including PC. Emerging studies have pointed out the crucial role of CEMIP in the regulation of various signaling mechanisms, leading to enhanced migration and metastasis of PC. METHODS The published findings on PC metastasis, phytoconstituents, and CEMIP were retrieved from Pubmed, ScienceDirect, and Cochrane Library. Computational tools, such as gene expression profiling interactive analysis (GEPIA) and Kaplan-Meier (KM) plotter, were used to study the relationship between CEMIP expression and survival of PC individuals. RESULTS Gene expression analysis using the GEPIA database identified a stupendous increase in the CEMIP transcript in PC compared to adjacent normal tissues. KM plotter analysis revealed the impact of CEMIP on the overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) among PC patients. Subsequently, several risk factors associated with PC development were screened, and their ability to regulate CEMIP gene expression was analyzed using computational tools. CONCLUSION The current review is focused on gathering information regarding the regulatory role of phytocomponents in PC migration and exploring their possible impact on the CEMIP expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loganayaki Periyasamy
- Department of Biochemistry, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641 021, India
| | - Bharathi Muruganantham
- Karpagam Cancer Research Centre, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641 021, India
| | - Woo-Yoon Park
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Sridhar Muthusami
- Department of Biochemistry, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641 021, India
- Karpagam Cancer Research Centre, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641 021, India
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Du M, Shen P, Tan R, Wu D, Tu S. Aloe-emodin inhibits the proliferation, migration, and invasion of melanoma cells via inactivation of the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:1722. [PMID: 35071416 PMCID: PMC8743696 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-5437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aloe-emodin is reported as a potential cancer therapeutic agent due to its inhibition of the proliferation, migration, and invasion of cancer cells. This study aimed to confirm the effects of aloe-emodin on the progression of melanoma and identify the underlying molecular mechanisms. METHODS The effects of aloe-emodin treatment (concentrations ranging from 0 to 25 µg, 48 h) on proliferation, apoptosis, distribution of cell cycle, migration, and invasion were detected by performing Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, colony formation assay, flow cytometry, wound healing assay, and Transwell invasion experiments. Rescue experiments were carried out by overexpression of β-catenin to verify the role of β-catenin in the inhibition of melanoma by aloe-emodin. The analysis was carried out at the animal level by constructing tumor-bearing nude mice model. RESULTS The results showed that aloe-emodin prominently reduced the proliferation, migration, and invasion of melanoma cells. Additionally, it was found that aloe-emodin significantly enhanced the cell apoptosis and induced G2 phase arrest of melanoma cells via enhancing the expressions of cleaved-caspase3, bax, and reducing cyclinD1, c-myc, and bcl-2. In addition, aloe-emodin could also inhibit Wnt3a levels, and promote GSK3-beta and beta-catenin phosphorylation. In vivo experiments also showed that overexpression of beta-catenin reversed the effects of aloe-emodin on tumor growth. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, our findings indicated that aloe-emodin might prominently inhibit the tumor growth and metastasis of melanoma via the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway in vitro. Therefore, aloe-emodin may serve as a potential drug for the clinical treatment of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maotao Du
- Department of Integrated Chinese Traditional and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Pan Shen
- Department of Integrated Chinese Traditional and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ranjing Tan
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dengyan Wu
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shenghao Tu
- Department of Integrated Chinese Traditional and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Manirakiza A, Irakoze L, Manirakiza S. Aloe and its Effects on Cancer: A Narrative Literature Review. East Afr Health Res J 2021; 5:1-16. [PMID: 34308239 PMCID: PMC8291210 DOI: 10.24248/eahrj.v5i1.645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many years ago, Aloe Vera was cited to have a lot of therapeutic properties including; anti-microbial, anti-viral, anti-cancer, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, skin protection, wound healing, and regulation of blood glucose and cholesterol. However, Aloe could present some side effects. This review focused on the latest discoveries regarding the therapeutic role of Aloe plant or its compounds on the acquired biological capabilities for tumour growth and progression namely; evading growth suppressor, avoiding immune destruction, enabling replicative immortality, tumour promoting inflammation, activating invasion and metastasis, inducing angiogenesis, genome instability and mutation, resisting cell death, deregulating cellular energetics and sustaining proliferating signalling. It clarified the anti-cancer activities it exerts on different types of cancer and also highlighted some pro-oncogenic pathways that can be disrupted by different compounds of Aloe.
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Fakhri S, Tomas M, Capanoglu E, Hussain Y, Abbaszadeh F, Lu B, Hu X, Wu J, Zou L, Smeriglio A, Simal-Gandara J, Cao H, Xiao J, Khan H. Antioxidant and anticancer potentials of edible flowers: where do we stand? Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:8589-8645. [PMID: 34096420 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1931022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Edible flowers are attracting special therapeutic attention and their administration is on the rise. Edible flowers play pivotal modulatory roles on oxidative stress and related interconnected apoptotic/inflammatory pathways toward the treatment of cancer. In this review, we highlighted the phytochemical content and therapeutic applications of edible flowers, as well as their modulatory potential on the oxidative stress pathways and apoptotic/inflammatory mediators, resulting in anticancer effects. Edible flowers are promising sources of phytochemicals (e.g., phenolic compounds, carotenoids, terpenoids) with several therapeutic effects. They possess anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-microbial, anti-depressant, anxiolytic, anti-obesity, cardioprotective, and neuroprotective effects. Edible flowers potentially modulate oxidative stress by targeting erythroid nuclear transcription factor-2/extracellular signal-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase (Nrf2/ERK/MAPK), reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), malondialdehyde (MDA) and antioxidant response elements (AREs). As the interconnected pathways to oxidative stress, inflammatory mediators, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), interleukins (ILs) as well as apoptotic pathways such as Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), Bcl-2, caspase and cytochrome C are critical targets of edible flowers in combating cancer. In this regard, edible flowers could play promising anticancer effects by targeting oxidative stress and downstream dysregulated pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Fakhri
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Merve Tomas
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul Sabahattin Zaim University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Esra Capanoglu
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yaseen Hussain
- Control release drug delivery system, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Fatemeh Abbaszadeh
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Neurobiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Baiyi Lu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Nutritional Evaluation of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Health Food Manufacturing and Quality Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaolan Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Research of Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao, China
| | - Jianlin Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Research of Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao, China
| | - Liang Zou
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Antonella Smeriglio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Jesus Simal-Gandara
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo -Ourense Campus, Ourense, Spain
| | - Hui Cao
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo -Ourense Campus, Ourense, Spain
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo -Ourense Campus, Ourense, Spain.,Institute of Food Safety & Nutrition, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
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Tuli HS, Aggarwal V, Tuorkey M, Aggarwal D, Parashar NC, Varol M, Savla R, Kaur G, Mittal S, Sak K. Emodin: A metabolite that exhibits anti-neoplastic activities by modulating multiple oncogenic targets. Toxicol In Vitro 2021; 73:105142. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2021.105142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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10
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Shen F, Ge C, Yuan P. Aloe-emodin induces autophagy and apoptotic cell death in non-small cell lung cancer cells via Akt/mTOR and MAPK signaling. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 886:173550. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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11
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Physcion Enhances Sensitivity of Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma and Lung Carcinoma Cell Lines to Cisplatin. BIONANOSCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12668-020-00740-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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12
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Akev N, Candoken E, Erdem Kuruca S. Comparative Study on the Anticancer Drug Potential of a Lectin Purified from Aloe Vera and Aloe-Emodin. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2020; 21:99-106. [PMID: 31983171 PMCID: PMC7294038 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2020.21.1.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The effect of Aloctin, a lectin purified from Aloe vera leaves, and aloe emodin an anthraquinone glycoside purified from the leaves of the same plant, on several cancer cell lines was investigated. Methods: Aloctin was isolated from A. vera leaf skin by ammonium sulphate precipitation and CNBr-Sepharose 4B-ovalbumin affinity chromatography. Specific new ligands for Aloctin were detected as fetuin and avidin by hemagglutination inhibition tests. The cytotoxic effect of Aloctin and aloe emodin on various human cancer cell lines was tested using MTT assay. Imatinib was tested as standard positive control. The mechanism underlying was tested by the Annexin V-FITC/PI test, with flow cytometry. Results: The most sensitive cells to Aloctin and aloe emodin treatment, were identified as AGS human gastric adenocarcinoma cells. The effect was concentration dependent. It was shown that this effect does not occur by apoptosis or necrosis. In Aloctin-imatinib combinations studies, Aloctin significantly increased the cytotoxic effect of imatinib in a dose-dependent manner. It is expected that the results of this study will reveal important findings for the future use of A. vera lectin as well as aloe emodin in cancer research and contribution to lectin biochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuriye Akev
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Eda Candoken
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Serap Erdem Kuruca
- Department of Physiology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Dong X, Zeng Y, Liu Y, You L, Yin X, Fu J, Ni J. Aloe-emodin: A review of its pharmacology, toxicity, and pharmacokinetics. Phytother Res 2019; 34:270-281. [PMID: 31680350 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aloe-emodin is a naturally anthraquinone derivative and an active ingredient of Chinese herbs, such as Cassia occidentalis, Rheum palmatum L., Aloe vera, and Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. Emerging evidence suggests that aloe-emodin exhibits many pharmacological effects, including anticancer, antivirus, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiparasitic, neuroprotective, and hepatoprotective activities. These pharmacological properties lay the foundation for the treatment of various diseases, including influenza virus, inflammation, sepsis, Alzheimer's disease, glaucoma, malaria, liver fibrosis, psoriasis, Type 2 diabetes, growth disorders, and several types of cancers. However, an increasing number of published studies have reported adverse effects of aloe-emodin. The primary toxicity among these reports is hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity, which are of wide concern worldwide. Pharmacokinetic studies have demonstrated that aloe-emodin has a poor intestinal absorption, short elimination half-life, and low bioavailability. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the pharmacology, toxicity, and pharmacokinetics of aloe-emodin reported to date with an emphasis on its biological properties and mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxv Dong
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yawen Zeng
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Longtai You
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xingbin Yin
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Fu
- Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Ni
- Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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Froldi G, Baronchelli F, Marin E, Grison M. Antiglycation Activity and HT-29 Cellular Uptake of Aloe-Emodin, Aloin, and Aloe arborescens Leaf Extracts. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24112128. [PMID: 31195732 PMCID: PMC6600357 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24112128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aloe arborescens is a relevant species largely used in traditional medicine of several countries. In particular, the decoction of leaves is prepared for various medicinal purposes including antidiabetic care. The aim of this research was the study of the antiglycation activity of two A. arborescens leaf extracts and isolated compounds: aloin and aloe-emodin. These phytoconstituents were quantitatively assessed in methanolic and hydroalcoholic extracts using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. In addition, the total phenolic and flavonoid contents were detected. In order to study their potential use in diabetic conditions, the antiglycation and antiradical properties of the two extracts and aloin and aloe-emodin were investigated by means of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazil (DPPH) assays; further, their cytotoxicity in HT-29 human colon adenocarcinoma cells was evaluated by 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Furthermore, the ability of aloin and aloe-emodin to permeate the cellular membranes of HT-29 cells was determined in order to estimate their potential in vivo absorption. This assessment indicated that aloe-emodin can substantially pass through cell membranes (~20%), whereas aloin did not permeate into HT-29 cells. Overall, the data show that both the methanolic and the hydroalcoholic A. arborescens extracts determine significant inhibition of glycation and free-radical persistence, without any cytotoxic activity. The data also show that the antiglycation and the antiradical activities of aloin and aloe-emodin are lower than those of the two extracts. In relation to the permeability study, only aloe-emodin is able to cross HT-29 cellular membranes, showing the attitude to pass through the intestinal layer. Overall, the present data surely support the traditional use of A. arborescens leaf extracts against hyperglycemic conditions, while aloin and aloe-emodin as potential drugs need further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guglielmina Froldi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Federica Baronchelli
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Elisa Marin
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Margherita Grison
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy.
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Anti-cancer effects of polyphenols via targeting p53 signaling pathway: updates and future directions. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 38:107385. [PMID: 31004736 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The anticancer effects of polyphenols are ascribed to several signaling pathways including the tumor suppressor gene tumor protein 53 (p53). Expression of endogenous p53 is silent in various types of cancers. A number of polyphenols from a wide variety of dietary sources could upregulate p53 expression in several cancer cell lines through distinct mechanisms of action. The aim of this review is to focus the significance of p53 signaling pathways and to provide molecular intuitions of dietary polyphenols in chemoprevention by monitoring p53 expression that have a prominent role in tumor suppression.
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Solek P, Majchrowicz L, Koziorowski M. Aloe arborescens juice prevents EMF-induced oxidative stress and thus protects from pathophysiology in the male reproductive system in vitro. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 166:141-149. [PMID: 29886390 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
More and more studies suggest that prolonged exposure to EMF may cause adverse biological effects and point directly to a significantly negative correlation between EMF and human health, especially men fertility. In our previous study, we reported that this could be related to the EMF-induced reactive oxygen species formation, followed by DNA damage, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induction. In this study, we decided to expand our research by the search for substances which would prevent EMF-induced damage in spermatogenic cells. Such an agent seems to be Aloe arborescens Mill. juice, which was shown to possess a wide range of protective properties. The administration of aloe extract helps among others to prevent the formation of free radicals by various biochemical pathways. Therefore, the main aim of our study was to provide a significant knowledge concerning the mechanism involved in the multi-pathway cytoprotective response of aloe juice against EMF. The study was carried out in an in vitro mouse spermatogenesis pathway cell lines (GC-1 spg and GC-2 spd). Our results suggest that the aloe juice has many positive effects, especially for the cellular antioxidant systems by reducing the intracellular reactive oxygen species pool induced by EMF. In consequence, aloe juice prevents DNA damage, cell cycle arrest and therefore the viability and metabolic activity of both cell line tested are preserved. In conclusion, our study provides new insight into the underlying mechanisms through which aloe juice prevents spermatogenic cells from cytotoxic and genotoxic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemyslaw Solek
- Department of Animal Physiology and Reproduction, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Rzeszow, Werynia 502, 36-100 Kolbuszowa, Poland; Centre of Applied Biotechnology and Basic Sciences, University of Rzeszow, Werynia 502, 36-100 Kolbuszowa, Poland.
| | - Lena Majchrowicz
- Department of Animal Physiology and Reproduction, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Rzeszow, Werynia 502, 36-100 Kolbuszowa, Poland; Centre of Applied Biotechnology and Basic Sciences, University of Rzeszow, Werynia 502, 36-100 Kolbuszowa, Poland
| | - Marek Koziorowski
- Department of Animal Physiology and Reproduction, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Rzeszow, Werynia 502, 36-100 Kolbuszowa, Poland; Centre of Applied Biotechnology and Basic Sciences, University of Rzeszow, Werynia 502, 36-100 Kolbuszowa, Poland
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17
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Salehi B, Albayrak S, Antolak H, Kręgiel D, Pawlikowska E, Sharifi-Rad M, Uprety Y, Tsouh Fokou PV, Yousef Z, Amiruddin Zakaria Z, Varoni EM, Sharopov F, Martins N, Iriti M, Sharifi-Rad J. Aloe Genus Plants: From Farm to Food Applications and Phytopharmacotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2843. [PMID: 30235891 PMCID: PMC6163315 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aloe genus plants, distributed in Old World, are widely known and have been used for centuries as topical and oral therapeutic agents due to their health, beauty, medicinal, and skin care properties. Among the well-investigated Aloe species are A. arborescens, A. barbadensis, A. ferox, and A. vera. Today, they account among the most economically important medicinal plants and are commonly used in primary health treatment, where they play a pivotal role in the treatment of various types of diseases via the modulation of biochemical and molecular pathways, besides being a rich source of valuable phytochemicals. In the present review, we summarized the recent advances in botany, phytochemical composition, ethnobotanical uses, food preservation, and the preclinical and clinical efficacy of Aloe plants. These data will be helpful to provide future directions for the industrial and medicinal use of Aloe plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahare Salehi
- Medical Ethics and Law Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 88777539, Iran.
- Student Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 22439789, Iran.
| | - Sevil Albayrak
- Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey.
| | - Hubert Antolak
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 171/173, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Dorota Kręgiel
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 171/173, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Ewelina Pawlikowska
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 171/173, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Mehdi Sharifi-Rad
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol 61663-335, Iran.
| | - Yadav Uprety
- Research Centre for Applied Science and Technology (RECAST), Tribhuvan University, P.O. Box 1030 Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal.
| | - Patrick Valere Tsouh Fokou
- Antimicrobial and Biocontrol Agents Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde 1, Ngoa Ekelle, Annex Fac. Sci, P.O. Box 812 Yaounde, Cameroon.
| | - Zubaida Yousef
- Department of Botany, Lahore College for Women University, Jail Road Lahore 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Zainul Amiruddin Zakaria
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia.
- Integrative Pharmacogenomics Institute (iPROMISE), Level 7, FF3 Building, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam 42300, Malaysia.
| | - Elena Maria Varoni
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Milan State University, via Beldiletto 1/3, 20100 Milan, Italy.
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, via G. Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy.
| | - Farukh Sharopov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Avicenna Tajik State Medical University, Rudaki 139, Dushanbe 734003, Tajikistan.
| | - Natália Martins
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal.
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Marcello Iriti
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, via G. Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy.
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Milan State University, via G. Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 11369, Iran.
- Department of Chemistry, Richardson College for the Environmental Science Complex, The University of Winnipeg, 599 Portage Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3B 2G3, Canada.
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Choudhri P, Rani M, Sangwan RS, Kumar R, Kumar A, Chhokar V. De novo sequencing, assembly and characterisation of Aloe vera transcriptome and analysis of expression profiles of genes related to saponin and anthraquinone metabolism. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:427. [PMID: 29859051 PMCID: PMC5984767 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4819-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aloe vera is a perennial, succulent, drought-resistant plant that exhibits many pharmacological characteristics such as wound healing ability against skin burns, anti-ulcer, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-viral, anti-hypercholesterolemic, anti-hyperglycemic, anti-asthmatic and much more. Despite great medicinal worth, little genomic information is available on Aloe vera. This study is an initiative to explore the full-scale functional genomics of Aloe vera by generating whole transcriptome sequence database, using Illumina HiSeq technology and its progressive annotation specifically with respect to the metabolic specificity of the plant. RESULTS Transcriptome sequencing of root and leaf tissue of Aloe vera was performed using Illumina paired-end sequencing technology. De novo assembly of high quality paired-end reads, resulted into 1,61,733 and 2,21,792 transcripts with mean length of 709 and 714 nucleotides for root and leaf respectively. The non-redundant transcripts were clustered using CD-HIT-EST, yielding a total of 1,13,063 and 1,41,310 unigenes for root and leaf respectively. A total of 6114 and 6527 CDS for root and leaf tissue were enriched into 24 different biological pathway categories using KEGG pathway database. DGE profile prepared by calculating FPKM values was analyzed for differential expression of specific gene encoding enzymes involved in secondary metabolite biosynthesis. Sixteen putative genes related to saponin, lignin, anthraquinone, and carotenoid biosynthesis were selected for quantitative expression by real-time PCR. DGE as well as qRT PCR expression analysis represented up-regulation of secondary metabolic genes in root as compared to leaf. Furthermore maximum number of genes was found to be up-regulated after the induction of methyl jasmonate, which stipulates the association of secondary metabolite synthesis with the plant's defense mechanism during stress. Various transcription factors including bHLH, NAC, MYB were identified by searching predicted CDS against PlantTFdb. CONCLUSIONS This is the first transcriptome database of Aloe vera and can be potentially utilized to characterize the genes involved in the biosynthesis of important secondary metabolites, metabolic regulation, signal transduction mechanism, understanding function of a particular gene in the biology and physiology of plant of this species as well as other species of Aloe genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragati Choudhri
- Department of Bio and Nano Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana 125001 India
| | - Muniya Rani
- Department of Bio and Nano Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana 125001 India
| | - Rajender S. Sangwan
- Centre of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (CIAB), (A National Institute under Department of Biotechnology, Govt. of India), Sector-81 (Knowledge City), Manauli P.O., S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 140306 India
| | - Ravinder Kumar
- Department of Bio and Nano Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana 125001 India
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department of Bio and Nano Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana 125001 India
| | - Vinod Chhokar
- Department of Bio and Nano Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana 125001 India
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Pandith SA, Dar RA, Lattoo SK, Shah MA, Reshi ZA. Rheum australe, an endangered high-value medicinal herb of North Western Himalayas: a review of its botany, ethnomedical uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology. PHYTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS : PROCEEDINGS OF THE PHYTOCHEMICAL SOCIETY OF EUROPE 2018; 17:573-609. [PMID: 32214920 PMCID: PMC7088705 DOI: 10.1007/s11101-018-9551-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Rheum australe (Himalayan Rhubarb) is a multipurpose, endemic and endangered medicinal herb of North Western Himalayas. It finds extensive use as a medicinal herb since antiquity in different traditional systems of medicine to cure a wide range of ailments related to the circulatory, digestive, endocrine, respiratory and skeletal systems as well as to treat various infectious diseases. The remedying properties of this plant species are ascribed to a set of diverse bioactive secondary metabolite constituents, particularly anthraquinones (emodin, chrysophanol, physcion, aloe-emodin and rhein) and stilbenoids (piceatannol, resveratrol), besides dietary flavonoids known for their putative health benefits. Recent studies demonstrate the pharmacological efficacy of some of these metabolites and/or their derivatives as lead molecules for the treatment of various human diseases. Present review comprehensively covers the literature available on R. australe from 1980 to early 2018. The review provides up-to-date information available on its botany for easy identification of the plant, and origin and historical perspective detailing its trade and commerce. Distribution, therapeutic potential in relation to traditional uses and pharmacology, phytochemistry and general biosynthesis of major chemical constituents are also discussed. Additionally, efficient and reproducible in vitro propagation studies holding vital significance in preserving the natural germplasm of the plant and for its industrial exploitation have also been highlighted. The review presents a detailed perspective for future studies to conserve and sustainably make use of this endangered plant species at a commercial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahzad A Pandith
- 1Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir 190006 India
| | - Riyaz Ahmad Dar
- 1Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir 190006 India
| | - Surrinder K Lattoo
- 2Plant Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, 180001 India
| | - Manzoor A Shah
- 1Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir 190006 India
| | - Zafar A Reshi
- 1Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir 190006 India
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Trybus W, Król G, Trybus E, Stachurska A, Kopacz- Bednarska A, Król T. Aloe-Emodin Influence on the Lysosomal Compartment of Hela Cells. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2017; 18:3273-3279. [PMID: 29286219 PMCID: PMC5980883 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2017.18.12.3273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Aloe-emodin belongs to the group of anthraquinones having extremely high biological activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the range of morphological and biochemical changes in HeLa cells treated with aloe-emodin, especially with regard to the lysosomal compartment. Methods: Marking of lysosomes was performed with neutral red staining for conventional light microscopy and acridine orange staining for confocal microscopy. To evaluate ctivity of lysosomal enzymes and permeability of the lysosomal membrane, spectrophotometric techniques were employed. Results: Aloe-emodin caused increased permeability of lysosomal membranes in HeLa cells, expressed inter alia by extinction of the orange color of acridine orange (lysosomal marker) and in reduction of neutral red uptake by lysosomes. These changes are accompanied by release of cathepsins from the interior of the lysosomes with a simultaneous highly significant increase in their activity in the cytoplasm. Conclusion: The results indicate that aloeemodin can activate lysosomal pathway-dependent apoptosis in HeLa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Trybus
- Department of Cell Biology and Electron Microscopy, Institute of Biology, The Jan Kochanowski University, Świętokrzyska 15, 25-406 Kielce, Poland.
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Li X, Wang H, Wang J, Chen Y, Yin X, Shi G, Li H, Hu Z, Liang X. Emodin enhances cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity in human bladder cancer cells through ROS elevation and MRP1 downregulation. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:578. [PMID: 27485374 PMCID: PMC4971704 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2640-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chemoresistance is one of the most leading causes for tumor progression and recurrence of bladder cancer. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays a key role in the chemosensitivity of cancer cells. In the present study, emodin (1,3,8-trihydroxy-6-methylanthraquinone) was applied as a ROS generator in combination with cisplatin in T24 and J82 human bladder cancer cells. Methods Cell viability and apoptosis rate of different treatment groups were detected by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and flow cytometry (FCM). The expression of transporters was measured at both the transcription and translation levels using PCR and western blotting. In vitro findings were confirmed by in vivo experiments using tumor-bearing mice. The expression of multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1) in tumour tissue was measured using immunohistochemistry and side effects of the emodin/cisplatin co-treatment were investigated by histological examination. Results Emodin increased the cellular ROS level and effectively enhanced the cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity of T24 and J82 human bladder cancer cells through decreasing glutathione-cisplatin (GSH-cisplatin) conjugates. It blocked the chemoresistance of T24 and J82 cells to cisplatin through suppressing the expression of MRP1. This effect was specific in T24 and J82 cells but not in HCV-29 normal bladder epithelial cells. Consistent with in vitro experiments, emodin/cisplatin co-treatment increased the cell apoptosis and repressed the MRP1 expression in xenograft tumors, and without obvious systemic toxicity. Conclusions This study revealed that emodin could increase the cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity against T24 and J82 cells via elevating the cellular ROS level and downregulating MRP1 expression. We suggest that emodin could serve as an effective adjuvant agent for the cisplatin-based chemotherapy of bladder cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-016-2640-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxing Li
- Department of General Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, 145 S. Fengyang Road, Shanghai, 200003, China.
| | - Haolu Wang
- Therapeutics Research Centre, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4012, Australia
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, 145 S. Fengyang Road, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Yuying Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of the Education Ministry for Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 S. Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xiaobin Yin
- Division of Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1630 S. Dongfang Road, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Guiying Shi
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of the Education Ministry for Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 S. Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of the Education Ministry for Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 S. Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Zhiqian Hu
- Department of General Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, 145 S. Fengyang Road, Shanghai, 200003, China.
| | - Xiaowen Liang
- Therapeutics Research Centre, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4012, Australia
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Yang M, Li L, Heo SM, Soh Y. Aloe-Emodin Induces Chondrogenic Differentiation of ATDC5 Cells via MAP Kinases and BMP-2 Signaling Pathways. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2016; 24:395-401. [PMID: 27350340 PMCID: PMC4930283 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2016.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Endochondral bone formation is the process by which mesenchymal cells condense into chondrocytes, which are ultimately responsible for new bone formation. The processes of chondrogenic differentiation and hypertrophy are critical for bone formation and are therefore highly regulated. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of aloe-emodin on chondrogenic differentiation in clonal mouse chondrogenic ATDC5 cells. Aloe-emodin treatment stimulated the accumulation of cartilage nodules in a dose-dependent manner. ATDC5 cells were treated with aloe-emodin and stained with alcian blue. Compared with the control cells, the ATDC5 cells showed more intense alcian blue staining. This finding suggested that aloe-emodin induced the synthesis of matrix proteoglycans and increased the activity of alkaline phosphatase. Aloe-emodin also enhanced the expressions of chondrogenic marker genes such as collagen II, collagen X, BSP and RunX2 in a time-dependent manner. Furthermore, examination of the MAPK signaling pathway showed that aloe-emodin increased the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), but had no effect on p38 and c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Aloe-emodin also enhanced the protein expression of BMP-2 in a time-dependent manner. Thus, these results showed that aloe-emodin exhibited chodromodulating effects via the BMP-2 or ERK signaling pathway. Aloe-emodin may have potential future applications for the treatment of growth disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yang
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Liang Li
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, School of Dentistry and Institute of Oral Bioscience, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Mo Heo
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunjo Soh
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, School of Dentistry and Institute of Oral Bioscience, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
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Guo X, Mei N. Aloe vera: A review of toxicity and adverse clinical effects. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENESIS & ECOTOXICOLOGY REVIEWS 2016; 34:77-96. [PMID: 26986231 PMCID: PMC6349368 DOI: 10.1080/10590501.2016.1166826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The Aloe plant is employed as a dietary supplement in a variety of foods and as an ingredient in cosmetic products. The widespread human exposure and its potential toxic and carcinogenic activities raise safety concerns. Chemical analysis reveals that the Aloe plant contains various polysaccharides and phenolic chemicals, notably anthraquinones. Ingestion of Aloe preparations is associated with diarrhea, hypokalemia, pseudomelanosis coli, kidney failure, as well as phototoxicity and hypersensitive reactions. Recently, Aloe vera whole leaf extract showed clear evidence of carcinogenic activity in rats, and was classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as a possible human carcinogen (Group 2B). This review presents updated information on the toxicological effects, including the cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, and adverse clinical effects of Aloe vera whole leaf extract, gel, and latex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Guo
- a Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research , Jefferson , Arkansas , USA
| | - Nan Mei
- a Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research , Jefferson , Arkansas , USA
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24
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Rahmani AH, Aldebasi YH, Srikar S, Khan AA, Aly SM. Aloe vera: Potential candidate in health management via modulation of biological activities. Pharmacogn Rev 2015; 9:120-6. [PMID: 26392709 PMCID: PMC4557234 DOI: 10.4103/0973-7847.162118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment based on natural products is rapidly increasing worldwide due to the affordability and fewer side effects of such treatment. Various plants and the products derived from them are commonly used in primary health treatment, and they play a pivotal role in the treatment of diseases via modulation of biochemical and molecular pathways. Aloe vera, a succulent species, produces gel and latex, plays a therapeutic role in health management through antioxidant, antitumor, and anti-inflammatory activities, and also offers a suitable alternative approach for the treatment of various types of diseases. In this review, we summarize the possible mechanism of action and the therapeutic implications of Aloe vera in health maintenance based on its modulation of various biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshad H Rahmani
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yousef H Aldebasi
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sauda Srikar
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amjad A Khan
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salah M Aly
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia ; Department of Pathology, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
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Xie MJ, Ma YH, Miao L, Wang Y, Wang HZ, Xing YY, Xi T, Lu YY. Emodin-provoked oxidative stress induces apoptosis in human colon cancer HCT116 cells through a p53-mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 15:5201-5. [PMID: 25040975 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.13.5201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Emodin, a natural anthraquinone isolated from the traditional Chinese medicine Radix rhizoma Rhei, can induce apoptosis in many kinds of cancer cells. This study demonstrated that emodin induces apoptosis in human colon cancer HCT116 cells by provoking oxidative stress, which subsequently triggers a p53-mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Emodin induced mitochondrial transmembrane potential loss, increase in Bax and decrease in Bcl-2 expression and mitochondrial translocation and release of cytochrome c to cytosol in HCT116 cells. In response to emodin-treatment, ROS increased rapidly, and subsequently p53 was overexpressed. Pretreatment with the antioxidant NAC diminished apoptosis and p53 overexpression induced by emodin. Transfecting p53 siRNA also attenuated apoptosis induced by emodin, Bax expression and mitochondrial translocation being reduced compared to treatment with emodin alone. Taken together, these results indicate that ROS is a trigger of emodin-induced apoptosis in HCT116 cells, and p53 expression increases under oxidative stress, leading to Bax-mediated mitochondrial apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Juan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China E-mail : ,
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Sadeghi-Aliabadi H, Hamzeh J, Mirian M. Investigation of Astragalus honey and propolis extract's cytotoxic effect on two human cancer cell lines and their oncogen and proapoptotic gene expression profiles. Adv Biomed Res 2015; 4:42. [PMID: 25789268 PMCID: PMC4358038 DOI: 10.4103/2277-9175.151251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cancer is one of the major fatal human diseases. Natural products have been used in the treatment of cancer for long time. Bee products including honey and propolis have been introduced for malignancy treatment in recent decades. In this study cytotoxicity of bee products and their effects on the expression of proapoptotic genes have been investigated. Materials and Methods: Cytotoxic effects of Astragalus honey, ethanol extract of propolis and a sugar solution (as control) against HepG2, 5637 and L929 cell lines have been evaluated by the MTT assay. Total RNAs of treated cells were isolated and p53 and Bcl-2 gene expression were evaluated, using real-time PCR. Results: Propolis IC50 values were 58, 30 and 15 μg/ml against L929, HepG2 and 5637, respectively. These values for honey were 3.1%, 2.4% and 1.9%, respectively. Propolis extract has increased the expression of the Bcl-2 gene in all cell lines whereas the honey decreased that significantly (P < 0.05). Also, we found that honey and propolis decreased p53 gene expression in HepG2 and 5637 significantly but not in L929 cells. The sugar solution increased the expression of p53 in two cancer cell lines but no significant changes were observed in the expression of this gene in L929 as normal mouse cell. Conclusion: By downregulation of Bcl-2 expression it could be concluded that the cytotoxicity of honey was more than two fold against tested cancer cells compared with the sugar solution. No significant changes were observed in the expression of p53 in honey-treated cells. Propolis had no significant effect on Bcl-2 and p53 gene expressions (P > 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hojjat Sadeghi-Aliabadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Jamal Hamzeh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mina Mirian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Lin L, Ni B, Lin H, Zhang M, Li X, Yin X, Qu C, Ni J. Traditional usages, botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of Polygonum multiflorum Thunb.: a review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 159:158-83. [PMID: 25449462 PMCID: PMC7127521 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Polygonum multiflorum Thunb., which is known as Heshouwu ( in Chinese) in China. It is traditionally valued and reported for hair-blacking, liver and kidney-tonifying and anti-aging effects as well as low toxicity. The aim of this review is to provide comprehensive information on the botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological research and toxicology of Polygonum multiflorum, based on the scientific literature. Moreover, trends and perspectives for future investigation of this plant are discussed. It will build up a new foundation for further study on Polygonum multiflorum. MATERIALS AND METHODS A systematic review of the literature on Polygonum multiflorum was performed using several resources, including classic books on Chinese herbal medicine and various scientific databases, such as PubMed, SciFinder, the Web of Science, Science Direct, China Knowledge Resource Integrated (CNKI). RESULTS Polygonum multiflorum is widely distributed throughout the world and has been used as a traditional medicine for centuries in China. The ethnomedical uses of Polygonum multiflorum have been recorded in many provinces of China and Japan for nine species of adulterants in six families. More than 100 chemical compounds have been isolated from this plant, and the major components have been determined to be stilbenes, quinones, flavonoids and others. Crude extracts and pure compounds of this plant are used as effective agents in pre-clinical and clinical practice due to their anti-aging, anti-hyperlipidaemia, anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory effects and to promote immunomodulation, neuroprotection, and the curing of other diseases. However, these extracts can also lead to hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity and embryonic toxicity. Pharmacokinetic studies have demonstrated that the main components of Polygonum multiflorum, such as 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-d-glucopyranoside and emodin are distributed among many organs and tissues. CONCLUSION Therapeutic potential of Polygonum multiflorum has been demonstrated in the conditions like Alzheimer׳s disease, Parkinson׳s disease, hyperlipidaemia, inflammation and cancer, which is attributed to the presence of various stilbenes, quinones, flavonoids, phospholipids and other compounds in the drug. On the other hand, the adverse effects (hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and embryonic toxicity) of this plant were caused by the quinones, such as emodin and rhein. Thus more pharmacological and toxicological mechanisms on main active compounds are necessary to be explored, especially the combined anthraquinones (Emodin-8-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, Physcion-8-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, etc.) and the variety of stilbenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longfei Lin
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Boran Ni
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Hongmei Lin
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Miao Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Xuechun Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Xingbin Yin
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Changhai Qu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Jian Ni
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
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Radha MH, Laxmipriya NP. Evaluation of biological properties and clinical effectiveness of Aloe vera: A systematic review. J Tradit Complement Med 2014; 5:21-6. [PMID: 26151005 PMCID: PMC4488101 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Aloe vera (蘆薈 lú huì) is well known for its considerable medicinal properties. This plant is one of the richest natural sources of health for human beings coming. The chemistry of the plant has revealed the presence of more than 200 different biologically active substances. Many biological properties associated with Aloe species are contributed by inner gel of the leaves. Most research has been centralized on the biological activities of the various species of Aloe, which include antibacterial and antimicrobial activities of the nonvolatile constituents of the leaf gel. Aloe species are widely distributed in the African and the eastern European continents, and are spread almost throughout the world. The genus Aloe has more than 400 species but few, such as A. vera, Aloe ferox, and Aloe arborescens, are globally used for trade. A. vera has various medicinal properties such as antitumor, antiarthritic, antirheumatoid, anticancer, and antidiabetic properties. In addition, A. vera has also been promoted for constipation, gastrointestinal disorders, and for immune system deficiencies. However, not much convincing information is available on properties of the gel. The present review focuses on the detailed composition of Aloe gel, its various phytocomponents having various biological properties that help to improve health and prevent disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maharjan H Radha
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, The M S University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Nampoothiri P Laxmipriya
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, The M S University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
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Chen R, Zhang J, Hu Y, Wang S, Chen M, Wang Y. Potential antineoplastic effects of Aloe-emodin: a comprehensive review. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2014; 42:275-88. [PMID: 24707862 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x14500189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aloe-emodin (AE), a bioactive anthraquinone derived from both Aloe vera and Rheum officinale, has recently been demonstrated to have various pharmacological activities. With the widespread popularity of natural products, such as antineoplastic drugs, AE has attracted much attention due to its remarkable antineoplastic activity on multiple tumor cells involving multi-channel mechanisms, including the disruption of cell cycle, induction of apoptosis, anti-metastasis, antiangiogenic, and strengthening of immune function. Experimental data have revealed AE as a potentially potent anti-cancer candidate. Despite this, the pharmaceutical application of AE is still in a fledging period as most research has concentrated on the elucidation of the molecular mechanism of action of existing treatments, rather than the development of novel formulations. Therefore, the present review summarizes the potential toxicity, molecular mechanism, pharmacokinetic characteristics, and pharmaceutical development of AE as an antineoplastic agent. This is based on its physicochemical properties, in an attempt to encourage further research on AE as a potential anti-cancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, 999078, China
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Shan Z, Hou Q, Zhang N, Guo L, Zhang X, Ma Y, Zhou Y. Overexpression of oxidored-nitro domain containing protein 1 induces growth inhibition and apoptosis in human prostate cancer PC3 cells. Oncol Rep 2014; 32:1939-46. [PMID: 25118646 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have reported that oxidored-nitro domain containing protein 1 (NOR1) is a novel tumor suppressor gene identified in various types of cancer, such as nasopharyngeal carcinoma and cervical cancer. Recent studies have shown that NOR1 expression is lower in prostate cancer compared with normal prostate tissue. However, the specific function and exact mechanism of NOR1 in prostate cancer remains to be clarified. The present study aimed to investigate the function and mechanism of NOR1 in prostate cancer PC3 cells. DU145 and PC3 cells were transduced with a vector and cell viability, proliferation and apoptosis were determined. As predicted, NOR1 overexpression significantly inhibited growth and apoptosis in PC3 cells. NOR1 overexpression decreased the expression of the anti-apoptotic genes Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl and increased the level of the pro-apoptotic genes Bax and Bak in PC3 cells. Further investigation demonstrated that NOR1 overexpression activates caspase-3. Silencing of NOR1 did not inhibit growth or induce apoptosis in PC3 cells. Moreover, NOR1 inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis via the activation of MAPK. The overexpression of NOR1 significantly inhibited tumor growth in PC3 tumor-bearing nude mice. The results suggest that the upregulated NOR1 expression was able to inhibit the progression of prostate cancer. Thus, NOR1 may be an ideal target for the treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongjie Shan
- Department of Urology, The People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, P.R. China
| | - Qinglan Hou
- Department of Urology, The People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, P.R. China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Urology, The People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, P.R. China
| | - Liang Guo
- Department of Urology, The People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, P.R. China
| | - Xinheng Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Central Hospital of Sanmenxia, Sanmenxia, Henan 472000, P.R. China
| | - Yaohui Ma
- Department of Urology, The People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, P.R. China
| | - Yudong Zhou
- Department of Urology, The People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, P.R. China
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LUO JINGHUA, YUAN YONG, CHANG PENGYU, LI DAWEI, LIU ZHIQIANG, QU YAQIN. Combination of aloe-emodin with radiation enhances radiation effects and improves differentiation in human cervical cancer cells. Mol Med Rep 2014; 10:731-6. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Antiviral activity of Rheum palmatum methanol extract and chrysophanol against Japanese encephalitis virus. Arch Pharm Res 2014; 37:1117-23. [PMID: 24395532 PMCID: PMC7091366 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-013-0325-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Rheum palmatum, Chinese traditional herb, exhibits a great variety of anti-cancer and anti-viruses properties. This study rates antiviral activity of R. palmatum extracts and its components against Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) in vitro. Methanol extract of R. palmatum contained higher levels of aloe emodin, chrysophanol, rhein, emodin and physcion than water extract. Methanol extract (IC50 = 15.04 μg/ml) exhibited more potent inhibitory effects on JEV plaque reduction than water extract (IC50 = 51.41 μg/ml). Meanwhile, IC50 values determined by plaque reduction assay were 15.82 μg/ml for chrysophanol and 17.39 μg/ml for aloe-emodin, respectively. Virucidal activity of agents correlated with anti-JEV activity, while virucidal IC50 values were 7.58 μg/ml for methanol extract, 17.36 μg/ml for water extract, 0.75 μg/ml for chrysophanol and 0.46 μg/ml for aloe-emodin, respectively. In addition, 10 μg/ml of extract, chrysophanol or aloe emodin caused 90 % inhibition of JEV yields in cells and significantly activated gamma activated sequence-driven promoters. Hence, methanol extract of R. palmatum and chrysophanol with high therapeutic index might be useful for development of antiviral agents against JEV.
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Mu D, Gao Z, Guo H, Zhou G, Sun B. Sodium butyrate induces growth inhibition and apoptosis in human prostate cancer DU145 cells by up-regulation of the expression of annexin A1. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74922. [PMID: 24086397 PMCID: PMC3781143 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sodium butyrate, a histone deacetylase inhibitor, has emerged as a promising anticancer drug for multiple cancers. Recent studies have indicated that sodium butyrate could inhibit the progression of prostate cancer; however, the exact mechanism is still unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism of sodium butyrate action in prostate cancer DU145 cells. Methods The inhibitory effects of NaB on cell growth were detected by the 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrrazolium bromide assay. Cell apoptosis was determined by flow cytometric analysis of DU145 cells stained with annexin V and PI. Hoechst 33258 and fluorescence microscopes were used to observe the nuclear morphology of DU145 cells after treatment with NaB. ANXA1 knockdown cells were established through transfection with ANXA1 siRNA. ANXA1 mRNA levels were measured by qRT-PCR. Bcl-2, Bax, ANXA1, ERK1/2 and pERK1/2 were detected by western blot. Results NaB significantly inhibited the growth and induction apoptosis of DU145 and PC3 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Expression of the anti-apoptosis gene Bcl-xl and Bcl-2 in DU145 cells are decreased and expression of the pro-apoptosis gene Bax and Bak increased after NaB treatment. Further studies have demonstrated that NaB up-regulated the expression of ANXA1 and that the tumor inhibition action of NaB was reduced markedly through knockdown of the ANXA1 gene in DU145 cells. Moreover, the siANXA1 cells showed that cell proliferation increased and cell apoptosis was induced by the inactivation of extracellular regulated kinase (ERK). Conclusion Our results support a significant correlation between NaB functions and ANXA1 expression in prostate cancer, and pave the way for further studying the molecular mechanism of NaB actions in cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Mu
- Department of Urology, Air Force General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuo Gao
- Department of Nephrology, Air Force General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Heqing Guo
- Department of Urology, Air Force General Hospital, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Gaobiao Zhou
- Department of Urology, Air Force General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Sun
- Department of Urology, Air Force General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Cha TL, Chuang MJ, Tang SH, Wu ST, Sun KH, Chen TT, Sun GH, Chang SY, Yu CP, Ho JY, Liu SY, Huang SM, Yu DS. Emodin modulates epigenetic modifications and suppresses bladder carcinoma cell growth. Mol Carcinog 2013; 54:167-77. [PMID: 24115089 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The deregulation of epigenetics was involved in early and subsequent carcinogenic events. Reversing cancer epigenetics to restore a normal epigenetic condition could be a rational approach for cancer treatment and specialized prevention. In the present study, we found that the expression levels of two epigenetic markers, histone H3K27 trimethylation (H3K27me3), was low but histone H3S10 phosphorylation (pH3Ser10) was high in human bladder cancer tissues, which showed opposite expression patterns in their normal counterparts. Thus, we investigated whether a natural product, emodin, has the ability to reverse these two epigenetic modifications and inhibit bladder cancer cell growth. Emodin significantly inhibited the cell growth of four bladder cancer cell lines in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Emodin treatment did not induce specific cell cycle arrest, but it altered epigenetic modifications. Emodin treatment resulted in the suppression of pH3Ser10 and increased H3K27me3, contributing to gene silencing in bladder cancer cells. Microarray analysis demonstrated that oncogenic genes including fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4) and fibroblast growth factor binding protein 1 (HBP17), RGS4, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3 (TIMP3), WNT5b, URB, and collagen, type VIII, alpha 1 (COL8A1) responsible for proliferation, survival, inflammation, and carcinogenesis were significantly repressed by emodin. The ChIP assays also showed that emodin increased H3K27me3 but decreased pH3Ser10 modifications on the promoters of repressed genes, which indicate that emodin reverses the cancer epigenetics towards normal epigenetic situations. In conclusion, our work demonstrates the significant anti-neoplastic activity of emodin on bladder cancer cells and elucidates the novel mechanisms of emodin-mediated epigenetic modulation of target genes. Our study warrants further investigation of emodin as an effective therapeutic or preventive agent for bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai-Lung Cha
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Graduate Institutes of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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Ziyuglycoside II inhibits the growth of human breast carcinoma MDA-MB-435 cells via cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis through the mitochondria dependent pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:18041-55. [PMID: 24005866 PMCID: PMC3794768 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140918041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ziyuglycoside II is one of the major active compounds of Sanguisorba officinalis L., which has a wide range of clinical applications including hemostasis, antibiosis, anti-inflammation and anti-oxidation. This study investigated the effect of ziyuglycoside II on the growth of human breast carcinoma MDA-MB-435 cells for the first time. The results showed that ziyuglycoside II could significantly inhibit the growth of MDA-MB-435 cells through blocking cell cycle progression at G0/G1 and S phase as well as via inducing cell apoptosis. Accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was observed in the progression of cell cycle arrest, which was associated with the increased expression of cell cycle regulating factors, p53 and p21. Subsequent apoptosis induced by ziyuglycoside II was accompanied with the activation of mitochondrial pathway, in particular a decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) as well as increased Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, cytochrome c release and the activity of caspase-3 and caspase-9. In conclusion, our study was the first to report that ziyuglycoside II has inhibitory effect on the growth of MDA-MB-435 cells, which might become a potential therapeutic approach of breast cancer in the future.
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Huang SH, Hsu MH, Hsu SC, Yang JS, Huang WW, Huang AC, Hsiao YP, Yu CC, Chung JG. Phenethyl isothiocyanate triggers apoptosis in human malignant melanoma A375.S2 cells through reactive oxygen species and the mitochondria-dependent pathways. Hum Exp Toxicol 2013; 33:270-83. [PMID: 23760257 DOI: 10.1177/0960327113491508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We have reported previously that phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) induces apoptosis in human osteosarcoma U-2 OS cells. Cytotoxic activity of PEITC towards other cancer cells such as human malignant melanoma and skin cancer cells has not been reported. In this study, the anticancer activity of PEITC towards human malignant melanoma cancer A375.S2 cells was investigated. To determine the mechanisms of PEITC inhibition of cell growth, the following end points were determined in A375.S2 cells: cell morphological changes, cell cycle arrest, DNA damage and fragmentation assays and morphological assessment of nuclear change, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Ca(2+) generations, mitochondrial membrane potential disruption, and nitric oxide and 10-N-nonyl acridine orange productions, expression and activation of caspase-3 and -9, B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2)-associated X protein (Bax), Bcl-2, poly (adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase, and cytochrome c release, apoptosis-inducing factor and endonuclease G. PEITC induced morphological changes in time- and dose-dependent manner. PEITC induced G2/M phase arrest and induced apoptosis via endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated mitochondria-dependent pathway. Western blot analysis showed that PEITC promoted Bax expression and inhibited Bcl-2 expression associated with the disintegration of the outer mitochondrial membrane causing cytochrome c release, and activation of caspase-9 and -3 cascade leading to apoptosis. We conclude that PEITC-triggered apoptotic death in A375.S2 cells occurs through ROS-mediated mitochondria-dependent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-H Huang
- 1Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Mulakayala C, Banaganapalli B, Mulakayala N, Pulaganti M, C M A, Chitta SK. Design and evaluation of new chemotherapeutics of aloe-emodin (AE) against the deadly cancer disease: an in silico study. J Chem Biol 2013; 6:141-53. [PMID: 24432130 DOI: 10.1007/s12154-013-0097-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The Bcl-2 family proteins include pro- and antiapoptotic factors acting as critical arbiters of apoptotic cell death decisions in most circumstances. Evasion of apoptosis is one of the hallmarks of cancer, relevant to tumorigenesis as well as resistance to cytotoxic drugs, and deregulation of Bcl-2 proteins was observed in many cancers. Since Bax-mediated induction of apoptosis is a crucial mechanism in cancerous cells, we aimed at conducting in silico analysis on Bax in order to predict the possible interactions for anticancer agents. The present report depicts the binding mode of aloe-emodin and its structurally modified derivatives onto Bax. The structural information about the binding site of Bax for docked compounds obtained from this study could aid in screening and designing new anticancer agents or selective inhibitors for chemotherapy against Bax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaitanya Mulakayala
- DBT-Bioinforamtics Infrastructure Facility (BIF), Department of Biochemistry, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur, 515003 AP India
| | - Babajan Banaganapalli
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Naveen Mulakayala
- Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, campus Gachibowli, Hyderabad, India
| | - Madhusudana Pulaganti
- DBT-Bioinforamtics Infrastructure Facility (BIF), Department of Biochemistry, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur, 515003 AP India
| | - Anuradha C M
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur, AP India 515001
| | - Suresh Kumar Chitta
- DBT-Bioinforamtics Infrastructure Facility (BIF), Department of Biochemistry, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur, 515003 AP India
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Hsu SC, Chung JG. Anticancer potential of emodin. Biomedicine (Taipei) 2012; 2:108-116. [PMID: 32289000 PMCID: PMC7104001 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomed.2012.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is widely used in clinical research due to its low toxicity, low number of side effects, and low cost. Many components of common fruits and vegetables play well-documented roles as chemopreventive or chemotherapeutic agents that suppress tumorigenesis. Anthraquinones are commonly extracted from the Polygonaceae family of plants, e.g., Rheum palmatum and Rheum officinale. Some of the major chemical components of anthraquinone and its derivatives, such as aloe-emodin, danthron, emodin, chrysophanol, physcion, and rhein, have demonstrated potential anticancer properties. This review evaluates the pharmacological effects of emodin, a major component of Aloe vera. In particular, emodin demonstrates anti-neoplastic, anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenesis, and toxicological potential for use in pharmacology, both in vitro and in vivo. Emodin demonstrates cytotoxic effects (e.g., cell death) through the arrest of the cell cycle and the induction of apoptosis in cancer cells. The overall molecular mechanisms of emodin include cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and the promotion of the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α, glutathione S-transferase P, N-acetyltransferase, and glutathione phase I and II detoxification enzymes while inhibiting angiogenesis, invasion, migration, chemical-induced carcinogen-DNA adduct formation, HER2/neu, CKII kinase, and p34cdc2 kinase in human cancer cells. Hopefully, this summary will provide information regarding the actions of emodin in cancer cells and broaden the application potential of chemotherapy to additional cancer patients in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Chun Hsu
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Gung Chung
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan
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Radovic J, Maksimovic-Ivanic D, Timotijevic G, Popadic S, Ramic Z, Trajkovic V, Miljkovic D, Stosic-Grujicic S, Mijatovic S. Cell-type dependent response of melanoma cells to aloe emodin. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:3181-9. [PMID: 22683487 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Revised: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Intrinsic characteristics of melanoma cells such as expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), redox status, and activity of signaling pathways involved in proliferation, differentiation and cell death define the response of the cells to the diverse treatments. In this context we compared the effectiveness of herbal antaquinone aloe emodin (AE) against mouse B16 melanoma and human A375, different in initial activity of ERK1/2, constitutive iNOS expression and basal level of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Both cell lines are sensitive to AE treatment. However, while the agent induces differentiation of B16 cells toward melanocytes, in A375 cells promoted massive apoptosis. Differentiation of B16 cells, characterized by enhanced melanin production and tyrosinase activity, was mediated by H(2)O(2) production synchronized with rapid p53 accumulation and enhanced expression of cyclins D1 and D3. Caspase mediated apoptosis triggered in A375 cells was accompanied with Bcl-2 but not iNOS down-regulation. In addition, opposite regulation of Akt-ERK1/2 axis in AE treated B16 and A375 cells correlated with different outcome of the treatment. However, AE in a dose-dependent manner rescued both B16 and A375 cells from doxorubicin- or paclitaxel-induced killing. These data indicate that caution is warranted when AE is administrated to the patients with conventional chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Radovic
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
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Apoptosis by aloe-emodin is mediated through down-regulation of calpain-2 and ubiquitin-protein ligase E3A in human hepatoma Huh-7 cells. Cell Biol Int 2012; 36:163-7. [PMID: 21861846 DOI: 10.1042/cbi20100723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Natural flavonoids are associated with anti-proliferation of cancer growth. However, the antioxidant and anti-proliferation effects of AE (aloe-emodin) have not been well studied. We have investigated how AE affects the proliferation of hepatic hepatocellular carcinoma cells and exerts an anti-cancer effect. The cytotoxic effect of AE was demonstrated using an MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide] assay and Huh-7 cells were inhibited by AE treatment in both dose- and time-dependent manners. The IC(50) level of AE was ∼75 μM. AE also has anti-proliferative effects via induction of DNA damage and apoptosis. 2-DE (two-dimensional electrophoresis) revealed that several proteins were related to the anti-cancer effects of AE. CAPN2 (calpain-2) and UBE3A (ubiquitin-protein ligase E3A), which are associated with the apoptosis signalling pathway, were verified by Western blotting. AE exhibited potent anti-proliferative effects on Huh-7 cells via down-regulation of CAPN2 and UBE3A. The findings support the possibility of AE being a chemopreventative agent.
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Suboj P, Babykutty S, Srinivas P, Gopala S. Aloe emodin induces G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis via activation of caspase-6 in human colon cancer cells. Pharmacology 2012; 89:91-8. [PMID: 22343391 DOI: 10.1159/000335659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Aloe emodin (AE), a natural anthraquinone, is reported to have antiproliferative activity in various cancer cell lines. In this study, we analyzed the molecular mechanisms involved in the growth-inhibitory activity of this hydroxyanthraquinone in colon cancer cell, WiDr. In our observation AE inhibited cell proliferation by arresting the cell cycle at the G2/M phase and inhibiting cyclin B1. AE appreciably induced cell death specifically through the induction of apoptosis and by activating caspases 9/6. Apoptotic execution was found to be solely dependent on caspase-6 rather than caspase-3 or caspase-7. This is the first study indicating that the AE induces apoptosis specifically through the activation of caspase-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Suboj
- Department of Biochemistry, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
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Cucurbitacin E Induces G(2)/M Phase Arrest through STAT3/p53/p21 Signaling and Provokes Apoptosis via Fas/CD95 and Mitochondria-Dependent Pathways in Human Bladder Cancer T24 Cells. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2012:952762. [PMID: 22272214 PMCID: PMC3261502 DOI: 10.1155/2012/952762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Revised: 09/25/2011] [Accepted: 10/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cucurbitacin E, a tetracyclic triterpenes compound extracted from cucurbitaceous plants, has been shown to exhibit anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities. The purpose of this study was to elucidate whether cucurbitacin E promotes cell cycle arrest and induces apoptosis in T24 cells and further to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms. The effects of cucurbitacin E on T24 cell's growth and accompanied morphological changes were examined by MTT assay and a phase-contrast microscope. DNA content, mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and annexin V/PI staining were determined by flow cytometry. The protein levels were measured by Western blotting. Our results demonstrated that cucurbitacin E-induced G2/M arrest was associated with a marked increase in the levels of p53, p21 and a decrease in phospho-signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) and cyclin B. Cucurbitacin E-triggered apoptosis was accompanied with up-regulation of Fas/CD95, truncated BID (t-BID) and a loss of ΔΨm, resulting in the releases of cytochrome c, apoptotic protease activating factor 1 (Apaf-1) and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), and sequential activation of caspase-8, caspase-9, and caspase-3. Our findings provided the first evidence that STAT3/p53/p21 signaling, Fas/CD95 and mitochondria-dependent pathways play critical roles in cucurbitacin E-induced G2/M phase arrest and apoptosis of T24 cells.
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Yang X, Sun G, Yang C, Wang B. Novel rhein analogues as potential anticancer agents. ChemMedChem 2011; 6:2294-301. [PMID: 21954017 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Two series of rhein analogues were synthesized with modification at the 3-position. Their cytotoxicities were evaluated using an MTT assay. Among all the compounds synthesized, one compound showed the best potency, with an IC(50) value of 2.7 μM against the HeLa cell line and 0.6 μM against the MOLT4 cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochuan Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Ave., Atlanta, GA 30303-4098, USA
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Shen KH, Lin ES, Kuo PL, Chen CY, Hsu YL. Isolinderanolide B, a butanolide extracted from the stems of Cinnamomum subavenium, inhibits proliferation of T24 human bladder cancer cells by blocking cell cycle progression and inducing apoptosis. Integr Cancer Ther 2010; 10:350-8. [PMID: 21196431 DOI: 10.1177/1534735410391662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Isolinderanolide B (IOB), a butanolide extracted from the stems of Cinnamomum subavenium, was investigated for its antiproliferative activity in T24 human bladder cancer cells. To identity the anticancer mechanism of IOB, its effect on apoptosis, cell cycle distribution, and levels of p53, p21 Waf1/Cip1, Fas/APO-1 receptor, and Fas ligand was assayed. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed that the G0/G1 phase arrest is because of increase in the expression of p21 Waf1/Cip1. An enhancement in Fas/APO-1 and membrane-bound Fas ligand (mFasL) might be responsible for the apoptotic effect induced by IOB. This study reports the novel finding that the induction of p21 Waf1/Cip1 and activity of the Fas/mFas ligand apoptotic system may participate in the antiproliferative activity of IOB in T24 cells.
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Lu CC, Yang JS, Huang AC, Hsia TC, Chou ST, Kuo CL, Lu HF, Lee TH, Wood WG, Chung JG. Chrysophanol induces necrosis through the production of ROS and alteration of ATP levels in J5 human liver cancer cells. Mol Nutr Food Res 2010; 54:967-76. [PMID: 20169580 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200900265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Anthraquinone compounds have been shown to induce apoptosis in different cancer cell types. Effects of chrysophanol, an anthraquinone compound, on cancer cell death have not been well studied. The goal of this study was to examine if chrysophanol had cytotoxic effects and if such effects involved apoptosis or necrosis in J5 human liver cancer cells. Chrysophanol induced necrosis in J5 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Non-apoptotic cell death was induced by chrysophanol in J5 cells and was characterized by caspase independence, delayed externalization of phosphatidylserine and plasma membrane disruption. Blockage of apoptotic induction by a general caspase inhibitor (z-VAD-fmk) failed to protect cells against chrysophanol-induced cell death. The levels of reactive oxygen species production and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsi(m)) were also determined to assess the effects of chrysophanol. However, reductions in adenosine triphosphate levels and increases in lactate dehydrogenase activity indicated that chrysophanol stimulated necrotic cell death. In summary, human liver cancer cells treated with chrysophanol exhibited a cellular pattern associated with necrosis and not apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Cheng Lu
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Tomasin R, Cintra Gomes-Marcondes MC. Oral administration of Aloe vera
and honey reduces walker tumour growth by decreasing cell proliferation and increasing apoptosis in tumour tissue. Phytother Res 2010; 25:619-23. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2010] [Revised: 07/05/2010] [Accepted: 08/05/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Habtemariam S. Knipholone anthrone from Kniphofia foliosa induces a rapid onset of necrotic cell death in cancer cells. Fitoterapia 2010; 81:1013-9. [PMID: 20600682 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2010.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2010] [Revised: 06/09/2010] [Accepted: 06/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The present study examines the comparative cytotoxicity of knipholone (KP) and knipholone anthrone (KA) in leukaemic and melonocyte cancer cell lines. It was found that KA induces a rapid onset of cytotoxicity with IC(50) values ranging from 0.5 to 3.3 μM. In comparison to KA, KP was 70-480-times less toxic to cancer cells. Morphological and biochemical studies revealed that the cytotoxicity of KA was coupled with a quick loss of membrane integrity leading to necrotic cell death. The study identified KA as a new class of natural potential anticancer agent with a wide range of toxicological and pharmacological implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon Habtemariam
- Pharmacognosy Research Laboratories, Medway School of Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham-Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK.
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Hsu SC, Yang JS, Kuo CL, Lo C, Lin JP, Hsia TC, Lin JJ, Lai KC, Kuo HM, Huang LJ, Kuo SC, Wood WG, Chung JG. Novel quinolone CHM-1 induces apoptosis and inhibits metastasis in a human osterogenic sarcoma cell line. J Orthop Res 2009; 27:1637-44. [PMID: 19557855 DOI: 10.1002/jor.20937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Novel 2-phenyl-4-quinolone compounds have potent cytotoxic effects on different human cancer cell lines. In this study, we examined anticancer activity and mechanisms of 20-fluoro-6,7-methylenedioxy-2-phenyl-4-quinolone (CHM-1) in human osterogenic sarcoma U-2 OS cells. CHM-1-induced apoptosis was determined by flow cytometric analysis, DAPI staining, Comet assay, and caspase inhibitors. CHM-1-inhibited cell migration and invasion was assessed by a wound healing assay, gelatin zymography, and a Transwell assay. The mechanisms of CHM-1 effects on apoptosis and metastasis signaling pathways were studied using Western blotting and gene expression. CHM-1 induced G2/M arrest and apoptosis at an IC(50) (3 microM) in U-2 OS cells and caspase-3, -8, and -9 were activated. Caspase inhibitors increased cell viability after exposure to CHM-1. CHM-1-induced apoptosis was associated with enhanced ROS generation, DNA damage, decreased DeltaPsi(m) levels, and promotion of mitochondrial cytochrome c release. CHM-1 stimulated mRNA expression of caspase-3, -8, and -9, AIF, and Endo G. In addition, CHM-1 inhibited cell metastasis at a low concentration (<3 microM). CHM-1 inhibited the cell metastasis through the inhibition of MMP-2, -7, and -9. CHM-1 also decreased the levels of MAPK signaling pathways before leading to the inhibition of MMPs. In summary, CHM-1 is a potent inducer of apoptosis, which plays a role in the anticancer activity of CHM-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Chun Hsu
- School of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Lu HF, Wang HL, Chuang YY, Tang YJ, Yang JS, Ma YS, Chiang JH, Lu CC, Yang JL, Lai TY, Wu CC, Chung JG. Danthron Induced Apoptosis Through Mitochondria- and Caspase-3-Dependent Pathways in Human Brain Glioblastoma Multiforms GBM 8401 Cells. Neurochem Res 2009; 35:390-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-009-0067-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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