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Cigarette smoking exposure breaks the homeostasis of cholesterol and bile acid metabolism and induces gut microbiota dysbiosis in mice with different diets. Toxicology 2021; 450:152678. [PMID: 33440193 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.152678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Exposure of humans to second-hand smoking (SHS) increases glucose and lipid metabolic disorders. The link of hepatic metabolic dysfunction to environmental cigarette smoking has been noticed, but the related mechanism is still unclear. C57BL/6 mice with normal food diet (NFD) or high fat diet (HFD) were exposed to 15 min cigarette smoking twice a day in a 0.038 m3 box for 4 weeks, and the concentration of nicotine in the air of the box was 21.05 mg/m3 during the smoke exposure. Liver tissues and serum were collected for gene expression and biochemistry test. The fecal microbiota was also checked through 16S rDNA sequences. Cigarette smoking exposure increased the accumulation of total cholesterol (TC) in liver, and the expression of cholesterol synthesis-related genes was upregulated. The expression of CYP8B1 protein was significantly down-regulated, and the ratio of cholic acid (CA) to chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) was significantly reduced in the liver of mice exposed to cigarette smoking especially for HFD group. Cigarette smoking exposure caused insulin resistance in the liver of mice with HFD. The composition of the gut microbiota was altered with the exposure of cigarette smoking, and the change of the distribution of primary bile acids might be one of the reasons. It was concluded that cigarette smoking would break the homeostasis of cholesterol and bile acids metabolism and changed the composition of gut microbiota. Our discoveries confirmed that smoking bans are important for the public health.
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Sheffer CE, Miller A, Bickel WK, Devonish JA, O'Connor RJ, Wang C, Rivard C, Gage-Bouchard EA. The treasure of now and an uncertain future: Delay discounting and health behaviors among cancer survivors. Cancer 2018; 124:4711-4719. [PMID: 30343494 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.31759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The identification of new therapeutic targets to improve health behaviors among cancer survivors (CS) is likely to improve cancer treatment outcomes. Delay discounting (DD) rate is the degree to which one devalues rewards as a function of time to receipt. Lower DD rates (ie, prioritizing long-term over immediate rewards) are associated with healthier behaviors. CS often experience distress and thoughts of early mortality that can potentially shift priorities to the present and negatively impact DD rates, especially when newly diagnosed. Understanding relations between DD and health behaviors among CS will contribute to the examination of DD as a therapeutic target for improving health behaviors for CS. METHOD CS (n = 1001) were recruited from a web panel and administered a web-based questionnaire. Multivariate models examined relations among DD rate, years since diagnosis, and 10 health behavior indicators. We hypothesized that 1) higher DD rates would be associated with fewer years since diagnosis, and 2) lower DD rates would be associated with healthier behaviors, moderated by years since diagnosis. RESULTS In general, higher DD rates were associated with fewer years since diagnosis. Higher DD rates were associated with more alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, other tobacco use, tanning booth use, and conversely, greater adherence to annual primary care visits. A significant interaction between DD rate and years since diagnosis was not found. CONCLUSION Lower DD rates are associated with several important healthy lifestyle behaviors. DD rate is a promising therapeutic target for new interventions to improve multiple health behaviors among CS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Austin Miller
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Warren K Bickel
- Addiction Recovery Research Center, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, Virginia
| | | | | | - Chong Wang
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Cheryl Rivard
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
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Fan J, Ping J, Xiang J, Rao YS, Zhang WX, Chen T, Zhang L, Yan YE. Effects of prenatal and lactation nicotine exposure on glucose homeostasis, lipogenesis and lipid metabolic profiles in mothers and offspring. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2016; 5:1318-1328. [PMID: 30090436 DOI: 10.1039/c6tx00237d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence suggesting that maternal nicotine (NIC) exposure alone can lead to many deleterious consequences in the fetus. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of prenatal and lactation NIC exposure on glucose homeostasis, lipogenesis and lipid metabolism in mothers and pups. After maternal NIC exposure (from gestational day 9 to weaning), NIC mothers showed lower body weight, decreased parametrial white adipose tissue (pWAT) and inguinal WAT weights, lower homeostasis model assessment of beta cell function, higher serum total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, higher Castelli index values, lower hepatic mRNA levels of sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP1c), lipoprotein lipase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthase (FAS) and glucose transporters 4 (GLUT4), as well as lower SREBP1c, FAS, leptin and GLUT4 mRNA levels in pWAT. However, female NIC pups presented higher body weights and serum TC levels, and increased trends for high density lipoprotein-cholesterol and Castelli index I. Male NIC pups had higher body weight, serum TC levels and Castelli index I values, and lower glycemia levels. Additionally, hepatic and adipose FAS gene expression from the female NIC pups presented a decreasing trend, while the male NIC pups had lower hepatic FAS expression and higher adipose FAS expression. In conclusion, prenatal and lactation NIC exposure induced deleterious effects on the glucose homeostasis, lipogenesis and lipid metabolism in both mothers and pups, which may promote several important metabolic disorders in the progeny. Additionally, there are gender-specific effects on pups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Fan
- Department of Pharmacology , Basic Medical School of Wuhan University , Wuhan , 430071 , China . ; ; Tel: +86 27 68759222
| | - Jie Ping
- Department of Pharmacology , Basic Medical School of Wuhan University , Wuhan , 430071 , China . ; ; Tel: +86 27 68759222
| | - Jie Xiang
- Wuhan Medical treatment center , Wuhan , 430032 , China
| | - Yi-Song Rao
- Department of Pharmacology , Basic Medical School of Wuhan University , Wuhan , 430071 , China . ; ; Tel: +86 27 68759222
| | - Wan-Xia Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology , Basic Medical School of Wuhan University , Wuhan , 430071 , China . ; ; Tel: +86 27 68759222
| | - Ting Chen
- Department of Pharmacology , Basic Medical School of Wuhan University , Wuhan , 430071 , China . ; ; Tel: +86 27 68759222
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology , Basic Medical School of Wuhan University , Wuhan , 430071 , China . ; ; Tel: +86 27 68759222
| | - You-E Yan
- Department of Pharmacology , Basic Medical School of Wuhan University , Wuhan , 430071 , China . ; ; Tel: +86 27 68759222
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Lim J, Park HS. Relationship between underweight, bone mineral density and skeletal muscle index in premenopausal Korean women. Int J Clin Pract 2016; 70:462-8. [PMID: 27163650 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.12801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Osteoporosis and sarcopenia are common health problems in postmenopausal women. However, studies of these issues in premenopausal women are limited. Our present study aimed to investigate relationship the between underweight, bone mineral density (BMD) and skeletal muscle index (SMI) in a representative sample of premenopausal Korean women. METHODS We used data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (2009-2010). Participants included 1767 healthy, ≥ 20-year-old, non-obese premenopausal women. Underweight was defined as BMI< 18.5 kg/m(2) and normal weight was defined as 18.5 ≤ BMI< 23 kg/m(2) . We analysed anthropometric measurements, BMD and SMI with a DXA scanner. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the relationship between underweight, BMD and SMI after adjusting for confounding factors. RESULTS The prevalence of low BMD and low SMI in underweight women was 23.9% and 18.4%, respectively, compared with 9.4% and 1.7% in normal weight women. Low BMD and/or low SMI were present in 36.7% of underweight women compared with 10.7% of normal weight women. After adjustments, underweight women exhibited a higher odds ratio for low BMD (OR, 3.41; 95% CI, 2.31-5.05), low SMI (OR, 11.61; 95% CI, 6.17-21.88) and combined low BMD and low SMI (OR, 23.82; 95% CI, 8.92-63.58) when compared with normal weight women. CONCLUSION Underweight premenopausal women are at a higher risk of low bone mass and low skeletal muscle. Educational efforts that promote a normal weight in premenopausal women should be reinforced.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lim
- Department of Family Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - H S Park
- Department of Family Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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Dare S, Mackay DF, Pell JP. Relationship between smoking and obesity: a cross-sectional study of 499,504 middle-aged adults in the UK general population. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123579. [PMID: 25886648 PMCID: PMC4401671 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a general perception that smoking protects against weight gain and this may influence commencement and continuation of smoking, especially among young women. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted using baseline data from UK Biobank. Logistic regression analyses were used to explore the association between smoking and obesity; defined as body mass index (BMI) >30 kg/m2. Smoking was examined in terms of smoking status, amount smoked, duration of smoking and time since quitting and we adjusted for the potential confounding effects of age, sex, socioeconomic deprivation, physical activity, alcohol consumption, hypertension and diabetes. RESULTS The study comprised 499,504 adults aged 31 to 69 years. Overall, current smokers were less likely to be obese than never smokers (adjusted OR 0.83 95% CI 0.81-0.86). However, there was no significant association in the youngest sub-group (≤40 years). Former smokers were more likely to be obese than both current smokers (adjusted OR 1.33 95% CI 1.30-1.37) and never smokers (adjusted OR 1.14 95% CI 1.12-1.15). Among smokers, the risk of obesity increased with the amount smoked and former heavy smokers were more likely to be obese than former light smokers (adjusted OR 1.60, 95% 1.56-1.64, p<0.001). Risk of obesity fell with time from quitting. After 30 years, former smokers still had higher risk of obesity than current smokers but the same risk as never smokers. CONCLUSION Beliefs that smoking protects against obesity may be over-simplistic; especially among younger and heavier smokers. Quitting smoking may be associated with temporary weight gain. Therefore, smoking cessation interventions should include weight management support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadrach Dare
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- School of Nursing, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Daniel F. Mackay
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jill P. Pell
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Grizzell JA, Echeverria V. New Insights into the Mechanisms of Action of Cotinine and its Distinctive Effects from Nicotine. Neurochem Res 2014; 40:2032-46. [PMID: 24970109 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-014-1359-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco consumption is far higher among a number of psychiatric and neurological diseases, supporting the notion that some component(s) of tobacco may underlie the oft-reported reduction in associated symptoms during tobacco use. Popular dogma holds that this component is nicotine. However, increasing evidence support theories that cotinine, the main metabolite of nicotine, may underlie at least some of nicotine's actions in the nervous system, apart from its adverse cardiovascular and habit forming effects. Though similarities exist, disparate and even antagonizing actions between cotinine and nicotine have been described both in terms of behavior and physiology, underscoring the need to further characterize this potentially therapeutic compound. Cotinine has been shown to be psychoactive in humans and animals, facilitating memory, cognition, executive function, and emotional responding. Furthermore, recent research shows that cotinine acts as an antidepressant and reduces cognitive-impairment associated with disease and stress-induced dysfunction. Despite these promising findings, continued focus on this potentially safe alternative to tobacco and nicotine use is lacking. Here, we review the effects of cotinine, including comparisons with nicotine, and discuss potential mechanisms of cotinine-specific actions in the central nervous system which are, to date, still being elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Alex Grizzell
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33611, USA.,Department of Research and Development, Bay Pines VA Healthcare System, 10,000 Bay Pines Blvd., Bldg. 23, Rm. 123, Bay Pines, FL, 33744, USA
| | - Valentina Echeverria
- Department of Research and Development, Bay Pines VA Healthcare System, 10,000 Bay Pines Blvd., Bldg. 23, Rm. 123, Bay Pines, FL, 33744, USA. .,Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Carlos Antúnez 1920, Providencia, Santiago, Chile. .,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33647, USA.
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Mackay DF, Gray L, Pell JP. Impact of smoking and smoking cessation on overweight and obesity: Scotland-wide, cross-sectional study on 40,036 participants. BMC Public Health 2013; 13:348. [PMID: 23587253 PMCID: PMC3636072 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Weight control is cited by some people, especially adolescent girls, as a reason for commencing smoking or not quitting. The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between smoking behaviour and being overweight or obese, overall and by age and sex sub-groups. METHODS We used data from the six Scottish Health Surveys conducted to date (1995-2010) to undertake a population-based, cross-sectional study on 40,036 participants representative of the adult (≥16 years) Scottish population. Height and weight were measured by a trained interviewer, not self-reported. RESULTS 24,459 (63.3%) participants were overweight (BMI ≥25 kg/m²) and 9,818 (25.4%) were obese (BMI ≥30 kg/m²). Overall, current smokers were less likely to be overweight than never smokers. However, those who had smoked for more than 20 years (adjusted OR 1.54, 95% CI 1.41-1.69, p < 0.001) and ex-smokers (adjusted OR 1.18, 95% CI 1.11-1.25, p < 0.001) were more likely to be overweight. There were significant interactions with age. Participants 16-24 years of age, were no more likely to be overweight if they were current (adjusted OR 1.01, 95% CI 0.84-1.20, p = 0.944) or ex (adjusted OR 0.88, 95% CI 0.67-1.14, p = 0.319) smokers. The same patterns pertained to obesity. CONCLUSIONS Whilst active smoking may be associated with reduced risk of being overweight among some older adults, there was no evidence to support the belief among young people that smoking protects them from weight gain. Making this point in educational campaigns targeted at young people may help to discourage them from starting to smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F Mackay
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, 1 Lilybank Gardens, Glasgow, G12 8RZ, UK
| | - Linsay Gray
- MRC Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, 4 Lilybank Gardens, Glasgow, G12 8RZ, UK
| | - Jill P Pell
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, 1 Lilybank Gardens, Glasgow, G12 8RZ, UK
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION The ability of nicotine, the primary psychoactive substance in tobacco smoke, to regulate appetite and body weight is one of the factors cited by smokers that prevents them from quitting and is the primary reason for smoking initiation in teenage girls. The regulation of feeding and metabolism by nicotine is complex, and recent studies have begun to identify nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subtypes and circuits or cell types involved in this regulation. DISCUSSION We will briefly describe the primary anatomical and functional features of the input, output, and central integration structures of the neuroendocrine systems that regulate energy homeostasis. Then, we will describe the nAChR subtypes expressed in these structures in mammals to identify the possible molecular targets for nicotine. Finally, we will review the effects of nicotine and its withdrawal on feeding and energy metabolism and attribute them to potential central and peripheral cellular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Zoli
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41125, Modena, Italy.
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Freathy RM, Kazeem GR, Morris RW, Johnson PCD, Paternoster L, Ebrahim S, Hattersley AT, Hill A, Hingorani AD, Holst C, Jefferis BJ, Kring SII, Mooser V, Padmanabhan S, Preisig M, Ring SM, Sattar N, Upton MN, Vollenweider P, Waeber G, Sørensen TIA, Frayling TM, Watt G, Lawlor DA, Whincup PH, Tozzi F, Davey Smith G, Munafò M. Genetic variation at CHRNA5-CHRNA3-CHRNB4 interacts with smoking status to influence body mass index. Int J Epidemiol 2011; 40:1617-28. [PMID: 21593077 PMCID: PMC3235017 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyr077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cigarette smoking is associated with lower body mass index (BMI), and a commonly cited reason for unwillingness to quit smoking is a concern about weight gain. Common variation in the CHRNA5-CHRNA3-CHRNB4 gene region (chromosome 15q25) is robustly associated with smoking quantity in smokers, but its association with BMI is unknown. We hypothesized that genotype would accurately reflect smoking exposure and that, if smoking were causally related to weight, it would be associated with BMI in smokers, but not in never smokers. Methods We stratified nine European study samples by smoking status and, in each stratum, analysed the association between genotype of the 15q25 SNP, rs1051730, and BMI. We meta-analysed the results (n = 24 198) and then tested for a genotype × smoking status interaction. Results There was no evidence of association between BMI and genotype in the never smokers {difference per T-allele: 0.05 kg/m2 [95% confidence interval (95% CI): −0.05 to 0.18]; P = 0.25}. However, in ever smokers, each additional smoking-related T-allele was associated with a 0.23 kg/m2 (95% CI: 0.13–0.31) lower BMI (P = 8 × 10−6). The effect size was larger in current [0.33 kg/m2 lower BMI per T-allele (95% CI: 0.18–0.48); P = 6 × 10−5], than in former smokers [0.16 kg/m2 (95% CI: 0.03–0.29); P = 0.01]. There was strong evidence of genotype × smoking interaction (P = 0.0001). Conclusions Smoking status modifies the association between the 15q25 variant and BMI, which strengthens evidence that smoking exposure is causally associated with reduced BMI. Smoking cessation initiatives might be more successful if they include support to maintain a healthy BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M Freathy
- The MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Dandekar MP, Nakhate KT, Kokare DM, Subhedar NK. Effect of nicotine on feeding and body weight in rats: Involvement of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide. Behav Brain Res 2011; 219:31-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2010.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Revised: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Brook DW, Zhang C, Brook JS, Finch SJ. Trajectories of cigarette smoking from adolescence to young adulthood as predictors of obesity in the mid-30s. Nicotine Tob Res 2010; 12:263-70. [PMID: 20083648 PMCID: PMC2910312 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntp202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2009] [Accepted: 12/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this longitudinal study was to examine the relationship between two major health problems, smoking and obesity, and to determine to what extent trajectories of cigarette smoking from early adolescence to young adulthood are related to obesity in the mid-30s. METHODS Participants (N = 806) were interviewed using a structured questionnaire at 6 points in time over a period of 23 years. Semiparametric group-based modeling and logistic regression analyses were used to analyze the data. The main outcome measure was obesity, assessed by body mass index in the mid-30s. RESULTS Five distinct trajectories of tobacco use were identified (N = 806): heavy/continuous smokers, late starters, quitters/decreasers, occasional smokers, and nonsmokers. Compared with nonsmokers, heavy/continuous smokers or late starters had a significantly lower likelihood of obesity. Also, compared with nonsmokers or occasional smokers, heavy/continuous smokers or late starters had a significantly lower likelihood of being overweight or obese. DISCUSSION Smoking cessation programs should focus on weight control methods, such as physical exercise and learning healthy habits. In addition, weight control programs should incorporate smoking cessation efforts as integral components.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Brook
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, NY, USA.
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Ozawa H, Asai S, Jin G, Hasunuma Y, Tanaka C, Ikeda T, Kimura M, Ueda A, Yamashita T, Miyachi H. Severe pneumonia caused by a novel influenza A (H1N1) virus in an asymptomatic emphysematous smoker. Intern Med 2010; 49:1667-70. [PMID: 20686312 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.49.3293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A 49-year-old female presented with diarrhea and a high fever followed by progressive dyspnea. Until this presentation, she had been healthy except for chronic dyspepsia and diarrhea. She had a smoking habit of 15 pack-years. Laboratory tests revealed lymphopenia, hypoalbuminemia and hypogammaglobulinemia. A rapid influenza test in combination with an RT-PCR assay revealed the presence of the novel influenza A (H1N1) virus. Chest computed tomography revealed centrilobular emphysema. This report suggests that regular smoking may become a risk for severe pneumonia in patients presenting with the novel influenza A (H1N1) virus, when accompanying asymptomatic emphysema is combined with other problems such as hypoalbuminemia and hypogammaglobulinemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Ozawa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara
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Hunger and negative alliesthesia to aspartame and sucrose in patients treated with antipsychotic drugs and controls. Eat Weight Disord 2009; 14:e225-30. [PMID: 20179410 DOI: 10.1007/bf03325121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study explores sweet stimuli effects on hunger and negative alliesthesia in patients treated with antipsychotic drugs and controls. Those phenomena were examined in relation to previous weight gain, eating and weight-related cognitions and type of sweet stimuli: aspartame or sucrose. Alliesthesia is delayed in participants who gained weight regardless of cross group differences. A similar reduction of hunger was observed after the intake of two kinds of sweet stimuli (aspartame or sucrose) whereas alliesthesia measures were not affected. Whereas atypical antipsychotic drug-induced weight gain is linked to delayed satiety, the phenomenon is similar in magnitude in non-psychiatric controls who gained weight.
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Anxiolytic effects of nicotine in a rodent test of approach-avoidance conflict. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2009; 204:541-9. [PMID: 19241061 PMCID: PMC2920299 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-009-1486-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2008] [Accepted: 01/31/2009] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Nicotine has been reported to produce both anxiolytic and/or anxiogenic effects in humans and animals. OBJECTIVES This study examined whether pretreatment with nicotine would alter anxiety in a unique runway model of approach-avoidance conflict. MATERIALS AND METHODS Food-restricted rats were trained to run a straight alley once a day to obtain food upon goal-box entry. Beginning on trial 11, food reward was followed by a series of five foot shocks (0.3-0.4 mA, 0.5 s) in the goal box. Non-shocked control rats continued to run for food only. The resulting association of the goal box with both a positive (food) and negative (foot shock) stimulus produced an approach-avoidance conflict (subjects exhibited "retreat behaviors" in which they would approach the goal box, stop, and then retreat back towards the start box). Once retreats were established, their sensitivity to nicotine pretreatment (0.0, 0.03, 0.045, 0.06, or 0.075 mg/kg, i.v.) was compared to saline. In subsequent tests, the effects of nicotine (0.06 or 0.03 mg/kg) were examined on spontaneous activity (locomotion) and center-square entries in an open field (anxiety). RESULTS Doses of 0.06 and 0.075 mg/kg, but not lower doses of nicotine, reduced the number of runway retreats, and 0.06 mg/kg nicotine increased the number of open-field center entries relative to saline. No effects on locomotion were observed. CONCLUSIONS Nicotine reduced approach-avoidance conflict and increased the rats' willingness to enter the center of an open field, suggesting that the drug can produce anxiolytic properties and that such effects may serve as an important factor in the persistence of smoking behavior.
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Munafò MR, Tilling K, Ben-Shlomo Y. Smoking status and body mass index: A longitudinal study. Nicotine Tob Res 2009; 11:765-71. [DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntp062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Sneve M, Jorde R. Cross-sectional study on the relationship between body mass index and smoking, and longitudinal changes in body mass index in relation to change in smoking status: The Tromsø Study. Scand J Public Health 2008; 36:397-407. [DOI: 10.1177/1403494807088453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aims: To evaluate the effects of smoking and other lifestyle factors on body mass index (BMI), and changes in BMI in relation to changes in smoking status. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed on 10,920 males (3937 smokers) and 12,090 females (4343 smokers) who participated in the fourth Tromsø Study (performed in 1994—95). A longitudinal study was performed on 2364 males (732 smokers in 1994—95) and 2738 females (942 smokers in 1994—95) who participated in both the fourth and the fifth Tromsø studies (performed in 2001). Results: In the cross-sectional study, current smokers of both genders had a lower BMI (25.0±3.4 vs. 25.5±3.2 kg/m2 in males, and 23.9±3.9 vs. 25.3±4.6 kg/m 2 in females, p<0.01), a lower degree of physical activity, and a higher consumption of coffee and alcohol than never-smokers. We found a U-shaped relationship between number of cigarettes smoked per day and BMI, with the lowest BMI in those smoking 6— 10 cigarettes per day. Heavy smokers and never-smokers had similar BMI. In the longitudinal study, continuing smokers had a smaller increase in BMI than those who gave up smoking. In those who gave up smoking, there was a significant, positive relationship between number of cigarettes smoked in 1994—95 and increase in BMI. Conclusions: There is a U-shaped relationship between number of cigarettes smoked per day and BMI. Smoking cessation is associated with an increase in weight as compared to those who continue smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Sneve
- Medical Department B, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway,
| | - R. Jorde
- Medical Department B, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
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17
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Khazaal Y, Chatton A, Claeys F, Ribordy F, Zullino D, Cabanac M. Antipsychotic drug and body weight set-point. Physiol Behav 2008; 95:157-60. [PMID: 18582910 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2008.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2007] [Revised: 05/08/2008] [Accepted: 05/19/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Antipsychotic (AP) drugs frequently induce weight gain. The present study aimed at exploring a potential association between antipsychotic-induced weight gain and delayed negative alliesthesia for sweet stimuli. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES The study aimed at recruiting patients undergoing AP treatment, half of them with stable weight and the other half with documented weight gain. Negative alliesthesia to sweet stimuli was assessed through a specific procedure. RESULTS A multivariate regression of the data obtained from the entire sample was performed to establish the relationship between alliesthesia dependent variables and weight gain as a predictor. The overall F statistic shows that there was a significant association between delayed negative alliesthesia for sweet stimuli and weight gain. CONCLUSION Atypical antipsychotic drug-induced weight gain seems to result from a raised body weight set-point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser Khazaal
- Division of substance abuse, University Hospitals of Geneva, Switzerland.
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18
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Toll BA, Katulak NA, Williams-Piehota P, O'Malley S. Validation of a scale for the assessment of food cravings among smokers. Appetite 2008; 50:25-32. [PMID: 17574300 PMCID: PMC2386855 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2007.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2007] [Accepted: 05/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Weight gain associated with smoking cessation impedes attempts to quit smoking and may lead to obesity. One factor that might contribute to weight gain is cravings for sweet or rich foods. To date, no reliable measure exists for evaluating these cravings. The purpose of the current study was to validate an assessment of craving for sweet or rich foods for use among smokers. With a sample of 385 smokers enrolled in a clinical trial for smoking cessation, the study examined the factor structure, internal consistency, and convergent and predictive validity of the Questionnaire on Craving for Sweet or Rich Foods (QCSRF). A two-factor model best represented the data. Factor 1 contained six items assessing perceptions about the ability of sweet or rich foods to relieve negative affect and about self-control over eating. Factor 2 contained three items assessing the intensity of cravings. Both factors demonstrated high internal consistency and good convergent and predictive validity. These results suggest the QCSRF is a reliable and valid measure for examining cravings for sweet or rich foods among smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Toll
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 1 Long Wharf Drive-Box 18, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
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19
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Paradis S, Cabanac M, Marceau P, Frankham P. Body weight and satiation after duodenal switch: 2 years later. Obes Surg 2007; 17:631-6. [PMID: 17658022 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-007-9115-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The authors investigated body weight, satiation, and gustative pleasure of obese patients 2 years after a bariatric operation: the biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch (DS). METHODS 9 operated patients, 10 unoperated non-obese and 10 unoperated obese persons participated in the "alliesthesia (food distaste) test". This test is a psychometric assessment of satiation resulting from the pleasure or displeasure following the repeated ingestion of a sweet stimulus. Operated patients also participated in the test before the DS operation. RESULTS 2 years after DS, patients had lost 50% of their body weight and their BMI was rendered similar to that of the non-obese control group. Their satiation was faster than in control and unoperated obese patients. The responses of control and unoperated obese patients were identical to those of pre-surgery operated patients. CONCLUSION This indicates that at the time of the experiment, patients' actual body weight was higher than their body weight set-point and that they would be likely to continue to lose weight, at least beyond 2 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien Paradis
- Centre de recherche sur le métabolisme énergétique (CREME), Anatomy and Physiology Department, Laval University, Québec, Canada
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20
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Kokkinos A, Tentolouris N, Kyriakaki E, Argyrakopoulou G, Doupis J, Psallas M, Kyriaki D, Katsilambros N. Differentiation in the short- and long-term effects of smoking on plasma total ghrelin concentrations between male nonsmokers and habitual smokers. Metabolism 2007; 56:523-7. [PMID: 17379011 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2006.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2006] [Accepted: 11/20/2006] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
To explore the association between the anorexigenic effects of nicotine and the orexigenic properties of ghrelin, plasma total ghrelin levels were measured in nonsmokers and habitual smokers before and after short-term exposure to cigarette smoke. Thirty-one male smokers and 23 nonsmoking volunteers were matched for age and body mass index. After an overnight fast and abstinence from smoking, they all smoked 2 cigarettes consecutively (same brand, rate of inhalation, and duration of smoking). Total ghrelin concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay before smoking (baseline), immediately afterward, and 30, 60, and 90 minutes after the second cigarette. Baseline ghrelin levels were not different between smokers and nonsmokers. Smoking did not have an immediate influence on ghrelin concentrations in smokers (analysis of variance for repeated measurements, P=0.74), whereas there was a progressive decline in nonsmokers, reaching statistical significance at 30 minutes (P=.04) and a nadir at 60 minutes (P=.04) after smoking. Moreover, the area under the curve for the changes of ghrelin over time after smoking was lower in nonsmokers than in smokers (-287.2+/-167.1 vs 29.2+/-125.3 ng.min/L, P=.03). In conclusion, fasting plasma total ghrelin concentrations are not different between male smokers and nonsmokers. Smoking does not provoke any short-term change in ghrelin levels in smokers, but induces a decline in nonsmokers. If the anorectic effect of smoking is ghrelin induced, this effect may be present only in people not habituated to smoke exposure. In habitual smokers, ghrelin suppression by short-term smoking could be blunted as a result of desensitization due to prolonged nicotine exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kokkinos
- First Department of Propaedeutic Medicine, Athens University Medical School, Laiko General Hospital, Athens, Greece.
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21
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Ferrari MFR, Fior-Chadi DR. Chronic nicotine administration. Analysis of the development of hypertension and glutamatergic neurotransmission. Brain Res Bull 2006; 72:215-24. [PMID: 17452284 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2006.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2006] [Revised: 09/13/2006] [Accepted: 09/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Among numerous neurotransmitters involved in central cardiovascular control, glutamate is one of the most studied transmitters that are related to nicotine considering its release and its postsynaptic regulation. However, there are no conclusive studies about nicotine effects on glutamatergic system and its relevance on hypertension development, which can help to understand the role of these two systems in that pathology. In this context, the objective of the present study is to evaluate the effects of systemic chronic nicotine exposure on hypertension development as well as the interaction between nicotine and the glutamatergic system in normotensive and neurogenic hypertensive rats. By means of high performance liquid chromatograph, immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization and binding techniques, glutamatergic system was evaluated in SHR and Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats treated with nicotine, delivered subcutaneously through nicotine pellets, for 8 weeks. The most important findings in this study were that (1) moderate doses of nicotine accelerated the onset and increased blood pressure in SHR but not in WKY rats, (2) the nicotine dosage and time of treatment employed did not affect body weight, (3) chronic nicotine treatment differentially affected glutamatergic system in normotensive and hypertensive rats, and (4) spontaneously hypertensive rats seem to be more sensitive to peripherally administered nicotine than Wistar Kyoto rats considering blood pressure and glutamatergic neurotransmission changes. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that a moderate dose of nicotine accelerates the onset and exacerbates hypertension in the SHR and that might be, at least in part, related to the modulation of glutamatergic neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merari F R Ferrari
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Rua do Matão, Travessa 14, n.321, Cidade Universitária-São Paulo, SP 05508-090, Brazil
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22
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Munafò MR, Murphy MFG, Johnstone EC. Smoking cessation, weight gain, and DRD4 -521 genotype. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2006; 141B:398-402. [PMID: 16526060 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We investigated change in body mass index following long-term smoking cessation in a representative cohort of treatment-seeking heavy smokers in the United Kingdom, to determine the extent of long-term weight gain in successful quitters versus continuing smokers. We further investigated whether DRD4 genotype moderated any weight gain in either group. Smoking cessation was associated with an increase in BMI, and persisted up to 8 years after smoking cessation. Ex-smokers at 8-year follow-up weighed over 2.5 kg/m(3) more on average than they did at baseline, while participants who were smokers at both baseline and 8-year follow-up did not demonstrate any change in BMI. We did not observe an interaction between smoking status and DRD4 genotype. However, independently of the weight gain among those who stopped smoking during the course of the study, DRD4 genotype was significantly associated with BMI, with possession of the -521 C-allele associated with increased BMI. The magnitude of increase in BMI following smoking cessation, and the persistence of this change at 8-year follow-up, suggests that health benefits associated with smoking cessation may to some extent be negated by the detrimental effects on health of associated weight gain. Smoking cessation programmes should therefore consider incorporating follow-up support to promote weight loss among those who successfully stop smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus R Munafò
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.
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23
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Frankham P, Gosselin C, Cabanac M. Diet induced weight loss accelerates onset of negative alliesthesia in obese women. BMC Public Health 2005; 5:112. [PMID: 16232316 PMCID: PMC1266380 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-5-112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2005] [Accepted: 10/18/2005] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The physiological and behavioral responses to hypocaloric diet are to increase energy intake to defend a steady body weight. We utilized the method of "negative alliesthesia" for measuring the hedonic reponse to sweet stimulus before (Initial session) and 3 months after entering a weight loss program. The negative alliesthesia test is known by physiologists but few clinical data exist. It is based on the observation that repeated pleasant gustatory stimuli turn into unpleasantness in the process of alliesthesia. At first visit participants repeatedly ingested sweet stimuli until they found them unpleasant and rated quantitatively on a linear analogue scale their hedonic experience. This procedure was repeated every 3 min until participants felt displeasure to end the session. The same protocol was followed after three months of following a weight loss diet. Dieting energy intake was from 1400 - 2000 kcal/d for 8 wk. Energy composition was 50% carb:25% prot: 25% lipid. After 8 wk caloric intake increased by 50 kcal/wk, to reach daily intake of 1800 - 2400 kcal/d. Energy composition was 50% carb:22% prot: 27% lipid. We report results on the effect of slow weight loss on negative alliesthesia in ten obese female participants enrolled in a commercial diet program based on Canada's Food Guide (Mincavi). RESULTS Results showed that diet lowered the mean BMI (Initial session 36.8 +/- 1.8 vs. 3 mo 34.9 +/- 1.8 kg/m2). At 3 mo the onset of negative alliesthesia, time to abandon experimental session, was shortened (Initial session 33 vs. 3 mo 24 min). The same trend was observed in the time to reach indifference (Initial session 21.9 +/- 3.8 vs. 3 mo 16.2 +/-2.4 min). There was no observed difference in maximum (Initial session +79.5 +/- 11.7; 3 mo +94.5 +/- 9.9 mm) and minimum (Initial session -90.0 +/- 14.4; 3 mo -106 +/- 11.1 mm) hedonic rating. CONCLUSION Earlier onset of negative alliesthesia, as seen in our participants, is not consistent with previous hedonic studies that showed delayed or absent negative alliesthesia in participants when below their initial body weight. Therefore, it is hypothesized that the accelerated onset of negative alliesthesia observed in our obese participants after weight loss is suggestive of a lowered body weight set-point. Factors inherent to the weight loss diet studied here, such as mild energetic restriction, lowered palatability, and diet composition, may have played a role in this experimental outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Frankham
- Département d'Anatomie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, CA
- Groupe Interdisciplinaire de Recherche en Obésité (GIRO), Université Laval, Québec, CA
| | | | - Michel Cabanac
- Département d'Anatomie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, CA
- Groupe Interdisciplinaire de Recherche en Obésité (GIRO), Université Laval, Québec, CA
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24
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Jessen A, Buemann B, Toubro S, Skovgaard IM, Astrup A. The appetite-suppressant effect of nicotine is enhanced by caffeine. Diabetes Obes Metab 2005; 7:327-33. [PMID: 15955118 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2004.00389.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM To test whether the anorectic effect of nicotine may be amplified by caffeine. METHODS Chewing gums with nicotine and caffeine were administered to 12 healthy young men of normal weight. Different combinations of 0, 1 or 2 mg of nicotine and 0, 50 or 100 mg of caffeine were applied during a 2-h period in a randomized, double blind, cross over design. Appetite sensations were measured using visual analogue scales. RESULTS Hunger and prospective food consumption were negatively associated with the increasing doses of nicotine, whereas satiety and fullness were positively associated with the increasing doses of nicotine (p < 0.05). Caffeine appeared to amplify the effects of nicotine on hunger and fullness as a caffeine x nicotine x time interaction was observed in these scores (p < 0.05). The 2-mg dose of nicotine in combination with the 100-mg dose of caffeine caused nausea in four of the non-smokers. However, the effects of nicotine and the caffeine x nicotine x time interaction persisted after the exclusion of these subjects. CONCLUSION Caffeine added to nicotine chewing gum appears to amplify its attenuating effects on appetite and the combinations of 1-mg of nicotine with caffeine seem to be well tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jessen
- Research Department of Human Nutrition, Centre for Advanced Food Studies, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Denmark
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Abstract
Cigarette smoking is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity and a particularly common and intractable addictive disorder. Research shows that nicotine is a sine qua non of tobacco addiction and that it produces the hallmark effects of addictive drugs: sensitization, tolerance, physical dependence, and euphoria/elation. Research on the development of smoking reveals that although smoking prevalence has declined from a peak in the mid-1990s, close to 30% of twelfth graders still smoke. Smoking in adolescents is related to development of physical dependence, ethnicity, impulsivity, affective disorder, and peer influences. However, which of these exerts the greatest causal effects is unknown, and their influence no doubt varies across individuals and across development. Once dependence on tobacco smoking is established, evidence suggests that tobacco motivation is strongly influenced by a reduction in withdrawal symptoms, an expectation of stress reduction, and conditioned reinforcement. Nicotine motivation may also be influenced by modulation in stimulus incentive value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy B Baker
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, and Center for Tobacco Research & Intervention, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison, Wisconsin 53711, USA.
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Abstract
Set-point of body weight was assessed by the behavioral method of the weight threshold to hoard food. Intra-peritoneal injection of nicotine (0.02-0.05 mg/kg) significantly lowered the rats' body weight set-point by 8.5+/-2.7 and 19.2+/-2.6 g (p< or =0.05). These results suggest that the administration of low-dose nicotine lowers the body-weight set-point and may be important in predicting the anticipated gain in weight frequently reported upon withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Frankham
- Département de Physiologie, Faculte de Medecine, Université Laval, Québec, G1K 7P4 Canada
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