1
|
Sun H, Li C, Shi Y, Wang Y, Li J, Fan L, Yu Y, Ji X, Gao X, Hou K, Li Y. Investigating the L-Glu-NMDA receptor-H 2S-NMDA receptor pathway that regulates gastric function in rats' nucleus ambiguus. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1389873. [PMID: 38751777 PMCID: PMC11094298 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1389873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Background In previous investigations, we explored the regulation of gastric function by hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and L-glutamate (L-Glu) injections in the nucleus ambiguus (NA). We also determined that both H2S and L-Glu have roles to play in the physiological activities of the body, and that NA is an important nucleus for receiving visceral sensations. The purpose of this study was to explore the potential pathway link between L-Glu and H2S, resulting in the regulation of gastric function. Methods Physiological saline (PS), L-glutamate (L-Glu, 2 nmol), NaHS (2 nmol), D-2-amino-5-phopho-novalerate (D-AP5, 2 nmol) + L-Glu (2 nmol), aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA, 2 nmol) + L-Glu (2 nmol), D-AP5 (2 nmol) + NaHS (2 nmol) were injected into the NA. A balloon was inserted into the stomach to observe gastric pressure and for recording the changes of gastric smooth muscle contraction curve. The gastric fluid was collected by esophageal perfusion and for recording the change of gastric pH value. Results Injecting L-Glu in NA was found to significantly inhibit gastric motility and promote gastric acid secretion in rats (p < 0.01). On the other hand, injecting the PS, pre-injection N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor blocker D-AP5, cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS) inhibitor AOAA and re-injection L-Glu did not result in significant changes (p > 0.05). The same injection NaHS significantly inhibit gastric motility and promote gastric acid secretion in rats (p < 0.01), but is eliminated by injection D-AP5 (p > 0.05). Conclusion The results indicate that both exogenous L-Glu and H2S injected in NA regulate gastric motility and gastric acid secretion through NMDA receptors. This suggests that NA has an L-Glu-NMDA receptor-CBS-H2S pathway that regulates gastric function.
Collapse
|
2
|
Zaa CA, Marcelo ÁJ, An Z, Medina-Franco JL, Velasco-Velázquez MA. Anthocyanins: Molecular Aspects on Their Neuroprotective Activity. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1598. [PMID: 38002280 PMCID: PMC10669056 DOI: 10.3390/biom13111598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthocyanins are a type of flavonoids that give plants and fruits their vibrant colors. They are known for their potent antioxidant properties and have been linked to various health benefits. Upon consumption, anthocyanins are quickly absorbed and can penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Research based on population studies suggests that including anthocyanin-rich sources in the diet lower the risk of neurodegenerative diseases. Anthocyanins exhibit neuroprotective effects that could potentially alleviate symptoms associated with such diseases. In this review, we compiled and discussed a large body of evidence supporting the neuroprotective role of anthocyanins. Our examination encompasses human studies, animal models, and cell cultures. We delve into the connection between anthocyanin bioactivities and the mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration. Our findings highlight how anthocyanins' antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties contribute to their neuroprotective effects. These effects are particularly relevant to key signaling pathways implicated in the development of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. In conclusion, the outcome of this review suggests that integrating anthocyanin-rich foods into human diets could potentially serve as a therapeutic approach for neurological conditions, and we identify promising avenues for further exploration in this area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- César A. Zaa
- School of Biological Sciences, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 15021, Peru
| | - Álvaro J. Marcelo
- School of Biology, Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal, Lima 15088, Peru;
| | - Zhiqiang An
- Texas Therapeutic Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - José L. Medina-Franco
- DIFACQUIM Research Group, School of Chemistry, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City CP 04510, Mexico;
| | - Marco A. Velasco-Velázquez
- Texas Therapeutic Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
- School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City CP 04510, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mari G, De Crescentini L, Favi G, Santeusanio S, Mantellini F. Straightforward Access to Pyrazine‐(2,3)‐diones through Sequential Three‐Component Reaction. European J Org Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202201080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Mari
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences Section of Organic Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technologies University of Urbino “Carlo Bo” Via I Maggetti 24 61029 Urbino PU Italy
| | - Lucia De Crescentini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences Section of Organic Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technologies University of Urbino “Carlo Bo” Via I Maggetti 24 61029 Urbino PU Italy
| | - Gianfranco Favi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences Section of Organic Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technologies University of Urbino “Carlo Bo” Via I Maggetti 24 61029 Urbino PU Italy
| | - Stefania Santeusanio
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences Section of Organic Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technologies University of Urbino “Carlo Bo” Via I Maggetti 24 61029 Urbino PU Italy
| | - Fabio Mantellini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences Section of Organic Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technologies University of Urbino “Carlo Bo” Via I Maggetti 24 61029 Urbino PU Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wireless multi-lateral optofluidic microsystems for real-time programmable optogenetics and photopharmacology. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5571. [PMID: 36137999 PMCID: PMC9500026 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32947-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In vivo optogenetics and photopharmacology are two techniques for controlling neuronal activity that have immense potential in neuroscience research. Their applications in tether-free groups of animals have been limited in part due to tools availability. Here, we present a wireless, battery-free, programable multilateral optofluidic platform with user-selected modalities for optogenetics, pharmacology and photopharmacology. This system features mechanically compliant microfluidic and electronic interconnects, capabilities for dynamic control over the rates of drug delivery and real-time programmability, simultaneously for up to 256 separate devices in a single cage environment. Our behavioral experiments demonstrate control of motor behaviors in grouped mice through in vivo optogenetics with co-located gene delivery and controlled photolysis of caged glutamate. These optofluidic systems may expand the scope of wireless techniques to study neural processing in animal models. Wireless delivery of both light and pharmacological agents is important for optogenetic and other mechanistic experiments in the brain. Here the authors present a wireless real-time programmable optofluidic platform that enables optogenetics and photopharmacology experiments that require real-time precise control of light and drug delivery.
Collapse
|
5
|
Bruzgulienė J, Račkauskienė G, Bieliauskas A, Milišiūnaitė V, Dagilienė M, Matulevičiūtė G, Martynaitis V, Krikštolaitytė S, Sløk FA, Šačkus A. Regioselective synthesis of methyl 5-( N-Boc-cycloaminyl)-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxylates as new amino acid-like building blocks. Beilstein J Org Chem 2022; 18:102-109. [PMID: 35096179 PMCID: PMC8767561 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.18.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A convenient and efficient synthesis of novel achiral and chiral heterocyclic amino acid-like building blocks was developed. Regioisomeric methyl 5-(N-Boc-cycloaminyl)-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxylates were prepared by the reaction of β-enamino ketoesters (including azetidine, pyrrolidine or piperidine enamines) with hydroxylamine hydrochloride. Unambiguous structural assignments were based on chiral HPLC analysis, 1H, 13C, and 15N NMR spectroscopy, HRMS, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jolita Bruzgulienė
- Institute of Synthetic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, K. Baršausko g. 59, Kaunas LT-51423, Lithuania
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilėnų pl. 19, Kaunas LT-50254, Lithuania
| | - Greta Račkauskienė
- Institute of Synthetic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, K. Baršausko g. 59, Kaunas LT-51423, Lithuania
| | - Aurimas Bieliauskas
- Institute of Synthetic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, K. Baršausko g. 59, Kaunas LT-51423, Lithuania
| | - Vaida Milišiūnaitė
- Institute of Synthetic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, K. Baršausko g. 59, Kaunas LT-51423, Lithuania
| | - Miglė Dagilienė
- Institute of Synthetic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, K. Baršausko g. 59, Kaunas LT-51423, Lithuania
| | - Gita Matulevičiūtė
- Institute of Synthetic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, K. Baršausko g. 59, Kaunas LT-51423, Lithuania
| | - Vytas Martynaitis
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilėnų pl. 19, Kaunas LT-50254, Lithuania
| | - Sonata Krikštolaitytė
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilėnų pl. 19, Kaunas LT-50254, Lithuania
| | - Frank A Sløk
- Vipergen ApS, Gammel Kongevej 23A, DK-1610 Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Algirdas Šačkus
- Institute of Synthetic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, K. Baršausko g. 59, Kaunas LT-51423, Lithuania
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilėnų pl. 19, Kaunas LT-50254, Lithuania
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Neuroprotection Mediated by Human Blood Plasma in Mouse Hippocampal Slice Cultures and in Oxidatively Stressed Human Neurons. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179567. [PMID: 34502475 PMCID: PMC8430756 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroprotection from oxidative stress is critical during neuronal development and maintenance but also plays a major role in the pathogenesis and potential treatment of various neurological disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. Emerging evidence in the murine system suggests neuroprotective effects of blood plasma on the aged or diseased brain. However, little is known about plasma-mediated effects on human neurons. In the present study, we demonstrate the neuroprotective effect mediated by human plasma and the most abundant plasma–protein human serum albumin against oxidative stress in glutamatergic neurons differentiated from human neural crest-derived inferior turbinate stem cells. We observed a strong neuroprotective effect of human plasma and human serum albumin against oxidative stress-induced neuronal death on the single cell level, similar to the one mediated by tumor necrosis factor alpha. Moreover, we detected neuroprotection of plasma and human serum albumin against kainic acid-induced excitatory stress in ex vivo cultured mouse hippocampal tissue slices. The present study provides deeper insights into plasma-mediated neuroprotection ultimately resulting in the development of novel therapies for a variety of neurological and, in particular, neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
|
7
|
Yang X, Lou J, Shan W, Ding J, Jin Z, Hu Y, Du Q, Liao Q, Xie R, Xu J. Pathophysiologic Role of Neurotransmitters in Digestive Diseases. Front Physiol 2021; 12:567650. [PMID: 34194334 PMCID: PMC8236819 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.567650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurotransmitters are special molecules that serve as messengers in chemical synapses between neurons, cells, or receptors, including catecholamines, serotonin, dopamine, and other neurotransmitters, which play an important role in both human physiology and pathology. Compelling evidence has indicated that neurotransmitters have an important physiological role in various digestive diseases. They act as ligands in combination with central or peripheral receptors, and transmits signals through chemical synapses, which are involved in regulating the physiological and pathological processes of the digestive tract organs. For instance, neurotransmitters regulate blood circulation and affect intestinal movement, nutrient absorption, the gastrointestinal innate immune system, and the microbiome. In this review, we will focus on the role of neurotransmitters in the pathogenesis of digestive tract diseases to provide novel therapeutic targets for new drug development in digestive diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rui Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jingyu Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Katz A, Brosnahan SB, Papadopoulos J, Parnia S, Lam JQ. Pharmacologic neuroprotection in ischemic brain injury after cardiac arrest. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2021; 1507:49-59. [PMID: 34060087 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac arrest has many implications for morbidity and mortality. Few interventions have been shown to improve return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) and long-term outcomes after cardiac arrest. Ischemic-reperfusion injury upon achieving ROSC creates an imbalance between oxygen supply and demand. Multiple events occur in the postcardiac arrest period, including excitotoxicity, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress and inflammation, all of which contribute to ongoing brain injury and cellular death. Given that complex pathophysiology underlies global brain hypoxic ischemia, neuroprotective strategies targeting multiple stages of the neuropathologic cascade should be considered as a means of mitigating secondary neuronal injury and improving neurologic outcomes and survival in cardiac arrest victims. In this review article, we discuss a number of different pharmacologic agents that may have a potential role in targeting these injurious pathways following cardiac arrest. Pharmacologic therapies most relevant for discussion currently include memantine, perampanel, magnesium, propofol, thiamine, methylene blue, vitamin C, vitamin E, coenzyme Q10 , minocycline, steroids, and aspirin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alyson Katz
- Department of Pharmacy, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Shari B Brosnahan
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | | | - Sam Parnia
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Jason Q Lam
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Kaiser Permanente South Sacramento Medical Center, Sacramento, California
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Liakath-Ali K, Südhof TC. The Perils of Navigating Activity-Dependent Alternative Splicing of Neurexins. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:659681. [PMID: 33767611 PMCID: PMC7985251 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.659681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurexins are presynaptic cell-adhesion molecules essential for synaptic function that are expressed in thousands of alternatively spliced isoforms. Recent studies suggested that alternative splicing at splice site 4 (SS4) of Nrxn1 is tightly regulated by an activity-dependent mechanism. Given that Nrxn1 alternative splicing at SS4 controls NMDA-receptor-mediated synaptic responses, activity-dependent SS4 alternative splicing would suggest a new synaptic plasticity mechanism. However, conflicting results confound the assessment of neurexin alternative splicing, prompting us to re-evaluate this issue. We find that in cortical cultures, membrane depolarization by elevated extracellular K+-concentrations produced an apparent shift in Nrxn1-SS4 alternative splicing by inducing neuronal but not astroglial cell death, resulting in persistent astroglial Nrxn1-SS4+ expression and decreased neuronal Nrxn1-SS4- expression. in vivo, systemic kainate-induced activation of neurons in the hippocampus produced no changes in Nrxn1-SS4 alternative splicing. Moreover, focal kainate injections into the mouse cerebellum induced small changes in Nrxn1-SS4 alternative splicing that, however, were associated with large decreases in Nrxn1 expression and widespread DNA damage. Our results suggest that although Nrxn1-SS4 alternative splicing may represent a mechanism of activity-dependent synaptic plasticity, common procedures for testing this hypothesis are prone to artifacts, and more sophisticated approaches will be necessary to test this important question.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kif Liakath-Ali
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Thomas C. Südhof
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tackling the Molecular Drug Sensitivity in the Sea Louse Caligus rogercresseyi Based on mRNA and lncRNA Interactions. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11080857. [PMID: 32726954 PMCID: PMC7464394 DOI: 10.3390/genes11080857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Caligus rogercresseyi, commonly known as sea louse, is an ectoparasite copepod that impacts the salmon aquaculture in Chile, causing losses of hundreds of million dollars per year. This pathogen is mainly controlled by immersion baths with delousing drugs, which can lead to resistant traits selection in lice populations. Bioassays are commonly used to assess louse drug sensitivity, but the current procedures may mask relevant molecular responses. This study aimed to discover novel coding genes and non-coding RNAs that could evidence drug sensitivity at the genomic level. Sea lice samples from populations with contrasting sensitivity to delousing drugs were collected. Bioassays using azamethiphos, cypermethrin, and deltamethrin drugs were conducted to evaluate the sensitivity and to collect samples for RNA-sequencing. Transcriptome sequencing was conducted on samples exposed to each drug to evaluate the presence of coding and non-coding RNAs associated with the response of these compounds. The results revealed specific transcriptome patterns in lice exposed to azamethiphos, deltamethrin, and cypermethrin drugs. Enrichment analyses of Gene Ontology terms showed specific biological processes and molecular functions associated with each delousing drug analyzed. Furthermore, novel long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) were identified in C. rogercresseyi and tightly linked to differentially expressed coding genes. A significant correlation between gene transcription patterns and phenotypic effects was found in lice collected from different salmon farms with contrasting drug treatment efficacies. The significant correlation among gene transcription patterns with the historical background of drug sensitivity suggests novel molecular mechanisms of pharmacological resistance in lice populations.
Collapse
|
11
|
Lee HJ, Feng JH, Sim SM, Lim SS, Lee JY, Suh HW. Effects of resveratrol and oxyresveratrol on hippocampal cell death induced by kainic acid. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2019; 23:246-252. [PMID: 31489245 PMCID: PMC6711029 DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2019.1620853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we have examined the possible neuroprotective effects of resveratrol and oxyresveratrol against kainic-acid (KA)-induced hippocampal neuronal cell death. Either resveratrol or oxyresvertrol was orally administered 30 min prior to intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration with KA (0.05 μg). Oral pretreatment with oxyresveratrol (50 mg/kg) significantly protected KA-induced hippocampal CA3 neuronal cell death. However, the same dose (50 mg/kg) or a higher dose (100 mg/kg) pretreatment with resveratrol did not affect KA-induced hippocampal neuronal cell death. Furthermore, the i.c.v. pretreatment with 30 μg of oxyresveratrol or resveratrol did not show the protective effect against KA-induced hippocampal neuronal cell death. In the immunohistochemical analysis, FoxO3a and pFoxO3a expressions in the hippocampal CA3 region were significantly increased 30 min after KA administration. Oral pretreatment with oxyresveratrol (50 mg/kg) significantly reduced KA-induced Forkhead homeobox type O3a (FoxO3a) and pFoxO3a expression in CA3 region of the hippocampus, suggesting that oxyresveratrol may exert a neuroprotective effect against KA-induced hippocampal neuronal cell death by reducing the levels of FoxO3a and pFoxO3a protein expression in the hippocampal CA3 region. Furthermore, it is suggested that the neuroprotective effect of orally administered oxyresveratrol against KA-induced neurotoxicity might be possibly mediated by some metabolites rather than direct action of oxyresveratrol on the central nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Jung Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Natural Medicine, College of Medicine Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jing-Hui Feng
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Natural Medicine, College of Medicine Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Min Sim
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Natural Medicine, College of Medicine Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Sung Lim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Yong Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Won Suh
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Natural Medicine, College of Medicine Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ebrahimi F, Sadr SS, Roghani M, Khamse S, Mohammadian Haftcheshmeh S, Navid Hamidi M, Mohseni-Moghaddam P, Zamani E. Assessment of the protective effect of KN-93 drug in systemic epilepsy disorders induced by pilocarpine in male rat. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:15906-15914. [PMID: 31074121 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Epileptic seizures occur as a consequence of a sudden imbalance between the stimuli and inhibitors within the network of cortical neurons in favor of the stimulus. One of the drugs that induce epilepsy is pilocarpine. Systemic injection of pilocarpine affects on muscarinic receptors. Increasing evidence has addressed the implication of KN-93 by blocking Ca2+ /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), suppressing oxidative stress and inflammation, and also reducing neuron decay. So, we aimed to evaluate the potential preventive effects of KN-93 in systemic epilepsy disorders induced by pilocarpine. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this animal study, male rats were divided into five groups including treatment group (KN-93 with the dose of 5 mM/10 µL dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) before inducing epilepsy by 380 mg/kg pilocarpine) KN-93 group (received 5 mM KN-93), control group, epilepsy group (received 380 mg/kg pilocarpine Intraperitoneal), and sham group (received 10 µL DMSO). Oxidative stress was assessed by measuring its indicators including the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA), nitrite, glutathione (GSH), as well as the antioxidant activity of catalase. In addition, serum levels of proinflammatory mediators including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) were determined. RESULTS Pretreatment with KN-93 significantly reduced oxidative stress index by reducing the concentration of MDA, nitrite, and increasing the level of GSH. In addition, low concentrations of TNF-α and IL-1β were observed in hippocampus supernatant of KN-93 pretreated rats in comparison with the pilocarpine groups. Moreover, administration of KN-93 improved neuronal density and attenuated the seizure activity and behavior. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our findings suggest that KN-93 can effectively suppress oxidative stress and inflammation. Furthermore, KN-93 is able to attenuate seizure behaviors by preventing its effects on neuron loss, so, it is valuable for the treatment of epileptic seizures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Ebrahimi
- Electrophysiology Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Shahabeddin Sadr
- Electrophysiology Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Roghani
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahed University and Medicinal Plant Research Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Safoura Khamse
- Electrophysiology Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Mohammadian Haftcheshmeh
- Department of Medical Immunology, Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mojdeh Navid Hamidi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Elham Zamani
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Rezk S, Althani A, Abd-elmaksoud A, Kassab M, Farag A, Lashen S, Cenciarelli C, Caceci T, Marei H. Effects of estrogen on Survival and Neuronal Differentiation of adult human olfactory bulb neural stem Cells Transplanted into Spinal Cord Injured Rats.. [DOI: 10.1101/571950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
AbstractIn the present study we developed an excitotoxic spinal cord injury (SCI) model using kainic acid (KA) to evaluate of the therapeutic potential of human olfactory bulb neural stem cells (h-OBNSCs) for spinal cord injury (SCI). In a previous study, we assessed the therapeutic potential of these cells for SCI; all transplanted animals showed successful engraftment. These cells differentiated predominantly as astrocytes, not motor neurons, so no improvement in motor functions was detected. In the current study we used estrogen as neuroprotective therapy before transplantation of OBNSCs to preserve some of endogenous neurons and enhance the differentiation of these cells towards neurons. The present work demonstrated that the h-GFP-OBNSCs were able to survive for more than eight weeks after sub-acute transplantation into injured spinal cord. Stereological quantification of OBNSCs showed approximately a 2.38-fold increase in the initial cell population transplanted. 40.91% of OBNSCs showed differentiation along the neuronal lineages, which was the predominant fate of these cells. 36.36% of the cells differentiated into mature astrocytes; meanwhile 22.73% of the cells differentiated into oligodendrocytes. Improvement in motor functions was also detected after cell transplantation.
Collapse
|
14
|
Lebois LAM, Seligowski AV, Wolff JD, Hill SB, Ressler KJ. Augmentation of Extinction and Inhibitory Learning in Anxiety and Trauma-Related Disorders. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2019; 15:257-284. [PMID: 30698994 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050718-095634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Although the fear response is an adaptive response to threatening situations, a number of psychiatric disorders feature prominent fear-related symptoms caused, in part, by failures of extinction and inhibitory learning. The translational nature of fear conditioning paradigms has enabled us to develop a nuanced understanding of extinction and inhibitory learning based on the molecular substrates to systems neural circuitry and psychological mechanisms. This knowledge has facilitated the development of novel interventions that may augment extinction and inhibitory learning. These interventions include nonpharmacological techniques, such as behavioral methods to implement during psychotherapy, as well as device-based stimulation techniques that enhance or reduce activity in different regions of the brain. There is also emerging support for a number of psychopharmacological interventions that may augment extinction and inhibitory learning specifically if administered in conjunction with exposure-based psychotherapy. This growing body of research may offer promising novel techniques to address debilitating transdiagnostic fear-related symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A M Lebois
- Division of Depression and Anxiety Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts 02478, USA;
| | - Antonia V Seligowski
- Division of Depression and Anxiety Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts 02478, USA;
| | - Jonathan D Wolff
- Division of Depression and Anxiety Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts 02478, USA;
| | - Sarah B Hill
- Division of Depression and Anxiety Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts 02478, USA;
| | - Kerry J Ressler
- Division of Depression and Anxiety Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts 02478, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Fu H, Chen Z, Josephson L, Li Z, Liang SH. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Ligand Development for Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors: Challenges and Opportunities for Radiotracer Targeting N-Methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA), α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid (AMPA), and Kainate Receptors. J Med Chem 2019; 62:403-419. [PMID: 30110164 PMCID: PMC6393217 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) mediate excitatory neurotransmission within the mammalian central nervous system. iGluRs exist as three main groups: N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs), α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors (AMPARs), and kainate receptors. The past decades have witnessed a remarkable development of PET tracers targeting different iGluRs including NMDARs and AMPARs, and several of the tracers have advanced to clinical imaging studies. Here, we assess the recent development of iGluR PET probes, focusing on tracer design, brain kinetics, and performance in PET imaging studies. Furthermore, this review will not only present challenges in the tracer development but also provide novel approaches in conjunction with most recent drug discovery efforts on these iGluRs, including subtype-selective NMDAR and transmembrane AMPAR regulatory protein modulators and positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) of AMPARs. These approaches, if successful as PET tracers, may provide fundamental knowledge to understand the roles of iGluR receptors under physiological and pathological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hualong Fu
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Zhen Chen
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Lee Josephson
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Zijing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology, Molecular Diagnosis & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, P. R. China
| | - Steven H. Liang
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA 02114 USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Tabeshpour J, Mehri S, Shaebani Behbahani F, Hosseinzadeh H. Protective effects of Vitis vinifera
(grapes) and one of its biologically active constituents, resveratrol, against natural and chemical toxicities: A comprehensive review. Phytother Res 2018; 32:2164-2190. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jamshid Tabeshpour
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Mashhad Iran
- Student Research Committee; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Mashhad Iran
| | - Soghra Mehri
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Mashhad Iran
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Mashhad Iran
- Neurocognitive Research Center; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Mashhad Iran
| | - Fatemeh Shaebani Behbahani
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Mashhad Iran
| | - Hossein Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Mashhad Iran
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Mashhad Iran
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Frankowski S, Gajda T, Albrecht Ł. Isothiocyanate Strategy for the Synthesis of Quaternary α-Amino Acids Bearing a Spirocyclic Ring System. Adv Synth Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201701642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Frankowski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Department of Chemistry; Lodz University of Technology; Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Łódź Poland
| | - Tadeusz Gajda
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Department of Chemistry; Lodz University of Technology; Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Łódź Poland
| | - Łukasz Albrecht
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Department of Chemistry; Lodz University of Technology; Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Łódź Poland
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Colón-Rodríguez A, Hannon HE, Atchison WD. Effects of methylmercury on spinal cord afferents and efferents-A review. Neurotoxicology 2017; 60:308-320. [PMID: 28041893 PMCID: PMC5447474 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Methylmercury (MeHg) is an environmental neurotoxicant of public health concern. It readily accumulates in exposed humans, primarily in neuronal tissue. Exposure to MeHg, either acutely or chronically, causes severe neuronal dysfunction in the central nervous system and spinal neurons; dysfunction of susceptible neuronal populations results in neurodegeneration, at least in part through Ca2+-mediated pathways. Biochemical and morphologic changes in peripheral neurons precede those in central brain regions, despite the fact that MeHg readily crosses the blood-brain barrier. Consequently, it is suggested that unique characteristics of spinal cord afferents and efferents could heighten their susceptibility to MeHg toxicity. Transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels are a class of Ca2+-permeable cation channels that are highly expressed in spinal afferents, among other sensory and visceral organs. These channels can be activated in numerous ways, including directly via chemical irritants or indirectly via Ca2+ release from intracellular storage organelles. Early studies demonstrated that MeHg interacts with heterologous TRP channels, though definitive mechanisms of MeHg toxicity on sensory neurons may involve more complex interaction with, and among, differentially-expressed TRP populations. In spinal efferents, glutamate receptors of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA), and possibly kainic acid (KA) classes are thought to play a major role in MeHg-induced neurotoxicity. Specifically, the Ca2+-permeable AMPA receptors, which are abundant in motor neurons, have been identified as being involved in MeHg-induced neurotoxicity. In this review, we will describe the mechanisms that could contribute to MeHg-induced spinal cord afferent and efferent neuronal degeneration, including the possible mediators, such as uniquely expressed Ca2+-permeable ion channels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Colón-Rodríguez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 1355 Bogue Street, Life Sciences Building Rm. B440, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States; Institute for Integrative Toxicology, 1129 Farm Lane, Food Safety and Toxicology Rm. 165, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States; Comparative Medicine and Integrative Biology Program, 784 Wilson Road, Veterinary Medical Center Rm. G-100, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States.
| | - Heidi E Hannon
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 1355 Bogue Street, Life Sciences Building Rm. B440, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States; Institute for Integrative Toxicology, 1129 Farm Lane, Food Safety and Toxicology Rm. 165, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States; Comparative Medicine and Integrative Biology Program, 784 Wilson Road, Veterinary Medical Center Rm. G-100, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States.
| | - William D Atchison
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 1355 Bogue Street, Life Sciences Building Rm. B440, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States; Institute for Integrative Toxicology, 1129 Farm Lane, Food Safety and Toxicology Rm. 165, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States; Comparative Medicine and Integrative Biology Program, 784 Wilson Road, Veterinary Medical Center Rm. G-100, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Xue F, Shi C, Chen Q, Hang W, Xia L, Wu Y, Tao SZ, Zhou J, Shi A, Chen J. Melatonin Mediates Protective Effects against Kainic Acid-Induced Neuronal Death through Safeguarding ER Stress and Mitochondrial Disturbance. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:49. [PMID: 28293167 PMCID: PMC5329003 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Kainic acid (KA)-induced neuronal death is linked to mitochondrial dysfunction and ER stress. Melatonin is known to protect hippocampal neurons from KA-induced apoptosis, but the exact mechanisms underlying melatonin protective effects against neuronal mitochondria disorder and ER stress remain uncertain. In this study, we investigated the sheltering roles of melatonin during KA-induced apoptosis by focusing on mitochondrial dysfunction and ER stress mediated signal pathways. KA causes mitochondrial dynamic disorder and dysfunction through calpain activation, leading to neuronal apoptosis. Ca2+ chelator BAPTA-AM and calpain inhibitor calpeptin can significantly restore mitochondrial morphology and function. ER stress can also be induced by KA treatment. ER stress inhibitor 4-phenylbutyric acid (PBA) attenuates ER stress-mediated apoptosis and mitochondrial disorder. It is worth noting that calpain activation was also inhibited under PBA administration. Thus, we concluded that melatonin effectively inhibits KA-induced calpain upregulation/activation and mitochondrial deterioration by alleviating Ca2+ overload and ER stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feixiao Xue
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xi'an Third HospitalXi'an, China
| | - Cai Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan, China
| | - Qingjie Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan, China
| | - Weijian Hang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan, China
| | - Liangtao Xia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan, China
| | - Sophia Z Tao
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara CA, USA
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan, China
| | - Anbing Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan, China; Institute for Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan, China
| | - Juan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan, China; Institute for Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zhuo M. Ionotropic glutamate receptors contribute to pain transmission and chronic pain. Neuropharmacology 2017; 112:228-234. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
21
|
Wang CM, Xiao JA, Wang J, Wang SS, Deng ZX, Yang H. Organocatalytic Enantioselective Conjugate Addition of Azlactones to Enolizable Linear and Cyclic Enones. J Org Chem 2016; 81:8001-8. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b01356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Ming Wang
- College of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Jun-An Xiao
- College of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Sha-Sha Wang
- College of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Zhao-Xu Deng
- College of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Hua Yang
- College of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Swedberg MDB. Drug discrimination: A versatile tool for characterization of CNS safety pharmacology and potential for drug abuse. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2016; 81:295-305. [PMID: 27235786 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2016.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Drug discrimination studies for assessment of psychoactive properties of drugs in safety pharmacology and drug abuse and drug dependence potential evaluation have traditionally been focused on testing novel compounds against standard drugs for which drug abuse has been documented, e.g. opioids, CNS stimulants, cannabinoids etc. (e.g. Swedberg & Giarola, 2015), and results are interpreted such that the extent to which the test drug causes discriminative effects similar to those of the standard training drug, the test drug would be further characterized as a potential drug of abuse. Regulatory guidance for preclinical assessment of abuse liability by the European Medicines Agency (EMA, 2006), the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA, 2010), the International Conference of Harmonization (ICH, 2009), and the Japanese Ministry of Health Education and Welfare (MHLW, 1994) detail that compounds with central nervous system (CNS) activity, whether by design or not, need abuse and dependence liability assessment. Therefore, drugs with peripheral targets and a potential to enter the CNS, as parent or metabolite, are also within scope (see Swedberg, 2013, for a recent review and strategy). Compounds with novel mechanisms of action present a special challenge due to unknown abuse potential, and should be carefully assessed against defined risk criteria. Apart from compounds sharing mechanisms of action with known drugs of abuse, compounds intended for indications currently treated with drugs with potential for abuse and or dependence are also within scope, regardless of mechanism of action. Examples of such compounds are analgesics, anxiolytics, cognition enhancers, appetite control drugs, sleep control drugs and drugs for psychiatric indications. Recent results (Swedberg et al., 2014; Swedberg & Raboisson, 2014; Swedberg, 2015) on the metabotropic glutamate receptor type 5 (mGluR5) antagonists demonstrate that compounds causing hallucinatory effects in humans did not exhibit clear discriminative effects when tested against classical drugs of abuse in drug discrimination studies, and were not self-administered by rats. However, these compounds did cause salient discriminative effects of their own in animals trained to discriminate them from no drug. Therefore, from a safety pharmacology perspective, novel compounds that do not cause discriminative effects similar to classical drugs of abuse, may still cause psychoactive effects in humans and carry the potential to maintain drug abuse, suggesting that proactive investigation of drug abuse potential is warranted (Swedberg, 2013). These and other findings will be discussed, and the application of drug discrimination procedures beyond the typical standard application of testing novel compounds against known and well characterized reference drugs will be addressed.
Collapse
|
23
|
Characterization of temporal expressions of FOXO and pFOXO proteins in the hippocampus by kainic acid in mice: involvement of NMDA and non-NMDA receptors. Arch Pharm Res 2016; 39:660-7. [PMID: 26987339 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-016-0733-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we characterized the expression and role of forkhead box O (FoxO3a) in kainic acid (KA)-induced hippocampal neuronal cell death. FoxO3a and pFoxO3a expression in the CA1, CA2, and dentate gyrus regions in the hippocampus increased 0.5 and 1 h after intracerebroventricular administration of KA. In addition, both FoxO3a and pFoxO3a expression in the hippocampal CA3 region increased significantly and equally for 1 h but decreased gradually for 24 h after KA administration. In particular, the KA-induced increases in FoxO3a and pFoxO3a expression in the hippocampal CA3 region were inhibited by pretreatment with the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist (MK-801, dizocilpine, 1 µg/5 µl) or a non-NMDA receptor antagonist (CNQX, 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione, 0.5 µg/5 µl). Furthermore, dizocilpine and CNQX produced a neuroprotective effect against KA-induced neuronal death in the CA3 region of the hippocampus. Our results suggest that FoxO3a and pFoxO3 expression is upregulated by KA. Both FoxO3a and pFoxO3a expression appear to be responsible for KA-induced neuronal death in the CA3 region of the hippocampus.
Collapse
|
24
|
Cervetto C, Vergani L, Passalacqua M, Ragazzoni M, Venturini A, Cecconi F, Berretta N, Mercuri N, D'Amelio M, Maura G, Mariottini P, Voci A, Marcoli M, Cervelli M. Astrocyte-Dependent Vulnerability to Excitotoxicity in Spermine Oxidase-Overexpressing Mouse. Neuromolecular Med 2016; 18:50-68. [PMID: 26530396 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-015-8377-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Transgenic mice overexpressing spermine oxidase (SMO) in the cerebral cortex (Dach-SMO mice) showed increased vulnerability to excitotoxic brain injury and kainate-induced epileptic seizures. To investigate the mechanisms by which SMO overexpression leads to increased susceptibility to kainate excitotoxicity and seizure, in the cerebral cortex of Dach-SMO and control mice we assessed markers for astrocyte proliferation and neuron loss, and the ability of kainate to evoke glutamate release from nerve terminals and astrocyte processes. Moreover, we assessed a possible role of astrocytes in an in vitro model of epileptic-like activity in combined cortico-hippocampal slices recorded with a multi-electrode array device. In parallel, as the brain is a major metabolizer of oxygen and yet has relatively feeble protective antioxidant mechanisms, we analyzed the oxidative status of the cerebral cortex of both SMO-overexpressing and control mice by evaluating enzymatic and non-enzymatic scavengers such as metallothioneins. The main findings in the cerebral cortex of Dach-SMO mice as compared to controls are the following: astrocyte activation and neuron loss; increased oxidative stress and activation of defense mechanisms involving both neurons and astrocytes; increased susceptibility to kainate-evoked cortical epileptogenic activity, dependent on astrocyte function; appearance of a glutamate-releasing response to kainate from astrocyte processes due to activation of Ca(2+)-permeable AMPA receptors in Dach-SMO mice. We conclude that reactive astrocytosis and activation of glutamate release from astrocyte processes might contribute, together with increased reactive oxygen species production, to the vulnerability to kainate excitotoxicity in Dach-SMO mice. This mouse model with a deregulated polyamine metabolism would shed light on roles for astrocytes in increasing vulnerability to excitotoxic neuron injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Cervetto
- Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148, Genoa, Italy
- Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 5, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Laura Vergani
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genova, Corso Europa 26, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Mario Passalacqua
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Via L. B. Alberti 2, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Milena Ragazzoni
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genova, Corso Europa 26, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Arianna Venturini
- Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148, Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesco Cecconi
- Department of Biology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133, Rome, Italy
- Department of Experimental Neurosciences, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy
- Unit of Cell Stress and Survival, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicola Berretta
- Department of Experimental Neurosciences, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Mercuri
- Department of Experimental Neurosciences, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Viale Oxford 81, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Marcello D'Amelio
- Department of Experimental Neurosciences, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy
- Medical School Campus, Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128, Rome, Italy
| | - Guido Maura
- Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148, Genoa, Italy
- Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 5, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Paolo Mariottini
- Department of Sciences, University of Rome "Roma Tre", Viale Marconi 446, 00146, Rome, Italy
- Interuniversity Consortium of Structural and Systems Biology, Viale Medaglie d'Oro 305, 00136, Rome, Italy
| | - Adriana Voci
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genova, Corso Europa 26, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Manuela Marcoli
- Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148, Genoa, Italy.
- Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 5, 16132, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Manuela Cervelli
- Department of Sciences, University of Rome "Roma Tre", Viale Marconi 446, 00146, Rome, Italy.
- Interuniversity Consortium of Structural and Systems Biology, Viale Medaglie d'Oro 305, 00136, Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zheng C, Deng QQ, Liu LL, Wang MY, Zhang G, Sheng WL, Weng SJ, Yang XL, Zhong YM. Orexin-A differentially modulates AMPA-preferring responses of ganglion cells and amacrine cells in rat retina. Neuropharmacology 2015; 93:80-93. [PMID: 25656479 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
By activating their receptors (OX1R and OX2R) orexin-A/B regulate wake/sleeping states, feeding behaviors, but the function of these peptides in the retina remains unknown. Using patch-clamp recordings and calcium imaging in rat isolated retinal cells, we demonstrated that orexin-A suppressed α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid (AMPA)-preferring receptor-mediated currents (AMPA-preferring currents) in ganglion cells (GCs) through OX1R, but potentiated those in amacrine cells (ACs) through OX2R. Consistently, in rat retinal slices orexin-A suppressed light-evoked AMPA-preferring receptor-mediated excitatory postsynaptic currents in GCs, but potentiated those in ACs. Intracellular dialysis of GDP-β-S or preincubation with the Gi/o inhibitor pertussis toxin (PTX) abolished both the effects. Either cAMP/the protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor Rp-cAMP or cGMP/the PKG blocker KT5823 failed to alter the orexin-A effects. Whilst both of them involved activation of protein kinase C (PKC), the effects on GCs and ACs were respectively eliminated by the phosphatidylinositol (PI)-phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor and phosphatidylcholine (PC)-PLC inhibitor. Moreover, in GCs orexin-A increased [Ca(2+)]i and the orexin-A effect was blocked by intracellular Ca(2+)-free solution and by inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) receptor antagonists. In contrast, orexin-A did not change [Ca(2+)]i in ACs and the orexin-A effect remained in intracellular or extracellular Ca(2+)-free solution. We conclude that a distinct Gi/o/PI-PLC/IP3/Ca(2+)-dependent PKC signaling pathway, following the activation of OX1R, is likely responsible for the orexin-A effect on GCs, whereas a Gi/o/PC-PLC/Ca(2+)-independent PKC signaling pathway, following the activation of OX2R, mediates the orexin-A effect on ACs. These two actions of orexin-A, while working in concert, provide a characteristic way for modulating information processing in the inner retina.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zheng
- Institute of Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China; Cell Electrophysiology Laboratory, Wannan Medical College, 22 West Wenchang Road, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, China
| | - Qin-Qin Deng
- Institute of Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Lei-Lei Liu
- Institute of Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Meng-Ya Wang
- Cell Electrophysiology Laboratory, Wannan Medical College, 22 West Wenchang Road, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, China
| | - Gong Zhang
- Institute of Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wen-Long Sheng
- Institute of Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shi-Jun Weng
- Institute of Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiong-Li Yang
- Institute of Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Yong-Mei Zhong
- Institute of Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Grande V, Manassero G, Vercelli A. Neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory roles of the phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome Ten (PTEN) Inhibition in a Mouse Model of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114554. [PMID: 25501575 PMCID: PMC4264755 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Excitotoxic damage represents the major mechanism leading to cell death in many human neurodegenerative diseases such as ischemia, trauma and epilepsy. Caused by an excess of glutamate that acts on metabotropic and ionotropic excitatory receptors, excitotoxicity activates several death signaling pathways leading to an extensive neuronal loss and a consequent strong activation of astrogliosis. Currently, the search for a neuroprotective strategy is aimed to identify the level in the signaling pathways to block excitotoxicity avoiding the loss of important physiological functions and side effects. To this aim, PTEN can be considered an ideal candidate: downstream the excitatory receptors activated in excitotoxicity (whose inhibition was shown to be not clinically viable), it is involved in neuronal damage and in the first stage of the reactive astrogliosis in vivo. In this study, we demonstrated the involvement of PTEN in excitotoxicity through its pharmacological inhibition by dipotassium bisperoxo (picolinato) oxovanadate [bpv(pic)] in a model of temporal lobe epilepsy, obtained by intraperitoneal injection of kainate in 2-month-old C57BL/6J male mice. We have demonstrated that inhibition of PTEN by bpv(pic) rescues neuronal death and decreases the reactive astrogliosis in the CA3 area of the hippocampus caused by systemic administration of kainate. Moreover, the neurotoxin administration increases significantly the scanty presence of mitochondrial PTEN that is significantly decreased by the administration of the inhibitor 6 hr after the injection of kainate, suggesting a role of PTEN in mitochondrial apoptosis. Taken together, our results confirm the key role played by PTEN in the excitotoxic damage and the strong anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective potential of its inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Grande
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Orbassano, Torino, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Giusi Manassero
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Orbassano, Torino, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Alessandro Vercelli
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Kim CH, Park SH, Sim YB, Sharma N, Kim SS, Lim SM, Jung JS, Suh HW. Effect of pertussis and cholera toxins administered supraspinally on CA3 hippocampal neuronal cell death and the blood glucose level induced by kainic acid in mice. Neurosci Res 2014; 89:31-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2014.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
28
|
Increased levels and activity of cathepsins B and D in kainate-induced toxicity. Neuroscience 2014; 284:360-373. [PMID: 25307300 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Administration of kainic acid induces acute seizures that result in the loss of neurons, gliosis and reorganization of mossy fiber pathways in the hippocampus resembling those observed in human temporal lobe epilepsy. Although these structural changes have been well characterized, the mechanisms underlying the degeneration of neurons following administration of kainic acid remain unclear. Since the lysosomal enzymes, cathepsins B and D, are known to be involved in the loss of neurons and clearance of degenerative materials in a variety of experimental conditions, we evaluated their potential roles in kainic acid-treated rats. In parallel, we also measured the levels and expression of insulin-like growth factor-II/mannose 6-phosphate (IGF-II/M6P) receptors, which mediate the intracellular trafficking of these enzymes, in kainic acid-treated rats. Our results showed that systemic administration of kainic acid evoked severe loss of neurons along with hypertrophy of astrocytes and microglia in the hippocampus of the adult rat brain. The levels and activity of cathepsins B and D increased with time in the hippocampus of kainic acid-treated rats compared to the saline-injected control animals. The expression of both cathepsins B and D, as evident by immunolabeling studies, was also markedly increased in activated astrocytes and microglia of the kainic acid-treated rats. Additionally, cytosolic levels of the cathepsins were enhanced along with cytochrome c and to some extent Bax in the hippocampus in kainic acid-treated rats. These changes were accompanied by appearance of cleaved caspase-3-positive neurons in the hippocampus of kainic acid-treated animals. The levels of IGF-II/M6P receptors, on the other hand, were not significantly altered, but these receptors were found to be present in a subset of reactive astrocytes following administration of kainic acid. These results, taken together, suggest that enhanced levels/expression and activity of lysosomal enzymes may have a role in the loss of neurons and/or clearance of degenerative materials observed in kainic acid-treated rats.
Collapse
|
29
|
Palazzo E, Marabese I, de Novellis V, Rossi F, Maione S. Supraspinal metabotropic glutamate receptors: a target for pain relief and beyond. Eur J Neurosci 2014; 39:444-54. [PMID: 24494684 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate is the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, controlling the majority of synapses. Apart from neurodegenerative diseases, growing evidence suggests that glutamate is involved in psychiatric and neurological disorders, including pain. Glutamate signaling is mediated via ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) and metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs). So far, drugs acting via modulation of glutamatergic system are few in number, and all are associated with iGluRs and important side effects. The glutamatergic system may be finely modulated by mGluRs. Signaling via these receptors is slower and longer-lasting, and permits fine-tuning of glutamate transmission. There have been eight mGluRs cloned to date (mGluR1-mGluR8), and these are further divided into three groups on the basis of sequence homology, pharmacological profile, and second messenger signaling. The pattern of expression of mGluRs along the pain neuraxis makes them suitable substrates for the design of novel analgesics. This review will focus on the supraspinal mGluRs, whose pharmacological manipulation generates a variety of effects, which depend on the synaptic location, the cell type on which they are located, and the expression in particular pain modulation areas, such as the periaqueductal gray, which plays a major role in the descending modulation of pain, and the central nucleus of the amygdala, which is an important center for the processing of emotional information associated with pain. A particular emphasis will also be given to the novel selective mGluR subtype ligands, as well as positive and negative allosteric modulators, which have permitted discrimination of the individual roles of the different mGluR subtypes, and subtle modulation of central nervous system functioning and related disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enza Palazzo
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Surgery and Emergency, The Second University of Naples, Piazza Luigi Miraglia 2, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Kim HJ, Song W, Kim JS, Jin EH, Kwon MS, Park S. Synergic Effect of Exercise and Lipoic Acid on Protection Against Kainic Acid Induced Seizure Activity and Oxidative Stress in Mice. Neurochem Res 2014; 39:1579-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-014-1350-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
31
|
Rubio MD, Drummond JB, Meador-Woodruff JH. Glutamate receptor abnormalities in schizophrenia: implications for innovative treatments. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2014; 20:1-18. [PMID: 24116269 PMCID: PMC3792192 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2012.20.1.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a devastating psychiatric illness that afflicts 1% of the population worldwide, resulting in substantial impact to patients, their families, and health care delivery systems. For many years, schizophrenia has been felt to be associated with dysregulated dopaminergic neurotransmission as a key feature of the pathophysiology of the illness. Although numerous studies point to dopaminergic abnormalities in schizophrenia, dopamine dysfunction cannot completely account for all of the symptoms seen in schizophrenia, and dopamine-based treatments are often inadequate and can be associated with serious side effects. More recently, converging lines of evidence have suggested that there are abnormalities of glutamate transmission in schizophrenia. Glutamatergic neurotransmission involves numerous molecules that facilitate glutamate release, receptor activation, glutamate reuptake, and other synaptic activities. Evidence for glutamatergic abnormalities in schizophrenia primarily has implicated the NMDA and AMPA subtypes of the glutamate receptor. The expression of these receptors and other molecules associated with glutamate neurotransmission has been systematically studied in the brain in schizophrenia. These studies have generally revealed region- and molecule-specific changes in glutamate receptor transcript and protein expression in this illness. Given that glutamatergic neurotransmission has been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, recent drug development efforts have targeted the glutamate system. Much effort to date has focused on modulation of the NMDA receptor, although more recently other glutamate receptors and transporters have been the targets of drug development. These efforts have been promising thus far, and ongoing efforts to develop additional drugs that modulate glutamatergic neurotransmission are underway that may hold the potential for novel classes of more effective treatments for this serious psychiatric illness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria D Rubio
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0021, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Shin IJ, Son SU, Park H, Kim Y, Park SH, Swanberg K, Shin JY, Ha SK, Cho Y, Bang SY, Lew JH, Cho SH, Maeng S. Preclinical evidence of rapid-onset antidepressant-like effect in Radix Polygalae extract. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88617. [PMID: 24520403 PMCID: PMC3919798 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Radix Polygalae (the root of Polygala tenuifolia) is a herb widely used in traditional Asian medicine that is thought to exert a variety of neuropsychiatric effects. Radix Polygalae extract can protect against N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) neurotoxicity and induce brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression, suggesting modulatory roles at glutamatergic synapses and possible antidepressant action. In accordance with this hypothesis, Radix Polygalae extract demonstrated antidepressant-like effects in 8-week-old male C57Bl/6 mice by decreasing behavioral despair in the forced swim and tail suspension tasks and increasing hedonic-like behavior in the female urine sniffing test 30 minutes after a single oral administration of 0.1 mg/kg. Reduced latency to acquire a food pellet in the novely suppressed feeding paradigm, without change in anxiety-like behaviors suggested a rapid-onset nature of the antidepressant-like effect. In addition, it decreased the number of failed escapes in the learned helplessness paradigm after two oral administrations 24 hours and 30 minutes before the first test. Finally, it reversed anhedonia as measured by saccharin preference in mice exposed to the chronic stress model after two administrations of 0.1 mg/kg, in contrast to the repeated administration generally needed for similar effect by monoamergic antidepressants. Immobility reduction in tail suspension task was blocked by the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor antagonist NBQX, a pattern previously demonstrated by ketamine and other ketamine-like rapid-onset antidepressants. Also similarly to ketamine, Radix Polygalae appeared to acutely decrease phosphorylation of GluR1 serine-845 in the hippocampus while leaving the phosphorylation of hippocampal mTOR serine 2448 unchanged. These findings serve as preclinical evidence that Radix Polygalae extract exerts rapid-onset antidepressant effects by modulating glutamatergic synapses in critical brain circuits of depression and may be worthy of further evaluation as a safe substitute to other rapid-onset antidepressants known to have unacceptable side effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Im-Joon Shin
- Department of Applied Korean Medicine, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Un Son
- Department of East-West Medicine, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
| | - Hyunwoo Park
- Department of East-West Medicine, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
| | - Yoorim Kim
- Department of East-West Medicine, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
| | - Sung Hyun Park
- Department of East-West Medicine, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
| | - Kelley Swanberg
- Department of East-West Medicine, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
| | - Joo-Yeon Shin
- Department of East-West Medicine, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
| | - Sang-Kyu Ha
- Department of East-West Medicine, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
| | - Yoonju Cho
- Department of Applied Korean Medicine, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soo-Yong Bang
- Department of East-West Medicine, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
| | - Jae-Hwan Lew
- Department of East-West Medicine, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
| | - Seung-Hun Cho
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sungho Maeng
- Department of East-West Medicine, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Ullah I, Park HY, Kim MO. Anthocyanins protect against kainic acid-induced excitotoxicity and apoptosis via ROS-activated AMPK pathway in hippocampal neurons. CNS Neurosci Ther 2014; 20:327-38. [PMID: 24393263 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Excitotoxicity is an important mechanism involved in neurodegeneration. Kainic acid (KA)-induced excitotoxicity results an unfavorable stress, and we investigated the signaling pathways activated in such conditions. AIMS Here, we sought to determine the cellular and biochemical benefits of anthocyanins extracted from Korean black bean against KA-induced excitotoxicity and neuronal cell death. METHODS AND RESULTS Mouse hippocampal cell line (HT22) and primary prenatal rat hippocampal neurons were treated with KA to induce excitotoxicity. Incubation of the cells with KA alone significantly decreased cell viability, elevated intracellular Ca(2+) level, increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψ(M)). These events were accompanied by sustained phosphorylation and activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Kainic acid induced upregulation of Bax, decrease in Bcl-2, release of cytochrome-c, and activation of caspase-3 in both cell types. Anthocyanins attenuated KA-induced dysregulation of Ca(2+), ROS accumulation, activation of AMPK, and increase in percentage of apoptotic cells. Pretreatment of the cells with compound C, an inhibitor of AMPK, diminished the KA-induced activation of AMPK and caspase-3. The activation of AMPK through elevation of cellular ROS and Ca(2+) levels is required for KA-induced apoptosis in hippocampal neurons. CONCLUSIONS In summary, our data suggest that although anthocyanins have diverse activities, at least part of their beneficial effects against KA-induced hippocampal degeneration can be attributed to their well-recognized antioxidant properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ikram Ullah
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences (RINS), Applied Life Science (BK 21) Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Cardiac electrographic and morphological changes following status epilepticus: Effect of clonidine. Seizure 2014; 23:55-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2013.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
|
35
|
Lado WE, Zhang D, Mennigen JA, Zamora JM, Popesku JT, Trudeau VL. Rapid modulation of gene expression profiles in the telencephalon of male goldfish following exposure to waterborne sex pheromones. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2013; 192:204-13. [PMID: 23800560 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2013.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Sex pheromones rapidly affect endocrine physiology and behaviour, but little is known about their effects on gene expression in the neural tissues that mediate olfactory processing. In this study, we exposed male goldfish for 6h to waterborne 17,20βP (4.3 nM) and PGF2α (3 nM), the main pre-ovulatory and post-ovulatory pheromones, respectively. Both treatments elevated milt volume (P=0.001). Microarray analysis of male telencephalon following PGF2α treatment identified 71 unique transcripts that were differentially expressed (q<5%; 67 up, 4 down). Functional annotation of these regulated genes indicates that PGF2α pheromone exposure affects diverse biological processes including nervous system functions, energy metabolism, cholesterol/lipoprotein transport, translational regulation, transcription and chromatin remodelling, protein processing, cytoskeletal organization, and signalling. By using real-time RT-PCR, we further validated three candidate genes, ependymin-II, calmodulin-A and aldolase C, which exhibited 3-5-fold increase in expression following PGF2α exposure. Expression levels of some other genes that are thought to be important for reproduction were also determined using real-time RT-PCR. Expression of sGnRH was increased by PGF2α, but not 17,20βP, whereas cGnRH expression was increased by 17,20βP but not PGF2α. In contrast, both pheromones increase the expression of glutamate (GluR2a, NR2A) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABAA γ2) receptor subunit mRNAs. Milt release and rapid modulation of neuronal transcription are part of the response of males to female sex pheromones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wudu E Lado
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Menniti FS, Lindsley CW, Conn PJ, Pandit J, Zagouras P, Volkmann RA. Allosteric modulators for the treatment of schizophrenia: targeting glutamatergic networks. Curr Top Med Chem 2013; 13:26-54. [PMID: 23409764 DOI: 10.2174/1568026611313010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a highly debilitating mental disorder which afflicts approximately 1% of the global population. Cognitive and negative deficits account for the lifelong disability associated with schizophrenia, whose symptoms are not effectively addressed by current treatments. New medicines are needed to treat these aspects of the disease. Neurodevelopmental, neuropathological, genetic, and behavioral pharmacological data indicate that schizophrenia stems from a dysfunction of glutamate synaptic transmission, particularly in frontal cortical networks. A number of novel pre- and postsynaptic mechanisms affecting glutamatergic synaptic transmission have emerged as viable targets for schizophrenia. While developing orthosteric glutamatergic agents for these targets has proven extremely difficult, targeting allosteric sites of these targets has emerged as a promising alternative. From a medicinal chemistry perspective, allosteric sites provide an opportunity of finding agents with better drug-like properties and greater target specificity. Furthermore, allosteric modulators are better suited to maintaining the highly precise temporal and spatial aspects of glutamatergic synaptic transmission. Herein, we review neuropathological and genomic/genetic evidence underscoring the importance of glutamate synaptic dysfunction in the etiology of schizophrenia and make a case for allosteric targets for therapeutic intervention. We review progress in identifying allosteric modulators of AMPA receptors, NMDA receptors, and metabotropic glutamate receptors, all with the aim of restoring physiological glutamatergic synaptic transmission. Challenges remain given the complexity of schizophrenia and the difficulty in studying cognition in animals and humans. Nonetheless, important compounds have emerged from these efforts and promising preclinical and variable clinical validation has been achieved.
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
Depression is a common psychiatric condition characterized by affective, cognitive, psychomotor, and neurovegetative symptoms that interfere with a person's ability to work, study, deal with interpersonal relationships, and enjoy once-pleasurable activities. After the serendipitous discovery of the first antidepressants, for years the only pharmacodynamic mechanisms explored in the search of novel antidepressants were those related to the 3 main monoamines: serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. New-generation monoaminergic antidepressants, such as selective-serotonin and dual-acting serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, improved treatment and quality of life of depressed patients. Nevertheless, there are still important clinical limitations: the long latency of onset of the antidepressant action; side effects, which can lead to early discontinuation; low rate of response; and high rate of relapse/recurrence. Therefore, in the last several years, the focus of research has moved from monoamines toward other molecular mechanisms, including glutamatergic (Glu) neurotransmission. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge on the Glu system and on its relationships with mood disorders. Up to now, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists, in particular ketamine, provided the most promising results in preclinical studies and produced a consistent and rapid, although transient, antidepressant effect with a good tolerability profile in humans. Although data are encouraging, more double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trials are needed to clarify the real potentiality of ketamine, and of the other Glu modulators, in the treatment of unipolar and bipolar depression.
Collapse
|
38
|
Robbins MA, Ryan CL, Marriott AL, Doucette TA. Temporal Memory Dysfunction and Alterations in Tyrosine Hydroxylase Immunoreactivity in Adult Rats Following Neonatal Exposure to Domoic Acid. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/nm.2013.41005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
39
|
O'Malley MW, Datta S. REM Sleep Regulating Mechanisms in the Cholinergic Cell Compartment of the Brainstem. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 8:58-66. [PMID: 25400382 DOI: 10.5958/j.0974-0155.8.2.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is a highly evolved yet paradoxical behavioral state (highly activated brain in a paralyzed body) in mammalian species. Since the discovery of REM sleep and its physiological distinction from other sleep states1, a vast number of studies in neurosciences have been dedicated toward understanding the mechanisms and functions of this behavioral state. Collectively, studies have shown that each of the physiological events that characterize the behavioral state of REM sleep is executed by distinct cell groups located in the brainstem. These cell groups are discrete components of a widely distributed network, rather than a single REM sleep center. The final activity within each of these executive cell groups is controlled by the ratio of cholinergic neurotransmission emanating from the pedunculopontine tegmentum (PPT) to aminergic neurotransmission emanating from the locus coeruleus (LC) and raphe nucleus (RN). In this review, we summarize the most recent findings on the cellular and molecular mechanisms in the PPT cholinergic cell compartment that underlie the regulation of REM sleep. This up-to-date review should allow clinicians and researchers to better understand the effects of drugs and neurologic disease on REM sleep.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W O'Malley
- Laboratory of Sleep and Cognitive Neuroscience, Boston University School of Medicine, 85 East Newton Street, Suite: M-902, Boston, Massachusetts 02118 ; Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, 85 East Newton Street, Suite: M-902, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - Subimal Datta
- Laboratory of Sleep and Cognitive Neuroscience, Boston University School of Medicine, 85 East Newton Street, Suite: M-902, Boston, Massachusetts 02118 ; Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, 85 East Newton Street, Suite: M-902, Boston, Massachusetts 02118 ; Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, 85 East Newton Street, Suite: M-902, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Giorgi G, Favi G, Attanasi OA. Insights into diastereoisomeric characterization of tetrahydropyridazine amino acid derivatives: crystal structures and gas phase ion chemistry. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:5006-11. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob41034j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
41
|
Zhou PX, Zhou ZZ, Chen ZS, Ye YY, Zhao LB, Yang YF, Xia XF, Luo JY, Liang YM. Palladium-catalyzed insertion of α-diazocarbonyl compounds for the synthesis of cyclic amino esters. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc37464a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
42
|
|
43
|
Mathews DC, Henter ID, Zarate CA. Targeting the glutamatergic system to treat major depressive disorder: rationale and progress to date. Drugs 2012; 72:1313-33. [PMID: 22731961 DOI: 10.2165/11633130-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a severe, debilitating medical illness that affects millions of individuals worldwide. The young age of onset and chronicity of the disorder has a significant impact on the long-term disability that affected individuals face. Most existing treatments have focused on the 'monoamine hypothesis' for rational design of compounds. However, patients continue to experience low remission rates, residual subsyndromal symptoms, relapses and overall functional impairment. In this context, growing evidence suggests that the glutamatergic system is uniquely central to the neurobiology and treatment of MDD. Here, we review data supporting the involvement of the glutamatergic system in the pathophysiology of MDD, and discuss the efficacy of glutamatergic agents as novel therapeutics. Preliminary clinical evidence has been promising, particularly with regard to the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist ketamine as a 'proof-of-concept' agent. The review also highlights potential molecular and inflammatory mechanisms that may contribute to the rapid antidepressant response seen with ketamine. Because existing pharmacological treatments for MDD are often insufficient for many patients, the next generation of treatments needs to be more effective, rapid acting and better tolerated than currently available medications. There is extant evidence that the glutamatergic system holds considerable promise for developing the next generation of novel and mechanistically distinct agents for the treatment of MDD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Mathews
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Peng HY, Chen GD, Hsieh MC, Lai CY, Huang YP, Lin TB. Spinal SGK1/GRASP-1/Rab4 is involved in complete Freund’s adjuvant-induced inflammatory pain via regulating dorsal horn GluR1-containing AMPA receptor trafficking in rats. Pain 2012; 153:2380-2392. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2012.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Revised: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
45
|
Kim HJ, Kim IK, Song W, Lee J, Park S. The synergic effect of regular exercise and resveratrol on kainate-induced oxidative stress and seizure activity in mice. Neurochem Res 2012; 38:117-22. [PMID: 23054073 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-012-0897-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Revised: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The synergic effect of regular exercise and resveratrol, a polyphenolic compound with potent antioxidant activity, was investigated against kainate-induced seizures and oxidative stress in mice. After 6 weeks of swimming training, the total body weight decreased and the blood concentration of lactate stabilized statistically in comparison with the sedentary mice, indicate that the training program increased the aerobic resistance of mice. Kainate (30 mg/kg) evoked seizure activity 5 min after injection, and seizure activity was measured seizure rating scores every 5 min up to 2 h. As previously well known experiments, regular exercise and resveratrol (40 mg/kg, daily supplementation for 6 weeks) have an inhibitory effect on kainate-induced seizure activity and oxidative stress. In particularly, a synergistic cooperation of regular exercise and resveratrol was observed in seizure activity, mortality and oxidative stress especially in SOD activity. These results suggest that regular exercise along with an anti-convulsant agent such as resveratrol could be a more efficient method for the prevention of seizure development than exercise alone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hee-jae Kim
- Health and Exercise Science Laboratory, Institute of Sports Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
A novel anti-epileptic agent, perampanel, selectively inhibits AMPA receptor-mediated synaptic transmission in the hippocampus. Neurochem Int 2012; 61:517-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Revised: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
47
|
Mathews DC, Henter ID, Zarate CA. Targeting the glutamatergic system to treat major depressive disorder: rationale and progress to date. Drugs 2012. [PMID: 22731961 DOI: 10.2165/11633130‐000000000‐00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a severe, debilitating medical illness that affects millions of individuals worldwide. The young age of onset and chronicity of the disorder has a significant impact on the long-term disability that affected individuals face. Most existing treatments have focused on the 'monoamine hypothesis' for rational design of compounds. However, patients continue to experience low remission rates, residual subsyndromal symptoms, relapses and overall functional impairment. In this context, growing evidence suggests that the glutamatergic system is uniquely central to the neurobiology and treatment of MDD. Here, we review data supporting the involvement of the glutamatergic system in the pathophysiology of MDD, and discuss the efficacy of glutamatergic agents as novel therapeutics. Preliminary clinical evidence has been promising, particularly with regard to the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist ketamine as a 'proof-of-concept' agent. The review also highlights potential molecular and inflammatory mechanisms that may contribute to the rapid antidepressant response seen with ketamine. Because existing pharmacological treatments for MDD are often insufficient for many patients, the next generation of treatments needs to be more effective, rapid acting and better tolerated than currently available medications. There is extant evidence that the glutamatergic system holds considerable promise for developing the next generation of novel and mechanistically distinct agents for the treatment of MDD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Mathews
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Mood disorders. Transl Neurosci 2012. [DOI: 10.1017/cbo9780511980053.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
|
49
|
Perlovich GL, Proshin AN, Volkova TV, Petrova LN, Bachurin SO. Novel 1,2,4-Thiadiazole Derivatives as Potent Neuroprotectors: Approach to Creation of Bioavailable Drugs. Mol Pharm 2012; 9:2156-67. [DOI: 10.1021/mp300011r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- German L. Perlovich
- Institute of Solution Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 153045 Ivanovo, Russia
- Institute of Physiologically
Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia
| | - Alexey N. Proshin
- Institute of Physiologically
Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia
| | - Tatyana V. Volkova
- Institute of Solution Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 153045 Ivanovo, Russia
| | - Ludmila N. Petrova
- Institute of Physiologically
Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia
| | - Sergey O. Bachurin
- Institute of Physiologically
Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Zhang X, Ji J, Zhu Y, Jing C, Li M, Hu W. A highly diastereoselective three-component tandem 1,4-conjugated addition–cyclization reaction to multisubstituted pyrrolidines. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:2133-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ob06760a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|