1
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Fukuda T, Komaki Y, Mori Y, Ibuki Y. Low extracellular pH inhibits nucleotide excision repair. Mutat Res 2021; 867:503374. [PMID: 34266626 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2021.503374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Nucleotide excision repair (NER) is the main pathway to repair bulky DNA damages including pyrimidine dimers, and the genetic dysregulation of NER associated proteins is well known to cause diseases such as cancer and neurological disorder. Other than the genetic defects, 'external factors' such as oxidative stress and environmental chemicals also affect NER. In this study, we examined the impact of extracellular pH on NER. We prepared the culture media, whose pH values are 8.4 (normal condition), 7.6, 6.6 and 6.2 under atmospheric CO2 conditions. Human keratinocytes, HaCaT, slightly died after 48 h incubation in DMEM at pH 8.4, 7.6 and 6.6, while in pH 6.2 condition, marked cell death was induced. UV-induced pyrimidine dimers, pyrimidine (6-4) pyrimidone photoproducts (6-4PPs) and cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs), were effectively repaired at 60 min and 24 h, respectively, which were remarkably inhibited at pH 6.6 and 6.2. The associated repair molecule, TFIIH, was accumulated to the damaged sites 5 min after UVC irradiation in all pH conditions, but the release was delayed as the pH got lower. Furthermore, accumulation of XPG at 5 min was delayed at pH 6.2 and 6.6, and the release at 60 min was completely suppressed. At the low pH, the DNA synthesis at the gaps created by incision of oligonucleotides containing pyrimidine dimers was significantly delayed. In this study, we found that the low extracellular pH inhibited NER pathway. This might partially contribute to carcinogenesis in inflamed tissues, which exhibit acidic pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Fukuda
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yukako Komaki
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yuta Mori
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yuko Ibuki
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
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2
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Baudoin NC, Bloomfield M. Karyotype Aberrations in Action: The Evolution of Cancer Genomes and the Tumor Microenvironment. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:558. [PMID: 33921421 PMCID: PMC8068843 DOI: 10.3390/genes12040558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a disease of cellular evolution. For this cellular evolution to take place, a population of cells must contain functional heterogeneity and an assessment of this heterogeneity in the form of natural selection. Cancer cells from advanced malignancies are genomically and functionally very different compared to the healthy cells from which they evolved. Genomic alterations include aneuploidy (numerical and structural changes in chromosome content) and polyploidy (e.g., whole genome doubling), which can have considerable effects on cell physiology and phenotype. Likewise, conditions in the tumor microenvironment are spatially heterogeneous and vastly different than in healthy tissues, resulting in a number of environmental niches that play important roles in driving the evolution of tumor cells. While a number of studies have documented abnormal conditions of the tumor microenvironment and the cellular consequences of aneuploidy and polyploidy, a thorough overview of the interplay between karyotypically abnormal cells and the tissue and tumor microenvironments is not available. Here, we examine the evidence for how this interaction may unfold during tumor evolution. We describe a bidirectional interplay in which aneuploid and polyploid cells alter and shape the microenvironment in which they and their progeny reside; in turn, this microenvironment modulates the rate of genesis for new karyotype aberrations and selects for cells that are most fit under a given condition. We conclude by discussing the importance of this interaction for tumor evolution and the possibility of leveraging our understanding of this interplay for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolaas C. Baudoin
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences and Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Mathew Bloomfield
- Department of Biological Sciences and Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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3
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Eslami M, Sadrifar S, Karbalaei M, Keikha M, Kobyliak NM, Yousefi B. Importance of the Microbiota Inhibitory Mechanism on the Warburg Effect in Colorectal Cancer Cells. J Gastrointest Cancer 2021; 51:738-747. [PMID: 31735976 DOI: 10.1007/s12029-019-00329-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
METHODS AND RESULTS Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in the world. Genetic backgrounds, lifestyle, and diet play an important role in CRC risk. The human gut microbiota has an influence on many features of human physiology such as metabolism, nutrient absorption, and immune function. Imbalance of the microbiota has been implicated in many disorders including CRC. It seems Warburg effect hypothesis corresponds to the early beginning of carcinogenesis because of eventual failure in the synthesis of a pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in cooperation with a supply of glucose in carbohydrates rich diets. From investigation among previous publications, we attempted to make it clear importance of Warburg effect in tumors; it also discusses the mechanisms of probiotics in inhibiting tumor progression and reverse Warburg effect of probiotics in modulating the microbiota and CRC therapies. These effects were observed in some clinical trials, the application of probiotics as a therapeutic agent against CRC still requirements further investigation. CONCLUSION Fiber is fermented by colonic bacteria into SCFAs such as butyrate/acetate, which may play a vital role in normal homeostasis by promoting turnover of the colonic epithelium. Butyrate enters the nucleus and functions as a histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi). Because cancerous colonocytes undertake the Warburg effect pathway, their favored energy source is glucose instead of butyrate. Therefore, accumulation of moderate concentrations of butyrate in cancerous colonocytes and role as HDACi. Probiotics have been shown to play a protective role against cancer development by modulating intestinal microbiota and immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Eslami
- Cancer Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Sina Sadrifar
- Department of Immunology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Mohsen Karbalaei
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
| | - Masoud Keikha
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Nazarii M Kobyliak
- Department of Endocrinology, Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Bahman Yousefi
- Department of Immunology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
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4
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Smart M, Goyal S, Zilman A. Roles of phenotypic heterogeneity and microenvironment feedback in early tumor development. Phys Rev E 2021; 103:032407. [PMID: 33862830 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.103.032407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The local microenvironment of a tumor plays an important and commonly observed role in cancer development and progression. Dynamic changes in the tissue microenvironment are thought to epigenetically disrupt healthy cellular phenotypes and drive cancer incidence. Despite the experimental work in this area there are no conceptual models to understand the interplay between the epigenetic dysregulation in the microenvironment of early tumors and the appearance of cancer driver mutations. Here, we develop a minimal model of the tissue microenvironment which considers three interacting subpopulations: healthy, phenotypically dysregulated, and mutated cancer cells. Healthy cells can epigenetically (reversibly) transition to the dysregulated phenotype, and from there to the cancer state. The epigenetic transition rates of noncancer cells can be influenced by the number of cancer cells in the microenvironment (termed microenvironment feedback). Our model delineates the regime in which microenvironment feedback accelerates the rate of cancer initiation. In addition, the model shows when and how microenvironment feedback may inhibit cancer progression. We discuss how our framework may provide resolution to some of the puzzling experimental observations of slow cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Smart
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, 60 St George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A7, Canada
| | - Sidhartha Goyal
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, 60 St George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A7, Canada.,Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Anton Zilman
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, 60 St George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A7, Canada.,Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
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5
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Kaplan AR, Glazer PM. Impact of hypoxia on DNA repair and genome integrity. Mutagenesis 2021; 35:61-68. [PMID: 31282537 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gez019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is a hallmark of the tumour microenvironment with profound effects on tumour biology, influencing cancer progression, the development of metastasis and patient outcome. Hypoxia also contributes to genomic instability and mutation frequency by inhibiting DNA repair pathways. This review summarises the diverse mechanisms by which hypoxia affects DNA repair, including suppression of homology-directed repair, mismatch repair and base excision repair. We also discuss the effects of hypoxia mimetics and agents that induce hypoxia on DNA repair, and we highlight areas of potential clinical relevance as well as future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alanna R Kaplan
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Experimental Pathology, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Peter M Glazer
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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6
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Saitoh T, Oda T. DNA Damage Response in Multiple Myeloma: The Role of the Tumor Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:504. [PMID: 33525741 PMCID: PMC7865954 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable plasma cell malignancy characterized by genomic instability. MM cells present various forms of genetic instability, including chromosomal instability, microsatellite instability, and base-pair alterations, as well as changes in chromosome number. The tumor microenvironment and an abnormal DNA repair function affect genetic instability in this disease. In addition, states of the tumor microenvironment itself, such as inflammation and hypoxia, influence the DNA damage response, which includes DNA repair mechanisms, cell cycle checkpoints, and apoptotic pathways. Unrepaired DNA damage in tumor cells has been shown to exacerbate genomic instability and aberrant features that enable MM progression and drug resistance. This review provides an overview of the DNA repair pathways, with a special focus on their function in MM, and discusses the role of the tumor microenvironment in governing DNA repair mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Saitoh
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Gunma University, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Oda
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8512, Japan;
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7
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Kapeleris J, Kulasinghe A, Warkiani ME, Oleary C, Vela I, Leo P, Sternes P, O'Byrne K, Punyadeera C. Ex vivo culture of circulating tumour cells derived from non-small cell lung cancer. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2020; 9:1795-1809. [PMID: 33209602 PMCID: PMC7653113 DOI: 10.21037/tlcr-20-521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Tumour tissue-based information is limited. Liquid biopsy can provide valuable real-time information through circulating tumour cells (CTCs). Profiling and expanding CTCs may provide avenues to study transient metastatic disease. Methods Seventy non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients were recruited. CTCs were enriched using the spiral microfluidic chip and a RosetteSep™ using bloods from NSCLC patients. CTC cultures were carried out using the Clevers media under hypoxic conditions. CTCs were characterized using immunofluorescence and mutation-specific antibodies for samples with known mutation profiles. Exome sequencing was used to characterized CTC cultures. Results CTCs (>2 cells) were detected in 38/70 (54.3%) of patients ranging from 0 to 385 CTCs per 7.5 mL blood. In 4/5 patients where primary tumours harboured an EGFR exon 19 deletion, this EGFR mutation was also captured in CTCs. ALK translocation was confirmed on CTCs from a patient harbouring an ALK-rearrangement in the primary tumour. Short term CTC cultures were successfully generated in 9/70 NSCLC patients. Whole exome sequencing (WES) confirmed the presence of somatic mutations in the CTC cultures with mutational signatures consistent with NSCLC. Conclusions We were able to detect CTCs in >50% of NSCLC patients. NSCLC patients with >2 CTCs had a poor prognosis. The short-term CTC culture success rate was 12.9%. Further optimization of this culture methodology may provide a means by which to expand CTCs derived from NSCLC patient’s bloods. CTC cultures allow for expansion of cells to a critical mass, allowing for functional characterization of CTCs with the goal of drug sensitivity testing and the creation of CTC cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kapeleris
- Saliva and Liquid Biopsy Translational Research Team, The School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia.,Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Arutha Kulasinghe
- Saliva and Liquid Biopsy Translational Research Team, The School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia.,Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Majid Ebrahimi Warkiani
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Ultimo NSW, Australia
| | - Connor Oleary
- Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Australia.,Department of Medical Oncology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ian Vela
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre, Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia.,The School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia.,Department of Urology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Paul Leo
- Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Australia.,The School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia
| | - Peter Sternes
- Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Australia.,The School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kenneth O'Byrne
- Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Australia.,Department of Medical Oncology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Chamindie Punyadeera
- Saliva and Liquid Biopsy Translational Research Team, The School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia.,Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Australia
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8
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Saeki K, Onishi H, Koga S, Ichimiya S, Nakayama K, Oyama Y, Kawamoto M, Sakihama K, Yamamoto T, Matsuda R, Miyasaka Y, Nakamura M, Oda Y. FAM115C could be a novel tumor suppressor associated with prolonged survival in pancreatic cancer patients. J Cancer 2020; 11:2289-2302. [PMID: 32127956 PMCID: PMC7052938 DOI: 10.7150/jca.38399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is a characteristic feature of the tumor microenvironment in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). We have recently explored new targeting molecules and pathways in PDAC cells under hypoxic conditions. In this study, we performed a microarray experiment to analyze the genes up-regulated in PDAC cell lines under hypoxia compared to normoxia, and identified human family with sequence similarity 115, member C (FAM115C) as a candidate gene for further study. Our data showed that FAM115C was overexpressed in PDAC cell lines under hypoxia, and FAM115C inhibition promoted PDAC cell migration and invasion in vitro. FAM115C inhibition did not affect tumor cell proliferation in PDAC. Immunohistochemically, FAM115C expression was observed ubiquitously in normal pancreas, pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) and PDAC tissue, and it was located mainly in the nucleus but also in the cytoplasm of cells. In qPCR analysis, high expression of FAM115C was correlated with better prognosis in patients with PDAC. Our findings suggest that FAM115C could be a novel tumor suppressor associated with prolonged survival in patients with PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoshi Saeki
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Cancer Therapy and Research, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hideya Onishi
- Department of Cancer Therapy and Research, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Satoko Koga
- Department of Cancer Therapy and Research, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shu Ichimiya
- Department of Cancer Therapy and Research, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazunori Nakayama
- Department of Cancer Therapy and Research, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Oyama
- Department of Cancer Therapy and Research, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Makoto Kawamoto
- Department of Cancer Therapy and Research, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kukiko Sakihama
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takeo Yamamoto
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ryota Matsuda
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Miyasaka
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masafumi Nakamura
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshinao Oda
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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9
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Raghubeer S, Nagiah S, Chuturgoon A. Ochratoxin A upregulates biomarkers associated with hypoxia and transformation in human kidney cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 57:211-216. [PMID: 30876885 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cellular adaptation to hypoxia is controlled by hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α), a transcription factor activated in response to oxygen tension, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammation. Overexpression of HIF1α and HSP90 has been associated with cancer induction. Ochratoxin A (OTA), a mycotoxin contaminant of food and beverages, has been linked to renal tumours and progressive nephropathies, inflammation and pro-oxidation. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of OTA on hypoxic and transformative regulators in human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells. We evaluated the protein expression of HIF1α, HSP90 and PDK1 (western blotting), mRNA expression of HIF1α, VEGF, EPO and TGFβ (qPCR), and ATP levels (luminometry) in HEK293 cells exposed to a range of OTA concentrations (0.125 μM-0.5 μM) over two time periods (24 h and 48 h). After 24 h, OTA increased HIF1α protein (p < 0.005) and EPO gene expression (p < 0.05), while VEGF and TGFβ was significantly increased at 48 h. We also observed a correlation between PDK1 expression and ATP levels. In conclusion, OTA disrupts hypoxia regulation, modulates metabolic activity, and alters growth signalling (VEGF, TGFβ), which may lead to tumourigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanel Raghubeer
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Kwa-Zulu Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Savania Nagiah
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Kwa-Zulu Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Anil Chuturgoon
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Kwa-Zulu Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa.
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10
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Ma Y, Cui D, Xiong X, Inuzuka H, Wei W, Sun Y, North BJ, Zhao Y. SCFβ-TrCP ubiquitinates CHK1 in an AMPK-dependent manner in response to glucose deprivation. Mol Oncol 2018; 13:307-321. [PMID: 30428154 PMCID: PMC6360357 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The ATR/CHK1 pathway is a key effector of cellular response to DNA damage and therefore is a critical regulator of genomic stability. While the ATR/CHK1 pathway is often inactivated by mutations, CHK1 itself is rarely mutated in human cancers. Thus, cellular levels of CHK1 likely play a key role in the maintenance of genomic stability and preventing tumorigenesis. Glucose deprivation is observed in many solid tumors due to high glycolytic rates of cancer cells and insufficient vascularization, yet cancer cells have devised mechanisms to survive in conditions of low glucose. Although CHK1 degradation through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway following glucose deprivation has been previously reported, the detailed molecular mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we show that CHK1 is ubiquitinated and degraded upon glucose deprivation by the Skp1-Cullin-F-box (β-TrCP) E3 ubiquitin ligase. Specifically, CHK1 contains a β-TrCP recognizable degron domain, which is phosphorylated by AMPK in response to glucose deprivation, allowing for β-TrCP to recognize CHK1 for subsequent ubiquitination and degradation. Our results provide a novel mechanism by which glucose metabolism regulates a DNA damage effector, and imply that glucose deprivation, which is often found in solid tumor microenvironments, may enhance mutagenesis, clonal expansion, and tumor progression by triggering CHK1 degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ma
- Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Danrui Cui
- Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiufang Xiong
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hiroyuki Inuzuka
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Center for Advanced Stem Cell and Regenerative Research, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Wenyi Wei
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yi Sun
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Brian J North
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yongchao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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11
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Abstract
The synthesis and characterization of three metalla-rectangles of the general formula [Ru4(η6-p-cymene)4(μ4-clip)2(μ2-Lanthr)2][CF3SO3]4 (Lanthr: 9,10-bis(3,3’-ethynylpyridyl) anthracene; clip = oxa: oxalato; dobq: 2,5-dioxido-1,4-benzoquinonato; donq: 5,8-dioxido-1,4-naphthoquinonato) are presented. The molecular structure of the metalla-rectangle [Ru4(η6-p-cymene)4(μ4-oxa)2(μ2-Lanthr)2]4+ has been confirmed by the single-crystal X-ray structure analysis of [Ru4(η6-p-cymene)4(μ4-oxa)2(μ2-Lanthr)2][CF3SO3]4 · 4 acetone (A2 · 4 acetone), thus showing the anthracene moieties to be available for reaction with oxygen. While the formation of the endoperoxide form of Lanthr was observed in solution upon white light irradiation, the same reaction does not occur when Lanthr is part of the metalla-assemblies.
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12
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Shen M, Kang Y. Complex interplay between tumor microenvironment and cancer therapy. Front Med 2018; 12:426-439. [PMID: 30097962 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-018-0663-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Tumor microenvironment (TME) is comprised of cellular and non-cellular components that exist within and around the tumor mass. The TME is highly dynamic and its importance in different stages of cancer progression has been well recognized. A growing body of evidence suggests that TME also plays pivotal roles in cancer treatment responses. TME is significantly remodeled upon cancer therapies, and such change either enhances the responses or induces drug resistance. Given the importance of TME in tumor progression and therapy resistance, strategies that remodel TME to improve therapeutic responses are under developing. In this review, we provide an overview of the essential components in TME and the remodeling of TME in response to anti-cancer treatments. We also summarize the strategies that aim to enhance therapeutic efficacy by modulating TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhong Shen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Yibin Kang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA.
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13
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Podoplanin-positive cancer-associated fibroblast recruitment within cancer stroma is associated with a higher number of single nucleotide variants in cancer cells in lung adenocarcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2018; 144:893-900. [PMID: 29511884 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-018-2619-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Podoplanin-positive cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) play an essential role in tumor progression. However, it is still unclear whether specific genomic alterations of cancer cells are required to recruit podoplanin-positive CAFs. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the mutation status of lung adenocarcinoma cells and the presence of podoplanin-positive CAFs. METHODS Ninety-seven lung adenocarcinomas for which whole exome sequencing data were available were enrolled. First, we analyzed the clinicopathological features of the cases, and then, evaluated the relationship between genetic features of cancer cells (major driver mutations and the number of single nucleotide variants, SNVs) and the presence of podoplanin-positive CAFs. RESULTS The presence of podoplanin-positive CAFs was associated with smoking history, solid predominant subtype, and lymph node metastasis. We could not find any significant correlations between major genetic mutations (EGFR, KRAS, TP53, MET, ERBB2, BRAF, and PIC3CA) in cancer cells and the presence of podoplanin-positive CAFs. However, cases with podoplanin-positive CAFs had a significantly higher number of SNVs in cancer cells than the podoplanin-negative CAFs cases (median 84 vs 37, respectively; p = 0.001). This was also detected in a non-smoker subgroup (p = 0.037). Multivariate analyses revealed that the number of SNVs in cancer cells was the only statistically significant independent predictor for the presence of podoplanin-positive CAFs (p = 0.044). CONCLUSIONS In lung adenocarcinoma, the presence of podoplanin-positive CAFs was associated with higher numbers of SNVs in cancer cells, suggesting a relationship between accumulations of SNVs in cancer cells and the generation of a tumor-promoting microenvironment.
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14
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Scanlon SE, Hegan DC, Sulkowski PL, Glazer PM. Suppression of homology-dependent DNA double-strand break repair induces PARP inhibitor sensitivity in VHL-deficient human renal cell carcinoma. Oncotarget 2018; 9:4647-4660. [PMID: 29435132 PMCID: PMC5797003 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor gene is inactivated in the vast majority of human clear cell renal carcinomas. The pathogenesis of VHL loss is currently best understood to occur through stabilization of the hypoxia-inducible factors, activation of hypoxia-induced signaling pathways, and transcriptional reprogramming towards a pro-angiogenic and pro-growth state. However, hypoxia also drives other pro-tumorigenic processes, including the development of genomic instability via down-regulation of DNA repair gene expression. Here, we find that DNA repair genes involved in double-strand break repair by homologous recombination (HR) and in mismatch repair, which are down-regulated by hypoxic stress, are decreased in VHL-deficient renal cancer cells relative to wild type VHL-complemented cells. Functionally, this gene repression is associated with impaired DNA double-strand break repair in VHL-deficient cells, as determined by the persistence of ionizing radiation-induced DNA double-strand breaks and reduced repair activity in a homology-dependent plasmid reactivation assay. Furthermore, VHL deficiency conferred increased sensitivity to PARP inhibitors, analogous to the synthetic lethality observed between hypoxia and these agents. Finally, we discovered a correlation between VHL inactivation and reduced HR gene expression in a large panel of human renal carcinoma samples. Together, our data elucidate a novel connection between VHL-deficient renal carcinoma and hypoxia-induced down-regulation of DNA repair, and identify potential opportunities for targeting DNA repair defects in human renal cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E. Scanlon
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Denise C. Hegan
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Parker L. Sulkowski
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Peter M. Glazer
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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15
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Matherly LH, Hou Z, Gangjee A. The promise and challenges of exploiting the proton-coupled folate transporter for selective therapeutic targeting of cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2018; 81:1-15. [PMID: 29127457 PMCID: PMC5756103 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-017-3473-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This review considers the "promise" of exploiting the proton-coupled folate transporter (PCFT) for selective therapeutic targeting of cancer. PCFT was discovered in 2006 and was identified as the principal folate transporter involved in the intestinal absorption of dietary folates. The recognition that PCFT was highly expressed in many tumors stimulated substantial interest in using PCFT for cytotoxic drug targeting, taking advantage of its high level transport activity under the acidic pH conditions that characterize many tumors. For pemetrexed, among the best PCFT substrates, transport by PCFT establishes its importance as a clinically important transporter in malignant pleural mesothelioma and non-small cell lung cancer. In recent years, the notion of PCFT-targeting has been extended to a new generation of tumor-targeted 6-substituted pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine compounds that are structurally and functionally distinct from pemetrexed, and that exhibit near exclusive transport by PCFT and potent inhibition of de novo purine nucleotide biosynthesis. Based on compelling preclinical evidence in a wide range of human tumor models, it is now time to advance the most optimized PCFT-targeted agents with the best balance of PCFT transport specificity and potent antitumor efficacy to the clinic to validate this novel paradigm of highly selective tumor targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry H Matherly
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, 421 East Canfield Street, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
| | - Zhanjun Hou
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, 421 East Canfield Street, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Aleem Gangjee
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA
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16
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Abstract
Evofosfamide, also formerly known as TH-302, is an investigational hypoxia-activated prodrug and is used to target cancerous cells under hypoxic conditions, which is a feature possessed by multiple solid tumors including pancreatic tumors. Gemcitabine, a cytotoxic agent, has for many years been the standard first-line treatment for metastatic pancreatic cancer in patients. In recent years, combination chemotherapeutic therapies have provided a new avenue for molecular targeting by increasing the probability of eliminating the cancer and minimizing the likelihood of resistance. We have evaluated multiple studies in an effort to shed light on an emerging prodrug, evofosfamide, which operates by selectively targeting the tumor hypoxic compartment. A web-based literature search was performed through PubMed and Google Scholar using the keywords 'evofosfamide', 'TH-302,' and 'pancreatic tumor.' Of the available results, 53 relevant studies were reviewed and summarized. Chemotherapeutic agents such as evofosfamide, which targets tumor hypoxia, are new agents against cancer cells. Current experience with these agents is limited as additional and longer prospective studies are needed to further evaluate the clinical efficacy and postmarketing safety profile.
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17
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Huang R, Zong X. Aberrant cancer metabolism in epithelial–mesenchymal transition and cancer metastasis: Mechanisms in cancer progression. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2017; 115:13-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
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18
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Bu H, Xu X, Chen J, Cui Y, Wang LQ. Synthesis of a hemoglobin-conjugated triblock copolymer for oxygen carrying and specific recognition of cancer cells. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra09747f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Considering that hypoxia causes resistance to anti-cancer therapeutics, we synthesized a hemoglobin-based nanocarrier for oxygen carrying and recognition of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixuan Bu
- The Department of Polymer Science and Engineering of Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Xin Xu
- The Department of Polymer Science and Engineering of Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Jiaming Chen
- The Department of Polymer Science and Engineering of Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Yuecheng Cui
- The Department of Polymer Science and Engineering of Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Li-Qun Wang
- The Department of Polymer Science and Engineering of Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
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19
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Kumar R, Kim EJ, Han J, Lee H, Shin WS, Kim HM, Bhuniya S, Kim JS, Hong KS. Hypoxia-directed and activated theranostic agent: Imaging and treatment of solid tumor. Biomaterials 2016; 104:119-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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20
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Kim S, Ahn SH, Yang HY, Lee JS, Choi HG, Park YK, Lee TH. Modification of cysteine 457 in plakoglobin modulates the proliferation and migration of colorectal cancer cells by altering binding to E-cadherin/catenins. Redox Rep 2016; 22:272-281. [PMID: 27571934 DOI: 10.1080/13510002.2016.1215120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In tissue samples from patients with colorectal cancer (CRC), oxidation of C420 and C457 of plakoglobin (Pg) within tumor tissue was identified by proteomic analysis. The aim of this study was to identify the roles of Pg C420 and C457. METHODS Human CRC tissues, CRC and breast cancer cells, and normal mouse colon were prepared to validate Pg oxidation. MC38 cells were co-transfected with E-cadherin plus wild type (WT) or mutant (C420S or C457S) Pg to evaluate protein interactions and cellular localization, proliferation, and migration. RESULTS Pg was more oxidized in stage III CRC tumor tissue than in non-tumor tissue. Similar oxidation of Pg was elicited by H2O2 treatment in normal colon and cancer cells. C457S Pg exhibited diminished binding to E-cadherin and α-catenin, and reduced the assembly of E-cadherin-α-/β-catenin complexes. Correspondingly, immunofluorescent analysis of Pg cellular localization suggested impaired binding of C457S Pg to membranes. Cell migration and proliferation were also suppressed in C457S-expressing cells. DISCUSSION Pg appears to be redox-sensitive in cancer, and the C457 modification may impair cell migration and proliferation by affecting its interaction with the E-cadherin/catenin axis. Our findings suggest that redox-sensitive cysteines of Pg may be the targets for CRC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhee Kim
- a Department of Oral Biochemistry , Dental Science Research Institute, Medical Research Center for Biomineralization Disorders, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University , Gwangju , Republic of Korea.,b Department of Molecular Medicine (BK21plus) , Chonnam National University Graduate School , Gwangju , Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Hee Ahn
- a Department of Oral Biochemistry , Dental Science Research Institute, Medical Research Center for Biomineralization Disorders, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University , Gwangju , Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Young Yang
- a Department of Oral Biochemistry , Dental Science Research Institute, Medical Research Center for Biomineralization Disorders, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University , Gwangju , Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Sil Lee
- a Department of Oral Biochemistry , Dental Science Research Institute, Medical Research Center for Biomineralization Disorders, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University , Gwangju , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyang-Gi Choi
- a Department of Oral Biochemistry , Dental Science Research Institute, Medical Research Center for Biomineralization Disorders, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University , Gwangju , Republic of Korea.,b Department of Molecular Medicine (BK21plus) , Chonnam National University Graduate School , Gwangju , Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Kyu Park
- c Department of Surgery , Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital , Hwasun , Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hoon Lee
- a Department of Oral Biochemistry , Dental Science Research Institute, Medical Research Center for Biomineralization Disorders, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University , Gwangju , Republic of Korea.,b Department of Molecular Medicine (BK21plus) , Chonnam National University Graduate School , Gwangju , Republic of Korea
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21
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Payen VL, Porporato PE, Baselet B, Sonveaux P. Metabolic changes associated with tumor metastasis, part 1: tumor pH, glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:1333-48. [PMID: 26626411 PMCID: PMC11108399 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2098-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic adaptations are intimately associated with changes in cell behavior. Cancers are characterized by a high metabolic plasticity resulting from mutations and the selection of metabolic phenotypes conferring growth and invasive advantages. While metabolic plasticity allows cancer cells to cope with various microenvironmental situations that can be encountered in a primary tumor, there is increasing evidence that metabolism is also a major driver of cancer metastasis. Rather than a general switch promoting metastasis as a whole, a succession of metabolic adaptations is more likely needed to promote different steps of the metastatic process. This review addresses the contribution of pH, glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway, and a companion paper summarizes current knowledge regarding the contribution of mitochondria, lipids and amino acid metabolism. Extracellular acidification, intracellular alkalinization, the glycolytic enzyme phosphoglucose isomerase acting as an autocrine cytokine, lactate and the pentose phosphate pathway are emerging as important factors controlling cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valéry L Payen
- Pole of Pharmacology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Avenue Emmanuel Mounier 52, box B1.53.09, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Paolo E Porporato
- Pole of Pharmacology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Avenue Emmanuel Mounier 52, box B1.53.09, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bjorn Baselet
- Pole of Pharmacology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Avenue Emmanuel Mounier 52, box B1.53.09, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK∙CEN, 2400, Mol, Belgium
| | - Pierre Sonveaux
- Pole of Pharmacology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Avenue Emmanuel Mounier 52, box B1.53.09, 1200, Brussels, Belgium.
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22
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Fu H, Yang H, Zhang X, Xu W. The emerging roles of exosomes in tumor-stroma interaction. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2016; 142:1897-907. [PMID: 26987524 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-016-2145-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The tumor-stroma interaction is critical for the development and progression of cancer. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), one of the major components of the tumor stroma, can promote tumor growth and metastasis. Exosomes are secreted microvesicles that mediate cell-to-cell communication. Exosomal contents, including proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids, can be shuttled from donor cells to target cells. Recent studies suggest that exosomes play important roles in the tumor-stroma interaction. Herein, we review the multifaceted roles of exosomes in the tumor-stroma interaction and the underlying molecular mechanisms. METHODS Literature search for all relevant publications was performed on PubMed databases. The keywords of exosomes, tumor, stroma, CAFs, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and other closely related terms were used for searching. RESULTS Tumor cell-derived exosomes induce the differentiation of fibroblasts and MSCs into CAFs. In turn, exosomes secreted by CAFs promote tumor growth, metastasis, and drug resistance through distinct mechanisms. Moreover, exosomes from stromal cells can be used as therapeutic vehicles for the delivery of anticancer drugs. CONCLUSIONS Tumor cells communicate with CAFs through exosomes, which establishes a bidirectional cross talk to promote tumor growth, metastasis, and drug resistance. Targeting exosomes in tumor-stroma interaction may have important implications for anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Fu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huan Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, 215004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Wenrong Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China. .,The Affiliated Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China.
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23
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Vallabhaneni KC, Penfornis P, Dhule S, Guillonneau F, Adams KV, Mo YY, Xu R, Liu Y, Watabe K, Vemuri MC, Pochampally R. Extracellular vesicles from bone marrow mesenchymal stem/stromal cells transport tumor regulatory microRNA, proteins, and metabolites. Oncotarget 2016; 6:4953-67. [PMID: 25669974 PMCID: PMC4467126 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (hMSCs) have been shown to support breast cancer cell proliferation and metastasis, partly through their secretome. hMSCs have a remarkable ability to survive for long periods under stress, and their secretome is tumor supportive. In this study, we have characterized the cargo of extracellular vesicular (EV) fraction (that is in the size range of 40-150nm) of serum deprived hMSCs (SD-MSCs). Next Generation Sequencing assays were used to identify small RNA secreted in the EVs, which indicated presence of tumor supportive miRNA. Further assays demonstrated the role of miRNA-21 and 34a as tumor supportive miRNAs. Next, proteomic assays revealed the presence of ≈150 different proteins, most of which are known tumor supportive factors such as PDGFR-β, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2. Lipidomic assays verified presence of bioactive lipids such as sphingomyelin. Furthermore, metabolite assays identified the presence of lactic acid and glutamic acid in EVs. The co-injection xenograft assays using MCF-7 breast cancer cells demonstrated the tumor supportive function of these EVs. To our knowledge this is the first comprehensive -omics based study that characterized the complex cargo of extracellular vesicles secreted by hMSCs and their role in supporting breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrice Penfornis
- Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Santosh Dhule
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Francois Guillonneau
- 3P5 Proteomic Platform of the Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Kristen V Adams
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Yin Yuan Mo
- Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Rui Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Yiming Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Kounosuke Watabe
- Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Mohan C Vemuri
- Stem Cell Biology, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Radhika Pochampally
- Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
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24
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Rupp NJ, Schüffler PJ, Zhong Q, Falkner F, Rechsteiner M, Rüschoff JH, Fankhauser C, Drach M, Largo R, Tremp M, Poyet C, Sulser T, Kristiansen G, Moch H, Buhmann J, Müntener M, Wild PJ. Oxygen supply maps for hypoxic microenvironment visualization in prostate cancer. J Pathol Inform 2016; 7:3. [PMID: 26955501 PMCID: PMC4763504 DOI: 10.4103/2153-3539.175376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Intratumoral hypoxia plays an important role with regard to tumor biology and susceptibility to radio- and chemotherapy. For further investigation of hypoxia-related changes, areas of certain hypoxia must be reliably detected within cancer tissues. Pimonidazole, a 2-nitroimindazole, accumulates in hypoxic tissue and can be easily visualized using immunohistochemistry. Materials and Methods: To improve detection of highly hypoxic versus normoxic areas in prostate cancer, immunoreactivity of pimonidazole and a combination of known hypoxia-related proteins was used to create computational oxygen supply maps of prostate cancer. Pimonidazole was intravenously administered before radical prostatectomy in n = 15 patients, using the da Vinci robot-assisted surgical system. Prostatectomy specimens were immediately transferred into buffered formaldehyde, fixed overnight, and completely embedded in paraffin. Pimonidazole accumulation and hypoxia-related protein expression were visualized by immunohistochemistry. Oxygen supply maps were created using the normalized information from pimonidazole and hypoxia-related proteins. Results: Based on pimonidazole staining and other hypoxia.related proteins (osteopontin, hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha, and glucose transporter member 1) oxygen supply maps in prostate cancer were created. Overall, oxygen supply maps consisting of information from all hypoxia-related proteins showed high correlation and mutual information to the golden standard of pimonidazole. Here, we describe an improved computer-based ex vivo model for an accurate detection of oxygen supply in human prostate cancer tissue. Conclusions: This platform can be used for precise colocalization of novel candidate hypoxia-related proteins in a representative number of prostate cancer cases, and improve issues of single marker correlations. Furthermore, this study provides a source for further in situ tests and biochemical investigations
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels J Rupp
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 12, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter J Schüffler
- Department of Computer Science, ETH Zurich, Universitaetstr 6, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Qing Zhong
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 12, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Florian Falkner
- Institute of Pathology, Cantonal Hospital Winterthur, Brauerstrasse 15, 8401 Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - Markus Rechsteiner
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 12, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jan H Rüschoff
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 12, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Fankhauser
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 12, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Drach
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 12, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Remo Largo
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mathias Tremp
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Spitalstrasse 21, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cedric Poyet
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tullio Sulser
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Glen Kristiansen
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Holger Moch
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 12, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Joachim Buhmann
- Department of Computer Science, ETH Zurich, Universitaetstr 6, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Müntener
- Department of Urology, City Hospital Triemli, Birmensdorferstrasse 497, 8063 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter J Wild
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 12, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
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25
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Roh SH, Kasembeli M, Bakthavatsalam D, Chiu W, Tweardy DJ. Contribution of the Type II Chaperonin, TRiC/CCT, to Oncogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:26706-20. [PMID: 26561808 PMCID: PMC4661834 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161125975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The folding of newly synthesized proteins and the maintenance of pre-existing proteins are essential in sustaining a living cell. A network of molecular chaperones tightly guides the folding, intracellular localization, and proteolytic turnover of proteins. Many of the key regulators of cell growth and differentiation have been identified as clients of molecular chaperones, which implies that chaperones are potential mediators of oncogenesis. In this review, we briefly provide an overview of the role of chaperones, including HSP70 and HSP90, in cancer. We further summarize and highlight the emerging the role of chaperonin TRiC (T-complex protein-1 ring complex, also known as CCT) in the development and progression of cancer mediated through its critical interactions with oncogenic clients that modulate growth deregulation, apoptosis, and genome instability in cancer cells. Elucidation of how TRiC modulates the folding and function of oncogenic clients will provide strategies for developing novel cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soung-Hun Roh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Moses Kasembeli
- Division of Internal Medicine, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | | | - Wah Chiu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - David J Tweardy
- Division of Internal Medicine, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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26
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Silencing of the DNA mismatch repair gene MLH1 induced by hypoxic stress in a pathway dependent on the histone demethylase LSD1. Cell Rep 2014; 8:501-13. [PMID: 25043185 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Silencing of MLH1 is frequently seen in sporadic colorectal cancers. We show here that hypoxia causes decreased histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4) methylation at the MLH1 promoter via the action of the H3K4 demethylases LSD1 and PLU-1 and promotes durable long-term silencing in a pathway that requires LSD1. Knockdown of LSD1 or its corepressor, CoREST, also prevents the resilencing (and associated cytosine DNA methylation) of the endogenous MLH1 promoter in RKO colon cancer cells following transient reactivation by treatment with the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-aza-dC). The results demonstrate that hypoxia is a driving force for silencing of MLH1 and that the LSD1/CoREST complex is necessary for this process. The results reveal a mechanism by which hypoxia promotes cancer cell evolution to drive malignant progression through epigenetic modulation. Our findings suggest that LSD1/CoREST acts as a colon cancer oncogene by epigenetically silencing MLH1 and also identify the LSD1/CoREST complex as a potential target for therapy.
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Hompland T, Ellingsen C, Galappathi K, Rofstad EK. Connective tissue of cervical carcinoma xenografts: associations with tumor hypoxia and interstitial fluid pressure and its assessment by DCE-MRI and DW-MRI. Acta Oncol 2014; 53:6-15. [PMID: 23445339 DOI: 10.3109/0284186x.2013.773073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Abstract Background. A high fraction of stroma in malignant tissues is associated with tumor progression, metastasis, and poor prognosis. Possible correlations between the stromal and physiologic microenvironments of tumors and the potential of dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) and diffusion-weighted (DW) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in quantification of the stromal microenvironment were investigated in this study. Material and methods. CK-160 cervical carcinoma xenografts were used as preclinical tumor model. A total of 43 tumors were included in the study, and of these tumors, 17 were used to search for correlations between the stromal and physiologic microenvironments, 11 were subjected to DCE-MRI, and 15 were subjected to DW-MRI. DCE-MRI and DW-MRI were carried out at 1.5 T with a clinical MR scanner and a slotted tube resonator transceiver coil constructed for mice. Fraction of connective tissue (CTFCol) and fraction of hypoxic tissue (HFPim) were determined by immunohistochemistry. A Millar SPC 320 catheter was used to measure tumor interstitial fluid pressure (IFP). Results. CTFCol showed a positive correlation to IFP and an inverse correlation to HFPim. The apparent diffusion coefficient assessed by DW-MRI was inversely correlated to CTFCol, whereas no correlation was found between DCE-MRI-derived parameters and CTFCol. Conclusion. DW-MRI is a potentially useful method for characterizing the stromal microenvironment of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tord Hompland
- Group of Radiation Biology and Tumor Physiology, Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway
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Skvortsova I, Skvortsov S, Haidenberger A, Devries A, Nevinny-Stickel M, Saurer M, Lukas P, Seppi T. Effects of Paclitaxel and Docetaxel on EGFR-Expressing Human Carcinoma Cells Under Normoxic Versus Hypoxic ConditionsIn Vitro. J Chemother 2013; 16:372-80. [PMID: 15332713 DOI: 10.1179/joc.2004.16.4.372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Human malignant tumors, such as non-small lung, breast, ovarian, head and neck, prostate, stomach and colorectal cancers express a number of growth factor receptors (e.g. EGFR or EGFR family members) that are regulated by tumor hypoxia and contribute to tumor growth and failure of cytotoxic therapy. Paclitaxel and docetaxel are indispensable substances in the treatment of these tumors. Despite the active clinical use of taxanes, little is known about their cytotoxic activity under hypoxia. The aim of the present work was to compare the cytotoxic effect of taxanes, paclitaxel and docetaxel on the EGFR-expressing carcinoma cell lines A431, MDA-MB-231 and NCI-H358 under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. The two taxanes caused different cell cycle distribution and varying aneuploid cell formation under hypoxia. EGFR-overexpressing carcinoma cells showed hypoxia to severely affect the cytotoxicity of paclitaxel, whereas docetaxel preserved its tumor cell-killing activity even at lowest concentrations (0.5 nM), as was observed for both taxanes under normoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Skvortsova
- Department of Radiotherapy-Radiooncology, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstr. 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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Redler G, Epel B, Halpern HJ. Principal component analysis enhances SNR for dynamic electron paramagnetic resonance oxygen imaging of cycling hypoxia in vivo. Magn Reson Med 2013; 71:440-50. [PMID: 23401214 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.24631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Low oxygen concentration (hypoxia) in tumors strongly affects their malignant state and resistance to therapy. These effects may be more deleterious in regions undergoing cycling hypoxia. Electron paramagnetic resonance imaging (EPRI) has provided a noninvasive, quantitative imaging modality to investigate static pO2 in vivo. However, to image changing hypoxia, EPRI images with better temporal resolution may be required. The tradeoff between temporal resolution and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) results in lower SNR for EPRI images with imaging time short enough to resolve cycling hypoxia. METHODS Principal component analysis allows for accelerated image acquisition with acceptable SNR by filtering noise in projection data, from which pO2 images are reconstructed. Principal component analysis is used as a denoising technique by including only low-order components to approximate the EPRI projection data. RESULTS Simulated and experimental studies show that principal component analysis filtering increases SNR, particularly for small numbers of sub-volumes with changing pO2 , enabling an order of magnitude increase in temporal resolution with minimal deterioration in spatial resolution or image quality. CONCLUSION The SNR necessary for dynamic EPRI studies with temporal resolution required to investigate cycling hypoxia and its physiological implications is enabled by principal component analysis filtering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gage Redler
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Mamlouk S, Wielockx B. Hypoxia-inducible factors as key regulators of tumor inflammation. Int J Cancer 2012; 132:2721-9. [PMID: 23055435 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Low levels of oxygen or hypoxia is often an obstacle in health, particularly in pathological disorders like cancer. The main family of transcription factors responsible for cell survival and adaptation under strenuous conditions of hypoxia are the "hypoxia-inducible factors" (HIFs). Together with prolyl hydroxylase domain enzymes (PHDs), HIFs regulates tumor angiogenesis, proliferation, invasion, metastasis, in addition to resistance to radiation and chemotherapy. Additionally, the entire HIF transcription cascade is involved in the "seventh" hallmark of cancer; inflammation. Studies have shown that hypoxia can influence tumor associated immune cells toward assisting in tumor proliferation, differentiation, vessel growth, distant metastasis and suppression of the immune response via cytokine expression alterations. These changes are not necessarily analogous to HIF's role in non-cancer immune responses, where hypoxia often encourages a strong inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soulafa Mamlouk
- Emmy Noether Research Group and Institute of Pathology, University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
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Al-Mehdi AB, Pastukh VM, Swiger BM, Reed DJ, Patel MR, Bardwell GC, Pastukh VV, Alexeyev MF, Gillespie MN. Perinuclear mitochondrial clustering creates an oxidant-rich nuclear domain required for hypoxia-induced transcription. Sci Signal 2012; 5:ra47. [PMID: 22763339 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2002712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria can govern local concentrations of second messengers, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), and mitochondrial translocation to discrete subcellular regions may contribute to this signaling function. Here, we report that exposure of pulmonary artery endothelial cells to hypoxia triggered a retrograde mitochondrial movement that required microtubules and the microtubule motor protein dynein and resulted in the perinuclear clustering of mitochondria. This subcellular redistribution of mitochondria was accompanied by the accumulation of ROS in the nucleus, which was attenuated by suppressing perinuclear clustering of mitochondria with nocodazole to destabilize microtubules or with small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of dynein. Although suppression of perinuclear mitochondrial clustering did not affect the hypoxia-induced increase in the nuclear abundance of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) or the binding of HIF-1α to an oligonucleotide corresponding to a hypoxia response element (HRE), it eliminated oxidative modifications of the VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) promoter. Furthermore, suppression of perinuclear mitochondrial clustering reduced HIF-1α binding to the VEGF promoter and decreased VEGF mRNA accumulation. These findings support a model for hypoxia-induced transcriptional regulation in which perinuclear mitochondrial clustering results in ROS accumulation in the nucleus and causes oxidative base modifications in the VEGF HRE that are important for transcriptional complex assembly and VEGF mRNA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abu-Bakr Al-Mehdi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
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González IR, Moreno-Manzano V, Rodríguez-Jimenez FJ, Sepúlveda P, Sánchez-Puelles JM. The biology of HIFα proteins in cell differentiation and disease. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2012; 87:367-79. [PMID: 22127251 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386015-6.00036-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The biology of the α subunits of the hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFα) has expanded in the past years from their original role in angiogenesis to their nowadays position in the self-renewal and differentiation of stem cells. Hypoxia is a physiological condition in different tissues-including tumors-and, may cause stem cells in the onset of genomic instability, this last associated in the scientific literature with the acquisition of a malignant phenotypes. HIFα proteins have been the subjects of excellent scientific contributions in the past years, providing new paradigms in the biology of these key proteins and their pivotal role in cell homeostasis. Over other therapeutic implications, the relevance of studies focused on the etiology of tumor-initiating cells and the characterization of the mechanisms that could lead to their malignancy, is gaining significance in the health areas of cancer and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Royo González
- Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Molecular Medicine Department, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
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Babar IA, Czochor J, Steinmetz A, Weidhaas JB, Glazer PM, Slack FJ. Inhibition of hypoxia-induced miR-155 radiosensitizes hypoxic lung cancer cells. Cancer Biol Ther 2011; 12:908-14. [PMID: 22027557 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.12.10.17681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
miR-155 is a prominent microRNA (miRNA) that regulates genes involved in immunity and cancer-related pathways. miR-155 is overexpressed in lung cancer, which correlates with poor patient prognosis. It is unclear how miR-155 becomes increased in lung cancers and how this increase contributes to reduced patient survival. Here, we show that hypoxic conditions induce miR-155 expression in lung cancer cells and trigger a corresponding decrease in a validated target, FOXO3A. Furthermore, we find that increased levels of miR-155 radioprotects lung cancer cells, while inhibition of miR-155 radiosensitizes these cells. Moreover, we reveal a therapeutically important link between miR-155 expression, hypoxia, and irradiation by demonstrating that anti-miR-155 molecules also sensitize hypoxic lung cancer cells to irradiation. Our study helps explain how miR-155 becomes elevated in lung cancers, which contain extensive hypoxic microenvironments, and demonstrates that inhibition of miR-155 may have important therapeutic potential as a means to radiosensitize hypoxic lung cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran A Babar
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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Kim AJ, Kim HJ, Jee HJ, Song N, Kim M, Bae YS, Chung JH, Yun J. Glucose deprivation is associated with Chk1 degradation through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and effective checkpoint response to replication blocks. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2011; 1813:1230-8. [PMID: 21440578 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2011.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Revised: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Chk1 plays a key role in the DNA replication checkpoint and in preserving genomic integrity. Previous studies have shown that reduced Chk1 function leads to defects in the checkpoint response and is closely associated with tumorigenesis. Here, we report that glucose deprivation caused the degradation of Chk1 protein without perturbing cell cycle progression. The induction of Chk1 degradation in response to glucose deprivation was observed in various cancer cell lines and in normal human fibroblasts. Therefore, it appears to be a universal phenomenon in mammalian cells. A specific proteasome inhibitor blocked glucose deprivation-induced Chk1 degradation. Ubiquitination of Chk1 was detected, indicating that the proteasome-ubiquitin pathway mediates Chk1 degradation upon glucose deprivation. Mechanistic studies have demonstrated that ATR-dependent phosphorylation of Chk1 at the Ser317 and Ser345 sites is not required, suggesting that the molecular mechanism for Chk1 degradation upon glucose deprivation is distinct from genotoxic stress-induced degradation. Under conditions of glucose deprivation, the cells manifested a defective checkpoint response to replication stress, camptothecin or hydroxyurea. The forced expression of Myc-Chk1 partially rescued the defective response to the replication block upon glucose deprivation. Taken together, our results indicate that glucose deprivation induces ubiquitin-mediated Chk1 degradation and defective checkpoint responses, implying its potential role in genomic instability and tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ae Jeong Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea
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Andreev OA, Engelman DM, Reshetnyak YK. pH-sensitive membrane peptides (pHLIPs) as a novel class of delivery agents. Mol Membr Biol 2010; 27:341-52. [PMID: 20939768 DOI: 10.3109/09687688.2010.509285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Abstract Here we review a novel class of delivery vehicles based on pH-sensitive, moderately polar membrane peptides, which we call pH (Low) Insertion Peptides (pHLIPs), that target cells located in the acidic environment found in many diseased tissues, including tumours. Acidity targeting by pHLIPs is achieved as a result of helix formation and transmembrane insertion. In contrast to the earlier technologies based on cell-penetrating peptides, pHLIPs act as monomeric membrane-inserting peptides that translocate one terminus across a membrane into the cytoplasm, while the other terminus remains in the extracellular space, locating the peptide in the membrane lipid bilayer. Therefore pHLIP has a dual delivery capability: it can tether cargo molecules or nanoparticles to the surfaces of cells in diseased tissues and/or it can move a cell-impermeable cargo molecule across the membrane into the cytoplasm. The source of energy for moving polar molecules attached to pHLIP through the hydrophobic layer of a membrane bilayer is the membrane-associated folding of the polypeptide. A drop in pH leads to the protonation of negatively charged residues (Asp or Glu), which enhances peptide hydrophobicity, increasing the affinity of the peptide for the lipid bilayer and triggering peptide folding and subsequent membrane insertion. The process is accompanied by the release of energy that can be utilized to move cell-impermeable cargo across a membrane. That the mechanism is now understood, and that targeting of tumours in mice has been shown, suggest a number of future applications of the pHLIP technology in the diagnosis and treatment of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg A Andreev
- Physics Department, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, USA
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36
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Gillespie MN, Pastukh VM, Ruchko MV. Controlled DNA "damage" and repair in hypoxic signaling. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2010; 174:244-51. [PMID: 20831905 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2010.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 08/31/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia, a fundamental stimulus in biology and medicine, uses reactive oxygen species (ROS) as second messengers. A surprising target of hypoxia-generated ROS is specific bases within hypoxic response elements (HREs) of the VEGF and other hypoxia-inducible genes. Oxidative modifications coincide with the onset of mRNA accumulation and are localized to transcriptionally active mono-nucleosomes. The oxidative base modifications are removed by the base excision DNA repair pathway for which one of its components, the bifunctional transcriptional co-activator and DNA endonuclease Ref-1/Ape1, is critical for transcription complex assembly. Mimicking the effect of hypoxia by introducing an abasic site in an oligonucleotide model of the VEGF HRE, altered transcription factor binding, enhanced sequence flexibility, and engendered more robust reporter gene expression. These observations suggest that controlled DNA "damage" and repair, mediated by ROS used as second messengers and critically involving the base excision pathway of DNA repair, respectively, are important for hypoxia-induced transcriptional activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark N Gillespie
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Lung Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688-0002, United States.
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He H, Yang X, Davidson AJ, Wu D, Marshall FF, Chung LWK, Zhau HE, Wang R. Progressive epithelial to mesenchymal transitions in ARCaP E prostate cancer cells during xenograft tumor formation and metastasis. Prostate 2010; 70:518-28. [PMID: 19918799 PMCID: PMC3180894 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanism of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) could be adopted by tumor cells for migration and invasion. We have reported that ARCaP(E) human prostate cancer cells undergo EMT-like changes during xenograft growth in athymic mice. METHODS In this report, we assessed the extent of EMT by tracking changes in cloned ARCaP(E) cells expressing red fluorescence protein during successive orthotopic prostate tumor formation. Cancer cells with stromal-like morphology were isolated and examined for EMT-like changes. RESULTS EMT-like morphologic and expression changes were detected after one round of in vivo tumor formation. Importantly, when recovered tumor cells were used in second round xenograft tumor formation, a large fraction of ARCaP(E) cells showed drastic EMT-like changes, with markedly enlarged cell size and divergent cell shapes similar to those of mesenchymal stromal cells. The morphologic change was accompanied by increased growth and metastasis, as tumor incidence increased while red fluorescent tumor cells could be detected from circulating blood, bone marrow, peritoneal ascites, and lung of the tumor-bearing mice. Recovered clones from these samples had lost epithelial markers but many showed activated stromal marker vimentin expression. The EMT appeared permanent since the newly acquired morphology was sustained after continuous passages. CONCLUSIONS Results from this study demonstrate that through interaction with the host tumor microenvironment, cancer cells acquire cellular plasticity. During xenograft tumor formation and metastasis, a single clone of cancer cells could yield a heterogeneous population, with a substantial number of tumor cells adopting mesenchymal stroma-like phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui He
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China 710061
- Department of Urology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Xiaojian Yang
- Department of Urology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Alec J. Davidson
- Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310
| | - Daqing Wu
- Department of Urology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Fray F. Marshall
- Department of Urology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Leland W. K. Chung
- Department of Urology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Haiyen E. Zhau
- Department of Urology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Ruoxiang Wang
- Department of Urology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
- Corresponding to: Dr. Ruoxiang Wang, Department of Urology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1365B Clifton Road, NE, Suite B5103, Atlanta, GA 30322, Tel. (404) 778-5116, FAX. (404) 778-3965,
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Xing F, Saidou J, Watabe K. Cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in tumor microenvironment. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 2010; 15:166-79. [PMID: 20036813 DOI: 10.2741/3613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 510] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) is one of the most crucial components of the tumor microenvironment which promotes the growth and invasion of cancer cells by various mechanisms. CAFs demonstrate a high degree of heterogeneity due to their various origins; however, many distinct morphological features and physiological functions of CAFs have been identified. It is becoming clear that the crosstalk between the cancer cells and the CAFs plays a key role in the progression of cancer, and understanding this mutual relationship would eventually enable us to treat cancer patients by targeting CAFs. In this review, we will discuss the latest findings on the role of CAFs in tumorigenesis and metastasis as well as potential therapeutic implication of CAFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xing
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University, School of Medicine, 751 N Rutledge St. PO Box 19626, Springfield, IL 627794-9626, USA
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Lee JH, Choi IJ, Song DK, Kim DK. Genetic instability in the human lymphocyte exposed to hypoxia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 196:83-8. [PMID: 19963140 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2009.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2009] [Accepted: 09/07/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia, one of the key tumor microenviromental factors, promotes genetic instability, which is the hallmark of human cancers. Many recent studies have demonstrated that hypoxia by itself can lead to conditions that elevate mutagenesis and inhibit the DNA repair process in cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate the cytogenetic damage and DNA repair functions in human peripheral lymphocytes exposed to hypoxia by means of sister chromatid exchange and nuclear and mitochondrial microsatellite instability (nMSI and mtMSI), respectively. Primary lymphocyte cultures obtained from blood samples of 40 healthy donors were exposed to hypoxia for 12 and 24 hours. Genomic DNA was then isolated from the fixed lymphocytes to analyze the DNA repair process by nMSI and mtMSI. The present results revealed gradual increases in SCE for both exposure times, compared to the controls, but there was no significant correlation between hypoxia and MSI. The SCE assay showed that hypoxia by itself may induce mutagenesis by causing DNA damage in normal cells. However, the DNA repair function through MSI analysis was intact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Ho Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Keimyung University School of Medicine, 194 Dongsan-dong, Jung-gu, Daegu, 700-712, South Korea
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Crosby ME, Kulshreshtha R, Ivan M, Glazer PM. MicroRNA regulation of DNA repair gene expression in hypoxic stress. Cancer Res 2009; 69:1221-9. [PMID: 19141645 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-2516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Genetic instability is a hallmark of cancer; the hypoxic tumor microenvironment has been implicated as a cause of this phenomenon. MicroRNAs (miR) are small nonprotein coding RNAs that can regulate various cellular pathways. We report here that two miRs, miR-210 and miR-373, are up-regulated in a hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha-dependent manner in hypoxic cells. Bioinformatics analyses suggested that these miRs could regulate factors implicated in DNA repair pathways. Forced expression of miR-210 was found to suppress the levels of RAD52, which is a key factor in homology-dependent repair (HDR); the forced expression of miR-373 led to a reduction in the nucleotide excision repair (NER) protein, RAD23B, as well as in RAD52. Consistent with these results, both RAD52 and RAD23B were found to be down-regulated in hypoxia, but in both cases, the hypoxia-induced down-regulation could be partially reversed by antisense inhibition of miR-210 and miR-373. Importantly, luciferase reporter assays indicated that miR-210 is capable of interacting with the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of RAD52 and that miR-373 can act on the 3' UTR of RAD23B. These results indicate that hypoxia-inducible miR-210 and miR-373 play roles in modulating the expression levels of key proteins involved in the HDR and NER pathways, providing new mechanistic insight into the effect of hypoxia on DNA repair and genetic instability in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith E Crosby
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8040, USA
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Ross JA, Moore T, Leavitt SA. In vivo mutagenicity of conazole fungicides correlates with tumorigenicity. Mutagenesis 2008; 24:149-52. [DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gen062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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Butterworth KT, McCarthy HO, Devlin A, Ming L, Robson T, McKeown SR, Worthington J. Hypoxia selects for androgen independent LNCaP cells with a more malignant geno- and phenotype. Int J Cancer 2008; 123:760-8. [PMID: 18512241 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia confers resistance to common cancer therapies, however, it has also has been shown to result in genetic alterations which may allow a survival advantage and increase the tumorigenic properties of cancer cells. Additionally, it may exert a selection pressure, allowing expansion of tumor cells with a more aggressive phenotype. To further assess the role of hypoxia in malignant progression in prostate cancer we exposed human androgen dependent prostate cancer cells (LNCaP) to cycles of chronic hypoxia and isolated a subline, LNCaP-H1. This article describes the partial characterization of this cell line. The LNCaP-H1 subline showed altered growth characteristics and exhibited androgen independent growth both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, these cells were resistant to mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis, probably since the endogenous levels of Bax was lower and Bcl-2 higher than in the parental LNCaP cells. Microarray analysis revealed that a complex array of pathways had differential gene expression between the 2 cell lines, with LNCaP-H1 cells exhibiting a genetic profile which suggests that they may be more likely metastasize to distant organs, especially bone. This was supported by an in vitro invasion assay, and an in vivo metastasis study. This study shows that hypoxia can select for androgen independent prostate cancer cells which have a survival advantage and are more likely to invade and metastasize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl T Butterworth
- Experimental Therapeutics Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland
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Defective MHC class I antigen surface expression promotes cellular survival through elevated ER stress and modulation of p53 function. Cell Death Differ 2008; 15:1364-74. [PMID: 18511935 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2008.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Defects in Major Histocompatibility class I cell surface expression is thought to allow escape of tumor cells from immune surveillance. Hitherto, it is unclear whether this deficiency confers immune-independent survival advantage. We show here that class I cell surface expression deficiency due to defects in beta2 microglobulin or the transporter-associated with antigen processing (TAP) results in resistance to apoptosis in response to various cytotoxic signals. Reduced apoptosis correlated with altered p53 activation, which was due to compromised nuclear translocation of p53. Binding of p53 to glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK3beta), which is known to phosphorylate and lead to cytoplasmic sequestration of p53, was enhanced in these cells. Consistently, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, which promotes binding of p53 to GSK3beta was constitutively elevated in the absence of class I cell surface expression. Taken together, the results suggest a non-immunological causal role for defective class I cell surface expression in regulating cellular survival in a p53-dependent manner, through the upregulation of ER stress, which could be another mechanism leading to carcinogenesis.
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Rodríguez-Jiménez FJ, Moreno-Manzano V, Lucas-Dominguez R, Sánchez-Puelles JM. Hypoxia causes downregulation of mismatch repair system and genomic instability in stem cells. Stem Cells 2008; 26:2052-62. [PMID: 18511603 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2007-1016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The DNA mismatch repair (MMR) system maintains genomic integrity by correcting replication errors: its malfunction causes genomic instability in several tumor types. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF1alpha), the major regulator of the processes that occur in hypoxia and certain epigenetic events downregulate the expression of MMR genes in cancer cells. However, there is a lack of information regarding MMR regulation and the genetic stability of stem cells under hypoxic conditions. The expression of the MMR system is downregulated in murine and human stem cells cultured in hypoxia, which correlates with lower DNA repair activity in neural stem cells. We observed, through the use of short hairpin loop RNAi expression constructs, that HIF1alpha positively regulated MLH1 and MSH6 when the C17.2 neural stem cells were exposed to short-term hypoxia. However, in prolonged exposure to oxygen depletion, the reduced transcriptional activation of MMR genes was directed by specific epigenetic events. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments showed a hypoacetylated/hypermethylated histone H3 and lower SP1 binding within MLH1 and MSH6 adjacent promoter regions. Treatment with the histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A increased histone H3 acetylation and SP1 occupancy and enhanced MMR expression. Sequencing of microsatellite markers revealed genomic instability in the murine and human stem cells grown under hypoxia. Thus, the present article reports, for the first time in the stem cell field, experimental data that indicate that hypoxic niches are an environment in which stem cells might undergo genomic instability, which could lie at the origin of subpopulations with cancer stem cell properties. Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
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Shahrzad S, Shirasawa S, Sasazuki T, Rak JW, Coomber BL. Low-dose metronomic cyclophosphamide treatment mediates ischemia-dependent K-ras mutation in colorectal carcinoma xenografts. Oncogene 2008; 27:3729-38. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1211031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Gutschalk CM, Herold-Mende CC, Fusenig NE, Mueller MM. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor promote malignant growth of cells from head and neck squamous cell carcinomas in vivo. Cancer Res 2007; 66:8026-36. [PMID: 16912178 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-0158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) are used to ameliorate cancer therapy-induced neutropenia and mucositis. Yet, first data in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) indicate an impaired long-term prognosis on G-CSF treatment, and previous studies showed a contribution of both factors to the progression of human epithelial tumors. Therefore, we investigate the role of G-CSF and GM-CSF in progression of tumor cells from human HNSCC. Both factors stimulated proliferation and migration of tumor cell lines established from patient tumors expressing G-CSF and GM-CSF and/or their receptors. Blockade of G-CSF and GM-CSF inhibited tumor cell invasion in a three-dimensional organotypic culture model. The contribution of both factors to tumor malignancy was further confirmed in nude mouse transplants in vivo. Invasive and malignant growth yielding a similar tumor phenotype as the original patient tumor was exclusively observed in G-CSF- and GM-CSF-expressing tumors and was associated with enhanced and persistent angiogenesis and enhanced inflammatory cell recruitment. Although factor-negative tumors grew somewhat faster, they were characterized by lack of invasion, reduced and transient angiogenesis, and large necrotic areas. These data provide evidence for a progression-promoting effect of G-CSF and GM-CSF in human HNSCC and suggest further detailed evaluation of their use in the therapy of these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia M Gutschalk
- Group of Tumour and Microenvironment, German Cancer Research Centre, Heidelberg, Germany
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Huang LE, Bindra RS, Glazer PM, Harris AL. Hypoxia-induced genetic instability--a calculated mechanism underlying tumor progression. J Mol Med (Berl) 2006; 85:139-48. [PMID: 17180667 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-006-0133-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2006] [Revised: 10/18/2006] [Accepted: 10/20/2006] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The cause of human cancers is imputed to the genetic alterations at nucleotide and chromosomal levels of ill-fated cells. It has long been recognized that genetic instability-the hallmark of human cancers-is responsible for the cellular changes that confer progressive transformation on cancerous cells. How cancer cells acquire genetic instability, however, is unclear. We propose that tumor development is a result of expansion and progression-two complementary aspects that collaborate with the tumor microenvironment-hypoxia in particular, on genetic alterations through the induction of genetic instability. In this article, we review the recent literature regarding how hypoxia functionally impairs various DNA repair pathways resulting in genetic instability and discuss the biomedical implications in cancer biology and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Eric Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA.
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Zorbas-Seifried S, Hartinger CG, Meelich K, Galanski MS, Keppler BK, Zorbas H. DNA Interactions of pH-Sensitive, Antitumor Bis(aminoalcohol)dichloroplatinum(II) Complexes,. Biochemistry 2006; 45:14817-25. [PMID: 17144675 DOI: 10.1021/bi061063i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
(SP-4-2)-Bis(2-aminoethanol)dichloroplatinum(II) (KP1356) and (SP-4-2)-bis[(R)-(-)-2-aminobutanol)]dichloroplatinum(II) (KP1433) are promising cytotoxic agents capable of changing their chemical structure depending on the pH value. On the basis of this, they are supposed to be active only in or preferentially in hypoxic tumors with low pH. In this study, we investigated the kinetics of changes of the DNA secondary structure, of the DNA modification degree, and of the formation of interstrand cross-links caused by these complexes in comparison to the parental compound cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (cisplatin). All examinations were performed at physiological pH 7.4 and at pH 6.0 mimicking the acidified environment of many tumor tissues. In general, cisplatin displayed a higher reactivity accompanied by more pronounced DNA compaction, untwisting, and formation of interstrand cross-links at both pH values. Additionally, it was shown for the first time that cisplatin generates interstrand cross-links faster at pH 6.0 than at 7.4. However, the difference between pH 7.4 and 6.0 was much larger for KP1356 and KP1433 than for cisplatin, since they were essentially nonreactive and induced almost no secondary structures at pH 7.4, as contrasted to cisplatin. Our data suggest that formed adducts, i.e., intra- and/or interstrand cross-links, may be the sole cause of the cytotoxicity of KP1356 and KP1433 at pH 6.0. The results of this study may stimulate and contribute to further improvement of these novel, specific cytotoxic drugs that are anticipated to exert their full power in the tumor while being reasonably inactive in normal tissue.
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Woo KJ, Lee TJ, Park JW, Kwon TK. Desferrioxamine, an iron chelator, enhances HIF-1α accumulation via cyclooxygenase-2 signaling pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 343:8-14. [PMID: 16527254 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.02.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2006] [Accepted: 02/17/2006] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is an important inducible enzyme in inflammation and is overexpressed in a variety of cancers. Evidence is rapidly accumulating that chronic inflammation may contribute to carcinogenesis through increase of cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis in a number of neoplasms, including colorectal carcinoma. In the present study, we investigated some mechanistic aspects of DFX-induced hypoxia-driven COX-2 expression. Desferrioxamine (DFX), an iron chelator, is known to upregulate inflammatory mediators. DFX induced the expression of COX-2 and accumulation of HIF-1alpha protein in dose-dependent manners, but hypoxia mimetic agent cobalt chloride (CoCl2) induced accumulation of HIF-1alpha protein but not increase of COX-2 expression. DFX-induced increase of COX-2 expression and HIF-1alpha protein level was attenuated by addition of ferric citrate. This result suggested that the iron chelating function of DFX was important to induce the increase of COX-2 and HIF-1alpha protein. PD98059 significantly inhibited the induction of COX-2 protein and accumulation of HIF-1alpha, suggesting that DFX-induced increase of HIF-1alpha and COX-2 protein was mediated, at least in part, through the ERK signaling pathway. In addition, pretreatment with NS-398 to inhibit COX-2 activity also effectively suppressed DFX-induced HIF-1alpha accumulation in human colon cancer cells, providing the evidence that COX-2 plays as a regulator of HIF-1alpha accumulation in DFX-treated colon cancer cells. Together, our findings suggest that iron metabolism may regulate stabilization of HIF-1alpha protein by modulating cyclooxygenase-2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Jin Woo
- Department of Immunology and Chronic Disease Research Center and Institute for Medical Science, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, 194 DongSan-Dong Jung-Gu, Taegu 700-712, South Korea
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Witz IP, Levy-Nissenbaum O. The tumor microenvironment in the post-PAGET era. Cancer Lett 2006; 242:1-10. [PMID: 16413116 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2005.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2005] [Revised: 11/29/2005] [Accepted: 12/04/2005] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The research area of tumor microenvironment is considered, at present, to be an important factor in tumorigenesis and especially in tumor progression. The present mini review is focused on three principles characterizing the nature of the tumor microenvironment. We first discuss the regulatory functions of the tumor microenvironment and the complexity of the combinatorial signaling pathways operating in it. We then address the aspect that the tumor microenvironment incorporates both pro and anti malignancy factors and that a balance between these factors regulates tumor progression. Thirdly we provide evidence that the non-tumor cells in the tumor microenvironment and their products may be different from those of their counterparts residing in non-tumor microenvironments. The conclusion of this mini review is that the tumor microenvironment, by exerting regulatory functions and selective pressures drives cancer cells into one of several molecular evolution pathways thereby determining and shaping their malignancy phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac P Witz
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, and the Ela Kodesz Institute for Cancer Development and Prevention, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel.
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