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Golomb BA, Han JH. Adverse effect propensity: A new feature of Gulf War illness predicted by environmental exposures. iScience 2023; 26:107363. [PMID: 37554469 PMCID: PMC10405325 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A third of 1990-1 Gulf-deployed personnel developed drug/chemical-induced multisymptom illness, "Gulf War illness" (GWI). Veterans with GWI (VGWI) report increased drug/exposure adverse effects (AEs). Using previously collected data from a case-control study, we evaluated whether the fraction of exposures that engendered AEs ("AE Propensity") is increased in VGWI (it was); whether AE Propensity is related to self-rated "chemical sensitivity" (it did); and whether specific exposures "predicted" AE Propensity (they did). Pesticides and radiation exposure were significant predictors, with copper significantly "protective"-in the total sample (adjusted for GWI-status) and separately in VGWI and controls, on multivariable regression. Mitochondrial impairment and oxidative stress (OS) underlie AEs from many exposures irrespective of nominal specific mechanism. We hypothesize that mitochondrial toxicity and interrelated OS from pesticides and radiation position people on the steep part of the curve of mitochondrial impairment and OS versus symptom/biological disruption, amplifying impact of new exposures. Copper, meanwhile, is involved in critical OS detoxification processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice A. Golomb
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jun Hee Han
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Pukoli D, Polyák H, Rajda C, Vécsei L. Kynurenines and Neurofilament Light Chain in Multiple Sclerosis. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:658202. [PMID: 34113231 PMCID: PMC8185147 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.658202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune, demyelinating, and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system. In recent years, it has been proven that the kynurenine system plays a significant role in the development of several nervous system disorders, including multiple sclerosis. Kynurenine pathway metabolites have both neurotoxic and neuroprotective effects. Moreover, the enzymes of the kynurenine pathway play an important role in immunomodulation processes, among others, as well as interacting with neuronal energy balance and various redox reactions. Dysregulation of many of the enzymatic steps in kynurenine pathway and upregulated levels of these metabolites locally in the central nervous system, contribute to the progression of multiple sclerosis pathology. This process can initiate a pathogenic cascade, including microglia activation, glutamate excitotoxicity, chronic oxidative stress or accumulated mitochondrial damage in the axons, that finally disrupt the homeostasis of neurons, leads to destabilization of neuronal cell cytoskeleton, contributes to neuro-axonal damage and neurodegeneration. Neurofilaments are good biomarkers of the neuro-axonal damage and their level reliably indicates the severity of multiple sclerosis and the treatment response. There is increasing evidence that connections exist between the molecules generated in the kynurenine metabolic pathway and the change in neurofilament concentrations. Thus the alterations in the kynurenine pathway may be an important biomarker of the course of multiple sclerosis. In our present review, we report the possible relationship and connection between neurofilaments and the kynurenine system in multiple sclerosis based on the available evidences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dániel Pukoli
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,Department of Neurology, Vaszary Kolos Hospital, Esztergom, Hungary
| | - Helga Polyák
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Cecilia Rajda
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Vécsei
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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3
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Tesfaye S, Hamba N, Gerbi A, Negeri Z. Occupational formaldehyde exposure linked to increased systemic health impairments and counteracting beneficial effects of selected antioxidants. ALEXANDRIA JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/20905068.2021.1926172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Solomon Tesfaye
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (Medical Anatomy), Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Niguse Hamba
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (Medical Anatomy), Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Asfaw Gerbi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (Medical Anatomy), Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Zenebe Negeri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (Medical Physiology), Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
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Zhang D, Xu S, Wang Y, Zhu G. The Potentials of Melatonin in the Prevention and Treatment of Bacterial Meningitis Disease. Molecules 2021; 26:1419. [PMID: 33808027 PMCID: PMC7961363 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26051419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial meningitis (BM) is an acute infectious central nervous system (CNS) disease worldwide, occurring with 50% of the survivors left with a long-term serious sequela. Acute bacterial meningitis is more prevalent in resource-poor than resource-rich areas. The pathogenesis of BM involves complex mechanisms that are related to bacterial survival and multiplication in the bloodstream, increased permeability of blood-brain barrier (BBB), oxidative stress, and excessive inflammatory response in CNS. Considering drug-resistant bacteria increases the difficulty of meningitis treatment and the vaccine also has been limited to several serotypes, and the morbidity rate of BM still is very high. With recent development in neurology, there is promising progress for drug supplements of effectively preventing and treating BM. Several in vivo and in vitro studies have elaborated on understanding the significant mechanism of melatonin on BM. Melatonin is mainly secreted in the pineal gland and can cross the BBB. Melatonin and its metabolite have been reported as effective antioxidants and anti-inflammation, which are potentially useful as prevention and treatment therapy of BM. In bacterial meningitis, melatonin can play multiple protection effects in BM through various mechanisms, including immune response, antibacterial ability, the protection of BBB integrity, free radical scavenging, anti-inflammation, signaling pathways, and gut microbiome. This manuscript summarizes the major neuroprotective mechanisms of melatonin and explores the potential prevention and treatment approaches aimed at reducing morbidity and alleviating nerve injury of BM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (D.Z.); (S.X.); (Y.W.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Shu Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (D.Z.); (S.X.); (Y.W.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yiting Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (D.Z.); (S.X.); (Y.W.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Guoqiang Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (D.Z.); (S.X.); (Y.W.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
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Reiter RJ, Tan DX, Rosales-Corral S, Galano A, Jou MJ, Acuna-Castroviejo D. Melatonin Mitigates Mitochondrial Meltdown: Interactions with SIRT3. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2439. [PMID: 30126181 PMCID: PMC6121285 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Melatonin exhibits extraordinary diversity in terms of its functions and distribution. When discovered, it was thought to be uniquely of pineal gland origin. Subsequently, melatonin synthesis was identified in a variety of organs and recently it was shown to be produced in the mitochondria. Since mitochondria exist in every cell, with a few exceptions, it means that every vertebrate, invertebrate, and plant cell produces melatonin. The mitochondrial synthesis of melatonin is not photoperiod-dependent, but it may be inducible under conditions of stress. Mitochondria-produced melatonin is not released into the systemic circulation, but rather is used primarily in its cell of origin. Melatonin's functions in the mitochondria are highly diverse, not unlike those of sirtuin 3 (SIRT3). SIRT3 is an NAD+-dependent deacetylase which regulates, among many functions, the redox state of the mitochondria. Recent data proves that melatonin and SIRT3 post-translationally collaborate in regulating free radical generation and removal from mitochondria. Since melatonin and SIRT3 have cohabitated in the mitochondria for many eons, we predict that these molecules interact in many other ways to control mitochondrial physiology. It is predicted that these mutual functions will be intensely investigated in the next decade and importantly, we assume that the findings will have significant applications for preventing/delaying some age-related diseases and aging itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
| | - Dun Xian Tan
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
| | - Sergio Rosales-Corral
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guardalajara, 4436 Jalisco, Mexico.
| | - Annia Galano
- Departamento de Quimica, Universidad Antonoma Metropolitana-Unidad Iztapalapa, San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, Iztapalapa, C.P. 09340 Mexico D.F., Mexico.
| | - Mei-Jie Jou
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan.
| | - Dario Acuna-Castroviejo
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidad de Granada, Avenida de Conocimiento S/U, 18016 Granada, Spain.
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Loganathan C, Thayumanavan P. Asiatic acid prevents the quinolinic acid-induced oxidative stress and cognitive impairment. Metab Brain Dis 2018; 33:151-159. [PMID: 29086235 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-017-0143-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Increased accumulation of endogenous neurotoxin quinolinic acid has been found in various neurodegenerative diseases. Oxidative stress caused by quinolinic acid is considered as imperative factor for its toxicity. Asiatic acid, a natural triterpene is widely studied for its various medicinal values. In the present study the effects of asiatic acid in preventing the cognitive impairment and oxidative stress caused by quinolinic acid was investigated. Male Spraque-Dawley rats were orally administered asiatic acid (30 mg/kg/day) for 28 days, while quinolinic acid toxicity-induced animals received quinolinic acid (1.5 mmol/kg/day) from day 15 to day 28 for 14 days. Asiatic acid administration prevented the loss of spatial memory caused due to quinolinic acid-induced toxicity as determined using the novel object location test. In addition, asiatic acid administration alleviated the deleterious effect of quinolinic acid in brain such as increased oxidative stress, decreased antioxidant status and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation dysfunction. These data demonstrate that asiatic acid through its potent antioxidant and cognition enhancement property prevented the neuronal impairments caused by quinolinic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chitra Loganathan
- Department of Biochemistry, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, 636011, India
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Berkiks I, Benmhammed H, Mesfioui A, Ouichou A, El Hasnaoui A, Mouden S, Touil T, Bahbiti Y, Nakache R, El Hessni A. Postnatal melatonin treatment protects against affective disorders induced by early-life immune stimulation by reducing the microglia cell activation and oxidative stress. Int J Neurosci 2017; 128:495-504. [PMID: 29077529 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2017.1398156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic inflammation induced by neonatal infection may result as long-term hyper-activation of microglial cells followed by an overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha, nitric oxide and lipid peroxidation. Those inflammation mediators can trigger behavioral disruption and/or cognitive disorders. OBJECTIVE The present work aims to evaluate the effect of melatonin (a cytokine release modulator and antioxidant agent) in the reduction of the prefrontal microglia activation and depressive-like behaviors induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection in adult rats. RESULTS The effect of melatonin (5 mg/kg) was compared to minocycline (50 mg/kg), a well-known anti-inflammatory drug with potent inhibitory effect on microglial activation. Our results showed that LPS injection induced a significant increase in prefrontal cortex tumor necrosis factor-alpha and nitric oxide levels. Furthermore, lipid peroxidation and microglial activation were highly increased in the prefrontal cortex compared to control. The melatonin treatment induced a significant decrease on nitric oxide and lipid peroxidation levels in the prefrontal cortex and significant decrease on tumor necrosis factor-alpha and microglia activation. Melatonin can also induce a significant reduction in the anxiety and depression-like effect induced by PND9 LPS administration. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrated that melatonin possesses potent protective effect against the depression and anxiety induced by LPS. The underlying effect of melatonin is probably due to the reduction of nitric oxide toxic effect and lipid peroxidation in addition to its anti-inflammatory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Berkiks
- a Department of Biology, Laboratory of Genetic, Neuroendocrinology, and Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences , Ibn Tofail University , Kenitra , Morocco
| | - H Benmhammed
- a Department of Biology, Laboratory of Genetic, Neuroendocrinology, and Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences , Ibn Tofail University , Kenitra , Morocco
| | - A Mesfioui
- a Department of Biology, Laboratory of Genetic, Neuroendocrinology, and Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences , Ibn Tofail University , Kenitra , Morocco
| | - A Ouichou
- a Department of Biology, Laboratory of Genetic, Neuroendocrinology, and Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences , Ibn Tofail University , Kenitra , Morocco
| | - A El Hasnaoui
- a Department of Biology, Laboratory of Genetic, Neuroendocrinology, and Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences , Ibn Tofail University , Kenitra , Morocco
| | - S Mouden
- b Provincial Laboratory of Serology , Diagnostic Centre, Regional Hospital El Idrissi , Kenitra
| | - T Touil
- a Department of Biology, Laboratory of Genetic, Neuroendocrinology, and Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences , Ibn Tofail University , Kenitra , Morocco
| | - Y Bahbiti
- a Department of Biology, Laboratory of Genetic, Neuroendocrinology, and Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences , Ibn Tofail University , Kenitra , Morocco
| | - R Nakache
- a Department of Biology, Laboratory of Genetic, Neuroendocrinology, and Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences , Ibn Tofail University , Kenitra , Morocco
| | - A El Hessni
- a Department of Biology, Laboratory of Genetic, Neuroendocrinology, and Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences , Ibn Tofail University , Kenitra , Morocco
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Seminotti B, Amaral AU, Ribeiro RT, Rodrigues MDN, Colín-González AL, Leipnitz G, Santamaría A, Wajner M. Oxidative Stress, Disrupted Energy Metabolism, and Altered Signaling Pathways in Glutaryl-CoA Dehydrogenase Knockout Mice: Potential Implications of Quinolinic Acid Toxicity in the Neuropathology of Glutaric Acidemia Type I. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:6459-6475. [PMID: 26607633 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9548-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of an acute intrastriatal QUIN administration on cellular redox and bioenergetics homeostasis, as well as on important signaling pathways in the striatum of wild-type (Gcdh +/+ , WT) and knockout mice for glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase (Gcdh -/- ) fed a high lysine (Lys, 4.7 %) chow. QUIN increased lactate release in both Gcdh +/+ and Gcdh -/- mice and reduced the activities of complex IV and creatine kinase only in the striatum of Gcdh -/- mice. QUIN also induced lipid and protein oxidative damage and increased the generation of reactive nitrogen species, as well as the activities of the antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase 2, and glutathione-S-transferase in WT and Gcdh -/- animals. Furthermore, QUIN induced DCFH oxidation (reactive oxygen species production) and reduced GSH concentrations (antioxidant defenses) in Gcdh -/- . An early increase of Akt and phospho-Erk 1/2 in the cytosol and Nrf2 in the nucleus was also observed, as well as a decrease of cytosolic Keap1caused by QUIN, indicating activation of the Nrf2 pathway mediated by Akt and phospho-Erk 1/2, possibly as a compensatory protective mechanism against the ongoing QUIN-induced toxicity. Finally, QUIN increased NF-κB and diminished IκBα expression, evidencing a pro-inflammatory response. Our data show a disruption of energy and redox homeostasis associated to inflammation induced by QUIN in the striatum of Gcdh -/- mice submitted to a high Lys diet. Therefore, it is presumed that QUIN may possibly contribute to the pathophysiology of striatal degeneration in children with glutaric aciduria type I during inflammatory processes triggered by infections or vaccinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Seminotti
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos N° 2600-Anexo, CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Umpierrez Amaral
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos N° 2600-Anexo, CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael Teixeira Ribeiro
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos N° 2600-Anexo, CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marília Danyelle Nunes Rodrigues
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos N° 2600-Anexo, CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Laura Colín-González
- Laboratorio de Aminoácidos Excitadores, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Manuel Velasco Suárez, SSA, México, DF, México
| | - Guilhian Leipnitz
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos N° 2600-Anexo, CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Abel Santamaría
- Laboratorio de Aminoácidos Excitadores, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Manuel Velasco Suárez, SSA, México, DF, México
| | - Moacir Wajner
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos N° 2600-Anexo, CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. .,Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Yürüker V, Nazıroğlu M, Şenol N. Reduction in traumatic brain injury-induced oxidative stress, apoptosis, and calcium entry in rat hippocampus by melatonin: Possible involvement of TRPM2 channels. Metab Brain Dis 2015; 30:223-31. [PMID: 25339252 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-014-9623-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin, which is a very effective reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger, acts through a direct reaction with free radicals. Ca(2+) entry induced by traumatic brain injury (TBI) has deleterious effects on human hippocampal function. TRPM2 is a Ca(2+) permeable non-selective channel in hippocampal neurons, and its activation of during oxidative stress has been linked to cell death. Despite the importance of oxidative stress in TBI, its role in apoptosis and Ca(2+) entry in TBI is poorly understood. Therefore, we tested the effects of melatonin on apoptosis, oxidative stress, and Ca(2+) entry through the TRPM2 channel in the hippocampal neurons of TBI-induced rats. Thirty-two rats were divided into the following four groups: control, melatonin, TBI, and TBI + melatonin groups. Melatonin (5 mg/kg body weight) was intraperitoneally given to animals in the melatonin group and the TBI + melatonin group after 1 h of brain trauma. Hippocampal neurons were freshly isolated from the four groups, incubated with a nonspecific TRPM2 blocker (2-aminoethyl diphenylborinate, 2-APB), and then stimulated with cumene hydroperoxide. Apoptosis, caspase-3, caspase-9, intracellular ROS production, mitochondrial membrane depolarization and intracellular free Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)]i) values were high in the TBI group, and low in the TBI + melatonin group. The [Ca(2+)]i concentration was decreased in the four groups by 2-APB. In our TBI experimental model, TRPM2 channels were involved in Ca(2+) entry-induced neuronal death, and the negative modulation of the activity of this channel by melatonin pretreatment may account for the neuroprotective activity of TRPM2 channels against oxidative stress, apoptosis, and Ca(2+) entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vehbi Yürüker
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of SuleymanDemirel, Isparta, Turkey
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Water Extractable Phytochemicals from Peppers (Capsicum spp.) Inhibit Acetylcholinesterase and Butyrylcholinesterase Activities and Prooxidants Induced Lipid Peroxidation in Rat Brain In Vitro. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE 2014; 2014:605618. [PMID: 26904640 PMCID: PMC4745546 DOI: 10.1155/2014/605618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Background. This study sought to investigate antioxidant capacity of aqueous extracts of two pepper varieties (Capsicum annuum var. accuminatum (SM) and Capsicum chinense (RO)) and their inhibitory effect on acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activities. Methods. The antioxidant capacity of the peppers was evaluated by the 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging ability and ferric reducing antioxidant property. The inhibition of prooxidant induced lipid peroxidation and cholinesterase activities in rat brain homogenates was also evaluated. Results. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in the total phenol contents of the unripe and ripe Capsicum spp. extracts. Ripe and unripe SM samples had significantly higher (P < 0.05) ABTS* scavenging ability than RO samples, while the ripe fruits had significantly higher (P < 0.05) ferric reducing properties in the varieties. Furthermore, the extracts inhibited Fe2+ and quinolinic acid induced lipid peroxidation in rats brain homogenates in a dose-dependent manner. Ripe and unripe samples from SM had significantly higher AChE inhibitory abilities than RO samples, while there was no significant difference in the BuChE inhibitory abilities of the pepper samples. Conclusion. The antioxidant and anticholinesterase properties of Capsicum spp. may be a possible dietary means by which oxidative stress and symptomatic cognitive decline associated with neurodegenerative conditions could be alleviated.
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Anticholinesterase and Antioxidative Properties of Aqueous Extract of Cola acuminata Seed In Vitro. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2014; 2014:498629. [PMID: 25506036 PMCID: PMC4251883 DOI: 10.1155/2014/498629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Cola acuminata seed, a commonly used stimulant in Nigeria, has been reportedly used for the management of neurodegenerative diseases in folklore without scientific basis. This study sought to investigate the anticholinesterase and antioxidant properties of aqueous extracts from C. acuminata seed in vitro. Methodology. The aqueous extract of C. acuminata seed was prepared (w/v) and its effect on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase activities, as well as some prooxidant (FeSO4, sodium nitroprusside (SNP), and quinolinic acid (QA)) induced lipid peroxidation in rat brain in vitro, was investigated. Results. The results revealed that C. acuminata seed extract inhibited AChE (IC50 = 14.6 μg/mL) and BChE (IC50 = 96.2 μg/mL) activities in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, incubation of rat's brain homogenates with some prooxidants caused a significant increase P < 0.05 in the brain malondialdehyde (MDA) content and inhibited MDA production dose-dependently and also exhibited further antioxidant properties as typified by their high radicals scavenging and Fe2+ chelating abilities. Conclusion. Inhibition of AChE and BChE activities has been the primary treatment method for mild Alzheimer's disease (AD). Therefore, one possible mechanism through which the seed exerts its neuroprotective properties is by inhibiting cholinesterase activities as well as preventing oxidative-stress-induced neurodegeneration. However, this is a preliminary study with possible physiological implications.
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Delivery of pineal melatonin to the brain and SCN: role of canaliculi, cerebrospinal fluid, tanycytes and Virchow–Robin perivascular spaces. Brain Struct Funct 2014; 219:1873-87. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-014-0719-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Quinolinic acid: an endogenous neurotoxin with multiple targets. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2013; 2013:104024. [PMID: 24089628 PMCID: PMC3780648 DOI: 10.1155/2013/104024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 408] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Quinolinic acid (QUIN), a neuroactive metabolite of the kynurenine pathway, is normally presented in nanomolar concentrations in human brain and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and is often implicated in the pathogenesis of a variety of human neurological diseases. QUIN is an agonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, and it has a high in vivo potency as an excitotoxin. In fact, although QUIN has an uptake system, its neuronal degradation enzyme is rapidly saturated, and the rest of extracellular QUIN can continue stimulating the NMDA receptor. However, its toxicity cannot be fully explained by its activation of NMDA receptors it is likely that additional mechanisms may also be involved. In this review we describe some of the most relevant targets of QUIN neurotoxicity which involves presynaptic receptors, energetic dysfunction, oxidative stress, transcription factors, cytoskeletal disruption, behavior alterations, and cell death.
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Campolo M, Ahmad A, Crupi R, Impellizzeri D, Morabito R, Esposito E, Cuzzocrea S. Combination therapy with melatonin and dexamethasone in a mouse model of traumatic brain injury. J Endocrinol 2013; 217:291-301. [PMID: 23532863 DOI: 10.1530/joe-13-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of preventable death and morbidity in young adults. This complex condition is characterized by a significant blood-brain barrier leakage that stems from cerebral ischemia, inflammation, and redox imbalances in the traumatic penumbra of the injured brain. Recovery of function after TBI is partly through neuronal plasticity. In order to test whether combination therapy with melatonin and dexamethasone (DEX) might improve functional recovery, a controlled cortical impact (CCI) was performed in adult mice, acting as a model of TBI. Once trauma has occurred, combating these exacerbations is the keystone of an effective TBI therapy. The therapy with melatonin (10 mg/kg) and DEX (0.025 mg/kg) is able to reduce edema and brain infractions as evidenced by decreased 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining across the brain sections. Melatonin- and DEX-mediated improvements in tissue histology shown by the reduction in lesion size and an improvement in apoptosis level further support the efficacy of combination therapy. The combination therapy also blocked the infiltration of astrocytes and reduced CCI-mediated oxidative stress. In addition, we have also clearly demonstrated that the combination therapy significantly ameliorated neurological scores. Taken together, our results clearly indicate that combination therapy with melatonin and DEX presents beneficial synergistic effects, and we consider it an avenue for further development of novel combination therapeutic agents in the treatment of TBI that are more effective than a single effector molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Campolo
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Torre Biologica, Policlinico Universitario Via C Valeria, Gazzi, 98100 Messina, Italy
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Correlations between behavioural and oxidative parameters in a rat quinolinic acid model of Huntington's disease: protective effect of melatonin. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 701:65-72. [PMID: 23340221 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to examine the correlations between behavioural and oxidative parameters in a quinolinic acid model of Huntington's disease in rats. The protective effect of melatonin against the excitotoxicity induced by quinolinic acid was investigated. Rats were pre-treated with melatonin (5 or 20mg/kg) before injection of quinolinic acid (240nmol/site; 1μl) into their right corpora striata. The locomotor and exploratory activities as well as the circling behaviour were recorded. The elevated body swing test was also performed. After behavioural experiments, biochemical determinations were carried out. Melatonin partially protected against the increase of circling behaviour caused by quinolinic acid injection. No alteration was found in the number of crossings and rearings of animals treated with melatonin and/or quinolinic acid. Melatonin decreased the percentage of contralateral biased swings induced by quinolinic acid. Melatonin protected against the increase in reactive species and protein carbonyl levels as well as the inhibition of superoxide dismutase activity resulting from quinolinic acid injection. Melatonin was partially effective against the inhibition of striatal catalase activity and a decrease of non-protein thiol levels induced by quinolinic acid. Melatonin was not effective against the inhibition of Na(+), K(+) ATPase activity caused by quinolinic acid injection. There were significant correlations between circling behaviour and oxidative parameters. The antioxidant property of melatonin is involved, at least in part, in its neuroprotective effect. The results reinforce the idea that melatonin could be useful in overwhelming neurotoxicity caused by quinolinic acid, a rat model of Huntington's disease.
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Oboh G, Ademiluyi AO, Akinyemi AJ. Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activities and some pro-oxidant induced lipid peroxidation in rat brain by two varieties of ginger (Zingiber officinale). EXPERIMENTAL AND TOXICOLOGIC PATHOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE GESELLSCHAFT FUR TOXIKOLOGISCHE PATHOLOGIE 2012; 64:315-9. [PMID: 20952170 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2010.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ginger has been reportedly used for the management or treatment of Alzheimer's disease in folklore medicine. Therefore, this study sought to investigate the inhibitory effects of water extractable phytochemicals of red and white ginger on acetylcholinesterase activities, and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and quinolinic acid (QA)-induced lipid peroxidation in rat brain -in vitro. Both extracts inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities in a dose-dependent manner; however, white ginger had higher acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity than red ginger. Combination of the ginger inhibited acetylcholinesterase activities synergistically. Furthermore, SNP and QA caused a significant increase in the malondialdehyde (MDA) contents of the brain; however, the extracts significantly decrease the SNP and QA elevated brain MDA contents in a dose-dependent manner. Nevertheless, there was no significant difference (P>0.05) in the inhibition of the SNP and QA-induced lipid peroxidation by both extracts. The inhibitory effect of ginger extracts on acetylcholinesterase activities and some prooxidants induced lipid peroxidation in rat's brain could be attributed to the presence of phytochemicals such as flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids and terpenoids. Therefore, some possible mechanism by which ginger extracts exert anti-Alzheimer properties could be through the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activities and prevention of lipid peroxidation in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganiyu Oboh
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria PMB, 704, Akure 340001, Nigeria.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Considering the potential immunomodulatory role of melatonin and its direct antioxidant activity, disturbances of the melatonin secretion pattern in the septic conditions could be particularly unfavorable. The aim of this study was to evaluate the nocturnal melatonin concentration and total 24-hr excretion of 6-sulfatoxymelatoninsulfate, melatonin's major urinary metabolite, in children with sepsis in the pediatric intensive care unit. DESIGN Prospective observational pilot study. SETTING A pediatric intensive care unit. PATIENTS Twenty septic and 20 nonseptic children admitted between February 2008 and January 2010. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENT AND MAIN RESULTS Blood and urine samples were obtained from each patient on days 1, 2, 3, 5, and 10. There were no significant differences between the groups concerning age and gender. The median nocturnal melatonin concentrations were not significantly different between septic and nonseptic patients during the study period (p > .05). A subgroup analysis in septic patients showed that the nocturnal melatonin concentrations in nonsurvivors were significantly higher than in survivors, whereas total 6-sulfatoxymelatoninsulfate excretions in nonsurvivors were significantly lower than in survivors (p = .001 and p = .015, respectively). Furthermore, nocturnal melatonin concentrations of septic patients in septic shock state were statistically significantly higher than those of septic patients without septic shock state (p = .002). The 24-hr 6-sulfatoxymelatoninsulfate excretions in septic patients with liver dysfunction were found significantly lower than those in septic patients without liver dysfunction (p = .015). The presence of sedation and mechanical ventilation had no effect on the nocturnal melatonin concentrations in septic patients (p = .953 and p = .922, respectively). CONCLUSION The present study shows that, in contradiction to results in adult patients, the nocturnal melatonin concentrations are not decreased in septic pediatric intensive care unit patients despite severe disease. Further investigations are needed to identify whether treatment with melatonin may have beneficial effects in pediatric intensive care unit patients with sepsis/septic shock.
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Aziz NA, Pijl H, Frölich M, Schröder-van der Elst JP, van der Bent C, Roelfsema F, Roos RAC. Delayed onset of the diurnal melatonin rise in patients with Huntington's disease. J Neurol 2012; 256:1961-5. [PMID: 19562249 PMCID: PMC2780627 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-009-5196-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2009] [Accepted: 05/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Sleep disturbances are very prevalent in Huntington’s disease (HD) patients and can substantially impair their quality of life. Accumulating evidence suggests considerable dysfunction of the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), the biological clock, in both HD patients and transgenic mouse models of the disease. As melatonin has a major role in the regulation of sleep and other cyclical bodily activities and its synthesis is directly regulated by the SCN, we postulated that disturbed SCN function is likely to give rise to abnormal melatonin secretion in HD. Therefore, we compared 24 h melatonin secretion profiles between early stage HD patients and age-, sex- and body mass index-matched controls. Although mean diurnal melatonin levels were not different between the two groups (p = 0.691), the timing of the evening rise in melatonin levels was significantly delayed by more than 01:30 h in HD patients (p = 0.048). Moreover, diurnal melatonin levels strongly correlated with both motor (r = −0.70, p = 0.036) and functional impairment (r = +0.78, p = 0.013). These findings suggest a delayed sleep phase syndrome-like circadian rhythm disorder in early stage HD patients and suggest that melatonin levels may progressively decline with advancing disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Ahmad Aziz
- Department of Neurology, K-05-Q 110, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, Albinusdreef 2, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Oboh G, Akinyemi AJ, Ademiluyi AO, Bello FO. Inhibitory effect of some tropical green leafy vegetables on key enzymes linked to Alzheimer's disease and some pro-oxidant induced lipid peroxidation in rats' brain. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2011; 51:884-91. [PMID: 24803694 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-011-0572-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study sought to investigate the inhibitory effect of some commonly consumed Nigerian green leafy vegetables (raw and blanched) on acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase (key enzyme linked to Alzheimer's disease) activities and some pro-oxidants (FeSO4, Sodium nitroprusside and Quinolinic acid) induced lipid peroxidation in rat brain in vitro. Three commonly consumed green leafy vegetables in Nigeria [Amarantus cruentus (Arowojeja), Struchium sparganophora (Ewuro-odo) and Telfairia occidentalis (Ugwu] were blanched in hot water for 10 min, and the extracts of the raw and blanched vegetables were prepared and used for subsequent analysis. The result revealed that all the vegetables inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activity as well as the pro-oxidants induced lipid peroxidation in rat brain in a dose dependent manner; however, Amarantus cruentus extract (EC50 = 97.9 μg/ml) had the highest inhibitory effect on acetylcholinesterase activity while Telfairia occidentalis extract (EC50 = 52.7 μg/ml) had the highest inhibitory effect on butyrylcholinesterase activity. However, blanching of the vegetables caused a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in the inhibitory effect of the vegetables on AChE activities while it enhanced the inhibition of the pro-oxidants induced lipid peroxidation in rat brain in vitro. Therefore, some of the possible mechanism by which green leafy vegetables exert their neuroprotective activities could be through the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activities and prevention of lipid peroxidation in the brain. However, blanching of the vegetables could reduce their ability to inhibit acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganiyu Oboh
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria, P.M.B., 704, Akure, 340001 Nigeria
| | - Ayodele Jacobson Akinyemi
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria, P.M.B., 704, Akure, 340001 Nigeria
| | - Adedayo Oluwaseun Ademiluyi
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria, P.M.B., 704, Akure, 340001 Nigeria
| | - Fatai Olumide Bello
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria, P.M.B., 704, Akure, 340001 Nigeria
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Fagali N, Catalá A. Melatonin and structural analogues do not possess antioxidant properties on Fe(2+)-initiated peroxidation of sonicated liposomes made of retinal lipids. Chem Phys Lipids 2011; 164:688-95. [PMID: 21827740 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2011.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Revised: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin and its structural analogues display antioxidant activity in vivo but their activity in model membranes is not very well known. In this study, we have investigated the antioxidant capacity of melatonin and structural analogues on Fe(2+)-initiated peroxidation of sonicated liposomes made of retinal lipids. The indoleamines were evaluated against butylated hydroxitoluene (BHT) which was chosen as a reference standard because of its high antioxidant capacity. After the addition of Fe(2+) as initiator of lipid peroxidation, quick production of conjugated dienes was observed. With addition of increasing concentrations of BHT the start of the reaction was delayed and initial reaction rates were lower. However, this reduction was not proportional to the increase in concentration. The start of the reaction and initial reaction rates were not modified in the presence of melatonin and its structural analogues. The formation of TBARS started immediately after the addition of Fe(2+). The increase in the concentration of BHT avoided the emergence of TBARS. Changes were not observed in the presence of melatonin or structural analogues. Retinal lipids showed a high content of docosahexaenoic (22: 6 (Δ4,7,10,13,16,19) acid, characteristic of this tissue. A little bit of that fatty acid was lost when sonicated liposomes were prepared with these retinal lipids. The polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) diminished significantly after incubation of liposomes with Fe(2+) during 1h. BHT preserved PUFAs whereas melatonin and its related indoleamines did not. These data reinforce the hypothesis that melatonin and structural analogues do not possess antioxidant properties per se in this liposomal model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Fagali
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas, (INIFTA-CCT La Plata-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Casilla de Correo 16, Sucursal 4, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
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Melatonin combats molecular terrorism at the mitochondrial level. Interdiscip Toxicol 2011; 1:137-49. [PMID: 21218104 PMCID: PMC2993480 DOI: 10.2478/v10102-010-0030-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2008] [Revised: 07/28/2008] [Accepted: 07/29/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The intracellular environmental is a hostile one. Free radicals and related oxygen and nitrogen-based oxidizing agents persistently pulverize and damage molecules in the vicinity of where they are formed. The mitochondria especially are subjected to frequent and abundant oxidative abuse. The carnage that is left in the wake of these oxygen and nitrogen-related reactants is referred to as oxidative damage or oxidative stress. When mitochondrial electron transport complex inhibitors are used, e.g., rotenone, 1-methyl-1-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, 3-nitropropionic acid or cyanide, pandemonium breaks loose within mitochondria as electron leakage leads to the generation of massive amounts of free radicals and related toxicants. The resulting oxidative stress initiates a series of events that leads to cellular apoptosis. To alleviate mitochondrial destruction and the associated cellular implosion, the cell has at its disposal a variety of free radical scavengers and antioxidants. Among these are melatonin and its metabolites. While melatonin stimulates several antioxidative enzymes it, as well as its metabolites (cyclic 3-hydroxymelatonin, N1-acetyl-N2-formyl-5-methoxykynuramine and N1-acetyl-5-methoxykynuramine), likewise effectively neutralize free radicals. The resulting cascade of reactions greatly magnifies melatonin's efficacy in reducing oxidative stress and apoptosis even in the presence of mitochondrial electron transport inhibitors. The actions of melatonin at the mitochondrial level are a consequence of melatonin and/or any of its metabolites. Thus, the molecular terrorism meted out by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species is held in check by melatonin and its derivatives.
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Mu S, OuYang L, Liu B, Zhu Y, Li K, Zhan M, Liu Z, Jia Y, Lei W. Protective effect of melatonin on 3-NP induced striatal interneuron injury in rats. Neurochem Int 2011; 59:224-34. [PMID: 21693149 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2011.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Revised: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
To confirm the effect of melatonin on 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP)-induced striatal interneuron injury in rats, behavioral test, histology, immunohistochemistry and Western blotting were respectively used to characterize the behavioral changes of experimental animals in motor and cognition, the morphological changes of striatal interneurons and the expression level of protein markers induced by 3-NP. The results showed that (1) 3-NP induced dysfunction of experimental animals in movement, motor coordination and cognition could be relieved by melatonin treatment; (2) The 3-NP-induced lesion area was unvaryingly in dorsolateral striatum, with almost all neuronal loss in the lesion core, however, lots of neurons survived after melatonin treatment; (3) Immunohistochemical staining of the four interneuron types (parvalbuminergic, cholinergic, calretinergic, and neuropeptide Y-neuronal nitric oxide synthase co-containing) showed that, in the lesion core of 3-NP group, loss of the four interneuron types was obvious, but in transition zone, the processes and varicosities of calretinergic, and neuropeptide Y-neuronal nitric oxide synthase co-containing interneurons increased significantly. Melatonin treatment reduced the loss of the four interneuron types in the lesion core, and inhibited the increase of processes and varicosities in the transition zone; (4) Consistent with above results, the expression level of five interneuron protein markers were significantly increased in the striatum after melatonin treatment. Notably, in both the transition zone and the lesion core induced by 3-NP, TUNEL-positive cells were detected, but decreased significantly after melatonin treatment. The present results indicate that melatonin effectively protects the striatal neurons against the injury induced by 3-NP in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhua Mu
- Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, SUN Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
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Kalonia H, Kumar A. Suppressing inflammatory cascade by cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors attenuates quinolinic acid induced Huntington's disease-like alterations in rats. Life Sci 2011; 88:784-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2011.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Revised: 01/22/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Uberos J, Romero J, Molina-Carballo A, Muñoz-Hoyos A. Melatonin and elimination of kynurenines in children with Down's syndrome. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2010; 23:277-82. [PMID: 20480727 DOI: 10.1515/jpem.2010.23.3.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heightened activity of superoxide dimutase is an effect derived from the gene dose in the trisomy of Down's syndrome (DS), and has been related to the increased production of hydrogen peroxide and with greater lipid peroxidation. Many of the degenerative changes observed in patients with DS have been associated with the pathological effects of free radicals, and for this reason it is of interest to determine the levels present in these patients of powerful antioxidant molecules such as melatonin, and of metabolites with important neuroprotector and neurotoxic consequences such as those derived from the kynurenine pathway. PATIENTS AND METHODS A study was made of 15 children with DS, together with a control group of 15 non-DS children, matched for age and sex, examined at the Hospital Costa del Sol, Marbella, Spain. Serum melatonin and serotonin were analyzed by RIA; urinary tryptophan metabolites (kynurenine pathway) were determined during periods of light and darkness (09.00-21.00 h and 21.00-9.00 h) by thin-layer chromatography. RESULTS The mean values of serotonin and melatonin were found to be lower in the patients with DS, although the level of nocturnal secretion of melatonin was higher. Urinary excretion of kynurenine was lower in the patients with DS, although greater quantities of kynurenic acid and anthranilic acid were excreted. CONCLUSIONS Patients with DS present levels of plasma melatonin and urinary kynurenine that are lower than the corresponding levels in the control population, together with higher values of kynurenic acid and anthranilic acid. These circumstances constitute an added risk to these patients of damage by free radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Uberos
- Departamento de Pediatría, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Granada, Granada, Spain.
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Maharaj DS, Maharaj H, Antunes EM, Maree DM, Nyokong T, Glass BD, Daya S. 6-Hydroxymelatonin protects against quinolinic-acid-induced oxidative neurotoxicity in the rat hippocampus. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 57:877-81. [PMID: 15969947 DOI: 10.1211/0022357056424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Melatonin, a naturally occuring chemical mediator, although assigned a diverse range of functions, has attracted interest because of its ability to function as a free radical scavenger. Its major hepatic metabolite and photoproduct, 6-hydroxymelatonin (6-OHM), also shares this property. Since singlet oxygen and quinolinic acid (QUIN) are critically involved in the pathology of neurotoxicity, the objective of this study was to investigate the ability of 6-OHM to scavenge singlet oxygen and evaluate its ability to scavenge superoxide anions and reduce QUIN-induced neurotoxicity in the hippocampus in-vivo. The results show that 6-OHM is an efficient inhibitor of singlet oxygen formation as indicated by the rate constants and quantum yields reported for 6-OHM and zinc phthalo-cyanine (ZnPc), respectively. 6-OHM, appears to reduce QUIN-induced superoxide anion generation in the hippocampus, which provides some evidence of the neuroprotective effects of 6-OHM.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Maharaj
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
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Melatonin Modulates Hippocampus NMDA Receptors, Blood and Brain Oxidative Stress Levels in Ovariectomized Rats. J Membr Biol 2010; 233:135-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s00232-010-9233-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2009] [Accepted: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Melatonin and structurally-related compounds protect synaptosomal membranes from free radical damage. Int J Mol Sci 2010; 11:312-28. [PMID: 20162018 PMCID: PMC2821006 DOI: 10.3390/ijms11010312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2009] [Accepted: 01/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Since biological membranes are composed of lipids and proteins we tested the in vitro antioxidant properties of several indoleamines from the tryptophan metabolic pathway in the pineal gland against oxidative damage to lipids and proteins of synaptosomes isolated from the rat brain. Free radicals were generated by incubation with 0.1 mM FeCl3, and 0.1 mM ascorbic acid. Levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) plus 4-hydroxyalkenal (4-HDA), and carbonyl content in the proteins were measured as indices of oxidative damage to lipids and proteins, respectively. Pinoline was the most powerful antioxidant evaluated, with melatonin, N-acetylserotonin, 5-hydroxytryptophan, 5-methoxytryptamine, 5-methoxytryptophol, and tryptoline also acting as antioxidants.
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Tan DX, Hardeland R, Manchester LC, Paredes SD, Korkmaz A, Sainz RM, Mayo JC, Fuentes-Broto L, Reiter RJ. The changing biological roles of melatonin during evolution: from an antioxidant to signals of darkness, sexual selection and fitness. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2009; 85:607-23. [PMID: 20039865 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185x.2009.00118.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin is a molecule present in a multitude of taxa and may be ubiquitous in organisms. It has been found in bacteria, unicellular eukaryotes, macroalgae, fungi, plants and animals. A primary biological function of melatonin in primitive unicellular organisms is in antioxidant defence to protect against toxic free radical damage. During evolution, melatonin has been adopted by multicellular organisms to perform many other biological functions. These functions likely include the chemical expression of darkness in vertebrates, environmental tolerance in fungi and plants, sexual signaling in birds and fish, seasonal reproductive regulation in photoperiodic mammals, and immunomodulation and anti-inflammatory activity in all vertebrates tested. Moreover, its waning production during aging may indicate senescence in terms of a bio-clock in many organisms. Conversely, high melatonin levels can serve as a signal of vitality and health. The multiple biological functions of melatonin can partially be attributed to its unconventional metabolism which is comprised of multi-enzymatic, pseudo-enzymatic and non-enzymatic pathways. As a result, several bioactive metabolites of melatonin are formed during its metabolism and some of the presumed biological functions of melatonin reported to date may, in fact, be mediated by these metabolites. The changing biological roles of melatonin seem to have evolved from its primary function as an antioxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dun-Xian Tan
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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Xu S, Zhou Z, Zhang L, Yu Z, Zhang W, Wang Y, Wang X, Li M, Chen Y, Chen C, He M, Zhang G, Zhong M. Exposure to 1800 MHz radiofrequency radiation induces oxidative damage to mitochondrial DNA in primary cultured neurons. Brain Res 2009; 1311:189-96. [PMID: 19879861 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.10.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2009] [Revised: 10/22/2009] [Accepted: 10/24/2009] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that oxidative stress may be involved in the adverse effects of radiofrequency (RF) radiation on the brain. Because mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) defects are closely associated with various nervous system diseases and mtDNA is particularly susceptible to oxidative stress, the purpose of this study was to determine whether radiofrequency radiation can cause oxidative damage to mtDNA. In this study, we exposed primary cultured cortical neurons to pulsed RF electromagnetic fields at a frequency of 1800 MHz modulated by 217 Hz at an average special absorption rate (SAR) of 2 W/kg. At 24 h after exposure, we found that RF radiation induced a significant increase in the levels of 8-hydroxyguanine (8-OHdG), a common biomarker of DNA oxidative damage, in the mitochondria of neurons. Concomitant with this finding, the copy number of mtDNA and the levels of mitochondrial RNA (mtRNA) transcripts showed an obvious reduction after RF exposure. Each of these mtDNA disturbances could be reversed by pretreatment with melatonin, which is known to be an efficient antioxidant in the brain. Together, these results suggested that 1800 MHz RF radiation could cause oxidative damage to mtDNA in primary cultured neurons. Oxidative damage to mtDNA may account for the neurotoxicity of RF radiation in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangcheng Xu
- Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University, No 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, People's Republic of China
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Neuroprotective effect of carvedilol and melatonin on 3-nitropropionic acid-induced neurotoxicity in neuroblastoma. J Physiol Biochem 2009; 65:291-6. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03180581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Kalonia H, Kumar P, Kumar A, Nehru B. Effect of caffeic acid and rofecoxib and their combination against intrastriatal quinolinic acid induced oxidative damage, mitochondrial and histological alterations in rats. Inflammopharmacology 2009; 17:211-9. [PMID: 19633993 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-009-0012-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2009] [Accepted: 07/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has long been implicated in the neurotoxic effects of glutamate acting through N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. Therefore, present study has been designed to explore the effect of rofecoxib and caffeic acid on the involvement of oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and neuronal linked with NMDA receptor-mediated excitotoxicity. Caffeic acid, is a well-known antioxidant flavanoid, implicate anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory like actions. The present study is an attempt to investigate the antioxidant-like effect of caffeic acid and rofecoxib and their combination against QA-induced oxidative damage, mitochondrial dysfunction and histological alterations. Intrastriatal injection of quinolinic acid (300 nmol) significantly increased oxidative stress (raised lipid peroxidation, nitrite concentration, depleted SOD and catalase), altered mitochondrial complex enzyme activities and histological alteration in the ex vivo striatum. Caffeic acid (5 and 10 mg/kg, p.o.) and rofecoxib (10 and 20 mg/kg, p.o.) treatment for 21 days significantly attenuated oxidative damage and impairment in mitochondrial activities of complex enzymes in the ex vivo striatum. Further, combination of sub effective doses of rofecoxib (10 mg/kg, p.o.) and caffeic acid (5 mg/kg, p.o.) potentiated their protective effect which was significant as compared to their effect per se. The present study suggests the therapeutic effect of caffeic acid and rofecoxib combination against QA-induced ex vivo oxidative damage, mitochondrial and histological alterations in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harikesh Kalonia
- Pharmacology Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advance Study, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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Paparrigopoulos T, Melissaki A, Tsekou H, Efthymiou A, Kribeni G, Baziotis N, Geronikola X. Melatonin secretion after head injury: A pilot study. Brain Inj 2009; 20:873-8. [PMID: 17060154 DOI: 10.1080/02699050600832114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PRIMARY OBJECTIVE To investigate the circadian rhythm of serum melatonin in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) during Intensive Care Unit (ICU) stay and its relationship with core body temperature fluctuations and measures of severity of their condition. METHODS AND PROCEDURES The pilot study was conducted in the ICU of a general hospital in Athens, Greece. Blood melatonin was determined in eight patients consecutively admitted at the ICU following severe head injury, eight times per day during the first and second day following admission. Core body temperature was recorded at hourly intervals. Patients were also assessed with the Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) and the APACHE II score. RESULTS Melatonin concentrations were lower than the normally reported values. Mean night-time melatonin levels were higher than mean daytime levels both on the first and second days, although not statistically significant. Diurnal variation of melatonin was associated with the GCS. Thus, patients with low GCS (n = 4) did not exhibit a consistent diurnal variation of melatonin, whereas those with high GCS (n = 4) retained the normally expected fluctuations. CONCLUSIONS ICU-treated TBI patients exhibit reduced melatonin levels and a circadian secretion profile which is related to the severity of the injury. Patients with more severe head trauma exhibit a clearly disrupted pattern of melatonin secretion, whereas those with less severe trauma preserve a relatively intact diurnal rhythm. Furthermore, the diurnal secretion pattern of melatonin appeared to be dissociated from the circadian rhythm of core body temperature. These preliminary findings may have implications for the management of TBI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Paparrigopoulos
- Sleep Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Athens University Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece.
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Sheth DS, Tajuddin NF, Druse MJ. Antioxidant neuroprotection against ethanol-induced apoptosis in HN2-5 cells. Brain Res 2009; 1285:14-21. [PMID: 19538946 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2008] [Revised: 06/01/2009] [Accepted: 06/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Earlier studies from this and other laboratories show that ethanol induces apoptotic death of fetal and neonatal neurons. One mechanism that underlies these effects is the ethanol-associated reduction in the phosphatidylinositol 3' kinase pro-survival pathway. Another mechanism involves the oxidative stress caused by the ethanol-associated increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS). In the present study, we used the murine HN2-5 hippocampal-derived cell line to investigate the effects of ethanol on ROS levels and apoptosis. We also investigated the potential neuroprotective effects of two structurally unrelated antioxidants: N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and melatonin. The results demonstrate that NAC blocked an ethanol-associated increase in ROS. In addition, NAC and melatonin prevented the augmentation of apoptosis in ethanol-treated neurons. Both antioxidants significantly elevated the expression of the anti-apoptotic gene XIAP in ethanol-treated and/or control neurons and melatonin increased Bcl-2 expression in ethanol-treated neurons. Thus, it is possible that the neuroprotective effects of NAC and melatonin involve their ability to augment the expression of one or more anti-apoptotic gene as well as their classical antioxidant actions. Additional studies are needed to establish the effectiveness of these antioxidants to prevent the loss of neurons which accompanies in utero exposure to ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhara S Sheth
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Loyola University, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
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Oboh G, Rocha JBT. Hot Pepper (Capsicum spp.) protects brain from sodium nitroprusside- and quinolinic acid-induced oxidative stress in vitro. J Med Food 2008; 11:349-55. [PMID: 18598179 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2007.341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
One practical way through which free radical-mediated neurodegenerative diseases could be prevented is through the consumption of food rich in antioxidants. The ability of aqueous extracts of ripe and unripe Capsicum annum, Tepin (CAT) and Capsicum chinese, Habanero (CCH) to prevent lipid peroxidation induced by sodium nitroprusside and quinolinic acid in rat brain in vitro is assessed in this study. The aqueous extract of the peppers were prepared (1 g/20 mL). Incubating rat brain homogenates with pro-oxidant (7 microM sodium nitroprusside [222.5%] and 1 mM quinolinic acid [217.4%]) caused a significant increase (P < .05) in lipid peroxidation in rat brain homogenates. However, the aqueous extract of the peppers (4.2-16.8 mg/mL) caused a significant decrease (P < .05) in the lipid peroxidation in a dose-dependent manner. However, unripe CAT (92.5-55.2%) caused the highest inhibition of sodium nitroprusside-induced lipid peroxidation, while unripe CCH caused the least inhibition (161.0-102.1%). Furthermore, unripe CAT and CCH peppers had a significantly higher (P < .05) inhibitory effect on quinolinic acid-induced lipid peroxidation in rat brain than the ripe pepper (CAT and CCH). Therefore, the protection of the brain tissues by hot pepper depends on the total phenol content in sodium nitroprusside-induced lipid peroxidation, while ripening would reduce the protective properties of hot pepper against quinolinic acid-induced lipid peroxidation. However, unripe CAT has the highest protective properties against sodium nitroprusside- and quinolinic acid-induced lipid peroxidation in rat brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Oboh
- Biochemistry Department, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria.
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Das A, Belagodu A, Reiter RJ, Ray SK, Banik NL. Cytoprotective effects of melatonin on C6 astroglial cells exposed to glutamate excitotoxicity and oxidative stress. J Pineal Res 2008; 45:117-24. [PMID: 18373557 PMCID: PMC2632944 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2008.00582.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
To preserve the central nervous system (CNS) function after a traumatic injury, therapeutic agents must be administered to protect neurons as well as glial cells. Cell death in CNS injuries and diseases are attributed to many factors including glutamate toxicity and oxidative stress. We examined whether melatonin, a potent anti-oxidant and free radical scavenger, would attenuate apoptotic death of rat C6 astroglial cells under glutamate excitotoxicity and oxidative stress. Exposure of C6 cells to 500 microM L-glutamic acid (LGA) and 100 microm hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) for 24 hr caused significant increases in apoptosis. Apoptosis was evaluated by Wright staining and ApopTag assay. Melatonin receptor 1 appeared to be involved in the protection of these cells from excitotoxic and oxidative damage. Cells undergoing excitotoxic and oxidative stress for 15 min were then treated with 150 nM melatonin, which prevented Ca(2+)influx and cell death. Western blot analyses showed alterations in Bax and Bcl-2 expression resulting in increased Bax:Bcl-2 ratio during apoptosis. Western blot analyses also showed increases in calpain and caspase-3 activities, which cleaved 270 kD alpha-spectrin at specific sites to generate 145 kD spectrin breakdown product (SBDP) and 120 kD SBDP, respectively. However, 15-min post-treatment of C6 cells with melatonin dramatically reduced Bax:Bcl-2 ratio and proteolytic activities, decreasing LGA or H(2)O(2)-induced apoptosis. Our data showed that melatonin prevented proteolysis and apoptosis in C6 astroglial cells. The results suggest that melatonin may be an effective cytoprotective agent against glutamate excitotoxicity and oxidative stress in CNS injuries and diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antioxidants/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Astrocytes/metabolism
- Astrocytes/pathology
- Blotting, Western
- Calcium/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Glutamic Acid/pharmacology
- Melatonin/pharmacology
- Oxidative Stress/drug effects
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/metabolism
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT1/genetics
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT1/metabolism
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT2/genetics
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT2/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- bcl-2-Associated X Protein/genetics
- bcl-2-Associated X Protein/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Arabinda Das
- Division of Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Amogh Belagodu
- Division of Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Russel J. Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas, San Antonio, TX
| | - Swapan K. Ray
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Naren L. Banik
- Division of Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
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Oboh G, Rocha JBT. Antioxidant and Neuroprotective Properties of Sour Tea (Hibiscus sabdariffa, calyx) and Green Tea (Camellia sinensis) on some Pro-oxidant-induced Lipid Peroxidation in Brain in vitro. FOOD BIOPHYS 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11483-008-9092-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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37
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Ortega-Gutiérrez S, Fuentes-Broto L, García JJ, López-Vicente M, Martínez-Ballarín E, Miana-Mena FJ, Millán-Plano S, Reiter RJ. Melatonin reduces protein and lipid oxidative damage induced by homocysteine in rat brain homogenates. J Cell Biochem 2008; 102:729-35. [PMID: 17427950 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Numerous data indicate that hyperhomocysteinemia is a risk factor for cardio- and cerebrovascular diseases. At least in part, homocysteine (HCY) impairs cerebrovascular function because it generates large numbers of free radicals. Since melatonin is a well-known antioxidant, which reduces oxidative stress and decreases HCY concentrations in plasma, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of melatonin in preventing HCY-induced protein and lipid oxidation in rat brain homogenates. Brain homogenates were obtained from Sprague-Dawley rats and were incubated with or without HCY (0.01-5 mM) or melatonin (0.01-3 mM). Carbonyl content of proteins, and malondialdehyde (MDA) and 4-hydroxyalkenals (4-HDA) concentrations in the brain homogenates were used as an index of protein and lipid oxidation, respectively. Under the experimental conditions used, the addition of HCY (0.01-5 mM) to the homogenates enhanced carbonyl protein and MDA+4-HDA formation. Melatonin reduced, in a concentration-dependent manner, protein and lipid oxidation due to HCY in the brain homogenates. These data suggest that preserving proteins from oxidative insults is an additional mechanism by which melatonin may act as an agent in potentially decreasing cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases related to hyperhomocysteinemia.
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Ilex paraguariensis has antioxidant potential and attenuates haloperidol-induced orofacial dyskinesia and memory dysfunction in rats. Neurotox Res 2007; 12:171-80. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03033914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Zararsiz I, Kus I, Ogeturk M, Akpolat N, Kose E, Meydan S, Sarsilmaz M. Melatonin prevents formaldehyde-induced neurotoxicity in prefrontal cortex of rats: an immunohistochemical and biochemical study. Cell Biochem Funct 2007; 25:413-8. [PMID: 16397905 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.1315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to investigate the protective effects of melatonin against formaldehyde-induced neurotoxicity in prefrontal cortex of rats. For this purpose, 21 male Wistar rats were divided into three groups. The rats in Group I were used as a control, while the rats in Group II were injected every other day with formaldehyde. The rats in Group III received melatonin daily while exposed to formaldehyde. At the end of 14-day experimental period, all rats were killed by decapitation. The brains of the rats were removed and the prefrontal cortex tissues were obtained from all brain specimens. Some of the prefrontal cortex tissue specimens were used for determination of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. The remaining prefrontal cortex tissue specimens were used for immunohistochemical evaluation. The levels of SOD and GSH-Px were significantly decreased, and MDA levels, were significantly increased in rats treated with formaldehyde compared with those of the controls. In the immunohistochemical evaluation of this group, apoptotic cells were observed. However, increased SOD and GSH-Px enzyme activities, and decreased MDA levels, were detected in the rats administered melatonin while exposed to formaldehyde. Furthermore, apoptotic changes caused by formaldehyde were decreased in these rats. The results of our study suggest that melatonin treatment prevents formaldehyde-induced neuronal damage in prefrontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Zararsiz
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
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40
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Oboh G, Rocha JBT. Water extractable phytochemicals from Capsicum pubescens (tree pepper) inhibit lipid peroxidation induced by different pro-oxidant agents in brain: in vitro. Eur Food Res Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-007-0580-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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41
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Albendea CD, Gómez-Trullén EM, Fuentes-Broto L, Miana-Mena FJ, Millán-Plano S, Reyes-Gonzales MC, Martínez-Ballarín E, García JJ. Melatonin reduces lipid and protein oxidative damage in synaptosomes due to aluminium. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2007; 21:261-8. [PMID: 17980817 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2007.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2006] [Revised: 04/06/2007] [Accepted: 04/20/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged exposure to excessive aluminium (Al) concentrations is involved in the ethiopathology of certain dementias and neurological disorders. Melatonin is a well-known antioxidant that efficiently reduces lipid peroxidation due to oxidative stress. Herein, we investigated in synaptosomal membranes the effect of melatonin in preventing Al promotion of lipid and protein oxidation when the metal was combined with FeCl(3) and ascorbic acid. Lipid peroxidation was estimated by quantifying malondialdehyde (MDA) and 4-hydroxyalkenals (4-HDA) concentrations in the membrane suspension and protein carbonyls were measured in the synaptosomes as an index of oxidative damage. Under our experimental conditions, the addition of Al (0.0001-1mmol/L) enhanced MDA+4-HDA formation in the synaptosomes. In addition, Al (1mmol/L) raised protein carbonyl contents. Melatonin reduced, in a concentration-dependent manner, lipid and protein oxidation due to Al, FeCl(3) and ascorbic acid in the synaptosomal membranes. These results show that melatonin confers protection against Al-induced oxidative damage in synaptosomes and suggest that this indoleamine may be considered as a neuroprotective agent in Al toxicity because of its antioxidant activity.
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42
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Leipnitz G, Schumacher C, Dalcin KB, Scussiato K, Solano A, Funchal C, Dutra-Filho CS, Wyse ATS, Wannmacher CMD, Latini A, Wajner M. In vitro evidence for an antioxidant role of 3-hydroxykynurenine and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid in the brain. Neurochem Int 2007; 50:83-94. [PMID: 16959377 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2006.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2006] [Revised: 04/10/2006] [Accepted: 04/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the in vitro effect of 3-hydroxykynurenine (3HKyn), 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (3HAA), kynurenine (Kyn) and anthranilic acid (AA) on various parameters of oxidative stress in rat cerebral cortex and in cultured C6 glioma cells. It was demonstrated that 3HKyn and 3HAA significantly reduced the thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBA-RS) and chemiluminescence measurements in rat cerebral cortex, indicating that these metabolites prevent lipid peroxidation in the brain. In addition, GSH spontaneous oxidation was significantly prevented by 3HAA, but not by the other kynurenines in cerebral cortex. We also verified that 3HKyn and 3HAA significantly decreased the peroxyl radicals induced by the thermolysis of 2,2'-azo-bis-(2-amidinopropane)-derived peroxyl radicals, and to a higher degree than the classical peroxyl scavenger trolox. 2-Deoxy-d-ribose degradation was also significantly prevented by 3HKyn, implying that this metabolite was able to scavenge hydroxyl radicals. Furthermore, the total antioxidant reactivity of C6 glioma cells was significantly increased when these cells were exposed from 1 to 48h to 3HKyn, being the effect more prominent at shorter incubation times. TBA-RS values in C6 cells were significantly reduced by 3HKyn when exposed from 1 to 6h with this kynurenine. However, C6 cell morphology was not altered by 3HKyn. Finally, we tested whether 3HKyn could prevent the increased free radical production induced by glutaric acid (GA), the major metabolite accumulating in glutaric acidemia type I, by evaluating the isolated and combined effects of these compounds on TBA-RS levels and 2',7'-dihydrodichlorofluorescein (DCFH) oxidation in rat brain. GA provoked a significant increase of TBA-RS values and of DCFH oxidation, effects that were attenuated and fully prevented, respectively, by 3HKyn. The results strongly indicate that 3HKyn and 3HAA behave as antioxidants in cerebral cortex and C6 glioma cells from rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilhian Leipnitz
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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43
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Köylü H, Mollaoglu H, Ozguner F, Naziroglu M, Nazýroglu M, Delibas N, Delibab N. Melatonin modulates 900 Mhz microwave-induced lipid peroxidation changes in rat brain. Toxicol Ind Health 2006; 22:211-6. [PMID: 16898263 DOI: 10.1191/0748233706th263oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Microwaves (MW) from cellular phones may affect biological systems by increasing free radicals, which may enhance lipid peroxidation levels of the brain, thus leading to oxidative damage. Melatonin is synthesized in and secreted by the pineal gland at night and exhibits anti-oxidant properties. Several studies suggest that supplementation with anti-oxidant can influence MW-induced brain damage. The present study was designed to determine the effects of MW on the brain lipid peroxidation system, and the possible protective effects of melatonin on brain degeneration induced by MW. Twenty-eight Sprague-Dawley male rats were randomly divided into three groups as follows: (1) sham-operated control group (N = 8); (2) study 900-MHz MW-exposed group (N = 8); and (3) 900-MHz MW-exposed+melatonin (100 microg/kg sc before daily MW exposure treated group) (N = 10). Cortex brain and hippocampus tissues were removed to study the levels of lipid peroxidation as malonyl dialdehyde. The levels of lipid peroxidation in the brain cortex and hippocampus increased in the MW group compared with the control group, although the levels in the hippocampus were decreased by MW+melatonin administration. The brain cortex lipid peroxidation levels were unaffected by melatonin treatment. We conclude that melatonin may prevent MW-induced oxidative changes in the hippocampus by strengthening the anti-oxidant defense system, by reducing oxidative stress products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halis Köylü
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Süleyman Demirel University, 32260, Isparta, Turkey
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44
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Schuck PF, Tonin A, da Costa Ferreira G, Rosa RB, Latini A, Balestro F, Perry MLS, Wannmacher CMD, de Souza Wyse AT, Wajner M. In vitro effect of quinolinic acid on energy metabolism in brain of young rats. Neurosci Res 2006; 57:277-88. [PMID: 17126438 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2006.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2006] [Revised: 09/28/2006] [Accepted: 10/25/2006] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Quinolinic acid (QA) is found at increased concentrations in brain of patients affected by various common neurodegenerative disorders, including Huntington's and Alzheimer's diseases. Considering that the neuropathology of these disorders has been recently attributed at least in part to energy deficit, in the present study we investigated the in vitro effect of QA (0.1-100 microM) on various parameters of energy metabolism, such as glucose uptake, (14)CO(2) production and lactate production, as well as on the activities of the respiratory chain complexes I-V, the citric acid cycle (CAC) enzymes, creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and Na(+),K(+)-ATPase and finally the rate of oxygen consumption in brain of 30-day-old rats. We initially observed that QA significantly increased glucose uptake (55%), whereas (14)CO(2) generation from glucose, acetate and citrate was inhibited (up to 60%). Furthermore, QA-induced increase of brain glucose uptake was prevented by the NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801. Complex II activity was also inhibited (up to 35%) by QA, whereas the other activities of the respiratory chain complexes, CAC enzymes, CK and Na(+),K(+)-ATPase were not affected by the acid. Furthermore, inhibition of complex II activity was fully prevented by pre-incubating cortical homogenates with catalase plus superoxide dismutase, indicating that this effect was probably mediated by reactive oxygen species. In addition, lactate production was also not altered by QA, in contrast to the conversion of pyruvate to lactate catalyzed by LDH, which was significantly decreased (17%) by this neurotoxin. We also observed that QA did not change state III, state IV and the respiratory control ratio in the presence of glutamate/malate or succinate, suggesting that its effect on cellular respiration was rather weak. The data provide evidence that QA provokes a mild impairment of brain energy metabolism in vitro and does not support the view that the brain energy deficiency associated to certain neurodegenerative disorders could be solely endorsed to QA accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Fernanda Schuck
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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45
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Oboh G, Rocha JBT. Polyphenols in red pepper [Capsicum annuum var. aviculare (Tepin)] and their protective effect on some pro-oxidants induced lipid peroxidation in brain and liver. Eur Food Res Technol 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-006-0410-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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46
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Wagner C, Fachinetto R, Dalla Corte CL, Brito VB, Severo D, de Oliveira Costa Dias G, Morel AF, Nogueira CW, Rocha JBT. Quercitrin, a glycoside form of quercetin, prevents lipid peroxidation in vitro. Brain Res 2006; 1107:192-8. [PMID: 16828712 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.05.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2006] [Revised: 05/23/2006] [Accepted: 05/26/2006] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species have been demonstrated to be associated with a variety of diseases including neurodegenerative disorders. Flavonoid compounds have been investigated for their protective action against oxidative mechanisms in different in vivo and in vitro models, which seems to be linked to their antioxidant properties. In the present study, we examine the protective mechanism of quercitrin, a glycoside form of quercetin, against the production of TBARS induced by different agents. TBARS production was stimulated by the incubation of rat brain homogenate with Fe2+, Fe2+ plus EDTA, quinolinic acid (QA), sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and potassium ferricyanide ([Fe(CN)6]3-). Quercitrin was able to prevent the formation of TBARS induced by pro-oxidant agents tested; however, it was more effective against potassium ferricyanide ([Fe(CN)6]3-, IC50=2.5), than quinolinic acid (QA, IC50=6 microg/ml) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP, IC50=5.88 microg/ml) than Fe2+ (Fe2+, IC50=14.81 microg/ml), Fe2+ plus EDTA (Fe2+ plus EDTA, IC50=48.15 microg/ml). The effect of quercitrin on the Fenton reaction was also investigated (deoxyribose degradation). Quercitrin caused a significant decrease in deoxyribose degradation that was not dependent on the concentration. Taken together, the data presented here indicate that quercitrin exhibits a scavenger and antioxidant role, and these effects probably are mediated via different mechanisms, which may involve the negative modulation of the Fenton reaction and NMDA receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Wagner
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Departamento de Química, Programa de Pós-Graduação Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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47
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Piñol-Ripoll G, Fuentes-Broto L, Millán-Plano S, Reyes-Gonzáles M, Mauri JA, Martínez-Ballarín E, Reiter RJ, García JJ. Protective effect of melatonin and pinoline on nitric oxide-induced lipid and protein peroxidation in rat brain homogenates. Neurosci Lett 2006; 405:89-93. [PMID: 16854526 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2006.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2006] [Revised: 05/25/2006] [Accepted: 06/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a physiological neurotransmitter, a mediator of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate pathways that regulates several neuroendocrine functions, but excessive NO is toxic by itself and it interacts with superoxide radical (O(2)(-)) to form the peroxynitrite anion (ONOO(-)). Using rat brain homogenates, we investigated the effects of melatonin and pinoline in preventing the level of lipid peroxidation (LPO) and carbonyl contents in proteins induced by nitric oxide (NO) which was released by the addition of sodium nitroprusside (SNP). Lipid and protein peroxidation were estimated by quantifying malondialdehyde (MDA) and 4-hydroxyalkenal (4-HDA) concentrations and carbonyl contents, respectively. SNP increased MDA+4-HDA and carbonyl contents production in brain homogenates in a time and concentration dependent manner. Both, melatonin and pinoline reduced NO-induced LPO and carbonyl contents in a dose-dependent manner in concentrations from 0.03 to 3 mM and 1 to 300 microM, respectively. Under the in vitro conditions of this experiment, both antioxidants were more efficient in limiting SNP protein oxidation than lipid damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Piñol-Ripoll
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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48
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Srinivasan V, Pandi-Perumal SR, Cardinali DP, Poeggeler B, Hardeland R. Melatonin in Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders. Behav Brain Funct 2006; 2:15. [PMID: 16674804 PMCID: PMC1483829 DOI: 10.1186/1744-9081-2-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2006] [Accepted: 05/04/2006] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction have been identified as common pathophysiological phenomena associated with neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD) and Huntington's disease (HD). As the age-related decline in the production of melatonin may contribute to increased levels of oxidative stress in the elderly, the role of this neuroprotective agent is attracting increasing attention. Melatonin has multiple actions as a regulator of antioxidant and prooxidant enzymes, radical scavenger and antagonist of mitochondrial radical formation. The ability of melatonin and its kynuramine metabolites to interact directly with the electron transport chain by increasing the electron flow and reducing electron leakage are unique features by which melatonin is able to increase the survival of neurons under enhanced oxidative stress. Moreover, antifibrillogenic actions have been demonstrated in vitro, also in the presence of profibrillogenic apoE4 or apoE3, and in vivo, in a transgenic mouse model. Amyloid-β toxicity is antagonized by melatonin and one of its kynuramine metabolites. Cytoskeletal disorganization and protein hyperphosphorylation, as induced in several cell-line models, have been attenuated by melatonin, effects comprising stress kinase downregulation and extending to neurotrophin expression. Various experimental models of AD, PD and HD indicate the usefulness of melatonin in antagonizing disease progression and/or mitigating some of the symptoms. Melatonin secretion has been found to be altered in AD and PD. Attempts to compensate for age- and disease-dependent melatonin deficiency have shown that administration of this compound can improve sleep efficiency in AD and PD and, to some extent, cognitive function in AD patients. Exogenous melatonin has also been reported to alleviate behavioral symptoms such as sundowning. Taken together, these findings suggest that melatonin, its analogues and kynuric metabolites may have potential value in prevention and treatment of AD and other neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Srinivasan
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University Sains Malaysia, Kampus Kesihatan, 16150, Kubang kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - SR Pandi-Perumal
- Comprehensive Center for Sleep Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1176 – 5Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - DP Cardinali
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, 1121, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - B Poeggeler
- Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Goettingen, Berliner Str. 28, D-37073 Goettingen, Germany
| | - R Hardeland
- Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Goettingen, Berliner Str. 28, D-37073 Goettingen, Germany
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49
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Santamaría A, Vázquez-Román B, La Cruz VPD, González-Cortés C, Trejo-Solís MC, Galván-Arzate S, Jara-Prado A, Guevara-Fonseca J, Ali SF. Selenium reduces the proapoptotic signaling associated to NF-kappaB pathway and stimulates glutathione peroxidase activity during excitotoxic damage produced by quinolinate in rat corpus striatum. Synapse 2006; 58:258-66. [PMID: 16206188 DOI: 10.1002/syn.20206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Quinolinate (QUIN) neurotoxicity has been attributed to degenerative events in nerve tissue produced by sustained activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAr) and oxidative stress. We have recently described the protective effects that selenium (Se), an antioxidant, produces on different markers of QUIN-induced neurotoxicity (Santamaría et al., 2003, J Neurochem 86:479-488.). However, the mechanisms by which Se exerts its protective actions remain unclear. Since some of these events are thought to be related with inhibition of deadly molecular cascades through the activation of antioxidant selenoproteins, in this study we investigated the effects of Se on QUIN-induced cell damage elicited by the nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) pathway, as well as the time-course response of striatal glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity. Se (sodium selenite, 0.625 mg/kg/day, i.p.) was administered to rats for 5 days, and 120 min after the last administration, animals received a single striatal injection of QUIN (240 nmol/mul). Twenty-four hours later, their striata were tested for the expression of IkappaB-alpha (the NF-kappaB cytosolic binding protein), the immunohistochemical expression of NF-kappaB (evidenced as nuclear expression of P65), caspase-3-like activation, and DNA fragmentation. Additional groups were killed at 2, 6, and 24 h for measurement of GPx activity. Se reduced the QUIN-induced decrease in IkappaB-alpha expression, evidencing a reduction in its cytosolic degradation. Se also prevented the QUIN-induced increase in P65-immunoreactive cells, suggesting a reduction of NF-kappaB nuclear translocation. Caspase-3-like activation and DNA fragmentation produced by QUIN were also inhibited by Se. Striatal GPx activity was stimulated by Se at 2 and 6 h, but not at 24 h postlesion. Altogether, these data suggest that the protective effects exerted by Se on QUIN-induced neurotoxicity are partially mediated by the inhibition of proapoptotic events underlying IkappaB-alpha degradation, NF-kappaB nuclear translocation, and caspase-3-like activation in the rat striatum, probably involving the early activation of GPx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abel Santamaría
- Laboratorio de Aminoácidos Excitadores, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, SSA. México DF
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50
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Maharaj DS, Maharaj H, Daya S, Glass BD. Melatonin and 6-hydroxymelatonin protect against iron-induced neurotoxicity. J Neurochem 2006; 96:78-81. [PMID: 16300638 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03532.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative damage of biological macromolecules is a hallmark of most neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer, Parkinson and diffuse Lewy body diseases. Another important phenomenon involved in these disorders is the alteration of iron homeostasis, with an increase in iron levels. The present study investigated whether 6-hydroxymelatonin (6-OHM) can reduce Fe2+-induced lipid peroxidation and necrotic cell damage in the rat hippocampus in vivo. It was found that 6-OHM administration proved successful in reducing Fe2+-induced neurotoxicity in rat hippocampus. This study provides some evidence of the neuroprotective effects of 6-OHM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa S Maharaj
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
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