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Martín C, Zervakis GI, Xiong S, Koutrotsios G, Strætkvern KO. Spent substrate from mushroom cultivation: exploitation potential toward various applications and value-added products. Bioengineered 2023; 14:2252138. [PMID: 37670430 PMCID: PMC10484051 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2023.2252138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Spent mushroom substrate (SMS) is the residual biomass generated after harvesting the fruitbodies of edible/medicinal fungi. Disposal of SMS, the main by-product of the mushroom cultivation process, often leads to serious environmental problems and is financially demanding. Efficient recycling and valorization of SMS are crucial for the sustainable development of the mushroom industry in the frame of the circular economy principles. The physical properties and chemical composition of SMS are a solid fundament for developing several applications, and recent literature shows an increasing research interest in exploiting that inherent potential. This review provides a thorough outlook on SMS exploitation possibilities and discusses critically recent findings related to specific applications in plant and mushroom cultivation, animal husbandry, and recovery of enzymes and bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Martín
- Department of Biotechnology, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Hamar, Norway
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Shaojun Xiong
- Department of Forest Biomaterials and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Knut Olav Strætkvern
- Department of Biotechnology, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Hamar, Norway
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Kumar A, Singh AK, Bilal M, Chandra R. Extremophilic Ligninolytic Enzymes: Versatile Biocatalytic Tools with Impressive Biotechnological Potential. Catal Letters 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-021-03800-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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3
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K S, T M, Biswas A, T MS. Remediation potential of mushrooms and their spent substrate against environmental contaminants: An overview. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2022.102323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Dietary Agaricus blazei Spent Substrate Improves Disease Resistance of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) against Streptococcus agalactiae In Vivo. JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse10010100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of the feeding of spent mushroom substrate from Agaricus blazei on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The safety of 0–1000 μg/mL A. blazei spent substrate water extract (ABSSE) was demonstrated in the primary hepatic and splenic macrophages and the THK cell line (a cell line with characteristics of melanomacrophages) using a cytotoxicity assay. Here, 10 μg/mL of crude ABSSE promoted the phagocytic activity of macrophages and THK cells. Stimulating ABSSE-primed THK cells with lipopolysaccharides or peptidoglycan resulted in higher expression levels of four cytokine genes (e.g., interleukinz (IL)-1β, IL-12b, IL-8 and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)) and one cytokine gene (TNFα), respectively. An in vitro bacterial growth inhibition assay demonstrated that ABSSE could inhibit the growth of Streptococcus agalactiae. In the first feeding trial, Nile tilapia were fed with experimental feed containing 0, 1, or 5% of A. blazei spent substrate (ABSS) for seven and fourteen days followed by bacterial challenge assay. The best result was obtained when Nile tilapia were continuously fed for seven days on a diet containing 1% ABSS, with the survival rate being higher than in groups with 0% and 5% ABSS after challenge with S. agalactiae. In the second trial, fish were fed diets supplemented with 0% or 1% ABSS for seven days, and then all the groups were given the control feed for several days prior to bacterial challenge in order to investigate the duration of the protective effect provided by ABSS. The results showed that the protective effects were sustained at day 7 after the feed was switched. Overall, spent mushroom substrate from A. blazei is a cost-effective feed additive for Nile tilapia that protects fish from S. agalactiae infection.
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Agrawal K, Shankar J, Kumar R, Verma P. Insight into multicopper oxidase laccase from Myrothecium verrucaria ITCC-8447: a case study using in silico and experimental analysis. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2020; 55:1048-1060. [PMID: 32877269 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2020.1812334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The oxidation activity of multicopper-oxidases overlaps with different substrates of laccases and bilirubin oxidases, thus in the present study an integrated approach of bioinformatics using homology modeling, docking, and experimental validation was used to confirm the type of multicopper-oxidase in Myrothecium verrucaria ITCC-8447. The result of peptide sequence of M. verrucaria ITCC-8447 enabled to predict the 3 D-structure of multicopper-oxidase. It was overlapped with the structure of laccase and root mean square deviation (RMSD) was 1.53 Å for 533 and, 171 residues. The low binding energy with azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) (-5.64) as compared to bilirubin (-4.39) suggested that M. verrucaria ITCC-8447 have laccase-like activity. The experimental analysis confirmed high activity with laccase specific substrates, phenol (18.3 U/L), ampyrone (172.4 U/L) and, ampyrone phenol coupling (50 U/L) as compared to bilirubin oxidase substrate bilirubin (16.6 U/L). In addition, lowest binding energy with ABTS (-5.64), syringaldazine SYZ (-4.83), guaiacol GCL (-4.42), and 2,6-dimethoxyphenol DMP (-4.41) confirmed the presence of laccase. Further, complete remediation of two hazardous model pollutants i.e., phenol and resorcinol (1.5 mM) after 12 h of incubation and low binding energy of -4.32 and, -4.85 respectively confirmed its removal by laccase. The results confirmed the presence of laccase in M. verrucaria ITCC-8447 and its effective bioremediation potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal Agrawal
- Bioprocess and Bioenergy Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, India
| | - Jata Shankar
- Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Solan, India
| | - Raj Kumar
- Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Solan, India
| | - Pradeep Verma
- Bioprocess and Bioenergy Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, India
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Chen X, He B, Feng M, Zhao D, Sun J. Immobilized laccase on magnetic nanoparticles for enhanced lignin model compounds degradation. Chin J Chem Eng 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2020.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Wali A, Gupta M, Gupta S, Sharma V, Salgotra RK, Sharma M. Lignin degradation and nutrient cycling by white rot fungi under the influence of pesticides. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:266. [PMID: 32509499 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02251-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of enzymes involved in lignin degradation (laccase, ligninase), carbon cycling (β-glucosidase), and phosphorous cycling (phosphomonoesterase) by white rot fungi (Pleurotus sajor-caju) was studied. In the presence of chlorpyrifos, carbofuran, and their mixture, laccase activity was highest on the 7th day, i.e., 192.5 ± 0.31 U ml- 1, 213.6 ± 0.31 U ml- 1, and 164.6 ± 0.31 U ml- 1, respectively, compared to the control which produced maximum laccase on the 14th day (126.9 ± 0.15 U ml- 1). Phosphomonoesterase activity in the presence of chlorpyrifos, carbofuran, and their mixture was 31.5 ± 0.25, 24.1 ± 0.15, and 29.2 ± 0.35 µg PNP min-1 ml-1, respectively, which was more than the control on the 21st day (11.63 ± 0.21 µg PNP min-1 ml-1). β-Glucosidase production increased with the days of incubation in the presence of pesticides than in the control. β-Glucosidase activity on the 21st day in the presence of chlorpyrifos, carbofuran, and their mixture was 32.4 ± 0.1, 24.2 ± 0.3, and 28.4 ± 0.25 µg PNP min-1 ml-1, respectively, as compared to control (15.3 ± 0.6 µg PNP min-1 ml-1). Thus, chlorpyrifos, carbofuran, and their mixture were found to have a positive effect on the production of laccase, β-glucosidase, and phosphomonoesterase by P. sajor-caju, which can use these pesticides as a source of their nutrition, thereby improving the health of pesticide-polluted soils.
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Li T, Huang L, Li Y, Xu Z, Ge X, Zhang Y, Wang N, Wang S, Yang W, Lu F, Liu Y. The heterologous expression, characterization, and application of a novel laccase from Bacillus velezensis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 713:136713. [PMID: 32019046 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Laccases have a huge potential in numerous environmental and industrial applications due to the ability to oxidized a wide range of substrates. Here, a novel laccase gene from the identified Bacillus velezensis TCCC 111904 was heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli. The optimal temperature and pH for oxidation by recombinant laccase (rLac) were 80 °C and 5.5, respectively, in the case of the substrate 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), and 80 °C and 7.0, respectively, in the case of 2,6-dimethoxyphenol (2,6-DMP). rLac exhibited high thermostability and pH stability over a wide range (pH 3.0, 7.0, and 9.0). Additionally, most of the metal ions did not inhibit the activity of rLac significantly. rLac showed great tolerance against high concentration of NaCl, and 50.8% of its initial activity remained in the reaction system containing 500 mM NaCl compared to the control. Moreover, rLac showed a high efficiency in decolorizing different types of dyes including azo, anthraquinonic, and triphenylmethane dyes at a high temperature (60 °C) and over an extensive pH range (pH 5.5, 7.0, and 9.0). These unique characteristics of rLac indicated that it could be a potential candidate for applications in treatment of dye effluents and other industrial processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China; College of Basic Science, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, PR China
| | - Lin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Yanzhen Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Zehua Xu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Xiuqi Ge
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Yuanfu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Nan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Wei Yang
- College of Basic Science, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, PR China
| | - Fuping Lu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Yihan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China.
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Mayolo-Deloisa K, González-González M, Rito-Palomares M. Laccases in Food Industry: Bioprocessing, Potential Industrial and Biotechnological Applications. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:222. [PMID: 32266246 PMCID: PMC7105568 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Laccase is a multi-copper oxidase that catalyzes the oxidation of one electron of a wide range of phenolic compounds. The enzyme is considered eco-friendly because it requires molecular oxygen as co-substrate for the catalysis and it yields water as the sole by-product. Laccase is commonly produced by fungi but also by some bacteria, insects and plants. Due it is capable of using a wide variety of phenolic and non-phenolic substrates, laccase has potential applications in the food, pharmaceutical and environmental industries; in addition, it has been used since many years in the bleaching of paper pulp. Fungal laccases are mainly extracellular enzyme that can be recovered from the residual compost of industrial production of edible mushrooms as Agaricus bisporus and Pleurotus ostreatus. It has also been isolated from microorganisms present in wastewater. The great potential of laccase lies in its ability to oxidize lignin, one component of lignocellulosic materials, this feature can be widely exploited on the pretreatment for agro-food wastes valorization. Laccase is one of the enzymes that fits very well in the circular economy concept, this concept has more benefits over linear economy; based on "reduce-reuse-recycle" theory. Currently, biorefinery processes are booming due to the need to generate clean biofuels that do not come from oil. In that sense, laccase is capable of degrading lignocellulosic materials that serve as raw material in these processes, so the enzyme's potential is evident. This review will critically describe the production sources of laccase as by-product from food industry, bioprocessing of food industry by-products using laccase, and its application in food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marco Rito-Palomares
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Mexico
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Šrédlová K, Škrob Z, Filipová A, Mašín P, Holecová J, Cajthaml T. Biodegradation of PCBs in contaminated water using spent oyster mushroom substrate and a trickle-bed bioreactor. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 170:115274. [PMID: 31751891 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.115274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Due to their persistence, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) represent a group of important environmental pollutants, but conventional physicochemical decontamination techniques for their removal are usually expensive. The main aim of this work was to develop a cost-effective method for PCB bioremediation, focusing on contaminated water and utilizing the well-known degradation capability of Pleurotus ostreatus (the oyster mushroom). For this purpose, the conditions of several laboratory-scale reactors (working volume 1 L) were optimized. Spent oyster mushroom substrate obtained from a commercial farm was used as a fungal inoculum and growth substrate. The highest degradation efficiency (87%) was recorded with a continuous low-flow setup, which was subsequently scaled up (working volume 500 L) and used for the treatment of 4000 L of real contaminated groundwater containing 0.1-1 μg/L of PCBs. This trickle-bed pilot-scale bioreactor was able to remove 82, 80, 65, and 30-50% of di-, tri-, tetra- and pentachlorinated PCB congeners, respectively. No degradation was observed for hexa- or heptachlorinated congeners. Multiple mono- and dichlorobenzoic acids (CBAs) were identified as transformation products by mass spectrometry, confirming the role of biodegradation in PCB removal. A Vibrio fischeri bioluminescence inhibition test revealed slight ecotoxicity of the primary reactor effluent (sampling after 24 h), which was quickly suppressed once the effluent passed through the reactor for the second time. Moreover, no other effluent exhibited toxicity for the rest of the experiment (71 days in total). Microbial analyses (phospholipid fatty acid analysis and next-generation sequencing) showed that P. ostreatus was able to degrade PCBs in the presence of an abundance of other fungal species as well as aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Overall, this study proved the suitability of the use of spent oyster mushroom substrate in a bioremediation practice, even for pollutants as recalcitrant as PCBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Šrédlová
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, 12801, Prague 2, Czech Republic; Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Zdena Škrob
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, 12801, Prague 2, Czech Republic; Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Filipová
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, 12801, Prague 2, Czech Republic; Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Mašín
- DEKONTA a.s, Volutová 2523, 15800, Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Holecová
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, 12801, Prague 2, Czech Republic; Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Cajthaml
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, 12801, Prague 2, Czech Republic; Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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Conceição JCS, Dias HJ, Peralva CMS, Crotti AEM, da Rocha Pita SS, de Oliveira Silva E. Phenolic Compound Biotransformation by Trametes versicolor ATCC 200801 and Molecular Docking Studies. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2019; 190:1498-1511. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-019-03191-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Bisht J, Harsh N, Palni LMS, Agnihotri V, Kumar A. Biodegradation of chlorinated organic pesticides endosulfan and chlorpyrifos in soil extract broth using fungi. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/rem.21599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Bisht
- Department of BiotechnologySri Guru Ram Rai (PG) CollegeDehradun India
| | - N.S.K. Harsh
- Forest Pathology DivisionForest Research InstituteDehradun India
| | | | - Vasudha Agnihotri
- Environmental Physiology and Biochemistry DepartmentG.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and DevelopmentAlmora India
| | - Anuj Kumar
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke)Helsinki Finland
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Chang BV, Fan SN, Tsai YC, Chung YL, Tu PX, Yang CW. Removal of emerging contaminants using spent mushroom compost. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 634:922-933. [PMID: 29660886 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Acetaminophen and sulfonamides are emerging contaminants. Conventional wastewater treatment systems fail to degrade these compounds properly. Mycoremediation, is a form of novel bioremediation that uses extracellular enzymes of white-rot fungi to degrade pollutants in the environment. In this study, spent mushroom compost (SMC), which contains fungal extracellular enzymes, was tested for acetaminophen and sulfonamides removal. Among the SMCs of nine mushrooms tested in batch experiments, the SMC of Pleurotus eryngii exhibited the highest removal rate for acetaminophen and sulfonamides. Several fungal extracellular enzymes that might be involved in removal of acetaminophen and sulfonamides were identified by metaproteomic analysis. The bacterial classes, Betaproteobacteria and Alphaproteobacteria, were revealed by metagenomic analysis and may be assisting with acetaminophen and sulfonamide removal, respectively, in the SMC of Pleurotus eryngii. Bioreactor experiments were used to simulate the capability of Pleurotus eryngii SMC for the removal of acetaminophen and sulfonamides from wastewater. The results of this study provide a feasible solution for acetaminophen and sulfonamide removal from wastewater using the SMC of Pleurotus eryngii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bea-Ven Chang
- Department of Microbiology, Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shao-Ning Fan
- Department of Microbiology, Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yao-Chou Tsai
- Department of Microbiology, Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Lin Chung
- Department of Microbiology, Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ping-Xun Tu
- Department of Microbiology, Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chu-Wen Yang
- Department of Microbiology, Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
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14
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Role of Mushroom Fungi in Decolourization of Industrial Dyes and Degradation of Agrochemicals. Fungal Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-02622-6_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Asemoloye MD, Ahmad R, Jonathan SG. Synergistic action of rhizospheric fungi with Megathyrsus maximus root speeds up hydrocarbon degradation kinetics in oil polluted soil. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 187:1-10. [PMID: 28787637 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.07.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study was aimed at combining the potentials of plant and some rhizospheric fungal strains in remediation of crude-oil polluted soil. Four new rhizospheric fungi were identified from an aged crude-oil polluted site and used with Megathyrsus maximus (guinea grass) for a 90 day synergistic remediation experiment. Cultures of these strains were first mixed with spent mushroom compost (SMC), the mixture was then applied to a sterilized crude oil polluted soil at concentrations of 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% potted in three replicates. Soil with plant alone (0%1) and soil with fungi-SMC alone (0%2) served as controls. The soil's initial and final pH, nutrient, 16 EPA PAHs and heavy metal contents were determined, degradation rate, half-life and percentage loss of the total polyaromatic hydrocarbon (TPAH) were also calculated. Finally, the remediated soils were further screened for seed germination supporting index. The fungal strains were identified and registered at NCBI as Aspergillus niger asemoA (KY473958.1), Talaromyces purpurogenus asemoF (KY488463.1), Trichoderma harzianum asemoJ (KY488466.1) and Aspergillus flavus asemoM (KY488467.1). We observed for the first time that the synergistic mechanism improved the soil nutrient, reduced the heavy metal concentration and sped up hydrocarbon degradation rate. Using the initial and final concentrations of the TPAH, we recorded highest biodegradation rates (K1) and half-life (t1/2) in 30 and 40% treatments over controls, these treatments also had highest seed germination supporting index. This work suggests that the set-up synergistic remediation could be used to remediate crude oil polluted soil and this could be used in large scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Dare Asemoloye
- Food and Environmental Mycology/Biotechnology Unit, Department of Botany, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, 22060, Abbottabad, Pakistan.
| | - Rafiq Ahmad
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, 22060, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Segun Gbolagade Jonathan
- Food and Environmental Mycology/Biotechnology Unit, Department of Botany, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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Su J, Fu J, Wang Q, Silva C, Cavaco-Paulo A. Laccase: a green catalyst for the biosynthesis of poly-phenols. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2017; 38:294-307. [PMID: 28738694 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2017.1354353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Laccases (benzene diol: oxidoreductases, EC 1.10.3.2) are able to catalyze the oxidation of various compounds containing phenolic and aniline structures using dissolved oxygen in water. Laccase structural features and catalytic mechanisms focused on the polymerization of aromatic compounds are reported. A description about the most recent research on the biosynthesis of chemicals and polymers is made. Selected applications of this technology are considered as well as the advantages, shortcomings and future needs related with the use of laccases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Su
- a Key laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , Jiangsu , China
| | - Jiajia Fu
- a Key laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , Jiangsu , China
| | - Qiang Wang
- a Key laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , Jiangsu , China
| | - Carla Silva
- b Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB) , University of Minho , Braga , Portugal
| | - Artur Cavaco-Paulo
- a Key laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , Jiangsu , China.,b Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB) , University of Minho , Braga , Portugal
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Economou CN, Diamantopoulou PA, Philippoussis AN. Valorization of spent oyster mushroom substrate and laccase recovery through successive solid state cultivation of Pleurotus, Ganoderma, and Lentinula strains. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:5213-5222. [PMID: 28361237 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8251-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Spent mushroom substrate (SMS) of Pleurotus ostreatus was supplemented with wheat bran and soybean flour in various proportions to obtain C/N ratios of 10, 20, and 30, and their effect was evaluated in successive cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus pulmonarius, Ganoderma adspersum, Ganoderma resinaceum, and Lentinula edodes strains with respect to mycelium growth rate, biomass concentration, recovery of the enzyme laccase and crude exopolysaccharides, and also with additional fruiting body production. All fungi showed the highest growth rate on unamended SMS (C/N 30), with G. resinaceum being the fastest colonizer (Kr = 9.84 mm day-1), while biomass concentration maximized at C/N 10. Moreover, supplementation affected positively laccase activity, with P. pulmonarius furnishing the highest value (44,363.22 U g-1) at C/N 20. On the contrary, L. edodes growth, fruiting, and laccase secretion were not favored by SMS supplementation. Fruiting body formation was promoted at C/N 30 for Ganoderma and at C/N 20 for Pleurotus species. Exopolysaccharide production of further studied Pleurotus strains was favored at a C/N 20 ratio, at the initial stage of SMS colonization. The obtained results support the potential effective utilization of supplemented SMS for laccase production from Ganoderma spp. and for new fruiting body production of Pleurotus spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina N Economou
- Laboratory of Edible Fungi, Institute of Technology of Agricultural Products (ITAP), Hellenic Agricultural Organization-Demeter, 1 Sofokli Venizelou Street, 14123, Lykovryssi, Attiki, Greece
| | - Panagiota A Diamantopoulou
- Laboratory of Edible Fungi, Institute of Technology of Agricultural Products (ITAP), Hellenic Agricultural Organization-Demeter, 1 Sofokli Venizelou Street, 14123, Lykovryssi, Attiki, Greece.
| | - Antonios N Philippoussis
- Laboratory of Edible Fungi, Institute of Technology of Agricultural Products (ITAP), Hellenic Agricultural Organization-Demeter, 1 Sofokli Venizelou Street, 14123, Lykovryssi, Attiki, Greece
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18
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Functional expression, production, and biochemical characterization of a laccase using yeast surface display technology. Fungal Biol 2016; 120:1609-1622. [PMID: 27890094 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A Trametes versicolor laccase was functionally expressed on the membrane surface of Saccharomyces cerevisiae EBY100. Laccase expression was increased 6.57-fold by medium optimization and surpassed production by the native strain. Maximal laccase and biomass production reached 19 735 ± 1719 Ug-1 and 6.22 ± 0.53 gL-1 respectively, after 2 d of culture. Optimum oxidization of all substrates by laccase was observed at pH 3. Laccase showed high affinity towards substrates used with Km (mM) and Vmax (μmol min-1) values of 0.57 ± 0.0047 and 24.55 ± 0.64, 1.52 ± 0.52 and 9.25 ± 1.78, and 2.67 ± 0.12 and 11.26 ± 0.75, were reported for ABTS, 2, 6-DMP and GUA, respectively. EDTA and NaN3 displayed none competitive inhibition towards laccase activity. The optimum temperature for activity was 50 °C; however, the enzyme was stable over a wide range of temperatures (25-70 °C). The biologically immobilized laccase showed high reusability towards phenolic substrates and low reusability with non-phenolic substrates. High affinity for a diversity phenolic compounds and great ethanol tolerance substantiates this laccase/yeast biocatalyst potential for application in the production of bioethanol.
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19
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Biochemical and molecular characterization of laccase isoforms produced by the white-rot fungus Trametes versicolor under submerged culture conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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20
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Bansal V, Kim KH. Review of PAH contamination in food products and their health hazards. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 84:26-38. [PMID: 26203892 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Public concern over the deleterious effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) has grown rapidly due to recognition of their toxicity, carcinogenicity, and teratogenicity. The aim of this review is to describe the status of PAH pollution among different food types, the route of dietary intake, measures for its reduction, and legislative approaches to control PAH. To this end, a comprehensive review is outlined to evaluate the status of PAH contamination in many important food categories along with dietary recommendations. Our discussion is also extended to describe preventive measures to reduce PAH in food products to help reduce the risks associated with human intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasudha Bansal
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Hyun Kim
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea.
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21
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Sjaarda CP, Abubaker KS, Castle AJ. Induction of lcc2 expression and activity by Agaricus bisporus provides defence against Trichoderma aggressivum toxic extracts. Microb Biotechnol 2015; 8:918-29. [PMID: 25824278 PMCID: PMC4621445 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Laccases are used by fungi for several functions including defence responses to stresses associated with attack by other fungi. Laccase activity changes and the induction of two laccase genes, lcc1 and lcc2, in Agaricus bisporus were measured in response to toxic extracts of medium in which Trichoderma aggressivum, the cause of green mould disease, was grown. A strain of A. bisporus that shows resistance to the extracts showed higher basal levels and greater enzymatic activity after extract exposure than did a sensitive strain. Furthermore, pre-incubation of T. aggressivum extract with laccases reduced toxicity. Faster induction and greater numbers of lcc2 transcripts in response to the extract were noted in the resistant strain than in the sensitive strain. The timing and increase in lcc2 transcript abundance mirrored changes in total laccase activity. No correlation between resistance and lcc1 transcription was apparent. Transcript abundance in transformants with a siRNA construct homologous to both genes varied widely. A strong negative correlation between transcript abundance and sensitivity of the transformant to toxic extract was observed in plate assays. These results indicated that laccase activity and in particular that encoded by lcc2 contributes to toxin metabolism and by extension green mould disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin P Sjaarda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock UniversitySt Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Kamal S Abubaker
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock UniversitySt Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Alan J Castle
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock UniversitySt Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada
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22
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Xie H, Chen Y, Wang C, Shi W, Zuo L, Xu H. The removal of fluoranthene by Agaricus bisporus immobilized in Ca-alginate modified by Lentinus edodes nanoparticles. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra04419g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fruiting bodies of Agaricus bisporus (A. bisporus) were entrapped in Ca-alginate modified by Lentinus edodes nanoparticles (CA-LENP) to adsorb and biodegrade fluoranthene (FLU) efficiently from an aqueous solution in a fluidized bed bioreactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Xie
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment (Ministry of Education)
- College of Life Sciences
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Yijiao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment (Ministry of Education)
- College of Life Sciences
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Can Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment (Ministry of Education)
- College of Life Sciences
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Wenjin Shi
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment (Ministry of Education)
- College of Life Sciences
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Lei Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment (Ministry of Education)
- College of Life Sciences
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Heng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment (Ministry of Education)
- College of Life Sciences
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- China
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23
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Mogharabi M, Faramarzi MA. Laccase and Laccase-Mediated Systems in the Synthesis of Organic Compounds. Adv Synth Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201300960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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24
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Zhang H, Wang Z, Wang C, Wang H, Cheng T, Wang L. A new method for the enamination of 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds catalyzed by laccase in water. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra02650k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Laccase-catalyzed enamination of 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130023, PR China
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
| | - Zhi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130023, PR China
- College of Life Science
- Jilin University
| | - Chunyu Wang
- State Key Laborarory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130023, PR China
| | - Haoran Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130023, PR China
- College of Life Science
- Jilin University
| | - Tiexin Cheng
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130023, PR China
| | - Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130023, PR China
- College of Life Science
- Jilin University
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25
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García-Delgado C, Jiménez-Ayuso N, Frutos I, Gárate A, Eymar E. Cadmium and lead bioavailability and their effects on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons biodegradation by spent mushroom substrate. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:8690-9. [PMID: 23716079 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-1829-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Bioremediation of mixed metal-organic soil pollution constitutes a difficult task in different ecosystems all around the world. The aims of this work are to determine the capacity of two spent mushroom substrates (Agaricus bisporus and Pleurotus ostreatus) to immobilize Cd and Pb, to assess the effect of these metals on laccase activity, and to determine the potential of spent A. bisporus substrate to biodegrade four polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH): fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, and pyrene, when those toxic heavy metals Cd and Pb are present. According to adsorption isotherms, spent P. ostreatus and A. bisporus substrates showed a high Pb and Cd adsorption capacity. Pb and Cd interactions with crude laccase enzyme extracts from spent P. ostreatus and A. bisporus substrates showed Cd and Pb enzyme inhibition; however, laccase activity of A. bisporus presented lower inhibition. Spent A. bisporus substrate polluted with PAH and Cd or Pb was able to biodegrade PAH, although both metals decrease the biodegradation rate. Spent A. bisporus substrate contained a microbiological consortium able to oxidize PAH with high ionization potential. Cd and Pb were immobilized during the bioremediation process by spent A. bisporus substrate. Consequently, spent A. bisporus substrate was adequate as a multi-polluted soil bioremediator.
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Affiliation(s)
- C García-Delgado
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain
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26
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Hernández Mendieta E, Guillén Sánchez D, López Martínez V, Tejacal IA, Andrade Rodríguez M, Villegas Torres OG, Martínez Fernández E, Huerta Lara M, Segura Miranda A. Identificación del agente causal de la pudrición blanca en Morelos, México. REVISTA COLOMBIANA DE BIOTECNOLOGÍA 2013. [DOI: 10.15446/rev.colomb.biote.v15n2.41744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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27
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Bertrand B, Martínez-Morales F, Tinoco R, Rojas-Trejo S, Serrano-Carreón L, Trejo-Hernández MR. Induction of laccases in Trametes versicolor by aqueous wood extracts. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 30:135-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-013-1420-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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28
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Reijnders L. Sustainability of soil fertility and the use of lignocellulosic crop harvest residues for the production of biofuels: a literature review. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2013; 34:1725-1734. [PMID: 24350430 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2013.826252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Use of lignocellulosic crop harvest residues for liquid or gaseous biofuel production may impact soil quality, long-term soil fertility and the major determinants of the latter, stocks of soil organic carbon and nutrients. When soil organic carbon stocks of mineral cropland soils are to be maintained, there is scope for the removal of lignocellulosic harvest residues in several systems with much reduced tillage or no tillage. The scope for such removal might be increased when suitably treated residues from the conversion of harvest residues into biofuel are returned to cropland soils. For mineral cropland soils under conventional tillage, the scope for the production of liquid biofuels from harvest residues is likely to be less than in the case of no-till systems. When fertility of cropland soils is to be sustainable, nutrients present in suitably treated biofuel production residues have to be returned to these soils. Apparently, the actual return of carbon and nutrients present in residues of biofuel production from crop harvest residues to arable soils currently predominantly concerns the application of digestates of anaerobic digestion. The effects thereof on soil fertility and quality need further clarification. Further clarification about the effects on soil fertility and quality of chars and of co-products of lignocellulosic ethanol production is also needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Reijnders
- IBED, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, PO Box 94248, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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29
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Farnet AM, Qasemian L, Peter-Valence F, Ruaudel F, Savoie JM, Ferré E. Capacity for colonization and degradation of horse manure and wheat-straw-based compost by different strains of Agaricus subrufescens during the first two weeks of cultivation. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 131:266-273. [PMID: 23357087 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.12.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The potential of Agaricus subrufescens strains to colonize and transform horse manure and wheat-straw-based mushroom compost under the physico-chemical conditions typically used for Agaricus bisporus was assessed. Lignocellulolytic activities, H2O2 production and substrate transformation (assessed via CP/MAS NMR of (13)C) for certain A. subrufescens strains were similar or even greater than those obtained for an A. bisporus strain used as control. Moreover, the functional diversity of the microbial communities of the substrate was not altered by the growth of A. subrufescens after 2weeks. These findings obtained with mesocosms simulating the incubation phase of the mushroom production process hold promise for the improvement of cultivation of this tropical Agaricus species on European standard mushroom compost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Farnet
- Equipe Vulnérabilité des Systèmes Microbiens, IMBE, UMR CNRS IRD 7263, Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie, Campus de l'Etoile, Aix Marseille Université, 13397 Cedex 20, Marseille, France.
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30
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Agamuthu P, Tan Y, Fauziah S. Bioremediation of Hydrocarbon Contaminated Soil Using Selected Organic Wastes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.proenv.2013.04.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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31
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Potential uses of spent mushroom substrate and its associated lignocellulosic enzymes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 96:863-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4446-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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32
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Mayolo-Deloisa K, Machín-Ramírez C, Rito-Palomares M, Trejo-Hernández MR. Oxidation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons using Partially Purified Laccase from Residual Compost of Agaricus bisporus. Chem Eng Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201000205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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33
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Monti D, Ottolina G, Carrea G, Riva S. Redox Reactions Catalyzed by Isolated Enzymes. Chem Rev 2011; 111:4111-40. [DOI: 10.1021/cr100334x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Monti
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, C.N.R., Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131 Milano, Italy
| | - Gianluca Ottolina
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, C.N.R., Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131 Milano, Italy
| | - Giacomo Carrea
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, C.N.R., Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131 Milano, Italy
| | - Sergio Riva
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, C.N.R., Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131 Milano, Italy
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34
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Magan N, Fragoeiro S, Bastos C. Environmental factors and bioremediation of xenobiotics using white rot fungi. MYCOBIOLOGY 2010; 38:238-48. [PMID: 23956663 PMCID: PMC3741516 DOI: 10.4489/myco.2010.38.4.238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
This review provides background information on the importance of bioremediation approaches. It describes the roles of fungi, specifically white rot fungi, and their extracellular enzymes, laccases, ligninases, and peroxidises, in the degradation of xenobiotic compounds such as single and mixtures of pesticides. We discuss the importance of abiotic factors such as water potential, temperature, and pH stress when considering an environmental screening approach, and examples are provided of the differential effect of white rot fungi on the degradation of single and mixtures of pesticides using fungi such as Trametes versicolor and Phanerochaete chrysosporium. We also explore the formulation and delivery of fungal bioremedial inoculants to terrestrial ecosystems as well as the use of spent mushroom compost as an approach. Future areas for research and potential exploitation of new techniques are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naresh Magan
- Applied Mycology Group, Cranfield Health, Cranfield University, Bedford MK43 0AL, UK
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35
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Li X, Lin X, Zhang J, Wu Y, Yin R, Feng Y, Wang Y. Degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by crude extracts from spent mushroom substrate and its possible mechanisms. Curr Microbiol 2009; 60:336-42. [PMID: 19924475 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-009-9546-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2009] [Accepted: 11/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by pure laccase has been reported, but the high cost limited its application in environmental bioremediation. Here, we reported a study about PAHs degradation by crude extracts (CEs) containing laccase, which were obtained by extracting four spent mushroom (Agaricus bisporus, Pleurotus eryngii, Pleurotus ostreatus, and Coprinus comatus) substrates. The results showed that anthracene, benzo[a]pyrene, and benzo[a]anthracene were top three degradable PAHs by CEs while naphthalene was most recalcitrant. The PAHs oxidation was enhanced in the presence of 2,2-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS). Laccase included in CE might play a major role in PAHs degradation. The maximum degradation rate of anthracene and benzo[a]pyrene was observed by using crude extracts from P. eryngii while the highest laccase activities were found in crude extracts from A. bisporus, moreover, crude extracts from P. eryngii, which contained less laccase activities, degraded more anthracene and benzo[a]pyrene than pure laccase with higher laccase activities. The lack of correlation between laccase activity and PAHs degradation rate indicated that other factors might also influence the PAHs degradation. Boiled CEs were added to determine the effect on PAHs degradation by laccase. The results showed that all four boiled CEs had improved the PAHs oxidation. The maximum improvement was observed by adding CEs from P. eryngii. It suggested that some mediators indeed existed in CEs and CEs from P. eryngii contained most. As a result, CEs from P. eryngii has the most application potential in PAHs bioremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanzhen Li
- Hongkong Baptist University & Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
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36
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Ribas LCC, de Mendonça MM, Camelini CM, Soares CHL. Use of spent mushroom substrates from Agaricus subrufescens (syn. A. blazei, A. brasiliensis) and Lentinula edodes productions in the enrichment of a soil-based potting media for lettuce (Lactuca sativa) cultivation: Growth promotion and soil bioremediation. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2009; 100:4750-7. [PMID: 19467593 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2008.10.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2007] [Revised: 10/14/2008] [Accepted: 10/14/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess physicochemical and microbiological properties of fresh spent mushroom substrates (SMSs)--without post-crop heat treatment--from Agaricus subrufescens and Lentinula edodes production to optimize the use of these residues in the soil enrichment for lettuce growth promotion and soil remediation. Organic matter and C content of both SMSs were high. Fresh A. subrufescens SMS was a good source of N, P and K. On the other hand, L. edodes SMS presented a lower concentration of these nutrients and a high level of immaturity. Both SMSs presented high electric conductivity values (2.5-3.4 mS/cm). Microbiological analysis, based upon enumeration of culturable bacteria (thermophilic and mesophilic) and fungi, and also evolution of CO(2), showed that SMSs played higher microbial diversity than soil control. Laccase activity from A. subrufescens SMS tended to remain constant during a 2-month period, while L. edodes SMS presented low laccase activity throughout the same period. Agaricus subrufescens and L. edodes were able to grow on a PDA (Potato Dextrose Agar) media supplemented with different concentrations of atrazine (1-50 microg/ml), degraded the herbicide, attaining rates of 35% and 26%, respectively. On experiments of lettuce growth promotion using a soil-based potting media with different SMS rates, 5% and 10% (dw) rates of A. subrufescens SMS resulted in higher lettuce aerial dry weights than the rates of 25% and 40%, the chemical fertilization (NPK) and the control (soil). At 10% supplementation, lettuce aerial dry weight increased 2.2 and 1.3 times compared to the control and the NPK treatment, respectively. Protein content increased along with SMS rates. Fresh A. subrufescens SMS was an excellent supplement for lettuce growth promotion and showed potential for remediation of biocides possibly due to improved microbial diversity and enzymatic activity. Fresh L. edodes SMS was not a good fertilizer, at least under the conditions tested. However, microbiological analysis showed that promising results may be achieved when using fresh L. edodes SMS for soil remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C C Ribas
- Laboratório de Cogumelos Comestíveis e Medicinais, Departamento de Microbiologia de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
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37
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Haritash AK, Kaushik CP. Biodegradation aspects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): a review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2009; 169:1-15. [PMID: 19442441 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.03.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1459] [Impact Index Per Article: 97.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2009] [Revised: 03/30/2009] [Accepted: 03/30/2009] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
PAHs are aromatic hydrocarbons with two or more fused benzene rings with natural as well as anthropogenic sources. They are widely distributed environmental contaminants that have detrimental biological effects, toxicity, mutagenecity and carcinogenicity. Due to their ubiquitous occurrence, recalcitrance, bioaccumulation potential and carcinogenic activity, the PAHs have gathered significant environmental concern. Although PAH may undergo adsorption, volatilization, photolysis, and chemical degradation, microbial degradation is the major degradation process. PAH degradation depends on the environmental conditions, number and type of the microorganisms, nature and chemical structure of the chemical compound being degraded. They are biodegraded/biotransformed into less complex metabolites, and through mineralization into inorganic minerals, H(2)O, CO(2) (aerobic) or CH(4) (anaerobic) and rate of biodegradation depends on pH, temperature, oxygen, microbial population, degree of acclimation, accessibility of nutrients, chemical structure of the compound, cellular transport properties, and chemical partitioning in growth medium. A number of bacterial species are known to degrade PAHs and most of them are isolated from contaminated soil or sediments. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomons fluoresens, Mycobacterium spp., Haemophilus spp., Rhodococcus spp., Paenibacillus spp. are some of the commonly studied PAH-degrading bacteria. Lignolytic fungi too have the property of PAH degradation. Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Bjerkandera adusta, and Pleurotus ostreatus are the common PAH-degrading fungi. Enzymes involved in the degradation of PAHs are oxygenase, dehydrogenase and lignolytic enzymes. Fungal lignolytic enzymes are lignin peroxidase, laccase, and manganese peroxidase. They are extracellular and catalyze radical formation by oxidation to destabilize bonds in a molecule. The biodegradation of PAHs has been observed under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions and the rate can be enhanced by physical/chemical pretreatment of contaminated soil. Addition of biosurfactant-producing bacteria and light oils can increase the bioavailability of PAHs and metabolic potential of the bacterial community. The supplementation of contaminated soils with compost materials can also enhance biodegradation without long-term accumulation of extractable polar and more available intermediates. Wetlands, too, have found an application in PAH removal from wastewater. The intensive biological activities in such an ecosystem lead to a high rate of autotrophic and heterotrophic processes. Aquatic weeds Typha spp. and Scirpus lacustris have been used in horizontal-vertical macrophyte based wetlands to treat PAHs. An integrated approach of physical, chemical, and biological degradation may be adopted to get synergistically enhanced removal rates and to treat/remediate the contaminated sites in an ecologically favorable process.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Haritash
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar, Haryana, India.
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Mayolo-Deloisa K, Trejo-Hernández MDR, Rito-Palomares M. Recovery of laccase from the residual compost of Agaricus bisporus in aqueous two-phase systems. Process Biochem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2008.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Stajic´ M, Vukojevic´ J, Duletic´-Lauševic´ S. Biology ofPleurotus eryngiiand role in biotechnological processes: a review. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2009; 29:55-66. [DOI: 10.1080/07388550802688821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Flores C, Vidal C, Trejo-Hernández MR, Galindo E, Serrano-Carreón L. Selection of Trichoderma strains capable of increasing laccase production by Pleurotus ostreatus and Agaricus bisporus in dual cultures. J Appl Microbiol 2008; 106:249-57. [PMID: 19120619 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.03998.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To select Trichoderma strains for enhanced laccase production in Pleurotus ostreatus or Agaricus bisporus cultures. METHODS AND RESULTS Laccase production by P. ostreatus and A. bisporus was evaluated in liquid (axenic) and solid (dual cultures) malt extract medium. Oxidation of ABTS, DMP and syringaldazine was evaluated in order to assess the potential of Trichoderma strains to enhance laccase production by basidiomycetes. Selected Pleurotus-Trichoderma interactions yielded higher increases in laccase volumetric activity and an additional laccase isoform was produced. By contrast, Agaricus-Trichoderma interactions lead to smaller increases on laccase volumetric activity, probably as result of repression (or degradation) towards one of the laccases isoforms. CONCLUSIONS The strains of P. ostreatus and A. bisporus assessed in this work showed good potential as laccase producers. The Trichoderma-mediated biological stimulation of laccase production by P. ostreatus and A. bisporus is relevant in order to develop highly productive processes. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Extracellular laccases from basidiomycetes are produced only in small amounts. It is therefore important to increase process productivity for potential industrial applications. The results from this study enable the selection Trichoderma strains capable of increasing laccase production by P. ostreatus or A. bisporus in dual cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Flores
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelos, México
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Rescigno A, Zucca P, Flurkey A, Inlow J, Flurkey WH. Identification and discrimination between some contaminant enzyme activities in commercial preparations of mushroom tyrosinase. Enzyme Microb Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2007.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Khammuang S, Sarnthima R. Laccase from Spent Mushroom Compost of Lentinus polychrous Lev. And its Potential for Remazol Brilliant Blue R Decolourisation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.3923/biotech.2007.408.413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Trejo-Hernández MR, Ortiz A, Okoh AI, Morales D, Quintero R. Biodegradation of heavy crude oil Maya using spent compost and sugar cane bagasse wastes. CHEMOSPHERE 2007; 68:848-55. [PMID: 17395244 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2006] [Revised: 02/09/2007] [Accepted: 02/09/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Experiments were carried out to evaluate the use of some agroindustrial wastes as supports in solid state cultures for the biodegradation of crude oil Maya in static column reactors over 15-20 days periods. Spent compost and cane bagasse wastes showed superior qualities over peat moss waste as support candidates with the advantage that they contain appreciable densities of autochthonous microorganisms in the order of 10(2) cfu g(-1). Mercuric chloride (2%) was able to completely inhibit growth of these microfloras. Biodegradation was enhanced in the presence of the IMP consortium and highest when microflora from cane bagasse only was the bioaugmentation partner (180.7 mg kg(-1) day(-1)). Combination of these waste materials (3:1 ratio, respectively) was observed to significantly biodegrade the crude oil by approximately 40% in 15 days from an initial concentration of 10,000 mg kg(-1) with a four order of magnitude increase in microbial density during this period. Spent compost and cane bagasse wastes are veritable solid support candidates for use in the biodegradation of crude oil polluted systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Trejo-Hernández
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Cuernavaca C.P. 62209, Morelos, Mexico.
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Levin L, Villalba L, Da Re V, Forchiassin F, Papinutti L. Comparative studies of loblolly pine biodegradation and enzyme production by Argentinean white rot fungi focused on biopulping processes. Process Biochem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2007.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Zeng GM, Yu HY, Huang HL, Huang DL, Chen YN, Huang GH, Li JB. Laccase activities of a soil fungus Penicillium simplicissimum in relation to lignin degradation. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-005-9025-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Ehlers GA, Rose PD. Immobilized white-rot fungal biodegradation of phenol and chlorinated phenol in trickling packed-bed reactors by employing sequencing batch operation. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2005; 96:1264-1275. [PMID: 15734314 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2004.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 10/18/2004] [Accepted: 10/19/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The biodegradation of phenol and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) by immobilized white-rot fungal cultures was studied in pinewood chip and foam glass bead-packed trickling reactors. The reactors were operated in sequencing batch format. Removal efficiency increased over time and elevated influent phenol and 2,4,6-TCP (800 and 85 mg l(-1)) concentrations were removed by greater than 98% in 24-30 h batch cycles. Comparable performance between the packing materials was shown. Increased lignin peroxidase (LiP) activity was detected with the introduction of the compounds and optimum activity corresponded to optimum removal periods. Higher LiP activity (16.7-19 Ul(-1)) was detected in glass bead-packed reactor compared to wood chip reactor (0.2-5 Ul(-1)). The presence of Mn(2+) in the wood material possibly effected elevated manganese peroxidase (MnP) activity (0.3-5.8 Ul(-1)) compared to low to negligible activity in the glass bead reactor. Reactor performances are discussed in relation to sequencing batch operation and nutrient requirements necessary to induce and sustain fungal enzyme activity in inert vs. organic material packed systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Ehlers
- Environmental Biotechnology Research Institute, Rhodes University, P.O. Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa.
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Fragoeiro S, Magan N. Enzymatic activity, osmotic stress and degradation of pesticide mixtures in soil extract liquid broth inoculated with Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Trametes versicolor. Environ Microbiol 2005; 7:348-55. [PMID: 15683395 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2005.00699.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study we examined the extracellular enzymatic activity of two white rot fungi (Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Trametes versicolor) in a soil extract broth in relation to differential degradation of a mixture of different concentrations (0-30 p.p.m.) of simazine, dieldrin and trifluralin under different osmotic stress (-0.7 and -2.8 MPa) and quantified enzyme production, relevant to P and N release (phosphomonoesterase, protease), carbon cycling (beta-glucosidase, cellulase) and laccase activity, involved in lignin degradation. Our results suggest that T. versicolor and P. chrysosporium have the ability to degrade different groups of pesticides, supported by the capacity for expression of a range of extracellular enzymes at both -0.7 and -2.8 MPa water potential. Phanerochaete chrysosporium was able to degrade this mixture of pesticides independently of laccase activity. In soil extract, T. versicolor was able to produce the same range of enzymes as P. chrysoporium plus laccase, even in the presence of 30 p.p.m. of the pesticide mixture. Complete degradation of dieldrin and trifluralin was observed, while about 80% of the simazine was degraded regardless of osmotic stress treatment in a nutritionally poor soil extract broth. The capacity of tolerance and degradation of high concentrations of mixtures of pesticides and production of a range of enzymes, even under osmotic stress, suggest potential bioremediation applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Fragoeiro
- Applied Mycology Group, Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cranfield University, Silsoe, Bedford MK45 4DT, UK
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Law WM, Lau WN, Lo KL, Wai LM, Chiu SW. Removal of biocide pentachlorophenol in water system by the spent mushroom compost of Pleurotus pulmonarius. CHEMOSPHERE 2003; 52:1531-1537. [PMID: 12867185 DOI: 10.1016/s0045-6535(03)00492-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Pentachlorophenol (PCP) has been widely used as a wood preservative since 1980s. Although it has been banned worldwide, residues of PCP are still commonly found. The spent compost of oyster mushroom Pleurotus pulmonarius (SMC) which was a degraded paddy straw-based substrate, contained 25% chitin. Five percentage of the SMC could remove 89.0 +/- 0.4% of 100 mg PCPl(-1) within 2 days at room temperature predominantly by biodegradation. The maximum removal capacity was 15.5 +/- 1.0 mg g(-1) SMC. The sorption kinetics of PCP by SMC can be described by the Freundlich monolayer model with a theoretical sorption capacity similar to that found for chitin. A PCP-degradative bacterium was isolated from the SMC. Yet, biodegradation was predominantly contributed by the immobilized ligninolytic enzymes secreted by the mushroom to the SMC. Degradation of PCP involves dechlorination, methylation, carboxylation and ring cleavage as verified by GC-MSD and ion chromatography. Thus, the SMC has a potential for treating PCP-contaminated water.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M Law
- Environmental Science Programme, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
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Lau KL, Tsang YY, Chiu SW. Use of spent mushroom compost to bioremediate PAH-contaminated samples. CHEMOSPHERE 2003; 52:1539-1546. [PMID: 12867186 DOI: 10.1016/s0045-6535(03)00493-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Spent mushroom compost (SMC) is a bulky waste byproduct of mushroom industry and produced abundantly. The SMC of Pleurotus pulmonarius immobilized laccase (0.88 mmoles min(-1) g(-1)) and manganese peroxidase (0.58 mmoles min(-1) g(-1)) of which the optimal temperatures were 45 and 75 degrees C, respectively. In laboratory test, complete degradative removal of individual naphthalene, phenanthrene, benzo[a]pyrene and benzo[g,h,i]perylene (200 mg PAH kg(-1) sandy-loam soil) by 5% SMC was obtained in two days under continuous shaking at 80 degrees C. The SMC-treated PAH samples had significantly reduced or removed their toxicities as revealed by the Microtox bioassay. These results were confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis on the breakdown products. A phthalic derivative which is reported as a degradative product of PAHs by ozonation or ligninolysis was also detected in the SMC-treated samples. The results demonstrate the potential in employing SMC in ex situ bioremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Lau
- Environmental Science Programme, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
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