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Zhang Y, Liu Z, Hao X, Li A, Zhang J, Carey CD, Falo LD, You Z. Tumor-derived high-mobility group box 1 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin are involved in modulating dendritic cells to activate T regulatory cells in a mouse model. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2018; 67:353-366. [PMID: 29116372 PMCID: PMC11028122 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-017-2087-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is involved in the tumor-associated activation of regulatory T cells (Treg), but the mechanisms remain unknown. In a mouse tumor model, silencing HMGB1 in tumor cells or inhibiting tumor-derived HMGB1 not only dampened the capacity of tumor cells to produce thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), but also aborted the tumor-associated modulation of Treg-activating DC. Tumor-derived HMGB1 triggered the production of TSLP by tumor cells. Importantly, both tumor-derived HMGB1 and TSLP were necessary for modulating DC to activate Treg in a TSLP receptor (TSLPR)-dependent manner. In the therapeutic model, intratumorally inhibiting tumor-derived HMGB1 (causing downstream loss of TSLP production) attenuated Treg activation, unleashed tumor-specific CD8 T cell responses, and elicited CD8α+/CD103+DC- and T cell-dependent antitumor activity. These results suggest a new pathway for the activation of Treg involving in tumor-derived HMGB1 and TSLP, and have important implications for incorporating HMGB1 inhibitors into cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- The 3rd Affiliated Hospital of Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zuqiang Liu
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Xingxing Hao
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Ang Li
- Cleveland Clinic, Cole Eye Institute, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Jiying Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Cara D Carey
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Louis D Falo
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Zhaoyang You
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
- W1154 Thomas E. Starzl Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
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2
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Sharma V, Katiyar A, Agrawal RC. Glycyrrhiza glabra: Chemistry and Pharmacological Activity. REFERENCE SERIES IN PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2018. [PMCID: PMC7124151 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-27027-2_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Nature is an attractive source of new therapeutic candidate compounds as a tremendous chemical diversity is found in millions of species of plants, animals, marine organisms, and microorganisms as potential medicinal agents. This chapter of research is an effort to highlight the phytochemical/chemical constituents of an ancient medicinal plant G. glabra and their pharmacological importance. G. glabra is an old age medicinal plant that belongs to Leguminosae/Fabaceae/Papilionaceae family and commonly known as mulaithi in north India. The chemical composition of G. glabra is glycyrrhizin, glycyrrhetic acid, isoliquiritin, isoflavones, etc., and their derivatives have been reported for several pharmacological activities like, expectorant, antidemulcent, antiulcer, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, etc. These phytochemicals hold strong promise for designing new herbal drugs, and derivatives of these compounds are being generated to evaluate their pharmacological purposes for future drug use. Natural products have been a prime source for the treatment of many forms of ailments, many of which are consumed daily with the diet. They provide significant protection against various diseases and disorders.
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3
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Yang JS, Wu CC, Lee HZ, Hsieh WT, Tang FY, Bau DT, Lai KC, Lien JC, Chung JG. Suppression of the TNF-alpha level is mediated by Gan-Lu-Yin (traditional Chinese medicine) in human oral cancer cells through the NF-kappa B, AKT, and ERK-dependent pathways. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2016; 31:1196-1205. [PMID: 25721693 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Oral cancer is one of the major causes of deaths in the male population of Taiwan. Gan-Lu-Yin (GLY) is used for an adjuvant treatment of Traditional Chinese Medicine in clinical patients. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms in oral cancer cell lines after exposure to GLY. The cytometric bead-based array (CBA) method was used for the examining and analyzing of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) secretion level. TNF-α mRNA expression was determined by real-time PCR analysis. Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activity and other relative proteins were determined by NF-κB promoter assay, Western blotting, electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), and immuno-staining analyses. GLY decreased the secretion of TNF-α from the oral cancer CAL 27 cells. Furthermore, 2000 μg/mL of GLY significantly suppressed TNF-α mRNA expression of CAL 27 cells in a time-dependent manner. GLY reduced the levels of proteins, including nuclear NF-κB (p65 and p50), p-IKK (ser176), p-IκB, p-AKT, p-ERK, and nuclear Egr-1 in a time and dose-dependent manner. GLY also suppressed the NF-κB activity and translocation in CAL 27 cells. We suggest that GLY might promote the cure of oral cancer through decreasing the level of TNF-α cytokine, and these actions were mediated partially through the NF-κB, AKT, and ERK-dependent pathways in vitro. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 1196-1205, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jai-Sing Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chun Wu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Zin Lee
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Tsong Hsieh
- Department of Pharmacology, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Yao Tang
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Da-Tian Bau
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
- Terry Fox Cancer Research Laboratory, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Chi Lai
- College of Medicine and Life Science, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan County, 717, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Cherng Lien
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Gung Chung
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, 413, Taiwan
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4
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Sharma R, Guru SK, Jain SK, Pathania AS, Vishwakarma RA, Bhushan S, Bharate SB. 3-(2,6-Dichloro-benzyloxy)-11-oxo-olean-12-ene-29-oic acid, a semisynthetic derivative of glycyrrhetic acid: synthesis, antiproliferative, apoptotic and anti-angiogenesis activity. MEDCHEMCOMM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4md00344f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and biological evaluation of the semisynthetic analogs of glycyrrhetic acid are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajni Sharma
- Natural Products Chemistry Division
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine
- Jammu-180001
- India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR)
| | - Santosh K. Guru
- Cancer Pharmacology Division
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine
- Jammu-180001
- India
| | - Shreyans K. Jain
- Natural Products Chemistry Division
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine
- Jammu-180001
- India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR)
| | - Anup Singh Pathania
- Cancer Pharmacology Division
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine
- Jammu-180001
- India
| | - Ram A. Vishwakarma
- Natural Products Chemistry Division
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine
- Jammu-180001
- India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR)
| | - Shashi Bhushan
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR)
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine
- Jammu-180001
- India
- Cancer Pharmacology Division
| | - Sandip B. Bharate
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR)
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine
- Jammu-180001
- India
- Medicinal Chemistry Division
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5
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Wang Y, Wang P, Xu C, Yang Y, Li J, Chen T, Li Z, Cui W, Zhou Q, Sun S, Li H. Macro-fingerprint analysis-through-separation of licorice based on FT-IR and 2DCOS-IR. J Mol Struct 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2014.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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6
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Zhou Y, Ho WS. Combination of liquiritin, isoliquiritin and isoliquirigenin induce apoptotic cell death through upregulating p53 and p21 in the A549 non-small cell lung cancer cells. Oncol Rep 2013; 31:298-304. [PMID: 24247527 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquiritin, isoliquiritin and isoliquirigenin are the active polyphenols present in Glycyrrhiza uralensis which has been used for the treatment of cancer and its complications. The present study was conducted to evaluate the cytotoxicity and antitumor activity of liquiritin, isoliquiritin and isoliquirigenin on human non-small lung cancer cells including apoptosis-induction, inhibition of apoptotic pathways and to explore the underlying mechanism. Lactate dehydrogenase assays, FITC Annexin V staining assay were performed to evaluate cellular cytotoxicity and apoptosis activity. The results showed that pretreatment with these polyphenols induced apoptosis in A549 cells. Liquiritin, isoliquiritin and isoliquirigenin significantly increased cytotoxicity of, and upregulated p53 and p21 and downregulated the apoptotic pathways. Furthermore, it inhibited cell cycle at the G2/M phase. Western blot analysis showed it significantly decreased the protein expression of PCNA, MDM2, p-GSK-3β, p-Akt, p-c-Raf, p-PTEN, caspase-3, pro-caspase-8, pro-caspase-9 and PARP, Bcl-2 in a concentration-dependent manner while the protein expression of p53, p21 and Bax was increased. In addition, Akt pathway was downregulated. These findings suggest that liquiritin, isoliquiritin and isoliquirigenin inhibited the p53-dependent pathway and showed crosstalk between Akt activities. These active polyphenols can be an alternative agent for the treatment of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, SAR, P.R. China
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7
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Identification of metabolic profiling of cell culture of licorice compared with its native one. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:3321-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-6776-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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8
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Chao DC, Lin LJ, Hsiang CY, Li CC, Lo HY, Liang JA, Kao ST, Wu SL, Ho TY. Evodiamine inhibits 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced activator protein 1 transactivation and cell transformation in human hepatocytes. Phytother Res 2012; 25:1018-23. [PMID: 21246637 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Evodia rutaecarpa has been used to treat inflammatory digestive disorders in Asian countries. However, little is known about the antitumor activities of E. rutaecarpa and its bioactive constituent evodiamine (EVO). The aim of this study was to characterize the antitumor mechanisms of E. rutaecarpa and EVO in human hepatocytes. Human Chang liver cells were transfected with activator protein 1 (AP-1)-luciferase reporter gene and designated as Chang/AP-1 cells. The Chang/AP-1 cells were treated with E. rutaecarpa and its bioactive constituents, and challenged with the AP-1 stimulator 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13- acetate (TPA). The present study showed that the methanol extract of E. rutaecarpa decreased the TPA-induced AP-1 transactivation in Chang/AP-1 cells, with an EC₅₀ value of 24.72 μg/mL. EVO inhibited the TPA-induced AP-1 transactivation and colony formation, with EC₅₀ values of 82 μM and 8.2 μM, respectively. Moreover, EVO significantly diminished the TPA-induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs). These results suggested that EVO treatment suppressed the TPA-induced AP-1 activity via the ERKs pathway. In conclusion, EVO inhibited the AP-1 activity and cellular transformation in human hepatocytes, suggesting that EVO was a potential agent for antitumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Cheng Chao
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
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9
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Manns MP, Wedemeyer H, Singer A, Khomutjanskaja N, Dienes HP, Roskams T, Goldin R, Hehnke U, Inoue H. Glycyrrhizin in patients who failed previous interferon alpha-based therapies: biochemical and histological effects after 52 weeks. J Viral Hepat 2012; 19:537-46. [PMID: 22762137 PMCID: PMC3584517 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2893.2011.01579.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C patients often fail to respond to interferon-based therapies. This phase III study aimed at confirming the efficacy and safety of glycyrrhizin in interferon + ribavirin-based therapy non-responders. A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, comparison of glycyrrhizin, administered intravenously 5×/or 3×/week, and 5×/week placebo for 12 weeks to 379 patients, was followed by a randomised, open comparison of glycyrrhizin i.v. 5×/versus 3×/week for 40 weeks. Primary endpoints were: (1) the proportion of patients with ≥50% ALT (alanine aminotransferase) reduction after 12 weeks double-blind phase, and (2) the proportion of patients with improvement of necro-inflammation after 52 weeks as compared with baseline. The proportion of patients with ALT reduction ≥50% after 12 weeks was significantly higher with 5×/week glycyrrhizin (28.7%, P < 0.0001) and 3×/week glycyrrhizin (29.0%, P < 0.0001) compared with placebo (7.0%). The proportion of patients with improvement in necro-inflammation after 52 weeks was 44.9% with 5×/week and 46.0% with 3×/week, respectively. Glycyrrhizin exhibited a significantly higher ALT reduction compared to placebo after 12 weeks of therapy and an improvement of necro-inflammation and fibrosis after 52-weeks treatment. Generally, glycyrrhizin treatment was well tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Manns
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical SchoolHannover, Germany
| | - H Wedemeyer
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical SchoolHannover, Germany
| | - A Singer
- PharmaPart GmbHWiesbaden, Germany
| | - N Khomutjanskaja
- Lugansk State Medical University, Department of Infective DiseasesLugansk, Ukraine
| | - H P Dienes
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of CologneCologne, Germany
| | - T Roskams
- Department of Pathology, Department of Morphology and Molecular Pathology, University of LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
| | - R Goldin
- Imperial College School of MedicineLondon, UK
| | - U Hehnke
- PharmaPart GmbHWiesbaden, Germany
| | - H Inoue
- Minophagen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.Tokyo, Japan
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10
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Shanmugam MK, Nguyen AH, Kumar AP, Tan BKH, Sethi G. Targeted inhibition of tumor proliferation, survival, and metastasis by pentacyclic triterpenoids: potential role in prevention and therapy of cancer. Cancer Lett 2012; 320:158-70. [PMID: 22406826 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Revised: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Over the last two decades, extensive research on plant-based medicinal compounds has revealed exciting and important pharmacological properties and activities of triterpenoids. Fruits, vegetables, cereals, pulses, herbs and medicinal plants are all considered to be biological sources of these triterpenoids, which have attracted great attention especially for their potent anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities. Published reports in the past have described the molecular mechanism(s) underlying the various biological activities of triterpenoids which range from inhibition of acute and chronic inflammation, inhibition of tumor cell proliferation, induction of apoptosis, suppression of angiogenesis and metastasis. However systematic analysis of various pharmacological properties of these important classes of compounds has not been done. In this review, we describe in detail the pre-clinical chemopreventive and therapeutic properties of selected triterpenoids that inhibit multiple intracellular signaling molecules and transcription factors involved in the initiation, progression and promotion of various cancers. Molecular targets modulated by these triterpenoids comprise, cytokines, chemokines, reactive oxygen intermediates, oncogenes, inflammatory enzymes such as COX-2, 5-LOX and MMPs, anti-apoptotic proteins, transcription factors such as NF-κB, STAT3, AP-1, CREB, and Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor) that regulate tumor cell proliferation, transformation, survival, invasion, angiogenesis, metastasis, chemoresistance and radioresistance. Finally, this review also analyzes the potential role of novel synthetic triterpenoids identified recently which mimic natural triterpenoids in physical and chemical properties and are moving rapidly from bench to bedside research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthu K Shanmugam
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
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11
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Kang H, Lieberman PM. Mechanism of glycyrrhizic acid inhibition of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus: disruption of CTCF-cohesin-mediated RNA polymerase II pausing and sister chromatid cohesion. J Virol 2011; 85:11159-69. [PMID: 21880767 PMCID: PMC3194953 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00720-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycyrrhizic acid (GA), a derivative of licorice, selectively inhibits the growth of lymphocytes latently infected with Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. The mechanism involves the deregulation of the multicistronic latency transcript, including the failure to generate the mature forms of viral mRNA encoding LANA. We show here that GA disrupts an RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) complex that accumulates at the CTCF-cohesin binding site within the first intron of the latency transcript. GA altered the enrichment of the RNAPII pausing complex, along with pausing factors SPT5 and NELF-A, at the intragenic CTCF-cohesin binding sites. GA blocked the interaction of cohesin subunit SMC3 with another cohesin subunit, RAD21, and reduced SPT5 interaction with RNAPII. Covalent coupling of GA to a solid support revealed that GA interacts with several cellular proteins, including SMC3 and SPT5, but not their respective interaction partners RAD21 and RNAPII. GA treatment also inhibited the transcription of some cellular genes, like c-myc, which contain a similar CTCF-cohesin binding site within the first intron. We also found that GA leads to a more general loss of sister chromatid cohesion for cellular chromosomes. These findings suggest that RNAPII pauses at intragenic CTCF-cohesin binding sites and that abrogation of this pausing by GA leads to loss of proper mRNA production and defects in sister chromatid cohesion, a process important for both viral and cellular chromosome stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyojeung Kang
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
- Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
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12
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Su SY, Cheng CY, Tsai TH, Hsiang CY, Ho TY, Hsieh CL. Paeonol attenuates H₂O₂-induced NF-κB-associated amyloid precursor protein expression. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2011; 38:1171-92. [PMID: 21061469 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x1000855x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) has been shown to promote neurodegeneration by inducing the activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). In this study, NF-κB activation was induced by H₂O₂ in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Whether paeonol, one of the phenolic phytochemicals isolated from the Chinese herb Paeonia suffruticosa Andrews (MC), would attenuate the H₂O₂-induced NF-κB activity was investigated. Western blot results showed that paeonol inhibited the phosphorylation of IκB and the translocation of NF-κB into the nucleus. The ability of paeonol to reduce DNA binding ability and suppress the H₂O₂-induced NF-κB activation was confirmed by an electrophoretic mobility shift assay and a luciferase reporter assay. Using a microarray combined with gene set analysis, we found that the suppression of NF-κB was associated with mature T cell up-regulated genes, the c-jun N-terminal kinase pathway, and two hypoxia-related gene sets, including the hypoxia up-regulated gene set and hypoxia inducible factor 1 targets. Moreover, using network analysis to investigate genes that were altered by H₂O₂ and reversely regulated by paeonol, we found that NF-κB was the primary center of the network and amyloid precursor protein (APP) was the secondary center. Western blotting showed that paeonol inhibited APP at the protein level. In conclusion, our work suggests that paeonol down-regulates H₂O₂-induced NF-κB activity, as well as NF-κB-associated APP expression. Furthermore, the gene expression profile accompanying the suppression of NF-κB by paeonol was identified. The new gene set that can be targeted by paeonol provided a potential use for this drug and a possible pharmacological mechanism for other phenolic compounds that protect against oxidative-related injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Yu Su
- China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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13
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Targeting inflammatory pathways by triterpenoids for prevention and treatment of cancer. Toxins (Basel) 2010; 2:2428-66. [PMID: 22069560 PMCID: PMC3153165 DOI: 10.3390/toxins2102428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Revised: 09/23/2010] [Accepted: 10/15/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional medicine and diet has served mankind through the ages for prevention and treatment of most chronic diseases. Mounting evidence suggests that chronic inflammation mediates most chronic diseases, including cancer. More than other transcription factors, nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) and STAT3 have emerged as major regulators of inflammation, cellular transformation, and tumor cell survival, proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Thus, agents that can inhibit NF-κB and STAT3 activation pathways have the potential to both prevent and treat cancer. In this review, we examine the potential of one group of compounds called triterpenes, derived from traditional medicine and diet for their ability to suppress inflammatory pathways linked to tumorigenesis. These triterpenes include avicins, betulinic acid, boswellic acid, celastrol, diosgenin, madecassic acid, maslinic acid, momordin, saikosaponins, platycodon, pristimerin, ursolic acid, and withanolide. This review thus supports the famous adage of Hippocrates, “Let food be thy medicine and medicine be thy food”.
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14
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Sui X, Yin J, Ren X. Antiviral effect of diammonium glycyrrhizinate and lithium chloride on cell infection by pseudorabies herpesvirus. Antiviral Res 2009; 85:346-53. [PMID: 19879899 PMCID: PMC7114117 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2009.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2009] [Revised: 08/08/2009] [Accepted: 10/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Diammonium glycyrrhizin (DG), a salt from glycyrrhizinate (GL) that is a major active component of licorice root extract with various pharmacological activities was investigated for its inhibitory effect on pseudorabies virus (PrV) infection. In parallel, lithium chloride (LiCl), a chemical reagent with potential antiviral activity was compared with DG for their inhibitory ability against PrV infection in vitro. Virus plaque-reduction assays, PCR and RT-PCR analysis indicated that both drugs inhibited cell infection by PrV. Moreover, addition of the drugs resulted in fewer apoptotic cells during PrV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuwen Sui
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Xiangfang District, 150030 Harbin, China
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15
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Li J, Yin J, Sui X, Li G, Ren X. Comparative analysis of the effect of glycyrrhizin diammonium and lithium chloride on infectious bronchitis virus infection in vitro. Avian Pathol 2009; 38:215-21. [PMID: 19468938 DOI: 10.1080/03079450902912184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The effects of glycyrrhizin diammonium (GD) and lithium chloride (LiCl) on cell infection by avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) were investigated using cytopathic effect observation, plaque-reduction assay and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. The anti-viral effect of GD and LiCl on virus, on virus-infected cells or on cells pre-treated by both drugs was analysed, respectively. Our results showed that GD had a direct antiviral activity, leading to complete inhibition of cell infection. The cell infection was not alleviated by either pre-treatment of cells with GD or addition of the drug post infection, confirming that the inhibitory effect of GD, unlike LiCl, on IBV is a viral factor, rather than a cellular factor. The inhibitory effect of both drugs was confirmed by infecting primary chicken embryo kidney cells. In addition, apoptosis of infected cells was positively related with cytopathic effect and could be inhibited by effective drug treatment. Our data indicate that GD and LiCl have potential to prevent IBV infection in vitro through different antiviral mechanisms. The data are helpful for using antivirals efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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16
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Lee CH, Wu SL, Chen JC, Li CC, Lo HY, Cheng WY, Lin JG, Chang YH, Hsiang CY, Ho TY. Eriobotrya japonica leaf and its triterpenes inhibited lipopolysaccharide-induced cytokines and inducible enzyme production via the nuclear factor-kappaB signaling pathway in lung epithelial cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2009; 36:1185-98. [PMID: 19051345 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x0800651x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary inflammation is a characteristic of many lung diseases. Increased levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and IL-8, have been correlated with lung inflammation. In this study, we used lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce iNOS, COX-2, and cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-8) productions in human lung epithelial cells (A-549). Leaf of Eriobotrya japonica (Pi-Pa-Ye, PPY), a traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of pulmonary inflammatory diseases, was capable of suppressing LPS-induced cytokine productions in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, the suppression of PPY on the cytokine productions resulted from the inhibition of inhibitory kappaB-alpha phosphorylation and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation. Analysis of the anti-inflammatory effects of ursolic acid and oleanolic acid, the triterpene compounds present in PPY, showed that ursolic acid significantly inhibited LPS-induced IL-8 production, NF-kappaB activation, and iNOS mRNA expression, whereas oleanolic acid did not have these effects. In conclusion, our findings suggested the potential mechanisms of PPY and its active component, ursolic acid, in the treatment of pulmonary inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Hsien Lee
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
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17
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Zhang Q, Ye M. Chemical analysis of the Chinese herbal medicine Gan-Cao (licorice). J Chromatogr A 2008; 1216:1954-69. [PMID: 18703197 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.07.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 373] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2008] [Revised: 06/28/2008] [Accepted: 07/03/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gan-Cao, or licorice, is a popular Chinese herbal medicine derived from the dried roots and rhizomes of Glycyrrhiza uralensis, G. glabra, and G. inflata. The main bioactive constituents of licorice are triterpene saponins and various types of flavonoids. The contents of these compounds may vary in different licorice batches and thus affect the therapeutic effects. In order to ensure its efficacy and safety, sensitive and accurate methods for the qualitative and quantitative analyses of saponins and flavonoids are of significance for the comprehensive quality control of licorice. This review describes the progress in chemical analysis of licorice and its preparations since 2000. Newly established methods are summarized, including spectroscopy, thin-layer chromatography, gas chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS), capillary electrophoresis, high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC), electrochemistry, and immunoassay. The sensitivity, selectivity and powerful separation capability of HPLC and CE allows the simultaneous detection of multiple compounds in licorice. LC/MS provides characteristic fragmentations for the rapid structural identification of licorice saponins and flavonoids. The combination of HPLC and LC/MS is currently the most powerful technique for the quality control of licorice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingying Zhang
- Department of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, No. 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
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18
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Rabinoff M, Caskey N, Rissling A, Park C. Pharmacological and chemical effects of cigarette additives. Am J Public Health 2007; 97:1981-91. [PMID: 17666709 PMCID: PMC2040350 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2005.078014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/03/2006] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We investigated tobacco industry documents and other sources for evidence of possible pharmacological and chemical effects of tobacco additives. Our findings indicated that more than 100 of 599 documented cigarette additives have pharmacological actions that camouflage the odor of environmental tobacco smoke emitted from cigarettes, enhance or maintain nicotine delivery, could increase the addictiveness of cigarettes, and mask symptoms and illnesses associated with smoking behaviors. Whether such uses were specifically intended for these agents is unknown. Our results provide a clear rationale for regulatory control of tobacco additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Rabinoff
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior and the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-6968, USA.
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19
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Luk JM, Wang X, Liu P, Wong KF, Chan KL, Tong Y, Hui CK, Lau GK, Fan ST. Traditional Chinese herbal medicines for treatment of liver fibrosis and cancer: from laboratory discovery to clinical evaluation. Liver Int 2007; 27:879-90. [PMID: 17696925 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2007.01527.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Liver disease afflicts over 10% of the world population. This includes chronic hepatitis, alcoholic steatosis, fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which are the most health-threatening conditions drawing considerable attention from medical professionals and scientists. Patients with alcoholism or viral hepatitis are much more likely to have liver cell damage and cirrhosis, and some may eventually develop HCC, which is unfortunately, and very often, a fatal malignancy without cure. While liver surgery is not suitable in many of the HCC cases, patients are mostly given palliative support cares or transarterial chemoembolization or systemic chemotherapies. However, HCC is well known to be a highly chemoresistant tumour, and the response rate is <10-20%. To this end, alternative medicines are being actively sought from other sources with hopes to halt the disease's progression or even eliminate the tumours. Traditional Chinese herbal medicine has begun to gain popularity worldwide for promoting healthcare as well as disease prevention, and been used as conventional or complementary medicines for both treatable and incurable diseases in Asia and the West. In this article, we discuss the laboratory findings and clinical trial studies of Chinese herbal medicines (particularly small molecule compounds) for the treatment of liver disease ranging from fibrosis to liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Luk
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.
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20
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Xu J, Tanaka H, Shoyama Y. One-step immunochromatographic separation and ELISA quantification of glycyrrhizin from traditional Chinese medicines. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 850:53-8. [PMID: 17112794 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.10.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2006] [Revised: 10/21/2006] [Accepted: 10/31/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The bioactive constituent, glycyrrhizin or glycyrrhizic acid (GA), was purified from two traditional Chinese medicines (TCM), Shaoyao gancao tang and Dahuang gancao tang, and from crude extracts from licorice roots by means of immunoaffinity chromatography using anti-GA monoclonal antibody (MAb) and was quantified with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Laboratory preparations included the synthesis of conjugate GA-human serum albumin (GA-HSA), the production of anti-GA-MAb, the optimization of the immunoaffinity column packed with the anti-GA-MAb coupled to hydrazide gel and the determination of the GA content in TCM and crude drugs from five different sources by ELISA and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The experimental results reveal that the anti-GA-MAb coupled to Affi-Gel Hz gel results in a coupling efficiency of 95.2%, and the immunoaffinity chromatography gives a mean recovery of 97.6% of GA with a capacity of 33.5+/-2.40 microg/mL of immunoaffinity gel under the given conditions. The GA content of the crude extracts (ranging 74.8-114.6 microg/mg) from different sources by the ELISA method is much greater than that of the TCM (16.4-25.1 microg/mg) which is, in good agreement with the results of the HPLC method. Our report provides a rapid, reliable and sensitive approach for one-step separation and quantification of GA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsen Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Cell Biology and Tumor Cell Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China.
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21
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Hsiang CY, Wu SL, Chen JC, Lo HY, Li CC, Chiang SY, Wu HC, Ho TY. Acetaldehyde induces matrix metalloproteinase-9 gene expression via nuclear factor-kappaB and activator protein 1 signaling pathways in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells: Association with the invasive potential. Toxicol Lett 2007; 171:78-86. [PMID: 17543481 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2007.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2007] [Revised: 04/23/2007] [Accepted: 04/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol consumption is a significant risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Alcohol also increases the prevalence of invasion in HCC patients. However, the molecular mechanism on the metastatic effect of alcohol is unclear so far. Herein we demonstrated that acetaldehyde, the primary metabolite of ethanol, increased matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) gelatinolytic activity and promoted cell invasion through the up-regulation of MMP-9 gene transcription in HepG2 cells. The transcription of MMP-9 gene was regulated by 10 microM acetaldehyde via inductions of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) and activator protein 1 (AP-1) activities. Acetaldehyde stimulated the translocation of NF-kappaB into nucleus through inhibitory kappaB-alpha (IkappaB-alpha) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)/beta-transducin repeat-containing protein (beta-TrCP) signaling pathways. Acetaldehyde also induced AP-1 activity via the phosphorylation of p38 kinase. In conclusion, our findings demonstrated for the first time that acetaldehyde activated NF-kappaB and AP-1 activities via IkappaB, JNK/beta-TrCP, and p38 signaling pathways, resulting in MMP-9 gene expression and hepatocarcinoma cells invasion. These results suggested that acetaldehyde might be a potential factor involved in the invasiveness of HCC in alcoholic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Yun Hsiang
- Department of Microbiology, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
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22
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Abstract
Saponins are a diverse group of compounds widely distributed in the plant kingdom, which are characterized by their structure containing a triterpene or steroid aglycone and one or more sugar chains. Consumer demand for natural products coupled with their physicochemical (surfactant) properties and mounting evidence on their biological activity (such as anticancer and anticholesterol activity) has led to the emergence of saponins as commercially significant compounds with expanding applications in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical sectors. The realization of their full commercial potential requires development of new processes/processing strategies to address the processing challenges posed by their complex nature. This review provides an update on the sources, properties, and applications of saponins with special focus on their extraction and purification. Also reviewed is the recent literature on the effect of processing on saponin structure/properties and the extraction and purification of sapogenins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozlem Güçlü-Ustündağ
- Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland, British Columbia, V0H 1Z0 Canada
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Chang TT, Huang CC, Hsu CH. Clinical evaluation of the Chinese herbal medicine formula STA-1 in the treatment of allergic asthma. Phytother Res 2006; 20:342-7. [PMID: 16619360 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.1843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Although some formulae of traditional Chinese medicines (TCM) have been used for antiasthma treatment, few of them have had sufficient discussion on their efficacy, safety and mechanisms. In this study, the availability of the TCM formula STA-1 for the treatment of allergic asthma was investigated by conducting a double-blind, placebo-controlled and randomized trial. One hundred and twenty patients between the ages of 5 to 20 years with mild-to-moderate asthma were included. These patients were treated with either STA-1 or placebo in a dose of 80 g/kg/day and were administered twice daily for 6 months. The main outcome measures were a daily diary record of symptoms, supplementary bronchodilator and glucocorticoid treatment, changes of pulmonary function (forced expiratory volume in 1 s), changes of total and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (DP)-specific IgE and side effects. The results showed a statistically significant reduction of symptom scores, systemic steroid dose, total IgE and specific IgE in the STA-1 group. Furthermore, STA-1 also improved the pulmonary lung function FEV(1) compared with the placebo group and only minimal side effects were shown. These results suggested that STA-1 is available for the treatment of mild-to-moderate chronic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tung-Ti Chang
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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25
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Hsiang CY, Wu SL, Cheng SE, Ho TY. Acetaldehyde-induced interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha production is inhibited by berberine through nuclear factor-kappaB signaling pathway in HepG2 cells. J Biomed Sci 2005; 12:791-801. [PMID: 16132116 DOI: 10.1007/s11373-005-9003-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2005] [Accepted: 06/14/2005] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is one of the most common liver diseases in the world. Increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), have been correlated with the patients affected by ALD. However, the direct effect of alcohol in the induction of IL-1beta and TNF-alpha has not been clarified. In this study, we demonstrated that acetaldehyde, the metabolic product of ethanol, was able to induce IL-1beta and TNF-alpha production in HepG2 cells. Nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB), the transcription factor involved in the regulation of cytokine production, was also activated by acetaldehyde through inhibitory kappaB-alpha (IkappaB-alpha) phosphorylation and degradation. However, the NF-kappaB inhibitors, such as aspirin, cyclosporin A and dexamethasone, inhibited both the acetaldehyde-induced NF-kappaB activity and the induced cytokine production. Therefore, these data suggested that acetaldehyde stimulated IL-1beta and TNF-alpha production via the regulation of NF-kappaB signaling pathway. By screening 297 controlled Chinese medicinal herbs supervised by Committee on Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy at Taiwan, we found that Coptis chinensis (Huang-Lien) and Phellodendron amurense (Huang-Po) were capable of inhibiting acetaldehyde-induced NF-kappaB activity. Berberine, the major ingredient of these herbs, abolished acetaldehyde-induced NF-kappaB activity and cytokine production in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, its inhibitory ability was through the inhibition of induced IkappaB-alpha phosphorylation and degradation. In conclusion, we first linked the acetaldehyde-induced NF-kappaB activity to the induced proinflammatory cytokine production in HepG2 cells. Our findings also suggested the potential role of berberine in the treatment of ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Yun Hsiang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
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26
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Hsiang CY, Wu SL, Ho TY. Morin inhibits 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced hepatocellular transformation via activator protein 1 signaling pathway and cell cycle progression. Biochem Pharmacol 2005; 69:1603-11. [PMID: 15896340 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2005.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2005] [Revised: 03/14/2005] [Accepted: 03/14/2005] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids are constituents of fruits, vegetables, and plant-derived beverages, as well as components in herbal containing dietary supplements. They exhibit a remarkable spectrum of biochemical and pharmacological activities. In this study, we examined morin (3,5,7,2',4'-pentahydroxyflavone) for its effect on 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-treated human hepatocytes. Morin inhibited TPA-induced cellular transformation in Chang liver cells in a dose-dependent manner. Luciferase assay and electrophoretic mobility shift assay revealed that morin suppressed TPA-induced AP-1 activity, and the inhibition of AP-1 activity by morin was mediated through the inhibition of p38 kinase. Moreover, morin induced the S-phase arrest and inhibited the DNA synthesis in TPA-treated hepatocytes, suggesting that a cell cycle checkpoint was activated by morin to block DNA synthesis in S phase. In conclusion, our results suggested that morin was a potent anti-hepatocellular transformation agent that inhibited cellular transformation by suppressing the AP-1 activity and inducing the S-phase arrest in human hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Yun Hsiang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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27
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Gao XK, Fuseda K, Shibata T, Tanaka H, Inagaki N, Nagai H. Kampo Medicines for Mite Antigen-Induced Allergic Dermatitis in NC/Nga Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2005; 2:191-199. [PMID: 15937560 PMCID: PMC1142189 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/neh077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2004] [Accepted: 02/23/2005] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We have established an allergic dermatitis model in NC/Nga mice by repeated local exposure of mite antigen for analyzing atopic dermatitis. We examined how four Kampo medicines, Juzen-taiho-to, Hochu-ekki-to, Shofu-san and Oren-gedoku-to, on the dermatitis model to obtain basic information on their usefulness for treating atopic dermatitis. Mite antigen (Dermatophagoides farinae crude extract) solution at a concentration of 10 mg/ml was painted on the ear of NC/Nga mice after tape stripping. The procedure was repeated five times, at 7 day intervals. An apparent biphasic ear swelling was caused after the fourth and fifth antigen exposures with elevated serum IgE levels and accumulation of inflammatory cells. In the cervical lymph nodes and ear lobes, the five procedures of antigen exposure induced interleukin-4 mRNA expression but reduced interferon-gamma mRNA expression. Oral administration of all four Kampo medicines inhibited the formation of ear swelling and inflammatory cell accumulation. Juzen-taiho-to and Hochu-ekki-to apparently prevented the elevation of serum IgE level. Furthermore, the four Kampo medicines showed a tendency to prevent not only the increase in interleukin-4 mRNA expression but also the decrease in interferon-gamma mRNA expression. The present results indicate that Juzen-taiho-to, Hochu-ekki-to, Shofu-san and Oren-gedoku-to may correct the Th1/Th2 balance skewed to Th2, and this activity helps inhibit dermatitis in NC/Nga mice. The ability of the Kampo medicines to correct the Th1/Th2 balance seems to underlie their effectiveness in treating of atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Hiroichi Nagai
- For reprints and all correspondence: Dr Hiroichi Nagai, Department of Pharmacology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 5-6-1 Mitahorahigashi, Gifu 502-8585, Japan. Tel/Fax: +81-58-237-8584; E-mail:
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28
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Hsiang CY, Wu SL, Ho TY. Activation of Activator Protein 1 and Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinases in Human Hepatocellular Transformation. Tumour Biol 2004; 25:313-20. [PMID: 15627897 DOI: 10.1159/000081400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2004] [Accepted: 09/07/2004] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the most common tumors worldwide. Activator protein 1 (AP-1) is a nuclear transcription factor, and its transactivation is required for transformation in several cell lines. However, no direct correlation between AP-1 activity and human hepatocellular transformation has been proved. Here we analyzed the role of AP-1 on the 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced human hepatocellular transformation. TPA promoted the formation of anchorage-independent colonies, induced the AP-1 activity, and enhanced the DNA-binding ability of AP-1 in human hepatocytes. The phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases (ERKs) was increased by TPA and the TPA-induced AP-1 activity was inhibited by PD98059, indicating that TPA-induced AP-1 activation was via ERK pathway. Moreover, retinoic acid and PD98059, which inhibited the AP-1 activity, abolished the TPA-induced transformation. Our findings indicated that AP-1 and ERKs activations were required for TPA-induced human hepatocellular transformation. These studies suggested that AP-1 could be the target for the development of antihepatocellular transformation agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Yun Hsiang
- Department of Microbiology, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
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29
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Gomez-Sanchez EP, Gomez-Sanchez CE. Central hypertensinogenic effects of glycyrrhizic acid and carbenoxolone. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 1993; 234:263-77. [PMID: 1476186 DOI: 10.3181/0805-rm-178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The apparent mineralocorticoid excess syndrome of patients ingesting large amounts of licorice or its derivatives is thought to be caused by the antagonism by these compounds of the enzyme 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11 beta-HSD). 11 beta-HSD inactivates cortisol and corticosterone, allowing the more abundantly produced glucocorticoids access to the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) in the kidney, where they act as mineralocorticoids. We have found that the infusion of both glycyrrhizic acid, an active principle of licorice, and carbenoxolone, a synthetic analogue, into a lateral ventricle of the brain [intracerebroventricular (icv)] of a rat, at a dose less than that which has an effect when infused subcutaneously, produces hypertension. Furthermore, the hypertension produced by the oral administration of carbenoxolone or glycyrrhizic acid is blocked by the icv administration of RU 28318, an MR antagonist, at a dose below that which has an effect on blood pressure when infused subcutaneously. While the oral administration caused saline polydipsia and polyuria typical of chronic systemic mineralocorticoid excess, the icv licorice derivatives produced hypertension without affecting saline appetite. Sensitizing the rats to mineralocorticoid hypertension by renal mass reduction and increasing salt consumption was not necessary for the production of hypertension. These findings provide additional evidence for a central role in blood pressure control by mineralocorticoids that is distinct from their renal effects. They also suggest that more is involved in licorice-induced hypertension than only inhibition of 11 beta-HSD.
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