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Edebali Ö, Krupčíková S, Goellner A, Vrana B, Muz M, Melymuk L. Tracking Aromatic Amines from Sources to Surface Waters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS 2024; 11:397-409. [PMID: 38765463 PMCID: PMC11097632 DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.4c00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
This review examines the environmental occurrence and fate of aromatic amines (AAs), a group of environmental contaminants with possible carcinogenic and mutagenic effects. AAs are known to be partially responsible for the genotoxic traits of industrial wastewater (WW), and AA antioxidants are acutely toxic to some aquatic organisms. Still, there are gaps in the available data on sources, occurrence, transport, and fate in domestic WW and indoor environments, which complicate the prevention of adverse effects in aquatic ecosystems. We review key domestic sources of these compounds, including cigarette smoke and grilled protein-rich foods, and their presence indoors and in aquatic matrices. This provides a basis to evaluate the importance of nonindustrial sources to the overall environmental burden of AAs. Appropriate sampling techniques for AAs are described, including copper-phthalocyanine trisulfonate materials, XAD resins in solid-phase extraction, and solid-phase microextraction methods, which can offer insights into AA sources, transport, and fate. Further discussion is provided on potential progress in the research of AAs and their behavior in an aim to support the development of a more comprehensive understanding of their effects and potential environmental risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özge Edebali
- RECETOX,
Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czechia
| | - Simona Krupčíková
- RECETOX,
Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czechia
| | - Anna Goellner
- UFZ
Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Effect Directed Analysis, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Branislav Vrana
- RECETOX,
Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czechia
| | - Melis Muz
- UFZ
Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Effect Directed Analysis, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lisa Melymuk
- RECETOX,
Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czechia
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2
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Hein DW, Salazar-González RA, Doll MA, Zang Y. The effect of the rs1799931 G857A (G286E) polymorphism on N-acetyltransferase 2-mediated carcinogen metabolism and genotoxicity differs with heterocyclic amine exposure. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:2697-2705. [PMID: 37592049 PMCID: PMC10529816 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03577-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Human N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) is subject to genetic polymorphism in human populations. In addition to the reference NAT2*4 allele, two genetic variant alleles (NAT2*5B and NAT2*7B) are common in Europe and Asia, respectively. NAT2*5B possesses a signature rs1801280 T341C (I114T) single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), whereas NAT2*7B possesses a signature rs1799931 G857A (G286E) SNP. NAT2 alleles possessing the T341C (I114T) or G857A (G286E) SNP were recombinant expressed in yeast and tested for capacity to catalyze the O-acetylation of the N-hydroxy metabolites of heterocyclic amines (HCAs). The T341C (I114T) SNP reduced the O-acetylation of N-hydroxy-2-amino-3-methylimidazo [4,5-f] quinoline (N-OH-IQ), N-hydroxy-2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo [4,5-f] quinoxaline (N-OH-MeIQx) and N-hydroxy- 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b] pyridine (N-OH-PhIP), whereas the G857A (G286E) SNP reduced the O-acetylation of N-OH-IQ and N-OH-MeIQx but not N-OH-PhIP. The G857A (G286E) SNP significantly (p < 0.05) reduced apparent Km toward N-OH-PhIP but did not significantly (p > 0.05) affect apparent Vmax. Cultures of DNA repair-deficient Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells transfected with human CYP1A2 and NAT2*4, NAT2*5B or NAT2*7B alleles were incubated with various concentrations of IQ, MeIQx or PhIP and double-stranded DNA damage and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured. Transfection with human CYP1A2 did not significantly (p > 0.05) increase HCA-induced DNA damage and ROS over un-transfected cells. Additional transfection with NAT2*4, NAT2*5B or NAT2*7B allele increased both DNA damage and ROS. The magnitude of the increases was both NAT2 allele- and substrate-dependent showing the same pattern as observed for the O-acetylation of the N-hydroxylated HCAs suggesting that both are mediated via NAT2-catalyzed O-acetylation. The results document the role of NAT2 and its genetic polymorphism on the O-acetylation and genotoxicity of HCAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Hein
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 505 S. Hancock Street, CTR Rm 303, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
| | - Raúl A Salazar-González
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 505 S. Hancock Street, CTR Rm 303, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Mark A Doll
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 505 S. Hancock Street, CTR Rm 303, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Yu Zang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 505 S. Hancock Street, CTR Rm 303, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
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3
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Şener Akçora D, Erdoğan D, Take Kaplanoğlu G, Göktaş GE, Şeker U, Elmas Ç. Electron microscopic investigation of benzo(a)pyrene-induced alterations in the rat kidney tissue and the protective effects of curcumin. Ultrastruct Pathol 2022; 46:519-530. [DOI: 10.1080/01913123.2022.2152144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dila Şener Akçora
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Deniz Erdoğan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Turkey
| | | | - Gül Eser Göktaş
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Lokman Hekim University, Turkey
| | - Uğur Şeker
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Harran University, Sanlıurfa, Turkey
| | - Çiğdem Elmas
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Turkey
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Reng Q, Zhu LL, Feng L, Li YJ, Zhu YX, Wang TT, Jiang F. Dietary meat mutagens intake and cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Nutr 2022; 9:962688. [PMID: 36211500 PMCID: PMC9537819 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.962688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Clinical and preclinical studies suggested that certain mutagens occurring as a reaction of creatine, amino acids, and sugar during the high temperature of cooking meat are involved in the pathogenesis of human cancer. Here we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to examine whether meat mutagens [PhIP, MeIQx, DiMeIQx, total HCA, and B(a)P] present a risk factor for human cancer. Methods We searched the following databases for relevant articles published from inception to 10 Oct 2021 with no language restrictions: Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Baidu Academic, Zhejiang Digital Library. Two independent researchers screened all titles and obtained eligible texts for further screening. Independent data extraction was conducted, and meta-analysis was carried out using random-effects models to calculate the risk ratio of the meat mutagens exposure. Results A total of 1,786,410 participants and 70,653 cancer cases were identified. Among these, there were 12 different types of cancer at various sites, i.e., breast, bladder, colorectal, colon, rectum, prostate, lung, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, kidney, gastric, esophagus, pancreatic, hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer risk was significantly increased by intake of PhIP (OR = 1.13;95% CI 1.07–1.21; p < 0.001), MeIQx (OR = 1.14; 95% CI: 1.07–1.21; p < 0.001), DiMeIQx (OR = 1.07; 95% CI: 1.01–1.13; p = 0.013), total HCA (OR = 1.20; 95% CI: 1.03–1.38; p = 0.016), and cancer risk was not significantly increased by intake of B(a)P (OR = 1.04; 95% CI: 0.98–1.10; p = 0.206). Conclusion Meat mutagens of PhIP, MeIQx, DiMeIQx, and total HCA have a positive association with the risk of cancer. Systematic review registration [www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero], identifier [CRD42022148856].
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Konorev D, Yao L, Turesky RJ. Multi-DNA Adduct and Abasic Site Quantitation In Vivo by Nano-Liquid Chromatography/High-Resolution Orbitrap Tandem Mass Spectrometry: Methodology for Biomonitoring Colorectal DNA Damage. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:1519-1532. [PMID: 36066083 PMCID: PMC9665354 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological and mechanistic studies suggest that processed and red meat consumption and tobacco smoking are associated with colorectal cancer (CRC) risk. Several classes of carcinogens, including N-nitroso compounds (NOCs) in processed meats and heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in grilled meats and tobacco smoke, undergo metabolism to reactive intermediates that may form mutation-inducing DNA adducts in the colorectum. Heme iron in red meat may contribute to oxidative DNA damage and endogenous NOC formation. However, the chemicals involved in colorectal DNA damage and the paradigms of CRC etiology remain unproven. There is a critical need to establish physicochemical methods for identifying and quantitating DNA damage induced by genotoxicants in the human colorectum. We established robust nano-liquid chromatography/high-resolution accurate mass Orbitrap tandem mass spectrometry (LC/HRAMS2) methods to measure DNA adducts of nine meat and tobacco-associated carcinogens and lipid peroxidation products in the liver, colon, and rectum of carcinogen-treated rats employing fresh-frozen and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues. Some NOCs form O6-carboxymethyl-2'-deoxyguanosine, O6-methyl-2'-deoxyguanosine, and unstable quaternary N-linked purine/pyrimidine adducts, which generate apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) sites. AP sites were quantitated following derivatization with O-(pyridin-3-yl-methyl)hydroxylamine. DNA adduct quantitation was conducted with stable isotope-labeled internal standards, and method performance was validated for accuracy and reproducibility. Limits of quantitation ranged from 0.1 to 1.1 adducts per 108 bases using 3 μg of DNA. Adduct formation in animals ranged from ∼1 in 108 to ∼1 in 105 bases, occurring at comparable levels in fresh-frozen and FFPE specimens for most adducts. AP sites increased by 25- to 75-fold in the colorectum and liver, respectively. Endogenous lipid peroxide-derived 3-(2-deoxy-β-d-erythro-pentofuranosyl)pyrimido[1,2-α]purin-10(3H)-one (M1dG) and 6-oxo-M1dG adduct levels were not increased by carcinogen dosing but increased in FFPE tissues. Human biomonitoring studies can implement LC/HRAMS2 assays for DNA adducts and AP sites outlined in this work to advance our understanding of CRC etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri Konorev
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis, MN 55455
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Lihua Yao
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis, MN 55455
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Robert. J. Turesky
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis, MN 55455
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis, MN 55455
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Novel insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying risk of colorectal cancer from smoking and red/processed meat carcinogens by modeling exposure in normal colon organoids. Oncotarget 2021; 12:1863-1877. [PMID: 34548904 PMCID: PMC8448508 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.28058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco smoke and red/processed meats are well-known risk factors for colorectal cancer (CRC). Most research has focused on studies of normal colon biopsies in epidemiologic studies or treatment of CRC cell lines in vitro. These studies are often constrained by challenges with accuracy of self-report data or, in the case of CRC cell lines, small sample sizes and lack of relationship to normal tissue at risk. In an attempt to address some of these limitations, we performed a 24-hour treatment of a representative carcinogens cocktail in 37 independent organoid lines derived from normal colon biopsies. Machine learning algorithms were applied to bulk RNA-sequencing and revealed cellular composition changes in colon organoids. We identified 738 differentially expressed genes in response to carcinogens exposure. Network analysis identified significantly different modules of co-expression, that included genes related to MSI-H tumor biology, and genes previously implicated in CRC through genome-wide association studies. Our study helps to better define the molecular effects of representative carcinogens from smoking and red/processed meat in normal colon epithelial cells and in the etiology of the MSI-H subtype of CRC, and suggests an overlap between molecular mechanisms involved in inherited and environmental CRC risk.
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Bellamri M, Walmsley SJ, Turesky RJ. Metabolism and biomarkers of heterocyclic aromatic amines in humans. Genes Environ 2021; 43:29. [PMID: 34271992 PMCID: PMC8284014 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-021-00200-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) form during the high-temperature cooking of meats, poultry, and fish. Some HAAs also arise during the combustion of tobacco. HAAs are multisite carcinogens in rodents, inducing cancer of the liver, gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, mammary, and prostate glands. HAAs undergo metabolic activation by N-hydroxylation of the exocyclic amine groups to produce the proposed reactive intermediate, the heteroaryl nitrenium ion, which is the critical metabolite implicated in DNA damage and genotoxicity. Humans efficiently convert HAAs to these reactive intermediates, resulting in HAA protein and DNA adduct formation. Some epidemiologic studies have reported an association between frequent consumption of well-done cooked meats and elevated cancer risk of the colorectum, pancreas, and prostate. However, other studies have reported no associations between cooked meat and these cancer sites. A significant limitation in epidemiology studies assessing the role of HAAs and cooked meat in cancer risk is their reliance on food frequency questionnaires (FFQ) to gauge HAA exposure. FFQs are problematic because of limitations in self-reported dietary history accuracy, and estimating HAA intake formed in cooked meats at the parts-per-billion level is challenging. There is a critical need to establish long-lived biomarkers of HAAs for implementation in molecular epidemiology studies designed to assess the role of HAAs in health risk. This review article highlights the mechanisms of HAA formation, mutagenesis and carcinogenesis, the metabolism of several prominent HAAs, and the impact of critical xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes on biological effects. The analytical approaches that have successfully biomonitored HAAs and their biomarkers for molecular epidemiology studies are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Medjda Bellamri
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Cancer and Cardiovascular Research Building, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th Street, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Scott J Walmsley
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Cancer and Cardiovascular Research Building, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th Street, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.,Institute of Health Informatics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Robert J Turesky
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Cancer and Cardiovascular Research Building, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th Street, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA. .,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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Le Marchand L. The role of heterocyclic aromatic amines in colorectal cancer: the evidence from epidemiologic studies. Genes Environ 2021; 43:20. [PMID: 34099058 PMCID: PMC8183058 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-021-00197-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Since Dr. Sugimura’s discovery of heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAA) in broiled fish, many epidemiological studies have been conducted to investigate their role in human cancers, often focusing on colorectal cancer. The difficulty in measuring HAA exposure from meat and fish intake in these studies has resulted in inconsistent findings. Because studying individuals who may be particularly susceptible to the carcinogenic effects of HAA might facilitate the demonstration of a link with cancer, multiple studies have focused on individuals with the high activity phenotype for CYP1A2 and/or NAT2, the two main metabolic enzymes involved in the bioactivation of HAA. These investigations have also yielded inconsistent results. Two recent large pooled analyses of colorectal cancer studies have helped clarify the overall evidence. One was conducted in whites and reported no interaction of red meat intake and NAT2 genotype on risk in Whites. The other was conducted in Japanese and African Americans, two populations with high rates of the disease and a prevalence of the at-risk rapid NAT2 phenotype 10- and 2-fold greater than in whites, respectively. In those groups, a significant interaction was found, with the association of red meat with colorectal cancer being strongest among individuals with the rapid NAT2 phenotype, intermediate among those with the intermediate phenotype and not significant among those with the slow NAT2 phenotype. Recent research on biomarkers has focused on PhIP hair content, as a marker of exposure to HAA, and on DNA adducts using new sensitive quantitative methods, as markers of early biological effects. These advances, when brought to bear, may contribute greatly to the further elucidation of the carcinogenicity of HAA in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Le Marchand
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI, 9681, USA.
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Huang Y, Cao D, Chen Z, Chen B, Li J, Guo J, Dong Q, Liu L, Wei Q. Red and processed meat consumption and cancer outcomes: Umbrella review. Food Chem 2021; 356:129697. [PMID: 33838606 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this umbrella review was to evaluate the quality of evidence, validity and biases of the associations between red and processed meat consumption and multiple cancer outcomes according to existing systematic reviews and meta-analyses. The umbrella review identified 72 meta-analyses with 20 unique outcomes for red meat and 19 unique outcomes for processed meat. Red meat consumption was associated with increased risk of overall cancer mortality, non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), bladder, breast, colorectal, endometrial, esophageal, gastric, lung and nasopharyngeal cancer. Processed meat consumption might increase the risk of overall cancer mortality, NHL, bladder, breast, colorectal, esophageal, gastric, nasopharyngeal, oral cavity and oropharynx and prostate cancer. Dose-response analyses revealed that 100 g/d increment of red meat and 50 g/d increment of processed meat consumption were associated with 11%-51% and 8%-72% higher risk of multiple cancer outcomes, respectively, and seemed to be not correlated with any benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Huang
- Department of Urology/Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dehong Cao
- Department of Urology/Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zeyu Chen
- Department of Urology/Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of Urology/Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jin Li
- Department of Urology/Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianbing Guo
- Department of Urology/Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qiang Dong
- Department of Urology/Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Liangren Liu
- Department of Urology/Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Qiang Wei
- Department of Urology/Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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Dao HV, Nguyen TTM, Tran HH, Dang LT, Dinh MT, Le NT. A Case-Control Study of Meat Mutagens and Colorectal Cancers in Viet Nam. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2020; 21:2217-2223. [PMID: 32856847 PMCID: PMC7771947 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2020.21.8.2217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The aim was to examine the association between heterocyclic amines 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo pyridine (PhIP) and the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) in Viet Nam. Methods: We performed a case-control study for 512 colorectal cancer patients with the histopathological confirmation and 1,096 hospital controls. We collected information on lifestyle, diet, and cooking methods from participants by trained interviewers using the validated questionnaires. We used data of PhIP concentration in cooked beef analyzed by the LC/MS/MS and cooking questionnaire to estimate the daily intake of PhIP. We divided the estimated amount of PhIP (ng/person/day) into three levels of non-intake (the reference), medium, and high to estimate the Odds ratio and 95% confidence interval (OR, 95%CI). Results: The median intake of PhIP (ng/person/day) was 18ng and 102.8ng for medium and high PhIP intake, respectively. There was a significant association between PhIP intake and the risk of colorectal cancer. The adjusted OR (95%C), high intake vs. non-intake, were 4.89 (3.03, 7.89), p_trend<0.01 for all participants, for men OR (95%C): 5.27 (2.83, 9.81), p_trend<0.01, for women OR (95%C): 4.58 (2.10, 10.01), p_trend<0.01. The significant positive association was also observed for the sub-sites of the colon (proximal and distant) and rectum cancers. Conclusions: We observed the positive association of PhIP contributed from cooked-beef and the development of CRC. Cooking methods related to the occurrence of PhIP and other types of heterocyclic amines in cooked-beef and other meats would be significant investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tu Thi Minh Nguyen
- School of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | | | - Linh Thuy Dang
- School of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | | | - Ngoan Tran Le
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Viet Nam.,Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Japan
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11
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Beer F, Urbat F, Franz CMAP, Huch M, Kulling SE, Bunzel M, Bunzel D. The Human Fecal Microbiota Metabolizes Foodborne Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines by Reuterin Conjugation and Further Transformations. Mol Nutr Food Res 2019; 63:e1801177. [PMID: 30815965 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201801177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) are process-induced food contaminants with high mutagenic and/or carcinogenic potential. Although the human gut microbiota is known to affect the metabolism of dietary constituents, its impact on HAA metabolism and toxicity has been little studied. Here, the glycerol-dependent metabolism of seven foodborne HAAs (AαC, Trp-P-1, harman, norharman, PhIP, MeIQx, and MeIQ) by the human fecal microbiota is investigated. METHODS AND RESULTS As analyzed by HPLC-DAD/FLD, the extent of conversion is strongly dependent on glycerol supplementation and HAA structure. AαC (60-100%) and the 2-aminoimidazoazarenes (up to 58%) are especially prone to microbial conversion. Based on high-resolution MS and/or NMR spectroscopy data, 70 fecal metabolites are identified in total, mainly formed by chemical reactions with one or two molecules of microbially derived reuterin. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that the human fecal microbiota can further transform reuterin adducts by reduction and/or hydroxylation reactions. Upon isolation, some reuterin-induced HAA metabolites appear to be partially unstable, complicating structural identification. CONCLUSION The formation of microbial metabolites needs to be incorporated into risk assessment considerations for HAAs in human health. In this study, several HAA metabolites, mainly reuterin-dependent, are identified in vitro, providing the basis for future human studies investigating microbial HAA metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falco Beer
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Max Rubner-Institut (MRI), Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Haid-und-Neu-Straße 9, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Felix Urbat
- Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Adenauerring 20a, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Charles M A P Franz
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-Institut (MRI), Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Hermann-Weigmann-Straße 1, 24103, Kiel, Germany
| | - Melanie Huch
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Max Rubner-Institut (MRI), Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Haid-und-Neu-Straße 9, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sabine E Kulling
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Max Rubner-Institut (MRI), Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Haid-und-Neu-Straße 9, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Mirko Bunzel
- Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Adenauerring 20a, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Diana Bunzel
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Max Rubner-Institut (MRI), Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Haid-und-Neu-Straße 9, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
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12
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Cruciferous vegetable intake and colorectal cancer risk: Japan public health center-based prospective study. Eur J Cancer Prev 2018; 28:420-427. [PMID: 30399043 DOI: 10.1097/cej.0000000000000491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to assess the association between cruciferous vegetable intake and colorectal cancer (CRC) development among Japanese adults aged between 45 and 74 years in the Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study. During 1 325 853 person-years of follow-up, 2612 CRC cases were identified. The association of cruciferous vegetable intake with CRC risk was assessed using a Cox proportional hazard regression model to compute hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), adjusted for potential confounders. No significant association was observed between the highest cruciferous vegetable intake quartile (compared with the lowest) and CRC risk in men (multivariate HRs: 1.08; 95% CI: 0.91, 1.29) and women (multivariate HRs: 0.99; 95% CI: 0.80, 1.22) and its subsites. Women showed a marginal negative association between cruciferous vegetable intake and the risk of colon cancer (CC) after excluding participants who developed CC in the first 3 years of follow-up (P for trend = 0.08); a positive association was found with proximal CC in men. Cruciferous vegetable intake does not have a significant association with CRC risk in the Japanese general population.
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Dissecting the mechanisms and molecules underlying the potential carcinogenicity of red and processed meat in colorectal cancer (CRC): an overview on the current state of knowledge. Infect Agent Cancer 2018; 13:3. [PMID: 29371880 PMCID: PMC5769331 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-018-0174-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Meat is a crucial nutrient for human health since it represents a giant supply of proteins, minerals, and vitamins. On the opposite hand, the intake of red and processed meat is taken into account dangerous due to its potential of carcinogenesis and cancer risk improvement, particularly for colorectal cancer (CRC), although it has been reported that also the contaminations of beef infected by oncogenic bovine viruses could increase colorectal cancer's risk. Regarding the mechanisms underlying the potential carcinogenicity of red and processed meat, different hypotheses have been proposed. A suggested mechanism describes the potential role of the heterocyclic amines (HACs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PHAs) in carcinogenesis induced by DNA mutation. Another hypothesis states that heme, through the lipid peroxidation process and therefore the formation of N-nitroso compounds (NOCs), produces cytotoxic and genotoxic aldehydes, resulting in carcinogenesis. Furthermore, a recent proposed hypothesis, is based on the combined actions between the N-Glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) and genotoxic compounds. The purpose of this narrative review is to shed a light on the mechanisms underlying the potential carcinogenicity of red and processed meat, by summarizing the data reported in literature on this topic.
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Chiavarini M, Bertarelli G, Minelli L, Fabiani R. Dietary Intake of Meat Cooking-Related Mutagens (HCAs) and Risk of Colorectal Adenoma and Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9050514. [PMID: 28524104 PMCID: PMC5452244 DOI: 10.3390/nu9050514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Much evidence suggests that the positive association between meat intake and colorectal adenoma (CRA) and cancer (CRC) risk is mediated by mutagenic compounds generated during cooking at high temperature. A number of epidemiological studies have estimated the effect of meat-related mutagens intake on CRC/CRA risk with contradictory and sometimes inconsistent results. A literature search was carried out (PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus) to identify articles reporting the relationship between the intake of meat-related mutagens (2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP), 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f] quinoxaline (MeIQx), 2-amino-3,4,8-trimethylimidazo[4,5-f] quinoxaline: DiMeIQx, benzo(a) pyrene (B(a)P) and "meat derived mutagenic activity" (MDM)) and CRC/CRA risk. A random-effect model was used to calculate the risk association. Thirty-nine studies were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis. Polled CRA risk (15229 cases) was significantly increased by intake of PhIP (OR = 1.20; 95% CI: 1.13,1.28; p < 0.001), MeIQx (OR = 1.14; 95% CI: 1.05,1.23; p = 0.001), DiMeIQx (OR = 1.13; 95% CI: 1.05,1.21; p = 0.001), B(a)P (OR = 1.10; 95% CI: 1.02,1.19; p = 0.017) and MDM (OR = 1.17; 95% CI: 1.07,1.28; p = 0.001). A linear and curvilinear trend was observed in dose-response meta-analysis between CRA risk in association with PhIP, MDM, and MeIQx. CRC risk (21,344 cases) was increased by uptake of MeIQx (OR = 1.14; 95% CI: 1.04,1.25; p = 0.004), DiMeIQx (OR = 1.12; 95% CI: 1.02,1.22; p = 0.014) and MDM (OR = 1.12; 95% CI: 1.06,1.19; p < 0.001). No publication bias could be detected, whereas heterogeneity was in some cases rather high. Mutagenic compounds formed during cooking of meat at high temperature may be responsible of its carcinogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Chiavarini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Gaia Bertarelli
- Department of Economics, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Liliana Minelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Roberto Fabiani
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
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Hessami Arani S, Kerachian MA. Rising rates of colorectal cancer among younger Iranians: is diet to blame? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 24:e131-e137. [PMID: 28490936 DOI: 10.3747/co.23.3226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (crc) is one of the most prevalent cancers in the world. Although the incidence of crc is currently very low in the older Iranian population compared with Western populations, young Iranians show a rising trend of crc-that is, the age-adjusted rate is close in the young Iranian population compared with the U.S. population, and the rate in older Iranians is much lower. METHODS To assess a putative relationship between diet and a rising rate of crc in younger Iranians, a combined text word and mesh heading search strategy identified relevant studies through Google Scholar and medline. RESULTS A critical look at diet among Iranians shows major issues that might be raising the risk for crc. There are also scenarios other than diet for the rise, such as the young age structure of the country. However, the actual scenario is more complex. CONCLUSIONS In Iran, crc is one of the most common incident cancers and a common cause of cancer death. Primary and secondary prevention-with attention to a healthy lifestyle, physical activity, and screening-should be enhanced in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M A Kerachian
- Medical Genetics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences.,Cancer Genetics Research Unit, Reza Radiation Oncology Center; and.,Department of Medical Genetics, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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da Silva MAS, Abreu DS, Costa LA, Aguiar NDA, Paulo TF, Longhinotti E, Diógenes ICN. Chitosan Film Containing an Iron Complex: Synthesis and Prospects for Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines (HAAs) Recognition. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:1387-1394. [PMID: 28124904 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b03742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid organic-inorganic materials have been seen as a promising approach to produce sensors for the detection and/or recognition of heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs). This work shows the synthesis of a hybrid film as a result of the incorporation of [Fe(CN)5(NH3)]3- into chitosan (CS); CS-[(CN)5Fe(NH3)]3-. The sensitivity of CS-[(CN)5Fe(NH3)]3- toward HAA-like species was evaluated by using pyrazine (pz) as probe molecule in vapor phase by means of electrochemistry and spectroscopic techniques. The crystallinity (SEM-EDS and XRD) decrease of CS-[(CN)5Fe(NH3)]3- in comparison to CS was assigned to the disturbance of the hydrogen bond network within the polymer. Such conclusion was reinforced by the water contact angle measurements. The results presented in this work indicate physical and intermolecular interactions, mostly hydrogen bond, between [Fe(CN)5(NH3)]3- and CS, where the complex is likely trapped in the polymer with its sixth coordination site available for substitution reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Aparecida S da Silva
- Departamento de Quı́mica Orgânica e Inorgânica, Universidade Federal do Ceará , Cx. Postal 6021, 60455-760 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Dieric S Abreu
- Departamento de Quı́mica Orgânica e Inorgânica, Universidade Federal do Ceará , Cx. Postal 6021, 60455-760 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Leandro A Costa
- Departamento de Quı́mica Orgânica e Inorgânica, Universidade Federal do Ceará , Cx. Postal 6021, 60455-760 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Natanna de A Aguiar
- Departamento de Quı́mica Orgânica e Inorgânica, Universidade Federal do Ceará , Cx. Postal 6021, 60455-760 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Tércio F Paulo
- Departamento de Quı́mica Orgânica e Inorgânica, Universidade Federal do Ceará , Cx. Postal 6021, 60455-760 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Elisane Longhinotti
- Departamento de Quı́mica Analı́tica e Fı́sico-Quı́mica, Universidade Federal do Ceará , 60440-900 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Izaura C N Diógenes
- Departamento de Quı́mica Orgânica e Inorgânica, Universidade Federal do Ceará , Cx. Postal 6021, 60455-760 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
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17
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Le NT, Michels FAS, Song M, Zhang X, Bernstein AM, Giovannucci EL, Fuchs CS, Ogino S, Chan AT, Sinha R, Willett WC, Wu K. A Prospective Analysis of Meat Mutagens and Colorectal Cancer in the Nurses' Health Study and Health Professionals Follow-up Study. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2016; 124:1529-1536. [PMID: 27105317 PMCID: PMC5047780 DOI: 10.1289/ehp238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Revised: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heterocyclic amines (HCAs) in cooked meats may play a role in colorectal cancer (CRC) development. OBJECTIVES We aimed to prospectively examine the association between estimated intakes of HCAs and meat-derived mutagenicity (MDM) in two cohorts of health professionals, the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS) and the Nurses' Health Study (NHS). METHODS In 29,615 men and 65,875 women, intake of the HCAs 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo(4,5-j)quinoxaline (MeIQx), 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine (PhIP), 2-amino-3,4,8-trimethylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoxaline (DiMeIQx), and MDM was estimated using a 1996 cooking questionnaire, the 1994 food frequency questionnaire, and an online database. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and to adjust for potential confounders. Estimates for both cohorts were pooled using random-effects meta-analysis. RESULTS Between 1996 and 2010, 418 male and 790 female CRC cases were identified. Meat mutagen intake was not statistically significantly associated with risk of CRC [highest vs. lowest quintile, pooled HR (95% CI) for MeIQx: 1.12 (0.93, 1.34), p for trend 0.23; PhIP: 1.10 (0.90, 1.33), p for trend 0.35; MDM: 1.03 (0.86, 1.24), p for trend 0.75] or subtypes of CRC defined by tumor location (proximal or distal colon, or rectum). When analyzed by source of meat, PhIP from red but not from white meat was nonsignificantly positively associated with CRC and significantly positively associated with proximal cancers [HR (95% CI) per standard deviation increase of log-transformed intake: PhIP red meat: CRC: 1.06 (0.99, 1.12), proximal: 1.11 (1.02, 1.21); PhIP white meat: CRC: 0.99 (0.94, 1.04), proximal: 1.00 (0.93, 1.09)]. CONCLUSIONS Estimated intakes of meat mutagens were not significantly associated with CRC risk over 14 years of follow-up in the NHS and HPFS cohorts. Results for PhIP from red but not from white meat warrant further investigation. CITATION Le NT, Michels FA, Song M, Zhang X, Bernstein AM, Giovannucci EL, Fuchs CS, Ogino S, Chan AT, Sinha R, Willett WC, Wu K. 2016. A prospective analysis of meat mutagens and colorectal cancer in the Nurses' Health Study and Health Professionals Follow-up Study. Environ Health Perspect 124:1529-1536; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/EHP238.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoan Tran Le
- Department of Occupational Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Mingyang Song
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit and Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xuehong Zhang
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Edward L. Giovannucci
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Charles S. Fuchs
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shuji Ogino
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrew T. Chan
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit and Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rashmi Sinha
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Walter C. Willett
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kana Wu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Xu H, Lauer FT, Liu KJ, Hudson LG, Burchiel SW. Editor's Highlight: Interactive Genotoxicity Induced by Environmentally Relevant Concentrations of Benzo(a)Pyrene Metabolites and Arsenite in Mouse Thymus Cells. Toxicol Sci 2016; 154:153-161. [PMID: 27503386 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfw151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Arsenic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposures affect many people worldwide leading to cancer and other diseases. Arsenite (As+3) and certain PAHs are known to cause genotoxicity. However, there is limited information on the interactions between As+3 and PAHs at environmentally relevant concentrations. The thymus is the primary immune organ for T cell development in mammals. Our previous studies showed that environmentally relevant concentrations of As+3 induce genotoxicity in mouse thymus cells through Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibition. Certain PAHs, such as the metabolites of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), are known to cause DNA damage by forming DNA adducts. In the present study, primary mouse thymus cells were examined for DNA damage following 18 hr in vitro treatments with 5 or 50 nM As+3 and 100 nM BaP, benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol (BP-Diol), or benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide (BPDE). An interactive increase in genotoxicity and apoptosis were observed following treatments with 5 nM As + 3 + 100 nM BP-diol and 50 nM As + 3 + 100 nM BPDE. We attribute the increase in DNA damage to inhibition of PARP inhibition leading to decreased DNA repair. To further support this hypothesis, we found that a PARP inhibitor, 3,4-dihydro-5[4-(1-piperindinyl) butoxyl]-1(2H)-isoquinoline (DPQ), also interacted with BP-diol to produce an increase in DNA damage. Interestingly, we also found that As+3 and BP-diol increased CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 expression, suggesting that increased PAH metabolism may also contribute to genotoxicity. In summary, these results show that the suppression of PARP activity and induction of CYP1A1/CYP1B1 may act together to increase DNA damage produced by As+3 and PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, New Mexico 87131
| | - Fredine T Lauer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, New Mexico 87131
| | - Ke Jian Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, New Mexico 87131
| | - Laurie G Hudson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, New Mexico 87131
| | - Scott W Burchiel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, New Mexico 87131
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Nagle CM, Wilson LF, Hughes MCB, Ibiebele TI, Miura K, Bain CJ, Whiteman DC, Webb PM. Cancers in Australia in 2010 attributable to the consumption of red and processed meat. Aust N Z J Public Health 2016; 39:429-33. [PMID: 26437727 PMCID: PMC4606774 DOI: 10.1111/1753-6405.12450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To estimate the proportion and numbers of cancers in Australia in 2010 attributable to consuming red/processed meat. Methods We estimated the population attributable fraction (PAF) for cancers causally associated with red/processed meat consumption (colon, rectum) using standard formulae incorporating prevalence of consumption (1995 National Nutrition Survey), relative risks associated with consumption and cancer incidence. We also estimated the proportion change in cancer incidence (potential impact fraction [PIF]) that might have occurred under two hypothetical interventions whereby Australian adults reduced their consumption of red/processed meat from prevailing levels to ≤100 g or ≤65 g per day, respectively. Results An estimated 2,614 cases (18%) of colorectal cancer occurring in Australians in 2010 were attributable to red/processed meat consumption (16% of colon cancers; 23% of rectal cancers). We estimated that if all Australian adults had consumed ≤65 g/day or ≤100 g/day of red/processed meat, then the incidence of colorectal cancer would have been 5.4% (798 cancers) or 1.4% (204 cancers) lower, respectively. Conclusions About one in six colorectal cancers in Australians in 2010 were attributable to red/processed meat consumption. Implications Reducing red/processed meat intake may reduce colorectal cancer incidence, but must be balanced against nutritional benefits of modest lean meat consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Nagle
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Queensland.,School of Public Health, The University of Queensland
| | | | | | | | - Kyoko Miura
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Queensland
| | - Christopher J Bain
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Queensland.,National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Australian Capital Territory
| | - David C Whiteman
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Queensland.,School of Public Health, The University of Queensland
| | - Penelope M Webb
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Queensland.,School of Public Health, The University of Queensland
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Reartes GA, Di Paola Naranjo RD, Eynard AR, Muñoz SE. Cooking methods and the formation of PhIP (2-Amino, 1-methyl, 6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b] pyridine) in the crust of the habitually consumed meat in Argentina. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 92:88-93. [PMID: 27059246 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Content of carcinogenic molecules like, 2-Amino, 1-methyl, 6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b] pyridine in meals is one of the main mutagenic substances formed during meat cooking, and it can be used as a dietary exposure marker. Our objective was to estimate the amount of PhIP consumed from habitual Argentinean diet, rich in red meats, comparing different cooking procedures and meat type. Samples (n = 240) of lean and fatty beef, chicken, pork, and fish were cooked using different methods: griddle, grill, sauté pan, and oven. Samples were: Overcooked, or cooked with a microbiologically suitable or "healthy technique" (HT). The PhIP was determined by HPLC-MS. Meats cooked using HT formed little crust amounts and PhIP was below the detection levels. In overcooked meats, large amounts of crust were formed in lean meats, fatty beef, fatty chicken and baked pork. PhIP was measured in lean meats sauted or cooked on a griddle, a method reaching temperatures until 250 °C.It was estimated that Argentine people eats about 12,268.0 ng/day of PhIP being these values above those tolerated limits for total dietary heterocyclic amines in some developed countries. Hence, cooking small meat portions, at medium temperature, avoiding prolonged cooking and preferring baked lean meats could be recommended as a healthier habit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Angelina Reartes
- Escuela de Nutrición, Instituto de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enrique Barros esq, Enfermera Gordillo, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, 5000, Argentina
| | - Romina Daniela Di Paola Naranjo
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnologia de Alimentos Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas - CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Filloy S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, 5000, Argentina
| | - Aldo Renato Eynard
- Cátedra Biología Celular, Histología y Embriología, Instituto de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas - INICSA, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enrique Barros esq, Enfermera Gordillo, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, 5000, Argentina
| | - Sonia Edith Muñoz
- Cátedra Biología Celular, Histología y Embriología, Instituto de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas - INICSA, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enrique Barros esq, Enfermera Gordillo, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, 5000, Argentina.
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21
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Hamidi EN, Hajeb P, Selamat J, Razis AFA. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their Bioaccessibility in Meat: a Tool for Assessing Human Cancer Risk. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2016; 17:15-23. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2016.17.1.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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22
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Gibis M. Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines in Cooked Meat Products: Causes, Formation, Occurrence, and Risk Assessment. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2016; 15:269-302. [PMID: 33371602 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Meat products are sources of protein with high biological value and an essential source of other nutrients, such as vitamins and minerals. Heating processes cause food to become more appetizing with changes in texture, appearance, flavor, and chemical properties by the altering of protein structure and other ingredients. During heat treatment, heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs), potent mutagens/carcinogens, are formed due to the Maillard reaction. The HAAs are classified in at least 2 groups: thermic HAAs (100 to 300 °C) and pyrolytic HAAs (>300 °C). This review focuses on the parameters and precursors which affect the formation of HAAs: preparation, such as the marinating of meat, and cooking methods, including temperature, duration, and heat transfer, as well as levels of precursors. Additionally, factors are described subject to pH, and the type of meat and ingredients, such as added antioxidants, types of carbohydrates and amino acids, ions, fat, and other substances inhibiting or enhancing the formation of HAAs. An overview of the different analytical methods available is shown to determine the HAAs, including their preparation to clean up the sample prior to extraction. Epidemiological results and human daily intake of HAAs obtained from questionnaires show a relationship between the preference for very well-done meat products with increased HAA levels and an enhanced risk of the incidence of cancer, besides other carcinogens in the diet. The metabolic pathway of HAAs is governed by the activity of several enzymes leading to the formation of DNA adducts or HAA excretion and genetic sensitivity of individuals to the impact of HAAs on human cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Gibis
- Dept. of Food Physics and Meat Science, Inst. of Food Science and Biotechnology, Univ. of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 21/25, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
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Turesky RJ, White KK, Wilkens LR, Marchand LL. Caffeine Cytochrome P450 1A2 Metabolic Phenotype Does Not Predict the Metabolism of Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines in Humans. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:1603-15. [PMID: 26203673 PMCID: PMC4571451 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
2-Amino-1-methylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) and 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx) are carcinogenic heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) formed in well-done cooked meats. Chemicals that induce cytochrome P450 (P450) 1A2, a major enzyme involved in the bioactivation of HAAs, also form in cooked meat. Therefore, well-done cooked meat may pose an increase in cancer risk because it contains both inducers of P450 1A2 and procarcinogenic HAAs. We examined the influence of components in meat to modulate P450 1A2 activity and the metabolism of PhIP and MeIQx in volunteers during a 4 week feeding study of well-done cooked beef. The mean P450 1A2 activity, assessed by caffeine metabolic phenotyping, ranged from 6.3 to 7.1 before the feeding study commenced and from 9.6 to 10.4 during the meat feeding period: the difference in means was significant (P < 0.001). Unaltered PhIP, MeIQx, and their P450 1A2 metabolites, N(2)-(β-1-glucosiduronyl)-2-(hydroxyamino)-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (HON-PhIP-N(2)-Gl); N3-(β-1-glucosiduronyl)-2-(hydroxyamino)-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (HON-PhIP-N3-Gl); 2-amino-3-methylimidazo-[4,5-f]quinoxaline-8-carboxylic acid (IQx-8-COOH); and 2-amino-8-(hydroxymethyl)-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (8-CH2OH-IQx) were measured in urine during days 2, 14, and 28 of the meat diet. Significant correlations were observed on these days between the levels of the unaltered HAAs and their oxidized metabolites, when expressed as percent of dose ingested or as metabolic ratios. However, there was no statistically significant correlation between the caffeine P450 1A2 phenotype and any urinary HAA biomarker. Although the P450 1A2 activity varied by greater than 20-fold among the subjects, there was a large intraindividual variation of the P450 1A2 phenotype and inconsistent responses to inducers of P450 1A2. The coefficient of variation of the P450 1A2 phenotype within-individual ranged between 1 to 112% (median = 40%) during the entire course of the study. The caffeine metabolic phenotype for P450 1A2 was a poor predictor of oxidative urinary metabolites of PhIP and MeIQx and may not be a reliable measure to assess the role of HAAs in cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Turesky
- Masonic Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, 2231 6th St SE, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Kami K. White
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 9681
| | - Lynne R. Wilkens
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 9681
| | - Loïc Le Marchand
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 9681
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Stavros KM, Hawkins EK, Rizzo CJ, Stone MP. Base-Displaced Intercalated Conformation of the 2-Amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline N(2)-dG DNA Adduct Positioned at the Nonreiterated G(1) in the NarI Restriction Site. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:1455-68. [PMID: 26083477 PMCID: PMC4511292 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The
conformation of an N2-dG adduct
arising from the heterocyclic amine 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ), a potent food mutagen, was determined
in 5′-d(C1T2C3X4G5C6G7C8C9A10T11C12)-3′:5′-d(G13A14T15G16G17C18G19C20C21G22A23G24)-3′; X = N2-dG-IQ, in which the modified nucleotide X4 corresponds to G1 in the 5′-d(G1G2CG3CC)-3′ NarI restriction endonuclease site. Circular dichroism (CD) revealed
blue shifts relative to the unmodified duplex, consistent with adduct-induced
twisting, and a hypochromic effect for the IQ absorbance in the near
UV region. NMR revealed that the N2-dG-IQ
adduct adopted a base-displaced intercalated conformation in which
the modified guanine remained in the anti conformation
about the glycosidic bond, the IQ moiety intercalated into the duplex,
and the complementary base C21 was displaced into the major
groove. The processing of the N2-dG-IQ
lesion by hpol η is sequence-dependent; when placed at the reiterated
G3 position, but not at the G1 position, this
lesion exhibits a propensity for frameshift replication [Choi, J.
Y., et al. (2006) J. Biol. Chem., 281, 25297–25306]. The structure of the N2-dG-IQ adduct at the nonreiterated G1 position
was compared to that of the same adduct placed at the G3 position [Stavros, K. M., et al. (2014) Nucleic Acids Res., 42, 3450–3463]. CD indicted minimal spectral
differences between the G1 vs G3N2-dG-IQ adducts. NMR indicated that the N2-dG-IQ adduct exhibited similar base-displaced intercalated
conformations at both the G1 and G3 positions.
This result differed as compared to the corresponding C8-dG-IQ adducts
placed at the same positions. The C8-dG-IQ adduct adopted a minor
groove conformation when placed at position G1 but a base-displaced
intercalated conformation when placed at position G3 in
the NarI sequence. The present studies suggest that
differences in lesion bypass by hpol η may be mediated by differences
in the 3′-flanking sequences, perhaps modulating the ability
to accommodate transient strand slippage intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kallie M Stavros
- †Department of Chemistry, Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235-1822, United States
| | | | - Carmelo J Rizzo
- †Department of Chemistry, Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235-1822, United States
| | - Michael P Stone
- †Department of Chemistry, Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235-1822, United States
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25
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Guo J, Yonemori K, Le Marchand L, Turesky RJ. Method to Biomonitor the Cooked Meat Carcinogen 2-Amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine in Dyed Hair by Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Orbitrap High Resolution Multistage Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2015; 87:5872-7. [PMID: 25969997 PMCID: PMC4470769 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
2-Amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) is a carcinogenic heterocyclic aromatic amine formed in cooked meat. The use of naturally colored hair containing PhIP can serve as a long-term biomarker of exposure to this carcinogen. However, the measurement of PhIP in dyed hair, a cosmetic treatment commonly used by the adult population, is challenging because the dye process introduces into the hair matrix a complex mixture of chemicals that interferes with the measurement of PhIP. The high-resolution scanning features of the Orbitrap Fusion mass spectrometer were employed to biomonitor PhIP in dyed hair. Because of the complexity of chemicals in the hair dye, the consecutive reaction monitoring of PhIP at the MS(3) scan stage was employed to selectively remove the isobaric interferences. The limit of quantification (LOQ) of PhIP was 84 parts-per-trillion (ppt) employing 50 mg of hair. Calibration curves were generated in dyed hair matrixes and showed good linearity (40-1000 pg PhIP/g hair) with a goodness-of-fit regression value of r(2) > 0.9978. The within-day (between-day) coefficients of variation were 7.7% (17%) and 5.4% (6.1%), respectively, with dyed hair samples spiked with PhIP at 200 and 600 ppt. The levels of PhIP accrued in dyed hair from volunteers on a semicontrolled feeding study who ingested known levels of PhIP were comparable to the levels of PhIP accrued in hair of subjects with natural hair color. The method was successfully employed to measure PhIP in nondyed and dyed hair biospecimens of participants in a case-control study of colorectal adenoma on their regular diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingshu Guo
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, 2231 6th St SE, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Kim Yonemori
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96813
| | - Loïc Le Marchand
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96813
| | - Robert J. Turesky
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, 2231 6th St SE, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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26
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Begas E, Kouvaras E, Tsakalof AK, Bounitsi M, Asprodini EK. Development and validation of a reversed-phase HPLC method for CYP1A2 phenotyping by use of a caffeine metabolite ratio in saliva. Biomed Chromatogr 2015; 29:1657-63. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elias Begas
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences; University of Thessaly; Greece
| | - Evangelos Kouvaras
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences; University of Thessaly; Greece
| | - Andreas K. Tsakalof
- Laboratory of Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences; University of Thessaly; Greece
| | - Maria Bounitsi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences; University of Thessaly; Greece
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27
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Budhathoki S, Iwasaki M, Yamaji T, Sasazuki S, Takachi R, Sakamoto H, Yoshida T, Tsugane S. Dietary Heterocyclic Amine Intake, NAT2 Genetic Polymorphism, and Colorectal Adenoma Risk: The Colorectal Adenoma Study in Tokyo. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2015; 24:613-20. [DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-14-1051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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28
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Ho V, Peacock S, Massey TE, Ashbury JE, Vanner SJ, King WD. Meat-derived carcinogens, genetic susceptibility and colorectal adenoma risk. GENES AND NUTRITION 2014; 9:430. [PMID: 25231222 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-014-0430-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs), carcinogens produced when meat is cooked at high temperatures, is an emerging risk factor for colorectal cancer (CRC). In a cross-sectional study of 342 patients undergoing a screening colonoscopy, the role of 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP), 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx) and 2-amino-3,4,8-trimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (DiMeIQx), the three most abundant HAAs found in cooked meats, and total mutagenic activity in cooked meats were examined in relation to colorectal adenoma risk. Given that genetic differences in the ability to biotransform HAAs and repair DNA are postulated to modify the HAA-CRC relationship, gene-diet interactions were also examined. Among the total study population, no relationships were observed between dietary HAAs or meat mutagenicity, and colorectal adenoma risk; however, in males, positive associations between dietary HAAs/meat mutagenicity exposures and adenoma risk were suggestive of a relationship. In a separate analysis, polymorphisms in CYP1B1 were found to be associated with colorectal adenoma risk. Additionally, gene-diet interactions were observed for dietary PhIP and polymorphisms in CYP1B1 and XPD, dietary DiMeIQx and XPD polymorphisms, and meat mutagenicity exposure and CYP1B1 polymorphisms. Overall, increased colorectal adenoma risk was observed with higher HAA/meat mutagenicity exposures among those with polymorphisms which confer greater activity to biotransform HAAs and/or lower ability to repair DNA. This research supports the link between dietary HAAs and genetic susceptibility in colorectal adenoma etiology. The vast majority of CRCs arise from colorectal adenomas; thus, the results of this study suggest that changes in meat preparation practices limiting the production of HAAs may be beneficial for CRC prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikki Ho
- University of Montreal Hospital Research Centre (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada,
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29
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Omoruyi IM, Ahamioje D, Pohjanvirta R. Dietary exposure of Nigerians to mutagens and estrogen-like chemicals. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 11:8347-67. [PMID: 25153465 PMCID: PMC4143865 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph110808347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Food and drinking water are poorly delineated sources of human exposure to chemical food mutagens and endocrine-disrupting chemicals. In this study, we investigated the presence of mutagens and chemicals exhibiting estrogenic activity in the daily diet of Nigerians, using in vitro assays. Commercially processed foods or snacks and various brands of pure water sachets were extracted by solid-phase extraction and liquid-liquid extraction, respectively. Mutagenicity was determined by the conventional Ames test and two complementary assays on two strains of Salmonella (TA 100 and TA 98), while the estrogenic activity was assessed by a yeast bioluminescent assay, using two recombinant yeast strains (Saccharomyces cerevisiae BMAEREluc/ERα and S. cerevisiae BMA64/luc). A third of the food varieties investigated (chin-chin, hamburger, suya and bean cake) were mutagenic in all three assays, either in the presence or absence of S9 mix. Of the packed water samples, five out of the sixteen investigated (31%), were found to be estrogenic, with estradiol and bisphenol A equivalents ranging from 0.79 to 44.0 ng/L and 124.2 to 1,000.8 ng/L, respectively. Hence, although the current situation in Nigeria does not appear to be substantially worse than, e.g., in Europe, regular monitoring is warranted in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iyekhoetin Matthew Omoruyi
- Food and Environmental Toxicology Unit, Department of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O.Box 66, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Derek Ahamioje
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, Benson Idahosa University, P.M.B. 1100, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria.
| | - Raimo Pohjanvirta
- Food and Environmental Toxicology Unit, Department of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O.Box 66, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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30
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Stavros KM, Hawkins EK, Rizzo CJ, Stone MP. Base-displaced intercalation of the 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinolone N2-dG adduct in the NarI DNA recognition sequence. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:3450-63. [PMID: 24366876 PMCID: PMC3950664 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt1109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
2-Amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinolone (IQ), a heterocyclic amine found in cooked meats, undergoes bioactivation to a nitrenium ion, which alkylates guanines at both the C8-dG and N2-dG positions. The conformation of a site-specific N2-dG-IQ adduct in an oligodeoxynucleotide duplex containing the iterated CG repeat restriction site of the NarI endonuclease has been determined. The IQ moiety intercalates, with the IQ H4a and CH3 protons facing the minor groove, and the IQ H7a, H8a and H9a protons facing the major groove. The adducted dG maintains the anti-conformation about the glycosyl bond. The complementary dC is extruded into the major groove. The duplex maintains its thermal stability, which is attributed to stacking between the IQ moiety and the 5'- and 3'-neighboring base pairs. This conformation is compared to that of the C8-dG-IQ adduct in the same sequence, which also formed a 'base-displaced intercalated' conformation. However, the C8-dG-IQ adopted the syn conformation placing the Watson-Crick edge of the modified dG into the major groove. In addition, the C8-dG-IQ adduct was oriented with the IQ CH3 group and H4a and H5a facing the major groove. These differences may lead to differential processing during DNA repair and replication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Michael P. Stone
- Department of Chemistry, Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235-1822, USA
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31
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Rice, bread, noodle and cereal intake and colorectal cancer in Japanese men and women: the Japan Public Health Center-based prospective Study (JPHC Study). Br J Cancer 2014; 110:1316-21. [PMID: 24384682 PMCID: PMC3950850 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence rate increased rapidly in Japan between the 1950s and 1990s. We examined the association between rice intake and CRC risk in comparison with bread, noodles and cereal among Japanese adults enrolled in the Japan Public Health Center-based prospective Study. Methods: A total of 73 501 Japanese men and women were followed-up from 1995 to 1999 until the end of 2008 for an average of 11 years. During 801 937 person-years of follow-up, we identified 1276 incident cases of CRC. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) of CRC for rice, noodle, bread and cereal intake were calculated by Cox proportional hazards model. Results: Overall, no significant association was observed for the highest quartile of rice intake compared with the lowest and the risk of CRC and its subsites in men (HR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.56–1.07) and women (HR, 1.10; 95% CI, 0.71–1.68). However, a non-significant inverse trend was observed between rice intake and rectal cancer in men. No clear patterns of association were observed in bread, noodle and cereal intake. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that the consumption of rice does not have a substantial impact on the risk of CRC in the Japanese population.
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32
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Nauwelaërs G, Bellamri M, Fessard V, Turesky RJ, Langouët S. DNA adducts of the tobacco carcinogens 2-amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole and 4-aminobiphenyl are formed at environmental exposure levels and persist in human hepatocytes. Chem Res Toxicol 2013; 26:1367-77. [PMID: 23898916 PMCID: PMC3904354 DOI: 10.1021/tx4002226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic amines and structurally related heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) are produced during the combustion of tobacco or during the high-temperature cooking of meat. Exposure to some of these chemicals may contribute to the etiology of several common types of human cancers. 2-Amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (AαC) is the most abundant HAA formed in mainstream tobacco smoke: it arises in amounts that are 25-100 times greater than the levels of the arylamine, 4-aminobiphenyl (4-ABP), a human carcinogen. 2-Amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx) is a prevalent HAA formed in cooked meats. AαC and MeIQx are rodent carcinogens; however, their carcinogenic potency in humans is unknown. A preliminary assessment of the carcinogenic potential of these HAAs in humans was conducted by examining the capacity of primary human hepatocytes to form DNA adducts of AαC and MeIQx, in comparison to 4-ABP, followed by the kinetics of DNA adduct removal by cellular enzyme repair systems. The principal DNA adducts formed were N-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl) (dG-C8) adducts. Comparable levels of DNA adducts were formed with AαC and 4-ABP, whereas adduct formation was ∼5-fold lower for MeIQx. dG-C8-AαC and dG-C8-4-ABP were formed at comparable levels in a concentration-dependent manner in human hepatocytes treated with procarcinogens over a 10,000-fold concentration range (1 nM-10 μM). Pretreatment of hepatocytes with furafylline, a selective inhibitor of cytochrome P450 1A2, resulted in a strong diminution of DNA adducts signifying that P450 1A2 is a major P450 isoform involved in bioactivation of these procarcinogens. The kinetics of adduct removal varied for each hepatocyte donor. Approximately half of the DNA adducts were removed within 24 h of treatment; however, the remaining lesions persisted over 5 days. The high levels of AαC present in tobacco smoke and its propensity to form persistent DNA adducts in human hepatocytes suggest that AαC can contribute to DNA damage and the risk of hepatocellular cancer in smokers.
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33
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Vaughan TL. Diet and upper gastrointestinal cancers: in search of dark matter. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 11:1137-9. [PMID: 23735448 PMCID: PMC3782109 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2013.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L Vaughan
- Cancer Epidemiology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research
Center, Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle,
WA
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34
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McCullough ML, Gapstur SM, Shah R, Jacobs EJ, Campbell PT. Association between red and processed meat intake and mortality among colorectal cancer survivors. J Clin Oncol 2013; 31:2773-82. [PMID: 23816965 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2013.49.1126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Red and processed meat intake is convincingly associated with colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence, but its impact on prognosis after CRC diagnosis is unknown. We examined associations of red and processed meat consumption, self-reported before and after cancer diagnosis, with all-cause and cause-specific mortality among men and women with invasive, nonmetastatic CRC. PATIENTS AND METHODS Participants in the Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort reported information on diet and other factors at baseline in 1992-1993, 1999, and 2003. Participants with a verified CRC diagnosis after baseline and up to June 30, 2009, were observed for mortality through December 31, 2010. RESULTS Among 2,315 participants diagnosed with CRC, 966 died during follow-up (413 from CRC and 176 from cardiovascular disease [CVD]). In multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression models, red and processed meat intake before CRC diagnosis was associated with higher risks of death as a result of all causes (top v bottom quartile, relative risk [RR], 1.29; 95% CI, 1.05 to 1.59; Ptrend = .03) and from CVD (RR, 1.63; 95% CI, 1.00 to 2.67; Ptrend = .08) but not CRC (RR, 1.09; 95% CI, 0.79 to 1.51; Ptrend = 0.54). Although red and processed meat consumption after CRC diagnosis was not associated with mortality, survivors with consistently high (median or higher) intakes before and after diagnosis had a higher risk of CRC-specific mortality (RR, 1.79; 95% CI, 1.11 to 2.89) compared with those with consistently low intakes. CONCLUSION This study suggests that greater red and processed meat intake before diagnosis is associated with higher risk of death among patients with nonmetastatic CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie L McCullough
- Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA 30303-1002, USA.
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35
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Tang Y, Kassie F, Qian X, Ansha B, Turesky RJ. DNA adduct formation of 2-amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole and 2-amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline in mouse liver and extrahepatic tissues during a subchronic feeding study. Toxicol Sci 2013; 133:248-58. [PMID: 23535364 PMCID: PMC3663563 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kft077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is a risk factor for cancers of the liver and gastrointestinal (GI) tract, but the causal agents responsible for these cancers are uncertain. 2-Amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (AαC) is an abundant heterocyclic aromatic amine present in tobacco smoke. AαC is a liver carcinogen and both a transgene mutagen and inducer of aberrant crypt foci in the colon of mice. We hypothesize that AαC may contribute to DNA damage and tumorigenesis in these organs of smokers. The potential of AαC to induce DNA adduct formation in liver, organs of the GI tract, lung, and urinary bladder, which are target organs of cancer in smokers, was examined using the C57BL/6 mouse as an animal model. AαC (400 or 800 ppm) and 2-amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (MeIQ) (300 ppm), a liver and colon carcinogen in C57BL/6 mice, were given in the diet for up to 12 weeks. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry was employed to measure DNA adducts. The major DNA adducts of both carcinogens were identified as deoxyguanosine-C8 adducts. The levels of formation of AαC- and MeIQ-DNA adducts were similar in liver and extrahepatic tissues when adjusted for dose. The highest levels of adducts occurred in liver, followed by urinary bladder, and then in cecum and colon; lower DNA adduct levels were formed in the lung and pancreas following 12 weeks of feeding. The high levels of AαC adduct formed in liver, GI tract, and bladder of C57BL/6 mice reinforce the notion that AαC may contribute to DNA damage and cancer of these organs in smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijin Tang
- *Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York 12201; and
| | - Fekadu Kassie
- Masonic Cancer Center and
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | | | | | - Robert J. Turesky
- *Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York 12201; and
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Fu Z, Shrubsole MJ, Li G, Smalley WE, Hein DW, Cai Q, Ness RM, Zheng W. Interaction of cigarette smoking and carcinogen-metabolizing polymorphisms in the risk of colorectal polyps. Carcinogenesis 2013; 34:779-86. [PMID: 23299405 PMCID: PMC3616674 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgs410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The causal role of cigarette smoking in the risk of colorectal neoplasm has been suggested but not established. In a case-control study including 2060 colorectal polyp patients and 3336 polyp-free controls, we evaluated 21 functional genetic variants to construct a tobacco-carcinogen-metabolizing genetic risk score. Data regarding cigarette smoking were obtained through telephone interviews. Cigarette smoking was associated with an elevated risk of both adenomas and hyperplastic polyps. The association with smoking was stronger in participants with a high carcinogen-metabolizing risk score than those with a low risk score. Smoking 30 or more cigarettes per day was associated with a 1.7-fold elevated risk of any polyps (95% confidence interval = 1.3-2.2) among those with a low genetic risk score and 2.9-fold elevated risk (95% confidence interval = 1.8-4.8) among those with a high genetic risk score (P interaction = 0.025). A similar pattern of interaction was observed in analyses conducted separately for those with adenomas only (P interaction = 0.039) and hyperplastic polyps only (P interaction = 0.024). Interaction between carcinogen-metabolizing genetic risk and cigarette smoking was found in relation to high-risk adenomas (P interaction = 0.010) but not low-risk adenomas (P interaction = 0.791). No apparent interaction was found for duration of smoking. This study shows that the association between cigarette smoking and colorectal polyp risk is modified by tobacco-carcinogen-metabolizing polymorphisms, providing support for a causal role of cigarette smoking in the etiology of colorectal tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenming Fu
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Martha J. Shrubsole
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Guoliang Li
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Walter E. Smalley
- VA Tennessee Valley Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA and
| | - David W. Hein
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Qiuyin Cai
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Reid M. Ness
- VA Tennessee Valley Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA and
| | - Wei Zheng
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
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Miller PE, Lazarus P, Lesko SM, Cross AJ, Sinha R, Laio J, Zhu J, Harper G, Muscat JE, Hartman TJ. Meat-related compounds and colorectal cancer risk by anatomical subsite. Nutr Cancer 2013; 65:202-26. [PMID: 23441608 PMCID: PMC3584417 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2013.756534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Since meat may be involved in the etiology of colorectal cancer, associations between meat-related compounds were examined to elucidate underlying mechanisms in a population-based case-control study. Participants (989 cases/1,033 healthy controls) completed a food frequency questionnaire with a meat-specific module. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine associations between meat variables and colorectal cancer; polytomous logistic regression was used for subsite-specific analyses. The following significant positive associations were observed for meat-related compounds: 2-amino-3,4,8-trimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (DiMeIQx) and colorectal, distal colon, and rectal tumors; 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx) and colorectal and colon cancer tumors; nitrites/nitrates and proximal colon cancer; 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) and rectal cancer; and benzo[a]pyrene and rectal cancer (P-trends < 0.05). For analyses by meat type, cooking method, and doneness preference, positive associations between red processed meat and proximal colon cancer and pan-fried red meat and colorectal cancer were found (P-trends < 0.05). Inverse associations were observed between unprocessed poultry and colorectal, colon, proximal colon, and rectal tumors; grilled/barbequed poultry and proximal colon cancer; and well-done/charred poultry and colorectal, colon, and proximal colon tumors (P-trends < 0.05). HCAs, PAHs, nitrites, and nitrates may be involved in colorectal cancer etiology. Further examination into the unexpected inverse associations between poultry and colorectal cancer is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige E Miller
- Cancer Prevention Fellowship Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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38
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Effects of marinating on the formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (benzo[a]pyrene, benzo[b]fluoranthene and fluoranthene) in grilled beef meat. Food Control 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Mahasneh A, Jubaili A, El Bateiha A, Al-Ghazo M, Matalka I, Malkawi M. Polymorphisms of arylamine N-acetyltransferase2 and risk of lung and colorectal cancer. Genet Mol Biol 2012; 35:725-33. [PMID: 23271930 PMCID: PMC3526077 DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572012005000074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The arylamine N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) enzymes detoxify a wide range of naturally occurring xenobiotics including carcinogens and drugs. Point mutations in the NAT2 gene result in the variant alleles M1 (NAT2 *5A), M2 (NAT2*6A), M3 (NAT2*7) and M4 (NAT2 *14A) from the wild-type WT (NAT2 *4) allele. The current study was aimed at screening genetic polymorphisms of NAT2 gene in 49 lung cancer patients, 54 colorectal cancer patients and 99 cancer-free controls, using PCR-RFLP. There were significant differences in allele frequencies between lung cancer patients and controls in the WT, M2 and M3 alleles (p < 0.05). However, only M2 and M3 allele frequencies were different between colorectal cancer patients and controls (p < 0.05). There was a marginal significant difference in the distribution of rapid and slow acetylator genotypes between lung cancer patients and controls (p = 0.06 and p = 0.05, respectively), but not between colorectal cancer patients and controls (p = 1.0 and p = 0.95, respectively). Risk of lung cancer development was found to be lower in slow acetylators [odds ratio (OR): 0.51, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 0.25, 1.02, p-value = 0.07]. No effect was observed in case of colorectal cancer. Our results showed that NAT2 genotypes and phenotypes might be involved in lung cancer but not colorectal cancer susceptibility in Jordan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad Mahasneh
- Department of Applied Biology, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. ; Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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40
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Fu Z, Shrubsole MJ, Li G, Smalley WE, Hein DW, Chen Z, Shyr Y, Cai Q, Ness RM, Zheng W. Using gene-environment interaction analyses to clarify the role of well-done meat and heterocyclic amine exposure in the etiology of colorectal polyps. Am J Clin Nutr 2012; 96:1119-28. [PMID: 23015320 PMCID: PMC3471199 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.112.040345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of well-done meat intake and meat-derived mutagen heterocyclic amine (HCA) exposure in the risk of colorectal neoplasm has been suggested but not yet established. OBJECTIVE With the use of gene-environment interaction analyses, we sought to clarify the association of HCA exposure with colorectal polyp risk. DESIGN In a case-control study including 2057 colorectal polyp patients and 3329 controls, we evaluated 16 functional genetic variants to construct an HCA-metabolizing score. To derive dietary HCA-exposure amount, data were collected regarding dietary intake of meat by cooking method and degree of doneness. RESULTS A 2-fold elevated risk associated with high red meat intake was found for colorectal polyps or adenomas in subjects with a high HCA-metabolizing risk score, whereas the risk was 1.3- to 1.4-fold among those with a low risk score (P-interaction ≤ 0.05). The interaction was stronger for the risk of advanced or multiple adenomas, in which an OR of 2.8 (95% CI: 1.8, 4.6) was observed for those with both a high HCA-risk score and high red meat intake (P-interaction = 0.01). No statistically significant interaction was found in analyses that used specific HCA exposure derived from dietary data. CONCLUSION High red meat intake is associated with an elevated risk of colorectal polyps, and this association may be synergistically modified by genetic factors involved in HCA metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenming Fu
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
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41
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Lack of human tissue-specific correlations for rodent pancreatic and colorectal carcinogens. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2012; 64:442-58. [PMID: 23069141 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Revised: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
To better understand the relationships between chemical exposures and human cancer causation, incidence data for human cancer types were identified and pancreatic and colorectal cancers were studied in-depth to assess whether data supporting the causation of pancreatic or colorectal tumors by chemicals in rodents is predictive of causation by the same chemicals of the same tumors in humans. A search of the Carcinogenic Potency Database, the National Toxicology Program (NTP) technical report database, and the published literature identified 38 and 39 chemicals reported to cause pancreatic and colorectal tumors, respectively, in mice or rats. For each of these chemicals, searches were conducted of the International Agency for Research on Cancer monographs, the NTP Report on Carcinogens, and the published literature for evidence of induction of the same tumors in humans. Based on this evaluation, no conclusive evidence was identified to suggest that chemicals reported to cause pancreatic or colorectal tumors in rodents also cause these tumors in humans. These findings suggest that pancreatic tumor data from mouse and rat bioassays are of limited utility with regard to predicting similar tumor induction in humans. For colorectal cancer, a lack of correlation was noted for the vast majority of chemicals.
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Promthet S, Pientong C, Ekalaksananan T, Songserm N, Poomphakwaen K, Chopjitt P, Wiangnon S, Tokudome S. Risk Factors for Rectal Cancer and Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase Polymorphisms in a Population in Northeast Thailand. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2012; 13:4017-23. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.8.4017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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43
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Barbir A, Linseisen J, Hermann S, Kaaks R, Teucher B, Eichholzer M, Rohrmann S. Effects of phenotypes in heterocyclic aromatic amine (HCA) metabolism-related genes on the association of HCA intake with the risk of colorectal adenomas. Cancer Causes Control 2012; 23:1429-42. [PMID: 22740027 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-012-0017-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heterocyclic aromatic amines (HCA), formed by high-temperature cooking of meat, are well-known risk factors for colorectal cancer (CRC). Enzymes metabolizing HCAs may influence the risk of CRC depending on the enzyme activity level. We aimed to assess effect modification by polymorphisms in the HCA-metabolizing genes on the association of HCA intake with colorectal adenoma (CRA) risk, which are precursors of CRC. METHODS A case-control study nested in the EPIC-Heidelberg cohort was conducted. Between 1994 and 2005, 413 adenoma cases were identified and 796 controls were matched to cases. Genotypes were determined and used to predict phenotypes (i.e., enzyme activities). Odds ratios (OR) and corresponding 95 % confidence intervals (CI) were calculated by logistic regression analysis. RESULTS CRA risk was positively associated with PhIP, MeIQx, and DiMeIQx (p trend = 0.006, 0.022, and 0.045, respectively) intake. SULT1A1 phenotypes modified the effect of MeIQx on CRA risk (p (Interaction) > 0.01) such that the association of MeIQx intake with CRA was stronger for slow than for normal phenotypes. Other modifying effects by phenotypes did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS HCA intake is positively associated with CRA risk, regardless of phenotypes involved in the metabolizing process. Due to the number of comparisons made in the analysis, the modifying effect of SULT1A1 on the association of HCA intake with CRA risk may be due to chance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Barbir
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Zurich, Hirschengraben 84, 8001 Zürich, Switzerland
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44
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Gilsing AMJ, Berndt SI, Ruder EH, Graubard BI, Ferrucci LM, Burdett L, Weissfeld JL, Cross AJ, Sinha R. Meat-related mutagen exposure, xenobiotic metabolizing gene polymorphisms and the risk of advanced colorectal adenoma and cancer. Carcinogenesis 2012; 33:1332-9. [PMID: 22552404 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgs158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Meat mutagens, including heterocyclic amines (HCAs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and N-nitroso compounds (NOCs), may be involved in colorectal carcinogenesis depending on their activation or detoxification by phase I and II xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes (XME). Using unconditional logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI), we examined the intake of five meat mutagens and >300 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 18 XME genes in relation to advanced colorectal adenoma (1205 cases and 1387 controls) and colorectal cancer (370 cases and 401 controls) within the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial. Dietary intake of meat mutagens was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire with a detailed meat-cooking module. An interaction was observed between 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx) intake and the NAT1 polymorphism rs6586714 in the adenoma study (P(interaction) = 0.001). Among individuals carrying a GG genotype, high MeIQx intake was associated with a 43% increased risk of adenoma (95% CI 1.11-1.85, P(trend) = 0.07), whereas the reverse was observed among carriers of the A variant (OR = 0.50, 95% CI 0.30-0.84, P(trend) = 0.01). In addition, we observed some suggestive (P < 0.05) modifying effects for SNPs in other XME genes (UGT1A, CYP2E1, EPHX1, AHR and GSTM3), but these were not significant after adjustment for multiple testing. This large and comprehensive study of XME genes, meat mutagens and the risk of colorectal tumours found that a NAT1 polymorphism modified the association between MeIQx intake and colorectal adenoma risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M J Gilsing
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services Bethesda, MD, USA
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45
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Stefani ED, Ronco AL, Boffetta P, Deneo-Pellegrini H, Correa P, Acosta G, Mendilaharsu M. Nutrient-derived Dietary Patterns and Risk of Colorectal Cancer: a Factor Analysis in Uruguay. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2012; 13:231-5. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.1.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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46
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Ferrucci LM, Sinha R, Huang WY, Berndt SI, Katki HA, Schoen RE, Hayes RB, Cross AJ. Meat consumption and the risk of incident distal colon and rectal adenoma. Br J Cancer 2011; 106:608-16. [PMID: 22166801 PMCID: PMC3281548 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2011.549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Most studies of meat and colorectal adenoma have investigated prevalent events from a single screening, thus limiting our understanding of the role of meat and meat-related exposures in early colorectal carcinogenesis. Methods: Among participants in the screening arm of the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial who underwent baseline and follow-up sigmoidoscopy (n=17 072), we identified 1008 individuals with incident distal colorectal adenoma. We calculated odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for associations between meat and meat-related components and incident distal colorectal adenoma using multivariate logistic regression. Results: We observed suggestive positive associations for red meat, processed meat, haeme iron, and nitrate/nitrite with distal colorectal adenoma. Grilled meat (OR=1.56, 95% CI=1.04–2.36), well or very well-done meat (OR=1.59, 95% CI=1.05–2.43), 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenyl-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) (OR=1.75, 95% CI=1.17–2.64), benzo[a]pyrene (OR=1.53, 95% CI=1.06–2.20), and total mutagenic activity (OR=1.57, 95% CI=1.03–2.40) were positively associated with rectal adenoma. Total iron (diet and supplements) (OR=0.69, 95% CI=0.56–0.86) and iron from supplements (OR=0.65, 95% CI=0.44–0.97) were inversely associated with any distal colorectal adenoma. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that several meat-related components may be most relevant to early neoplasia in the rectum. In contrast, total iron and iron from supplements were inversely associated with any distal colorectal adenoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Ferrucci
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
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47
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Corpet DE. Red meat and colon cancer: Should we become vegetarians, or can we make meat safer? Meat Sci 2011; 89:310-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2011.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Revised: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Turesky RJ, Le Marchand L. Metabolism and biomarkers of heterocyclic aromatic amines in molecular epidemiology studies: lessons learned from aromatic amines. Chem Res Toxicol 2011; 24:1169-214. [PMID: 21688801 PMCID: PMC3156293 DOI: 10.1021/tx200135s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aromatic amines and heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) are structurally related classes of carcinogens that are formed during the combustion of tobacco or during the high-temperature cooking of meats. Both classes of procarcinogens undergo metabolic activation by N-hydroxylation of the exocyclic amine group to produce a common proposed intermediate, the arylnitrenium ion, which is the critical metabolite implicated in toxicity and DNA damage. However, the biochemistry and chemical properties of these compounds are distinct, and different biomarkers of aromatic amines and HAAs have been developed for human biomonitoring studies. Hemoglobin adducts have been extensively used as biomarkers to monitor occupational and environmental exposures to a number of aromatic amines; however, HAAs do not form hemoglobin adducts at appreciable levels, and other biomarkers have been sought. A number of epidemiologic studies that have investigated dietary consumption of well-done meat in relation to various tumor sites reported a positive association between cancer risk and well-done meat consumption, although some studies have shown no associations between well-done meat and cancer risk. A major limiting factor in most epidemiological studies is the uncertainty in quantitative estimates of chronic exposure to HAAs, and thus, the association of HAAs formed in cooked meat and cancer risk has been difficult to establish. There is a critical need to establish long-term biomarkers of HAAs that can be implemented in molecular epidemioIogy studies. In this review, we highlight and contrast the biochemistry of several prototypical carcinogenic aromatic amines and HAAs to which humans are chronically exposed. The biochemical properties and the impact of polymorphisms of the major xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes on the biological effects of these chemicals are examined. Lastly, the analytical approaches that have been successfully employed to biomonitor aromatic amines and HAAs, and emerging biomarkers of HAAs that may be implemented in molecular epidemiology studies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Turesky
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Wadsworth Center , Albany, New York 12201, United States.
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Wang J, Joshi AD, Corral R, Siegmund KD, Marchand LL, Martinez ME, Haile RW, Ahnen DJ, Sandler RS, Lance P, Stern MC. Carcinogen metabolism genes, red meat and poultry intake, and colorectal cancer risk. Int J Cancer 2011; 130:1898-907. [PMID: 21618522 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.26199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Diets high in red meat are established risk factors for colorectal cancer (CRC). Carcinogenic compounds generated during meat cooking have been implicated as causal agents. We conducted a family-based case-control study to investigate the association between polymorphisms in carcinogen metabolism genes (CYP1A2 -154A>C, CYP1B1 Leu432Val, CYP2E1 -1054C>T, GSTP1 Ile105Val, PTGS2 5UTR -765, EPHX1 Tyr113His, NAT2 Ile114Thr, NAT2 Arg197Gln and NAT2 Gly286Glu) and CRC risk. We tested for gene-environment interactions using case-only analyses (N = 577) and compared statistically significant results to those obtained using case-unaffected sibling comparisons (N = 307 sibships). Our results suggested that CYP1A2 -154A>C might modify the association between intake of red meat cooked using high temperature methods and well done on the inside and CRC risk (case-only interaction OR = 1.53; 95% CI = 1.19-1.97; p = 0.0008) and the association between intake of red meat heavily browned on the outside and rectal cancer risk (case-only interaction OR = 0.65; 95% CI = 0.48-0.86; p = 0.003). We also found that GSTP1 Ile105Val might modify the association between intake of poultry cooked with high temperature methods and CRC risk (p = 0.0035), a finding that was stronger among rectal cancer cases. Our results support a role for heterocyclic amines that form in red meat as a potential explanation for the observed association between diets high in red meat and CRC. Our findings also suggest a possible role for diets high in poultry cooked at high temperatures in CRC risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, CA, USA
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Hakura A, Seki Y, Sonoda J, Hosokawa S, Aoki T, Suganuma A, Kerns WD, Tsukidate K. Rapid induction of colonic adenocarcinoma in mice exposed to benzo[a]pyrene and dextran sulfate sodium. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 49:2997-3001. [PMID: 21827817 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.07.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Revised: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we reported that the mutation frequency was markedly increased in the colon after the oral treatment of mice with an environmental mutagen/carcinogen, benzo[a]pyrene (BP); however this was not followed by tumor development. The reasons for this are as yet unresolved. The purpose of the present study is to explore the mechanisms why a high frequency of mutations induced by BP in the colon is not associated with subsequent tumor development. We show in this study that oral administration of BP to CD2F(1) mice at 125 mg/kg/day for 5 days can lead to adenocarcinomas in the mouse colon both at Weeks 4 (5/8 mice) and 11 (100% of mice), but only in the presence of inflammation induced by 4% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in the drinking water for up to 2 weeks. These data indicate that, in this DSS model, BP induced mutagenic events lead to tumors in the mouse colon, a tissue which is not a BP target organ. DSS-induced inflammation in a tissue primed with mutagenic risk is a key to the induction of tumors in this model. This study provides a novel, rapid and useful colon carcinogenesis model (BP/DSS model).
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Hakura
- Global Drug Safety, Eisai Co. Ltd., 5-1-3 Tokodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2635, Japan.
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