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Herrera-Pool E, Ramos-Díaz AL, Lizardi-Jiménez MA, Pech-Cohuo S, Ayora-Talavera T, Cuevas-Bernardino JC, García-Cruz U, Pacheco N. Effect of solvent polarity on the Ultrasound Assisted extraction and antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds from habanero pepper leaves (Capsicum chinense) and its identification by UPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/MS. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2021; 76:105658. [PMID: 34242865 PMCID: PMC8273200 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2021.105658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Phenolic compounds are secondary metabolites involved in plant adaptation processes. The development of extraction procedures, quantification, and identification of this compounds in habanero pepper (Capsicum chinense) leaves can provide information about their accumulation and possible biological function. The main objective of this work was to study the effect of the UAE method and the polarity of different extraction solvents on the recovery of phenolic compounds from C. chinense leaves. Quantification of the total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant activity (AA) by ABTS+ and DPPH radical inhibition methods, and the relation between the dielectric constant (ε) as polarity parameter of the solvents and TPC using Weibull and Gaussian distribution models was analyzed. The major phenolic compounds in C. chinense leaves extracts were identified and quantified by UPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/MS. The highest recovery of TPC (24.39 ± 2.41 mg GAE g-1 dry wt) was obtained using MeOH (50%) by UAE method. Correlations between TPC and AA of 0.89 and 0.91 were found for both radical inhibition methods (ABTS+ and DPPH). The Weibull and Gaussian models showed high regression values (0.93 to 0.95) suggesting that the highest phenolic compounds recovery is obtained using solvents with "ε" values between 35 and 52 by UAE. The major compounds were identified as N-caffeoyl putrescine, apigenin, luteolin and diosmetin derivatives. The models presented are proposed as a useful tool to predict the appropriate solvent composition for the extraction of phenolic compounds from C. chinense leaves by UAE based on the "ε" of the solvents for future metabolomic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Herrera-Pool
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ) Unidad Sureste. Tablaje Catastral 31264 Km 5.5 Carretera Sierra Papacal-Chuburná Puerto, Parque Científico Tecnológico de Yucatán, CP 97302, Mexico
| | - Ana Luisa Ramos-Díaz
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ) Unidad Sureste. Tablaje Catastral 31264 Km 5.5 Carretera Sierra Papacal-Chuburná Puerto, Parque Científico Tecnológico de Yucatán, CP 97302, Mexico
| | | | - Soledad Pech-Cohuo
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ) Unidad Sureste. Tablaje Catastral 31264 Km 5.5 Carretera Sierra Papacal-Chuburná Puerto, Parque Científico Tecnológico de Yucatán, CP 97302, Mexico
| | - Teresa Ayora-Talavera
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ) Unidad Sureste. Tablaje Catastral 31264 Km 5.5 Carretera Sierra Papacal-Chuburná Puerto, Parque Científico Tecnológico de Yucatán, CP 97302, Mexico
| | - Juan C Cuevas-Bernardino
- CONACYT-Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ) Unidad Sureste, Tablaje Catastral 31264 Km 5.5 Carretera Sierra Papacal-Chuburná Puerto. Parque Científico Tecnológico de Yucatán, CP 97302, Mexico
| | - Ulises García-Cruz
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-Mérida), Departamento de Recursos del Mar, Mérida, Mexico
| | - Neith Pacheco
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ) Unidad Sureste. Tablaje Catastral 31264 Km 5.5 Carretera Sierra Papacal-Chuburná Puerto, Parque Científico Tecnológico de Yucatán, CP 97302, Mexico.
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Pérez-Clemente RM, Montoliu A, Vives-Peris V, Arbona V, Gómez-Cadenas A. Hormonal and metabolic responses of Mexican lime plants to CTV infection. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 238:40-52. [PMID: 31129470 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant viral infections alter gene expression and metabolism in infected host. To study the molecular responses of Mexican lime to CTV infection, an analysis of plant metabolome in response to infection with severe (T318) or mild (T385) isolates of CTV was performed. Healthy plants and those infected with any of the two virus strains showed different metabolite profiles, at different stages of new sprout development. Proline content increased in plants infected with CTV, proportionally to the virulence of the virus strain. Abscisic acid content decreased after virus infection whereas jasmonic and salicylic acid levels increased. CTV infection had an impact on plant secondary metabolism, by stimulating the synthesis of different metabolites such as l-methylhistidine, phenylpropanoid derivatives. These metabolites are common responses of different organisms, including higher mammals, to viral diseases, and its presence in this system points to the existence of universal responses to virus infection among different kingdoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa María Pérez-Clemente
- Departament de Ciències Agràries i del Medi Natural, Universitat Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Almudena Montoliu
- Departament de Ciències Agràries i del Medi Natural, Universitat Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Vicente Vives-Peris
- Departament de Ciències Agràries i del Medi Natural, Universitat Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Vicent Arbona
- Departament de Ciències Agràries i del Medi Natural, Universitat Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Aurelio Gómez-Cadenas
- Departament de Ciències Agràries i del Medi Natural, Universitat Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071, Castellón de la Plana, Spain.
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Nishanth MJ, Sheshadri SA, Rathore SS, Srinidhi S, Simon B. Expression analysis of Cell wall invertase under abiotic stress conditions influencing specialized metabolism in Catharanthus roseus. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15059. [PMID: 30305670 PMCID: PMC6180051 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33415-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Catharanthus roseus is a commercial source for anti-cancer terpenoid indole alkaloids (TIAs: vincristine and vinblastine). Inherent levels of these TIAs are very low, hence research studies need to focus on enhancing their levels in planta. Since primary metabolism provides precursors for specialized-metabolism, elevating the former can achieve higher amounts of the latter. Cell Wall Invertase (CWIN), a key enzyme in sucrose-metabolism catalyses the breakdown of sucrose into glucose and fructose, which serve as carbon-skeleton for specialized-metabolites. Understanding CWIN regulation could unravel metabolic-engineering approaches towards enhancing the levels of TIAs in planta. Our study is the first to characterize CWIN at gene-expression level in the medicinal plant, C. roseus. The CWINs and their inter-relationship with sucrose and TIA metabolism was studied at gene and metabolite levels. It was found that sucrose-supplementation to C. roseus leaves significantly elevated the monomeric TIAs (vindoline, catharanthine) and their corresponding genes. This was further confirmed in cross-species, wherein Nicotiana benthamiana leaves transiently-overexpressing CrCWIN2 showed significant upregulation of specialized-metabolism genes: NbPAL2, Nb4CL, NbCHS, NbF3H, NbANS, NbHCT and NbG10H. The specialized metabolites- cinnamic acid, coumarin, and fisetin were significantly upregulated. Thus, the present study provides a valuable insight into metabolic-engineering approaches towards augmenting the levels of therapeutic TIAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Nishanth
- Phytoengineering Lab, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S A Sheshadri
- Phytoengineering Lab, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sudarshan Singh Rathore
- Actinomycetes Bioprospecting Lab, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Srinidhi
- Phytoengineering Lab, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Bindu Simon
- Phytoengineering Lab, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Sheshadri SA, Nishanth MJ, Harita N, Brindha P, Bindu S. Comparative genome based cis-elements analysis in the 5' upstream and 3' downstream region of cell wall invertase and Phenylalanine ammonia lyase in Nicotiana benthamiana. Comput Biol Chem 2018; 72:181-191. [PMID: 29329783 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Plant secondary metabolites are widely used in human disease treatment; though primary metabolism provides precursors for secondary metabolism, not much has been studied to unravel the link connecting both the processes. Most common form of gene regulation interconnecting diverse metabolism occurs at the transcriptional and/or posttranscriptional level mediated by regulatory cis-elements. The present study aims at understanding the common cis-elements network connecting the major primary metabolic enzyme, cell wall invertase (CWIN) and secondary metabolism genes in Nicotiana benthamiana (N. benthamiana). The CWIN and thirty one other gene sequences were extracted from N. benthamiana genome, followed by cis-element analysis of their 5' upstream and 3' downstream region using different programs (Genomatix software suite; PLACE and PlantCARe). Comparative cis-element analysis of CWIN (N. benthamiana and other plant species) and other primary, secondary metabolism and transcription factor genes (N. benthamiana) revealed the occurrence of common stress associated cis-elements. Predominantly, AHBP, L1BX, MYBL, MADS, MYBS, GTBX, DOFF and CCAF were found in the 5' upstream region of all genes, whereas AHBP, MYBL, L1BX, HEAT, CCAF and KAN1 were largely occurring in the 3' downstream region of all genes; indicating common function of these elements in transcriptional and posttranscriptional gene regulation. Further, genomic analysis using FGENESH, GenScan and homology based methods (BlastX and BlastN) was performed on the N. benthamiana contigs harboring CWIN and PAL, in an attempt to identify genomic neighborhood genes. The 5' upstream and 3' downstream region of genes in the genomic neighborhood of CWIN and PAL were also subjected to similar cis-element analysis, and the results indicated cis-elements profile similar to CWIN, PAL and other primary, secondary metabolism and transcription factor genes. The results of evolutionary studies confirmed that the 5' upstream region of NbCWINs significantly showed more proximity to secondary metabolism genes 4CL and the redox gene SOD, followed by the phenylpropanoid pathway gene CHI. The 3' downstream regions of NbCWINs were more closely related to other plant CWINs, followed by the redox gene, SOD and primary metabolism gene FBA. Thus, the commonly found stress responsive cis-elements in our study can play a vital role in modulating key pathways of both primary and secondary metabolism; thereby postulating their role in regulating plant growth and metabolisms under unfavourable growth conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Sheshadri
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, 613401 India
| | - M J Nishanth
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, 613401 India
| | - N Harita
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, 613401 India
| | - P Brindha
- Centre for Advanced Research in Indian System of Medicine (CARISM), SASTRA University, Thanjavur, 613401 India
| | - S Bindu
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, 613401 India.
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Larbat R, Paris C, Le Bot J, Adamowicz S. Phenolic characterization and variability in leaves, stems and roots of Micro-Tom and patio tomatoes, in response to nitrogen limitation. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 224:62-73. [PMID: 24908507 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Phenolics are implicated in the defence strategies of many plant species rendering their concentration increase of putative practical interest in the field of crop protection. Little attention has been given to the nature, concentration and distribution of phenolics within vegetative organs of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum. L) as compared to fruits. In this study, we extensively characterized the phenolics in leaves, stems and roots of nine tomato cultivars using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS(n)) and assessed the impact of low nitrogen (LN) availability on their accumulation. Thirty-one phenolics from the four sub-classes, hydroxycinnamoyl esters, flavonoids, anthocyanins and phenolamides were identified, five of which had not previously been reported in these tomato organs. A higher diversity and concentration of phenolics was found in leaves than in stems and roots. The qualitative distribution of these compounds between plant organs was similar for the nine cultivars with the exception of Micro-Tom because of its significantly higher phenolic concentrations in leaves and stems as compared to roots. With few exceptions, the influence of the LN treatment on the three organs of all cultivars was to increase the concentrations of hydroxycinnamoyl esters, flavonoids and anthocyanins and to decrease those of phenolamides. This impact of LN was greater in roots than in leaves and stems. Nitrogen nutrition thus appears as a means of modulating the concentration and composition of organ phenolics and their distribution within the whole plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Larbat
- INRA UMR 1121 "Agronomie & Environnement" Nancy-Colmar, TSA 40602, 54518 Vandoeuvre Cedex, France; Université de Lorraine UMR 1121 "Agronomie & Environnement" Nancy-Colmar, TSA 40602, 54518 Vandoeuvre Cedex, France.
| | - Cédric Paris
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Biomolécules, TSA 40602, 54518 Vandoeuvre Cedex, France.
| | - Jacques Le Bot
- INRA, UR 1115 PSH (Plantes et Systèmes de culture Horticoles), F-84000 Avignon, France.
| | - Stéphane Adamowicz
- INRA, UR 1115 PSH (Plantes et Systèmes de culture Horticoles), F-84000 Avignon, France.
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López-Gresa MP, Lisón P, Kim HK, Choi YH, Verpoorte R, Rodrigo I, Conejero V, Bellés JM. Metabolic fingerprinting of Tomato Mosaic Virus infected Solanum lycopersicum. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 169:1586-96. [PMID: 22795749 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2012.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
(1)H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics has been applied to study the compatible interaction between tomato plants and Tomato Mosaic Virus (ToMV). A detailed time course of metabolic fingerprinting of ToMV-inoculated and non-inoculated systemically infected tomato leaves has provided a fundamental understanding of the metabolic state of the plant not only in response to ToMV infection, but also under various physiological conditions. By this analytical platform a total of 32 metabolites including amino/organic acids, sugars, phenylpropanoids, flavonoids and other miscellaneous compounds were detected. Using multivariate data analysis, we have identified a subset of metabolites induced during the plant defence response and metabolites whose accumulation was dependent on the developmental stage, the position of the leaf on the stem, and the harvesting time. Specifically, a general time-dependent decrease in organic acids, amino acids (excluding asparagine), phenylpropanoids and rutin was observed in individual leaves. In addition, metabolite alterations were also found to correlate with the developmental stage of the leaf: high levels of organic acids, some amino acids, phenylpropanoids, and flavonoids were found in lower leaves while elevated amounts of sugars were present in the upper ones. Moreover, a marked variation in the content of some metabolites was also observed to be associated to the asymptomatic ToMV infection both in inoculated and systemically infected leaves. While flavonoids accumulated in virus-inoculated leaves, increased levels of phenylpropanoids were observed in non-inoculated leaves where ToMV actively replicates. Finally, diurnal changes in the metabolite content were also observed: an increase of amino acids and organic acids (except glutamic acid) were observed in the samples collected in the morning, whereas sugars and secondary metabolite levels increased in the tomato leaves harvested in the evening.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pilar López-Gresa
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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Torras-Claveria L, Jáuregui O, Codina C, Tiburcio AF, Bastida J, Viladomat F. Analysis of phenolic compounds by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry in senescent and water-stressed tobacco. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 182:71-8. [PMID: 22118617 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2011.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Revised: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Evaluation of a significant part of the phenylpropanoid pathway metabolites is facilitated by the fast high-performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analytical method. The technology described was applied in tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Wisconsin) to identify 20 phenolic compounds and to detect differences in phenylpropanoid profiles in two types of experiments. In the first one, senescent and non-senescent parts of flowering plants were compared, while in the second, watered plants were compared with water-stressed young plants. The 20 identified phenolic compounds were: seven hydroxycinnamoylquinic acids, seven hydroxycinnamic acid glucosides, one salicylic acid glucoside, two conjugated flavonols with disaccharides, and three hydroxycinnamic acid amides (HCAA) of putrescine. In general, the levels of phenylpropanoid compounds increased under water stress or senescent conditions, with the exception of HCAA, which decreased in senescent samples, and 4-O-p-coumaroylquinic acid and trihydroxycinamic acid-O-glucoside, which did not change in both experiments. The main product in all the samples was 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid (neochlorogenic acid). Another compound, kaempferol-7-O-neohesperidoside, was tentatively identified for the first time in tobacco plants. This method, which can be applied in other plant species, allows a simple and efficient comparative study of metabolite profile variations (qualitative and quantitative) in response to different physiological and/or environmental plant situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Torras-Claveria
- Departament de Productes Naturals, Biologia Vegetal i Edafologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avinguda Joan XXIII s/n, Avda. Diagonal, 643, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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Li X, Gao MJ. Modulation of root branching by a coumarin derivative. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2011; 6:1654-5. [PMID: 22057336 PMCID: PMC3329328 DOI: 10.4161/psb.6.11.17768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
A healthy root system is crucial to plant growth and survival. To maintain efficiency of root function, plants have to dynamically modulate root system architecture through various adaptive mechanisms such as lateral root formation to respond to a changing and diversified soil environment. Exogenous application of a coumarin derivative, 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU), in Arabidopsis thaliana inhibits seed germination by mainly reducing primary root growth. UDP-glycosyltransferases play an integral role in the biochemical mechanism of 4-MU detoxification in plant roots.1 However, 4-MU treatment also dramatically led to increased lateral root initiation, elongation and density. Moreover, marked root bending at the root-hypocotyl junction and auxin redistribution appeared to contribute to the 4-MU-mediated lateral root formation. We propose that 4-MU would serve as a useful chemical tool to study auxin-mediated root branching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon Research Centre; Saskatoon, Canada
- College of Plant Sciences; Jilin University; Changchun, China
| | - Ming-Jun Gao
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon Research Centre; Saskatoon, Canada
- Correspondence to: Ming-Jun Gao,
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Li X, Gruber MY, Hegedus DD, Lydiate DJ, Gao MJ. Effects of a coumarin derivative, 4-methylumbelliferone, on seed germination and seedling establishment in Arabidopsis. J Chem Ecol 2011; 37:880-90. [PMID: 21713565 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-011-9987-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Revised: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The root system is central for plant adaptation to soil heterogeneity and is organized primarily by root branching. To search for compounds that regulate root branching, a forward chemical genetics screen was employed, and 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU), a coumarin derivative, was found to be a potent regulator of lateral root formation. Exogenous application of 4-MU to Arabidopsis thaliana seeds affected germination and led to reduced primary root growth, the formation of bulbous root hairs, and irregular detached root caps accompanied by reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton in root tips before seedling establishment. Abundant lateral roots formed after exposure to 125 μM 4-MU for 22 days. Molecular, biochemical, and phytochemical approaches were used to determine the effect of 4-MU on root growth and root branching. Arabidopsis seedlings grown in the presence of 4-MU accumulated this compound only in roots, where it was partially transformed by UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) into 4-methylumbelliferyl-β-D-glucoside (4-MU-Glc). The presence of 4-MU-Glc in seedling roots was consistent with the upregulation of several genes that encode UGTs in the roots. This shows that UGTs play an integral role in the detoxification of 4-MU in plants. The increased expression of two auxin efflux facilitator genes (PIN2 and PIN3) in response to 4-MU and the lack of response of the auxin receptor TIR1 and the key auxin biosynthetic gene YUCCA1 suggest that auxin redistribution, rather than auxin biosynthesis, may directly or indirectly mediate 4-MU-induced root branching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
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Schaarschmidt S, Hause B. Apoplastic invertases: Multi-faced players in the arbuscular mycorrhization. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2008; 3:317-9. [PMID: 19841657 PMCID: PMC2634269 DOI: 10.4161/psb.3.5.5307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2007] [Accepted: 11/16/2007] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The mutualistic interaction of plants with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi is characterized by an exchange of nutrients. The plant provides sugars in the form of hexoses to the heterotrophic fungus in return for phosphate as well as nitrogen, water, and micronutrients. Plant sucrose-cleaving enzymes are predicted to play a crucial role in hexose mobilization as these enzymes appear to be absent in the fungal partner. Here, recent findings concerning the function of plant apoplastic invertases in the AM symbiosis are discussed. Plants with modulated enzyme activity in roots and leaves provide additional insight on the complexity of the regulation of the AM interaction by apoplastic invertases as mycorrhization could be reduced or stimulated depending on the level of invertase activity and its tissue-specific expression.
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Schaarschmidt S, Kopka J, Ludwig-Müller J, Hause B. Regulation of arbuscular mycorrhization by apoplastic invertases: enhanced invertase activity in the leaf apoplast affects the symbiotic interaction. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2007; 51:390-405. [PMID: 17521407 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2007.03150.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The effect of constitutive invertase overexpression on the arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) is shown. The analysis of the enhanced potential for sucrose cleavage was performed with a heterozygous line of Nicotiana tabacum 35S::cwINV expressing a chimeric gene encoding apoplast-located yeast-derived invertase with the CaMV35S promoter. Despite the 35S promoter, roots of the transgenic plants showed no or only minor effects on invertase activity whereas the activity in leaves was increased at different levels. Plants with strongly elevated leaf invertase activity, which exhibited a strong accumulation of hexoses in source leaves, showed pronounced phenotypical effects like stunted growth and chlorosis, and an undersupply of the root with carbon. Moreover, transcripts of PR (pathogenesis related) genes accumulated in the leaves. In these plants, mycorrhization was reduced. Surprisingly, plants with slightly increased leaf invertase activity showed a stimulation of mycorrhization, particularly 3 weeks after inoculation. Compared with wild-type, a higher degree of mycorrhization accompanied by a higher density of all fungal structures and a higher level of Glomus intraradices-specific rRNA was detected. Those transgenic plants showed no accumulation of hexoses in the source leaves, minor phenotypical effects and no increased PR gene transcript accumulation. The roots had even lower levels of phenolic compounds (chlorogenic acid and scopolin), amines (such as tyramine, dopamine, octopamine and nicotine) and some amino acids (including 5-amino-valeric acid and 4-amino-butyric acid), as well as an increased abscisic acid content compared with wild-type. Minor metabolic changes were found in the leaves of these plants. The changes in metabolism and defense status of the plant and their putative role in the formation of an AM symbiosis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Schaarschmidt
- Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzenbiochemie (IPB), Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
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Canam T, Park JY, Yu KY, Campbell MM, Ellis DD, Mansfield SD. Varied growth, biomass and cellulose content in tobacco expressing yeast-derived invertases. PLANTA 2006; 224:1315-27. [PMID: 16794839 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-006-0313-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2006] [Accepted: 04/28/2006] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The effects of the expression of yeast-derived apoplastic (AI) and cytosolic (CI) invertases (EC 3.2.1.26) on biomass and structural carbohydrate accumulation in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Xanthi) were evaluated. Transgenic tobacco plants expressing AI or CI under the control of either a tandem repeat of the Cauliflower Mosaic Virus 35S promoter (2X35S), or a promoter that drives xylem-localized expression (Petroselinum crispum 4-coumarate:CoA ligase promoter; 4CL) were generated. Yeast-derived invertase transcript levels, invertase protein, enzyme activity, growth parameters as well as both structural and soluble carbohydrates of stem tissue of all transformed lines were quantified. Transgenic tobacco lines expressing invertase under the control of 4CL displayed severe growth retardation with both yeast-derived isogenes. Similarly, several transformed lines expressing either AI or CI regulated by the 2X35S promoter were also shorter than wild-type (WT) plants. Despite the decreases in height, some transformed lines had significant increases in biomass. One line (2X35S::AI-1) had a biomass/height increase of 88% and an increase in stem diameter of over 40%, while a second line (2X35S::CI-5) had a biomass/height increase of 21%. A separate line (2X35S::AI-2) had a 36% increase in cellulose content, while two others (4CL::AI-2 and 4CL::AI-3) displayed significant decreases in cellulose content. The observed phenotypes can be in part explained by the levels of foreign invertase present, subcellular localization and the carbohydrate status of the tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Canam
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Swarbrick PJ, Schulze-Lefert P, Scholes JD. Metabolic consequences of susceptibility and resistance (race-specific and broad-spectrum) in barley leaves challenged with powdery mildew. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2006; 29:1061-76. [PMID: 17080933 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2005.01472.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In a compatible interaction biotrophic fungi often lower the yield of their hosts by reducing photosynthesis and altering the fluxes of carbon within the infected leaf. In contrast, comparatively little is known about the metabolic consequences of activating resistance responses. In this study we investigated the hypothesis that the activation of both race-specific (Mla12) and broad-spectrum (mlo) resistance pathways in barley leaves infected with Blumeria graminis represents a cost to the plant in terms of carbon production and utilization. We have shown, using quantitative imaging of chlorophyll fluorescence, that during a susceptible interaction, photosynthesis was progressively reduced both in cells directly below fungal colonies and in adjacent cells when compared with uninoculated leaves. The lower rate of photosynthesis was associated with an increase in invertase activity, an accumulation of hexoses and a down-regulation of photosynthetic gene expression. During both Mla12- and mlo-mediated resistance, photosynthesis was also reduced, most severely inhibited in cells directly associated with attempted penetration of the fungus but also in surrounding cells. These cells displayed intense autofluorescence under ultraviolet illumination indicative of the accumulation of phenolic compounds and/or callose deposition. The depression in photosynthesis was not due only to cell death but also to an alteration in source-sink relations and carbon utilization. Apoplastic (cell wall-bound) invertase activity increased more rapidly and to a much greater extent than in infected susceptible leaves and was accompanied by an accumulation of hexoses that was localized to areas of the leaf actively exhibiting resistance responses. The accumulation of hexoses was accompanied by a down-regulation in the expression of Rubisco (rbcS) and chlorophyll a/b binding protein (cab) genes (although to a lesser extent than in a compatible interaction) and with an up-regulation in the expression of the pathogenesis-related protein 1 (PR-1). These results are consistent with a role for invertase in the generation of hexoses, which may supply energy for defence reactions and/or act as signals inducing defence gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J Swarbrick
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
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Chen H, Jones AD, Howe GA. Constitutive activation of the jasmonate signaling pathway enhances the production of secondary metabolites in tomato. FEBS Lett 2006; 580:2540-6. [PMID: 16647069 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2006.03.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2006] [Revised: 03/15/2006] [Accepted: 03/27/2006] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The phytohormone jasmonic acid (JA) regulates the synthesis of secondary metabolites in a wide range of plant species. Here, we show that exogenous methyl-JA (MeJA) elicits massive accumulation of caffeoylputrescine (CP) in tomato leaves. A mutant (jai1) that is defective in jasmonate perception failed to accumulate CP in flowers and MeJA-treated leaves. Conversely, a transgenic tomato line (called 35S::PS) that exhibits constitutive JA signaling accumulated high levels of leaf CP in the absence of jasmonate treatment. RNA blot analysis showed that genes encoding enzymes in the phenylpropanoid and polyamine pathways for CP biosynthesis are upregulated in MeJA-treated wild-type plants and in untreated 35S::PS plants. These results indicate that CP accumulation in tomato is tightly controlled by the jasmonate signaling pathway, and provide proof-of-concept that the production of some plant secondary metabolites can be enhanced by transgenic manipulation of endogenous JA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Department of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, 48824, USA
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15
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Mungur R, Glass ADM, Goodenow DB, Lightfoot DA. Metabolite fingerprinting in transgenic Nicotiana tabacum altered by the Escherichia coli glutamate dehydrogenase gene. J Biomed Biotechnol 2006; 2005:198-214. [PMID: 16046826 PMCID: PMC1184043 DOI: 10.1155/jbb.2005.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
With about 200 000 phytochemicals in existence, identifying
those of biomedical significance is a mammoth task. In the
postgenomic era, relating metabolite fingerprints, abundances,
and profiles to genotype is also a large task. Ion analysis
using Fourier transformed ion cyclotron resonance mass
spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS) may provide a high-throughput
approach to measure genotype dependency of the inferred
metabolome if reproducible techniques can be established. Ion
profile inferred metabolite fingerprints are coproducts. We
used FT-ICR-MS-derived ion analysis to examine gdhA
(glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH; EC 1.4.1.1)) transgenic
Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) carrying out altered
glutamate, amino acid, and carbon metabolisms, that
fundamentally alter plant productivity. Cause and effect
between gdhA expression, glutamate metabolism, and
plant phenotypes was analyzed by 13NH4+ labeling of amino acid fractions, and by FT-ICR-MS analysis of
metabolites. The gdhA transgenic plants increased
13N labeling of glutamate and glutamine
significantly. FT-ICR-MS detected 2 012 ions reproducible in
2 to 4 ionization protocols. There were 283 ions in
roots and 98 ions in leaves that appeared to significantly
change abundance due to the measured GDH activity. About 58%
percent of ions could not be used to infer a corresponding
metabolite. From the 42% of ions that inferred known
metabolites we found that certain amino acids, organic acids,
and sugars increased and some fatty acids decreased. The
transgene caused increased ammonium assimilation and
detectable ion variation. Thirty-two compounds with biomedical
significance were altered in abundance by GDH including 9
known carcinogens and 14 potential drugs. Therefore, the GDH
transgene may lead to new uses for crops like tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Mungur
- Department of Molecular and Medical Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | - A. D. M. Glass
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - D. B. Goodenow
- Phenomenome Discoveries Inc. 941 University Drive, Saskatoon, Canada S7N 0K2
| | - D. A. Lightfoot
- Department of Molecular and Medical Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
- *D. A. Lightfoot:
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Fayos J, Bellés JM, López-Gresa MP, Primo J, Conejero V. Induction of gentisic acid 5-O-beta-D-xylopyranoside in tomato and cucumber plants infected by different pathogens. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2006; 67:142-8. [PMID: 16321412 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2005.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2005] [Revised: 10/11/2005] [Accepted: 10/12/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Tomato plants infected with the citrus exocortis viroid exhibited strongly elevated levels of a compound identified as 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (gentisic acid, GA) 5-O-beta-D-xylopyranoside. The compound accumulated early in leaves expressing mild symptoms from both citrus exocortis viroid-infected tomato, and prunus necrotic ringspot virus-infected cucumber plants, and progressively accumulated concomitant with symptom development. The work presented here demonstrates that GA, mainly associated with systemic infections in compatible plant-pathogen interactions [Bellés, J.M., Garro, R., Fayos, J., Navarro, P., Primo, J., Conejero, V., 1999. Gentisic acid as a pathogen-inducible signal, additional to salicylic acid for activation of plant defenses in tomato. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 12, 227-235], is conjugated to xylose. Notably, this result contrasts with those previously found in other plant-pathogen interactions in which phenolics analogues of GA as benzoic or salicylic acids, are conjugated to glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín Fayos
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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17
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Matros A, Amme S, Kettig B, Buck-Sorlin GH, Sonnewald U, Mock HP. Growth at elevated CO2 concentrations leads to modified profiles of secondary metabolites in tobacco cv. SamsunNN and to increased resistance against infection with potato virus Y. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2006; 29:126-37. [PMID: 17086759 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2005.01406.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The effect of elevated CO2 concentrations on the levels of secondary metabolites was investigated in tobacco plants grown under two nitrogen supply (5 and 8 mM NH4NO3) and CO2 conditions (350 and 1000 p.p.m.) each. High CO2 resulted in a dramatic increase of phenylpropanoids in the leaves, including the major carbon-rich compound chlorogenic acid (CGA) and the coumarins scopolin and scopoletin at both nitrogen fertilizations. This was accompanied by increased PAL activity in leaves and roots, which was even higher at the lower nitrogen supply. Hardly any change was observed for the structural phenolic polymer lignin and the sesquiterpenoid capsidiol. In contrast, elevated CO2 led to clearly decreased levels of the main nitrogen-rich constituent nicotine at the lower N-supply (5 mM NH4NO3) but not when plants were grown at the higher N-supply (8 mM NH4NO3). Inoculation experiments with potato virus Y (PVY) were used to evaluate possible ecological consequences of elevated CO2. The titre of viral coat-protein was markedly reduced in leaves under these conditions at both nitrogen levels. Since PR-gene expression and free salicylic acid (SA) levels remained unchanged at elevated CO2, we suggest that the accumulation of phenylpropanoids, for example, the major compound CGA and the coumarins scopolin and scopoletin may result in an earlier confinement of the virus at high CO2. Based on our results two final conclusions emerge. First, elevated CO2 leads to a shift in secondary metabolite composition that is dependent on the availability of nitrogen. Second, changes in the pool of secondary metabolites have important consequences for plant-pathogen interactions as shown for PVY as a test organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Matros
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany
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Roitsch T, González MC. Function and regulation of plant invertases: sweet sensations. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2004; 9:606-13. [PMID: 15564128 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2004.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 491] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The disaccharide sucrose and the cleavage products glucose and fructose are the central molecules for carbohydrate translocation, metabolism and sensing in higher plants. Invertases mediate the hydrolytic cleavage of sucrose into the hexose monomers. Plants possess three types of invertases, which are located in the apoplast, the cytoplasm and the vacuole, respectively. It has become evident that extracellular and vacuolar invertase isoenzymes are key metabolic enzymes that are involved in various aspects of the plant life cycle and the response of the plant to environmental stimuli because their substrates and reaction products are both nutrients and signal molecules. Invertases, alone or in combination with plant hormones, can regulate many aspects of the growth and development of plants from gene expression to long-distance nutrient allocation and are involved in regulating carbohydrate partitioning, developmental processes, hormone responses and biotic and abiotic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Roitsch
- Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Universität Würzburg, Julius von Sachs Platz 2, D-97082 Würzburg, Germany.
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Schaarschmidt S, Qu N, Strack D, Sonnewald U, Hause B. Local induction of the alc gene switch in transgenic tobacco plants by acetaldehyde. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2004; 45:1566-77. [PMID: 15574832 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pch177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The alc promoter system, derived from the filamentous fungi Aspergillus nidulans, allows chemically regulated gene expression in plants and thereby the study of gene function as well as metabolic and developmental processes. In addition to ethanol, this system can be activated by acetaldehyde, described as the physiological inducer in A. nidulans. Here, we show that in contrast to ethanol, acetaldehyde allows tissue-specific activation of the alc promoter in transgenic tobacco plants. Soil drenching with aqueous acetaldehyde solutions at a concentration of 0.05% (v/v) resulted in the rapid and temporary induction of the alc gene expression system exclusively in roots. In addition, the split root system allows activation to be restricted to the treated part of the root. The temporary activation of the alc system by soil drenching with acetaldehyde could be prolonged over several weeks by subsequent applications at intervals of 7 d. This effect was demonstrated for the root-specific induction of a yeast-derived apoplast-located invertase under the control of the alcohol-inducible promoter system. In leaves, which exhibit a lower responsiveness to acetaldehyde than roots, the alc system was induced in the directly treated tissue only. Thus, acetaldehyde can be used as a local inducer of the alc gene expression system in tobacco plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Schaarschmidt
- Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzenbiochemie (IPB), Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
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Matros A, Mock HP. Ectopic expression of a UDP-glucose:phenylpropanoid glucosyltransferase leads to increased resistance of transgenic tobacco plants against infection with Potato Virus Y. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2004; 45:1185-93. [PMID: 15509841 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pch140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic tobacco plants over-expressing a salicylate- and pathogen-inducible glucosyltransferase (TOGT) acting on various phenylpropanoids show enhanced resistance against infection with potato virus Y (PVY). The transgenic plants are characterized by a several-fold increased glucosyltransferase activity in leaves as well as in roots. Under non-infectious conditions profiles of phenylpropanoids in leaves of transgenic lines were similar to that of controls. Feeding experiments with leaf-discs demonstrated a higher capacity for glucosylation of the coumarin scopoletin. After inoculation with PVY the transgenic lines showed similar formation of necrotic leaf lesions but significantly decreased levels of virus coat-protein when compared with control plants. Thus, our results imply that the activity of TOGT and the subsequent accumulation of glucosylated coumarins represent an important step in the cascade of events resulting in confinement of viral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Matros
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Corrensstrasse 3, D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany
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Camacho-Cristóbal JJ, Lunar L, Lafont F, Baumert A, González-Fontes A. Boron deficiency causes accumulation of chlorogenic acid and caffeoyl polyamine conjugates in tobacco leaves. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2004; 161:879-81. [PMID: 15310078 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2003.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The effects of boron (B) deficiency on carbohydrate concentrations and the pattern of phenolic compounds were studied in leaves of tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum L.). Plants grown under B deficiency showed a notable increase in leaf carbohydrates and total phenolic compounds when compared to controls. The qualitative composition of phenolics was analyzed by HPLC-mass spectrometry. The level of caffeate conjugates (i.e., chlorogenic acid) increased in B-deficient plants. In addition, the accumulation of two caffeic acid amides (N-caffeoylputrescine and putative dicaffeoylspermidine) was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan J Camacho-Cristóbal
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
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Gális I, Kakiuchi Y, Simek P, Wabiko H. Agrobacterium tumefaciens AK-6b gene modulates phenolic compound metabolism in tobacco. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2004; 65:169-79. [PMID: 14732276 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2003.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The 6b gene (AK-6b) of Agrobacterium tumefaciens AKE10 can substitute for the requirement of tobacco tissues for auxin and cytokinin to maintain callus growth in the culture medium. To identify compounds that might be involved in this process we analyzed phenolic metabolites in transgenic tobacco tissues expressing the AK-6b gene. On medium containing both cytokinin and auxin (SH medium), transgenic calli accumulated higher levels of chlorogenic acid, caffeoyl putrescine, rutin and kaempferol-3-rutinoside, than did wild-type tissues. In contrast, the levels of scopolin and its aglycone, scopoletin were lower in transgenic tissues. On hormone-free medium, these phenolic compounds showed neither significant levels nor an apparent relationship with AK-6b transcript levels, except for the negatively correlated levels of scopoletin and AK-6b transcripts. Apparently, the AK-6b gene acts, in SH medium, to redirect the synthesis of scopolin in tobacco tissues towards the preferential synthesis of caffeic acid derivatives and flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Gális
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Nishi 241-7, Nakano-Aza Kaidobata, Akita 010-0195, Shimoshinjo, Japan
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Wagner C, Sefkow M, Kopka J. Construction and application of a mass spectral and retention time index database generated from plant GC/EI-TOF-MS metabolite profiles. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2003; 62:887-900. [PMID: 12590116 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9422(02)00703-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The non-supervised construction of a mass spectral and retention time index data base (MS/RI library) from a set of plant metabolic profiles covering major organs of potato (Solanum tuberosum), tobacco (Nicotiana tabaccum), and Arabidopsis thaliana, was demonstrated. Typically 300-500 mass spectral components with a signal to noise ratio > or =75 were obtained from GC/EI-time-of-flight (TOF)-MS metabolite profiles of methoxyaminated and trimethylsilylated extracts. Profiles from non-sample controls contained approximately 100 mass spectral components. A MS/RI library of 6205 mass spectral components was accumulated and applied to automated identification of the model compounds galactonic acid, a primary metabolite, and 3-caffeoylquinic acid, a secondary metabolite. Neither MS nor RI alone were sufficient for unequivocal identification of unknown mass spectral components. However library searches with single bait mass spectra of the respective reference substance allowed clear identification by mass spectral match and RI window. Moreover, the hit lists of mass spectral searches were demonstrated to comprise candidate components of highly similar chemical nature. The search for the model compound galactonic acid allowed identification of gluconic and gulonic acid among the top scoring mass spectral components. Equally successful was the exemplary search for 3-caffeoylquinic acid, which led to the identification of quinic acid and of the positional isomers, 4-caffeoylquinic acid, 5-caffeoylquinic acid among other still non-identified conjugates of caffeic and quinic acid. All identifications were verified by co-analysis of reference substances. Finally we applied hierarchical clustering to a complete set of pair-wise mass spectral comparisons of unknown components and reference substances with known chemical structure. We demonstrated that the resulting clustering tree depicted the chemical nature of the reference substances and that most of the nearest neighbours represented either identical components, as judged by co-elution, or conformational isomers exhibiting differential retention behaviour. Unknown components could be classified automatically by grouping with the respective branches and sub-branches of the clustering tree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Wagner
- Department Willmitzer, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14467 Golm, Germany
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