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Hartery SA, Kirby BJ, Walker EC, Kaufmann M, Jones G, St-Arnaud R, Sims NA, Kovacs CS. Loss of maternal calcitriol reversibly alters early offspring growth and skeletal development in mice. J Bone Miner Res 2024; 39:595-610. [PMID: 38477809 PMCID: PMC11206081 DOI: 10.1093/jbmr/zjae035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Ablation of Cyp27b1 eliminates calcitriol but does not disturb fetal mineral homeostasis or skeletal development. However, independent of fetal genotypes, maternal loss of Cyp27b1 altered fetal mineral and hormonal levels compared to offspring of WT dams. We hypothesized that these maternal influences would alter postnatal skeletal development. Cyp27b1 null and WT females were mated to bear only Cyp27b1+/- offspring. Forty-eight hours after birth, pups were cross-fostered to dams of the same or opposite genotype that bore them. Maternal and offspring samples were collected on days 21 (weaning) and 42. Offspring measurements included minerals and hormones, BMC by DXA, ash weight and mineral content, gene expression, 3-point bending tests, and microCT. Maternal lactational behavior was evaluated. Milk was analyzed for nutritional content. At day 21, offspring fostered by nulls, independent of birth dam, had ~20% lower weight, BMC, ash weight, and ash calcium than pups fostered by WT dams. Adjustment for body weight accounted for the lower BMC but not the lower ash weight and ash calcium. Hormones and serum/urine minerals did not differ across offspring groups. Offspring fostered by nulls had shorter femurs and lower cortical thickness, mean polar moment of inertia, cortical area, trabecular bone volume, and trabecular number. Dam lactational behaviors and milk nutritional content did not differ between groups. At day 42, body weight, ash weight, lengths, BMC, and tibial bone strength were no longer different between pups fostered by null vs WT dams. In summary, pups fostered by Cyp27b1 nulls, regardless of birth dam, have proportionately smaller skeletons at 21 d, impaired microstructure, but normal mineral homeostasis. The skeletal effects are largely recovered by day 42 (3 wk after weaning). In conclusion, maternal loss of calcitriol impairs early postnatal cortical bone growth and trabecular bone mass, but affected offspring catch up after weaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Hartery
- Faculty of Medicine - Endocrinology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Beth J Kirby
- Faculty of Medicine - Endocrinology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Emma C Walker
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3065, Australia
| | - Martin Kaufmann
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Glenville Jones
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - René St-Arnaud
- Shriners Hospitals for Children - Canada and McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, H4A 0A9, Canada
| | - Natalie A Sims
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3065, Australia
| | - Christopher S Kovacs
- Faculty of Medicine - Endocrinology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, A1B 3V6, Canada
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Lütke-Dörhoff M, Schulz J, Westendarp H, Visscher C, Wilkens MR. Dietary supplementation of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol as an alternative to cholecalciferol in swine diets: A review. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2022; 106:1288-1305. [PMID: 36045590 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OHD3 ) formed via hepatic hydroxylation from vitamin D, cholecalciferol, represents the precursor of the biologically active vitamin D hormone, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. Due to a higher absorption rate and the omission of one hydroxylation, dietary supplementation of 25-OHD3 instead of vitamin D3 is considered to be more efficient as plasma concentrations of 25-OHD3 are increased more pronounced. The present review summarises studies investigating potential beneficial effects on mineral homeostasis, bone metabolism, health status and performance in sows, piglets and fattening pigs. Results are inconsistent. While most studies could not demonstrate any or only a slight impact of partial or total replacement of vitamin D3 by 25-OHD3 , some experiments indicated that 25-OHD3 might alter physiological processes when animals are challenged, for example, by a restricted mineral supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lütke-Dörhoff
- Institute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Farm Animal Behaviour, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hanover, Germany.,Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Landscape Architecture, Hochschule Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Jochen Schulz
- Institute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Farm Animal Behaviour, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hanover, Germany
| | - Heiner Westendarp
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Landscape Architecture, Hochschule Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Christian Visscher
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hanover, Germany
| | - Mirja R Wilkens
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Nutrition Diseases and Dietetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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3
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Dodd SAS, Shoveller AK, Fascetti AJ, Yu ZZ, Ma DWL, Verbrugghe A. A Comparison of Key Essential Nutrients in Commercial Plant-Based Pet Foods Sold in Canada to American and European Canine and Feline Dietary Recommendations. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082348. [PMID: 34438805 PMCID: PMC8388700 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Plant-based pet foods appear to be growing in popularity, but it is unclear how suitable these products are for dogs and cats, considering both species naturally consume diets rich in, or exclusively comprised of, animal tissues. Laboratory analyses of essential nutrients were performed on 26 plant-based diets available in Ontario, Canada in 2018, including 18 canine products (13 products labelled for adult maintenance, four for all life stages, one for puppy growth), 5 feline products (two for adult maintenance and three for all life stages), and 3 products labelled for both dogs and cats (one for adult maintenance and two for all life stages). The nutrient measurements were compared to industry standard nutrient profiles. Four products met the recommendations of the Association of American Feed Control Officials and one product the nutrient recommendations of the European Pet Food Industry Federation for adult dogs. No diets met recommended nutrient content for adult cats or growing puppies or kittens. Nutrients most commonly found to be insufficient were: sulfur amino acids, taurine, arachidonic acid, EPA and DHA, calcium phosphorus and vitamin D. These nutrients are all typically found in animal tissues, though non-animal sources are available, and require careful formulation or supplementation in products made without animal-derived ingredients. Compliance with Canadian labelling regulation and guidelines was poor. These problems do not appear to be exclusive to plant-based foods and have been demonstrated previously in commercially available animal-based products as well. This study demonstrates areas where manufacturers of plant-based pet foods must improve formulation and/or manufacturing practices to produce products appropriate for feeding cats and dogs. Abstract Plant-based foods intended for feeding dogs and cats are available in Canada, though few studies have examined the suitability of plant-based foods for dogs and cats. All commercial plant-based extruded and wet pet food products available in Ontario, Canada, in 2018 (n = 26) were acquired and analysed for energy, crude protein, crude fat, crude fibre, ash, amino acids, fatty acids, minerals and vitamins A, B12, D2 and D3. Results were compared with recommendations of the Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) and the European Pet Food Industry Federation (FEDIAF). Thirteen products were labelled for adult canine maintenance, four for canine all life stages, one for puppy growth, two for adult feline maintenance, three for feline all life stages, one for adult maintenance of dogs and cats and two for all life stages of dogs and cats. Four products met AAFCO and one product met FEDIAF nutrient recommendations for canine maintenance. No diets met AAFCO or FEDIAF recommendations for feline maintenance or growth for either species. Nutrients most commonly found insufficient were: sulfur amino acids, taurine, arachidonic acid, EPA and DHA, calcium phosphorus and vitamin D. There were no nutrients unable to be provided from non-animal sources. Compliance with labelling guidelines was also poor, similar to other findings with commercial animal-based pet products. The results from this study indicate areas where producers of plant-based pet foods must improve to meet the industry recommended nutrient profiles and labelling requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. S. Dodd
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Anna K. Shoveller
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
| | - Andrea J. Fascetti
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (A.J.F.); (Z.Z.Y.)
| | - Zengshou Z. Yu
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (A.J.F.); (Z.Z.Y.)
| | - David W. L. Ma
- Department of Human Health and Nutrition Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
| | - Adronie Verbrugghe
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
- Correspondence:
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4
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Zafalon RVA, Ruberti B, Rentas MF, Amaral AR, Vendramini THA, Chacar FC, Kogika MM, Brunetto MA. The Role of Vitamin D in Small Animal Bone Metabolism. Metabolites 2020; 10:E496. [PMID: 33287408 PMCID: PMC7761812 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10120496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dogs and cats have differences in vitamin D metabolism compared to other mammalian species, as they are unable to perform vitamin D cutaneous synthesis through sun exposure. Therefore, they are dependent on the dietary intake of this nutrient. The classic functions of vitamin D are to stimulate intestinal calcium and phosphate absorption, renal calcium and phosphate reabsorption and regulate bone mineral metabolism. Thus, it is an important nutrient for calcium and phosphorus homeostasis. This review highlights the evidence of the direct and indirect actions of vitamin D on bone mineral metabolism, the consequences of nutritional imbalances of this nutrient in small animals, as well as differences in vitamin D metabolism between different size dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Vessecchi Amorim Zafalon
- Pet Nutrology Research Center, Nutrition and Production Department, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Jardim Elite, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil; (R.V.A.Z.); (M.F.R.); (T.H.A.V.)
| | - Bruna Ruberti
- Small Animal Internal Medicine Service, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil; (B.R.); (M.M.K.)
| | - Mariana Fragoso Rentas
- Pet Nutrology Research Center, Nutrition and Production Department, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Jardim Elite, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil; (R.V.A.Z.); (M.F.R.); (T.H.A.V.)
| | - Andressa Rodrigues Amaral
- Veterinary Nutrology Service, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil;
| | - Thiago Henrique Annibale Vendramini
- Pet Nutrology Research Center, Nutrition and Production Department, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Jardim Elite, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil; (R.V.A.Z.); (M.F.R.); (T.H.A.V.)
| | - Fernanda Chicharo Chacar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of South of Minas Gerais, IFSULDEMINAS, Muzambinho 37890-000, Brazil;
| | - Marcia Mery Kogika
- Small Animal Internal Medicine Service, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil; (B.R.); (M.M.K.)
| | - Marcio Antonio Brunetto
- Pet Nutrology Research Center, Nutrition and Production Department, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Jardim Elite, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil; (R.V.A.Z.); (M.F.R.); (T.H.A.V.)
- Veterinary Nutrology Service, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil;
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Verma A, Cohen DJ, Jacobs TW, Boyan BD, Schwartz Z. The Relative Expression of ERα Isoforms ERα66 and ERα36 Controls the Cellular Response to 24R,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 in Breast Cancer. Mol Cancer Res 2020; 19:99-111. [PMID: 33082240 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-20-0169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D3 and its metabolites have antitumorigenic properties in vitro and in vivo; however, clinical trials and retrospective studies on the effectiveness of vitamin D3 oral supplementation against cancer have been inconclusive. One reason for this may be that clinical trials ignore the complex vitamin D metabolome and the many active vitamin D3 metabolites present in the body. Recent work by our lab showed that 24R,25(OH)2D3, a vitamin D3 metabolite that is active in chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation, has antitumorigenic properties in estrogen receptor alpha-66 (ERα66)-positive (ER+) breast cancer, but not in ERα66-negative (ER-) breast cancer. Here we show that 24R,25(OH)2D3 is protumorigenic in an in vivo mouse model (NOD.Cg-PrkdcscidIl2rgtm1Wjl /SzJ (NSG) mice) of ER- breast cancer, causing greater tumor growth than in mice treated with vehicle alone. In vitro results indicate that the effect of 24R,25(OH)2D3 is via a membrane-associated mechanism involving ERs and phospholipase D. 24R,25(OH)2D3 increased proliferation and reduced apoptosis in ERα66-negative HCC38 breast cancer cells, and stimulated expression of metastatic markers. Overexpressing ESRI, which encodes ERα66, ERα46, and ERα36, reduced the proapoptotic response of ERα66- cells to 24R,25(OH)2D3, possibly by upregulating ERα66. Silencing ESR1 in ERα66+ cells increased apoptosis. This suggests 24R,25(OH)2D3 is differentially tumorigenic in cancers with different ERα isoform profiles. Antiapoptotic actions of 24R,25(OH)2D3 require ERα36 and proapoptotic actions require ERα66. IMPLICATIONS: These results suggest that 24R,25(OH)2D3, which is a major circulating metabolite of vitamin D, is functionally active in breast cancer and that the regulatory properties of 24R,25(OH)2D3 are dependent upon the relative expression of ERα66 and ERα36.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Verma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - D Joshua Cohen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Thomas W Jacobs
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Barbara D Boyan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia. .,Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Zvi Schwartz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia.,Department of Periodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
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6
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Abstract
The term "vitamin D dependent rickets" describes a group of genetic disorders that are characterized by early-onset rickets due to the inability to maintain adequate concentrations of active forms of vitamin D or a failure to respond fully to activated vitamin D. Although the term is now admittedly a pathophysiological misnomer, there remains clinical relevance for its continued use, as patients have a lifelong "dependency" on administration of specialized regimens of vitamin D replacement. This review provides an update on the molecular bases for the three forms of vitamin D dependent rickets, and summarizes current protocols for management of affected subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Levine
- Center for Bone Health and Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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7
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DeFelice BC, Pedersen TL, Shorrosh H, Johnson RK, Seifert JA, Norris JM, Fiehn O. Utilizing cooled liquid chromatography and chemical derivatization to separate and quantify C3-epimers of 25-hydroxy vitamin D and low abundant 1α,25(OH) 2D3: Application in a pediatric population. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 197:105519. [PMID: 31715316 PMCID: PMC7363309 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There is need for a single assay able to quantify the most biologically active metabolite, 1α,25-dihydroxy-vitamin-D3, and the recently discovered biologically distinct C3-epimers of 25OHD, in addition to traditional vitamin D metabolites. We developed a method of chromatographic separation and absolute quantification of the following ten forms of vitamin D: 3-epi-25OHD3, 25OHD3, 3-epi-25OHD2, 25OHD2, 1α,25(OH)2D3, 24R,25(OH)2D3, 23R,25(OH)2D3, 1a,25(OH)2D2, D3, and D2 by single extraction and injection. Chemical derivatization followed by liquid chromatography using a charged surface hybrid C18 column and subsequent tandem mass spectrometry was utilized to detect and quantify each metabolite. This method is remarkable as a cooled column was required to achieve chromatographic resolution of epimers. Validation of each metabolite was performed at four concentrations and revealed inter- and intra-day precision and accuracy below 15% across three consecutive days of analysis. After validation, this method was applied to analyze the blood plasma from 739 samples from 352 subjects (8mo to 20 yr), 79 pooled plasma samples, and 10 NIST SRM972a samples. Healthy control samples (n = 357) were used to investigate developmentally associated changes in vitamin D metabolite concentrations during early life. This method yields excellent linearity (R2 ≥ 0.99) across concentrations encompassing the biological range of many metabolites including 1α,25(OH)2D3. Concentrations of 25OHD2 and 24R,25(OH)2D3 were significantly (q ≤0.05) lower in infants compared to both children and adolescents. The percentage of 3-epi-25OHD3 in total 25OHD3 was significantly lower (q ≤ 0.009) in post-puberty subjects. Here we present a single assay capable of separating and quantifying ten vitamin D metabolites including C3-epimers of 25OHD, and quantifying 1α,25-dihydroxy-vitamin-D3 at and below concentrations observed in human plasma (LLOQ < 10 pM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C DeFelice
- NIH West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Theresa L Pedersen
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Hanan Shorrosh
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Randi K Johnson
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jennifer A Seifert
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jill M Norris
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Oliver Fiehn
- NIH West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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Verma A, Schwartz Z, Boyan BD. 24R,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 modulates tumorigenicity in breast cancer in an estrogen receptor-dependent manner. Steroids 2019; 150:108447. [PMID: 31302113 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2019.108447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D has long been prescribed as a supplement to breast cancer patients. This is partially motivated by data indicating that low serum vitamin D, measured as 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3], is associated with worsened cancer prognosis and decreased survival rates in cancer patients. However, clinical studies investigating the role of vitamin D supplementation in breast cancer treatment are largely inconclusive. One reason for this may be that many of these studies ignore the complexity of the vitamin D metabolome and the effects of these metabolites at the cellular level. Once ingested, vitamin D is metabolized into 37 different metabolites, including 25(OH)D3, which is the metabolite actually measured clinically, as well as 1,25(OH)2D3 and 24,25(OH)2D3. Recent work by our lab and others has demonstrated a role for 24R,25(OH)2D3, in the modulation of breast cancer tumors via an estrogen receptor α-dependent mechanism. This review highlights the importance of considering estrogen receptor status in vitamin d-associated prognostic studies of breast cancer and proposes a potential mechanism for 24R,25(OH)2D3 signaling in breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Verma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, United States
| | - Zvi Schwartz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, United States; Department of Periodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, United States
| | - Barbara D Boyan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, United States; Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States.
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Verma A, Cohen DJ, Schwartz N, Muktipaty C, Koblinski JE, Boyan BD, Schwartz Z. 24R,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3 regulates breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2019; 1863:1498-1512. [PMID: 31125679 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2019.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological studies indicate high serum 25(OH)D3 is associated with increased survival in breast cancer patients. Pre-clinical studies attributed this to anti-tumorigenic properties of its metabolite 1α,25(OH)2D3. However, 1α,25(OH)2D3 is highly calcemic and thus has a narrow therapeutic window. Here we propose another metabolite, 24R,25(OH)2D3, as an alternative non-calcemic vitamin D3 supplement. METHODS NOD-SCID-IL2γR null female mice with MCF7 breast cancer xenografts in the mammary fat pad were treated with 24R,25(OH)2D3 and changes in tumor burden and metastases were assessed. ERα66+ MCF7 and T47D cells, and ERα66- HCC38 cells were treated with 24R,25(OH)2D3in vitro to assess effects on proliferation and apoptosis. Effects on migration and metastatic markers were assessed in MCF7. RESULTS 24R,25(OH)2D3 reduced MCF7 tumor growth and metastasis in vivo. In vitro results indicate that this was not due to an anti-proliferative effect; 24R,25(OH)2D3 stimulated DNA synthesis in MCF7 and T47D. In contrast, markers of invasion and metastasis were decreased. 24R,25(OH)2D3 caused dose-dependent increases in apoptosis in MCF7 and T47D, but not HCC38 cells. Inhibitors to palmitoylation, caveolae integrity, phospholipase-D, and estrogen receptors (ER) demonstrate that 24R,25(OH)2D3 acts on MCF7 cells through caveolae-associated, phospholipase D-dependent mechanisms via cross-talk with ERs. CONCLUSION These results indicate that 24R,25(OH)2D3 shows promise in treatment of breast cancer by stimulating tumor apoptosis and reducing metastasis. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE 24R,25(OH)2D3 regulates breast cancer cell survival through ER-associated mechanisms similar to 24R,25(OH)2D3 effects on chondrocytes. Thus, 24R,25(OH)2D3 may modulate cell survival in other estrogen-responsive cell types, and its therapeutic potential should be investigated in ER-associated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Verma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 601 W. Main Street, Richmond, VA 23284, USA.
| | - D Joshua Cohen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 601 W. Main Street, Richmond, VA 23284, USA.
| | - Nofrat Schwartz
- Department of Otolaryngology, Meir Hospital, Tchernichovsky St 59, Kfar Saba 4428164, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, P.O. Box 39040, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Caroline Chapel Hill, 170 Manning Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Chandana Muktipaty
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 601 W. Main Street, Richmond, VA 23284, USA.
| | - Jennifer E Koblinski
- Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 401 N 13th Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; Massey Cancer Center, 401 College Street, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
| | - Barbara D Boyan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 601 W. Main Street, Richmond, VA 23284, USA; Massey Cancer Center, 401 College Street, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, 313 Ferst Drive NW, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, VA, USA.
| | - Zvi Schwartz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 601 W. Main Street, Richmond, VA 23284, USA; Department of Periodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 8210 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
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10
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Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Orav EJ, Egli A, Dawson-Hughes B, Fischer K, Staehelin HB, Rizzoli R, Hodler J, von Eckardstein A, Freystaetter G, Meyer U, Guggi T, Burckhardt P, Schietzel S, Chocano-Bedoya P, Theiler R, Willett WC, Felson D. Recovery after unilateral knee replacement due to severe osteoarthritis and progression in the contralateral knee: a randomised clinical trial comparing daily 2000 IU versus 800 IU vitamin D. RMD Open 2018; 4:e000678. [PMID: 30018805 PMCID: PMC6045766 DOI: 10.1136/rmdopen-2018-000678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To test whether daily high-dose vitamin D improves recovery after unilateral total knee replacement. Methods Data come from a 24-month randomised, double-blind clinical trial. Adults aged 60 and older undergoing unilateral joint replacement due to severe knee osteoarthritis were 6-8 weeks after surgery randomly assigned to receive daily high-dose (2000 IU) or standard-dose (800 IU) vitamin D3. The primary endpoints were symptoms (Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index pain and function scores) assessed at baseline, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months in both knees, and the rate of falls over 24 months. The secondary outcomes were sit-to-stand performance, gait speed, physical activity and radiographic progression in the contralateral knee. Results We recruited 273 participants, 137 were randomised to receive 2000 IU and 136 were randomised to receive 800 IU vitamin D per day. 2000 IU vitamin D increased 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels to 45.6 ng/mL and 800 IU vitamin D to 37.1 ng/mL at month 24 (p<0.0001). While symptoms improved significantly in the operated knee and remained stable in the contralateral knee over time, none of the primary or secondary endpoints differed by treatment group over time. The rate of falls over 24 months was 1.05 with 2000 IU and 1.07 with 800 IU (p=0.84). 30.5% of participants in the 2000 IU and 31.3% of participants in the 800 IU group had radiographic progression in the contralateral knee over 24 months (p=0.88). Conclusions Our findings suggest that a 24-month treatment with daily 2000 IU vitamin D did not show greater benefits or harm than a daily standard dose of 800 IU among older adults undergoing unilateral total knee replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike A Bischoff-Ferrari
- Department of Geriatrics and Aging Research, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Center on Aging and Mobility, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,University Clinic for Acute Geriatric Care, City Hospital Waid, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - E John Orav
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andreas Egli
- Department of Geriatrics and Aging Research, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Center on Aging and Mobility, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bess Dawson-Hughes
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Karina Fischer
- Center on Aging and Mobility, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Rene Rizzoli
- Division of Bone Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Juerg Hodler
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Gregor Freystaetter
- Department of Geriatrics and Aging Research, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Center on Aging and Mobility, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ursina Meyer
- Department of Geriatrics and Aging Research, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Center on Aging and Mobility, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Guggi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Schulthess Clinic, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Simeon Schietzel
- Department of Geriatrics and Aging Research, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Center on Aging and Mobility, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Patricia Chocano-Bedoya
- Department of Geriatrics and Aging Research, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Center on Aging and Mobility, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Robert Theiler
- Department of Geriatrics and Aging Research, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Center on Aging and Mobility, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Walter C Willett
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David Felson
- Clinical Epidemiology Research and Training Unit, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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11
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Cakar M, Ayanoglu S, Cabuk H, Seyran M, Dedeoglu SS, Gurbuz H. Association between vitamin D concentrations and knee pain in patients with osteoarthritis. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4670. [PMID: 29707434 PMCID: PMC5922228 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Osteoarthritis (OA) and vitamin D deficiency are common health conditions in older people. Whether vitamin D concentration is associated with knee OA is controversial. In this study, we aimed to determine the association between serum concentrations of vitamin D and osteoarthritic knee pain. Subjects and Methods Vitamin D concentrations were measured with the 25 hydroxyvitamin D test in patients presenting with clinical symptoms of primary knee osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis was graded on the Kellgren-Lawrence grading scale from anteroposterior and lateral radiographs. Height, weight, and body mass index (BMI) were recorded. Patients completed a 10-cm visual analogue scale (VAS) for indicating pain and the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC). Vitamin D concentration was defined as severely deficient (<10 ng/mL), insufficient (10 to 19 ng/mL), or normal (20 to 50 ng/mL). Results Of 149 patients (133 women), the mean age was 63.6 years. Mean vitamin D concentration was 11.53 ng/mL, and 90% patients were vitamin D deficient. Mean WOMAC score was 57.2, and VAS pain score was 7.5. Kellgren-Lawrence grade was 2 for 10 patients, grade 3 for 61, and grade 4 for 88. Mean BMI was 33.4. Mean values of VAS, WOMAC, and BMI did not differ by vitamin D status. Conclusion Serum vitamin D concentration is not associated with knee pain in patients with osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Cakar
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Okmeydanı Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Semih Ayanoglu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Medipol Universty Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Haluk Cabuk
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Okmeydanı Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Metin Seyran
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Okmeydanı Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Suleyman Semih Dedeoglu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Okmeydanı Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hakan Gurbuz
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Okmeydanı Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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12
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Effects of 1,25 and 24,25 Vitamin D on Corneal Epithelial Proliferation, Migration and Vitamin D Metabolizing and Catabolizing Enzymes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16951. [PMID: 29208972 PMCID: PMC5717139 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16698-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 and 24R,25(OH)2D3 on corneal epithelial cell proliferation, migration, and on the vitamin D activating enzyme CYP27B1 (produces 1,25(OH)2D3) and inactivating enzyme CYP24A1 (produces 24R,25(OH)2D3). The role of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) was also examined. In VDR wildtype mouse corneal epithelial cells (WT), 1,25(OH)2D3 increased CYP24A1 protein expression and decreased CYP27B1 expression. In VDR knockout mouse epithelial cells (KO), 1,25(OH)2D3 increased CYP24A1 and CYP27B1 protein expression. 1,25(OH)2D3 did not affect WT cell proliferation, but did stimulate VDR KO cell proliferation. In a human corneal epithelial cell line (HCEC), 1,25(OH)2D3 increased CYP24A1 mRNA and protein expression. 1,25(OH)2D3 increased CYP27B1 mRNA levels in HCEC, but had no effect on CYP27B1 protein levels. 1,25(OH)2D3 inhibited HCEC proliferation and stimulated cell migration in primary human epithelial cells. 24,25(OH)2D3, on the other hand, increased both CYP24A1 and CYP27B1 protein expression in WT and VDR KO cells, and stimulated cell proliferation in both WT and KO cells. In HCEC, 24,25(OH)2D3 increased CYP24A1 and CYP27B1 mRNA and protein expression, and stimulated cell migration. In human primary corneal epithelial cells, 24,25(OH)2D3 stimulated migration. We conclude that 24R,25(OH)2D3 is likely involved in corneal epithelial cell regulation independent of 1,25(OH)2D3 or VDR.
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13
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Kovács S, Wilkens MR, Liesegang A. Influence of UVB exposure on the vitamin D status and calcium homoeostasis of growing sheep and goats. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2015; 99 Suppl S1:1-12. [PMID: 25865417 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVB) on vitamin D status, intestinal calcium absorption and bone metabolism in growing sheep and goats. The hypothesis was that growing sheep and goats are able to synthesise vitamin D within their skin as a result of UVB exposure and that respective consequences for their vitamin D blood levels and the associated parameters can be shown. Fourteen 18-week-old lambs and goat kids were kept in an UVB-free environment and randomly assigned to two groups. One group was daily exposed to UVB (300 watt) for 12 weeks, and the other served as a control group. Except for the exposure to UVB, all animals were kept under the same conditions and fed according to their requirements. Before the start of the experiment and every second week, blood samples were taken. Also the left metatarsus of each animal was analysed by quantitative computer tomography to test for bone mineral status before the start, in week 7 and at the end of the experiment. After 12 weeks, the animals were slaughtered and samples were taken from skin, gastrointestinal tract and kidney for further analyses. In this study, exposure to UVB led to increased serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25VitD) levels in goat kids, whereas in lambs, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25VitD) levels were increased. In both species UVB-exposed animals showed lower 7-dehydrocholesterol (7DHC) values in skin than their respective control groups. These results indicate that growing goat kids and lambs are able to synthesise vitamin D in the skin when being exposed to UVB.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kovács
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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14
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Shah I, Petroczi A, Naughton DP. Exploring the role of vitamin D in type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and Alzheimer disease: new insights from accurate analysis of 10 forms. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:808-16. [PMID: 24423328 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-2872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE A comprehensive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assay was developed to quantify 10 forms of vitamin D in sera from healthy adults and patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis (RA), type 1 diabetes (T1-D), and Alzheimer disease (AD). DESIGN The rapid assay, validated according to US Food and Drug Administration guidelines with Chromsystems and DEQAS samples, was applied to 36 nonhealthy sera samples (41.7% male, age range of 14-95, mean = 54.00 ± 21.98 years), consisting of individuals with RA, T1-D, and AD (n = 12 each) and was compared to samples from 32 healthy individuals (50% male, age range of 19-90, mean = 58.83 ± 22.93 years). RESULTS The key findings are (1) the 23R,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 form was quantified for the first time (healthy = 0.427 ± 0.633 nmol/L; combined disease = 0.395 ± 0.483 nmol/L), (2) the 3-epi-25-hydroxyvitamin D3 metabolite was found in all groups with significantly higher concentration in the diseased samples [healthy = 6.093 ± 6.711 nmol/L; combined disease = 22.433 ± 13.535 nmol/L, t(52.5) = -6.411; P < .001], (3) a significant difference was found for the active form (1α-25-dihydroxyvitamin D3) between health (0.027 ± 0.035 nmol/L) and disease (0.433 ± 0.870 nmol/L) [t(35.1) = -2.797, P = 0.008], and (4) there was no significant correlation between the total circulating and total active forms in either the disease or healthy group (r = -0.180 and -0.274, respectively, with no difference between the correlation coefficients, z = -0.389, P = .697). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed good sensitivity and specificity for using the 3-epi-25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration to predict disease status (area under the curve = 0.880, P < .001). Discriminant function analysis using concentrations of 23R,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, 25-hydroxyvitamin D2, and 3-epi-25-hydroxyvitamin D classified 94.4% (91.7% in cross-validation) of the cases correctly. CONCLUSIONS This study reveals significant differences between health and disease with epimers having the potential to relate to disease. The potential implications of the information gleaned from measuring all forms warrant application of more comprehensive assays for future clinical studies investigating the link between vitamin D and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iltaf Shah
- School of Life Sciences, Kingston University, London KT1 2EE, United Kingdom
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15
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Jaimungal S, Wehmeier K, Mooradian AD, Haas MJ. The emerging evidence for vitamin D-mediated regulation of apolipoprotein A-I synthesis. Nutr Res 2012; 31:805-12. [PMID: 22118750 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2011.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Revised: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic heart disease and cerebrovascular ischemia are leading causes of mortality in industrialized countries. The pathogenesis of these diseases involves the formation of atherosclerotic plaques with eventual rupture and superimposed thrombosis. This process is inhibited by high-density lipoprotein (HDL), the main protein component of which is apolipoprotein A-I (apo A-I). Vitamin D3 is a hormone produced by sun-exposed skin but is acquired also in the diet. The Framingham Offspring Study and the Third National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey showed a link between vitamin D3 intake and cardiovascular risk factors. The link between 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and HDL cholesterol (HDLc) and apo A-I is not as clear. Studies in vitamin D receptor knockout mice demonstrated higher HDLc and hepatic apo A-I messenger RNA expression relative to wild type. Experiments in cultured hepatocytes supported these observations. Human studies evaluating the relationship between vitamin D3 and apo A-I and HDLc have yielded conflicting results, but most suggest a positive link between increasing vitamin D3 levels and plasma apo A-I and HDLc. The purpose of this review is to examine the evidence linking vitamin D status and cardiovascular disease, to determine if there is a relationship between vitamin D levels and development of an atherogenic lipid profile. Our objectives are to determine if plasma vitamin D levels correlate with plasma HDLc and apo A-I and, if so, offer speculation as to how apo A-I in the context of high vitamin D levels provides enhanced atheroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarada Jaimungal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Florida–Jacksonville College of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL 32209, USA
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16
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Wehmeier KR, Alamir AR, Sultan S, Haas MJ, Wong NCW, Mooradian AD. 24, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol but not 25-hydroxycholecalciferol suppresses apolipoprotein A-I gene expression. Life Sci 2010; 88:110-6. [PMID: 21062631 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2010.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Revised: 10/02/2010] [Accepted: 10/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Ligands for the vitamin D receptor (VDR) regulate apolipoprotein A-I (apo A-I) gene expression in a tissue-specific manner. The vitamin D metabolite 24, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (24, 25-(OH)(2)D(3)) has been shown to possess unique biological effects. To determine if 24, 25-(OH)(2)D(3) modulates apo A-I gene expression, HepG2 hepatocytes and Caco-2 intestinal cells were treated with 24, 25-(OH)(2)D(3) or its precursor 25-OHD(3). MAIN METHODS Apo A-I protein levels and mRNA levels were measured by Western and Northern blotting, respectively. Changes in apo A-I promoter activity were measured using the chlorampenicol acetytransferase assay. KEY FINDINGS Treatment with 24, 25-(OH)(2)D(3), but not 25-OHD(3), inhibited apo A-I secretion in HepG2 and Caco-2 cells and apo A-I mRNA levels and apo A-I promoter activity in HepG2 cells. To determine if 24, 25-(OH)(2)D(3) represses apo A-I gene expression through site A, the nuclear receptor binding element that is essential for VDRs effects on apo A-I gene expression, HepG2 cells were transfected with plasmids containing or lacking site A. While the site A-containing plasmid was suppressed by 24, 25-(OH)(2)D(3), the plasmid lacking site A was not. Likewise, treatment with 24, 25-(OH)(2)D(3) suppressed reporter gene expression in cells transfected with a plasmid containing site A in front of a heterologous promoter. Finally, antisense-mediated VDR depletion failed to reverse the silencing effects of 24, 25-(OH)(2)D(3) on apo A-I expression. SIGNIFICANCE These results suggest that the vitamin D metabolite 24, 25-(OH)(2)D(3) is an endogenous regulator of apo A-I synthesis through a VDR-independent signaling mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kent R Wehmeier
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL, United States
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17
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Hurst-Kennedy J, Zhong M, Gupta V, Boyan BD, Schwartz Z. 24R,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3, lysophosphatidic acid, and p53: a signaling axis in the inhibition of phosphate-induced chondrocyte apoptosis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 122:264-71. [PMID: 20594980 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2010] [Revised: 05/23/2010] [Accepted: 05/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Maintenance of the pool of chondrocytes in the resting zone of the growth plate in the presence of the physiological apoptogen inorganic phosphate (Pi) is crucial for skeletal development. Costochondral resting zone chondrocytes are regulated by the vitamin D metabolite 24R,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [24R,25(OH)(2)D(3)], with increased production of sulfated glycosaminoglycan-rich extracellular matrix, and reduced matrix metalloproteinase activity. The effects of 24R,25(OH)(2)D(3) are mediated by activation of phospholipase D (PLD), resulting in increased production of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and LPA-mediated proliferation, maturation, inhibition of Pi-induced apoptosis, and reduction of p53. However, the exact mechanism by which 24R,25(OH)(2)D(3) and LPA exert their effects is not fully understood. It was found that both 24R,25(OH)(2)D(3) and LPA attenuate Pi-induced caspase-3 activity. The actions of 24R,25(OH)(2)D(3) and LPA were dependent upon G(αi), LPA receptor(s) 1 and/or 3, PLD, phospholipase C (PLC), and intracellular calcium, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI(3)K) signaling, and nuclear export. 24R,25(OH)(2)D(3) decreased both p53 abundance and p53-medaited transcription and inhibited Pi-induced cytochrome c translocation. Moreover, LPA induced increased mdm2 phosphorylation, a negative regulator of p53. Taken together, these data show that 24R,25(OH)(2)D(3) inhibits Pi-induced apoptosis through Ca(2+), PLD, and PLC signaling and through LPA-LPA1/3-G(αi)-PI(3)K-mdm2-mediated p53 degradation, resulting in decreased cytochrome c translocation and caspase-3 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hurst-Kennedy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0363, United States
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18
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Fang M, Olivares-Navarrete R, Wieland M, Cochran DL, Boyan BD, Schwartz Z. The role of phospholipase D in osteoblast response to titanium surface microstructure. J Biomed Mater Res A 2010; 93:897-909. [PMID: 19705469 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.32596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Biomaterial surface properties such as microtopography and energy can change cellular responses at the cell-implant interface. Phospholipase D (PLD) is required for the differentiation of osteoblast-like MG63 cells on machined and grit-blasted titanium surfaces. Here, we determined if PLD is also required on microstructured/high-energy substrates and the mechanism involved. shRNAs for human PLD1 and PLD2 were used to silence MG63 cells. Wild-type and PLD1 or PLD1/2 silenced cells were cultured on smooth-pretreatment surfaces (PT); grit-blasted, acid-etched surfaces (SLA); and SLA surfaces modified to have higher surface energy (modSLA). PLD was inhibited with ethanol or activated with 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin-D(3) [24R,25(OH)(2)D(3)]. As surface roughness/energy increased, PLD mRNA and activity increased, cell number decreased, osteocalcin and osteoprotegerin increased, and protein kinase C (PKC) and alkaline phosphatase specific activities increased. Ethanol inhibited PLD and reduced surface effects on these parameters. There was no effect on these parameters after knockdown of PLD1, but PLD1/2 double knockdown had effects comparableto PLD inhibition. 24R,25(OH)(2)D(3) increased PLD activity and the production of osteocalcin and osteoprotegerin, but decreased cell number on the rough/high-energy surfaces. These results confirm that surface roughness/energy-induced PLD activity is required for osteoblast differentiation and that PLD2 is the main isoform involved in this pathway. PLD is activated by 24R,25(OH)(2)D(3) in a surface-dependent manner and inhibition of PLD reduces the effects of surface microstructure/energy on PKC, suggesting that PLD mediates the stimulatory effect of microstructured/high-energy surfaces via PKC-dependent signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mimi Fang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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19
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Nicoletti D, Gregorio C, Mouriño A, Maestro M. A short practical approach to 24R,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 121:43-5. [PMID: 20385233 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.03.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2009] [Revised: 03/08/2010] [Accepted: 03/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A synthesis of the vitamin D3 metabolite 24R,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1) by Lythgoe's Wittig-Horner approach is described. The key step of the synthesis is the stereocontrolled introduction of the 24-hydroxyl group by a palladium(0)-induced [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement on a 22R-allylic acetate (7).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Nicoletti
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Unidad Asociada al C.S.I.C., Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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20
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Schoenmakers I, Ginty F, Jarjou LMA, Nigdikar S, Bennett J, Laidlaw A, Prentice A. Interrelation of parathyroid hormone and vitamin D metabolites in adolescents from the UK and The Gambia. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 121:217-20. [PMID: 20214991 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2009] [Revised: 02/15/2010] [Accepted: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is used as a marker of vitamin D (VD) status. However, PTH depends on many other factors. The 24,25-dihydroxy VD (24,25VD) concentration may be a sensitive marker because its production is reduced in VD deficiency. The relationship between VD metabolites, their ratio and PTH was investigated in adolescents from the UK and The Gambia with different calcium intakes and VD status. In the UK, there was a significant positive (+ve) association between 25VD and both 1,25-dihydroxy VD (1,25VD) and 24,25VD and a negative (-ve) association with PTH. The 24,25:25VD ratio was consistent across the 25VD concentration range. There was a +ve association between PTH and 1,25:25VD, (1,25+24,25):25VD or 1,25:24,25VD, a -ve association with 24,25VD and none with 1,25VD or 24,25:25VD. Using LnPTH and 1,25:25VD ratio (but not 1,25VD:24,25VD or 25VD:24,25VD) increased uniformity between groups and strength of relationships compared to PTH and 1,25 or 25VD alone. In The Gambia, there was a significant -ve relationship between 25VD and PTH and none with 1,25VD. There was a +ve association between 1,25VD or 1,25:25VD and PTH. The more uniform prediction of PTH by the 1,25VD:25VD ratio may be because this better reflects the extent to which PTH-induced 1,25VD production can be met by VD supply. Further validation is needed.
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21
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St-Arnaud R. CYP24A1-deficient mice as a tool to uncover a biological activity for vitamin D metabolites hydroxylated at position 24. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 121:254-6. [PMID: 20144713 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2009] [Accepted: 02/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The CYP24A1 enzyme (25-hydroxyvitamin D-24-hydroxylase) not only is involved in the catabolic breakdown of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D] but also generates the 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [24,25(OH)2D] metabolite. The biological activity of 24,25(OH)2D remains controversial. While in vitro studies suggest that primary cultures of rat rib chondrocytes respond to 24,25(OH)2D in a maturation-specific manner and that the metabolite is necessary for the cells to progress from a proliferating, immature status to a differentiated, 1,25(OH)2D-responsive stage, in vivo evidence to support this putative role remains lacking. Studies in chicken showed increases in serum levels of 24,25(OH)2D and of the renal mRNA levels of Cyp24a1 following fracture, suggesting a role for 24,25(OH)2D in fracture repair. The Cyp24a1-deficient mouse strain represents an invaluable tool to examine the putative role of 24,25(OH)2D in mammalian fracture repair. We have compared fracture repair between Cyp24a1-/- mice and wild-type controls. We have observed a delay in the mineralization of the cartilaginous matrix of the soft callus in Cyp24a1-/- mutant animals, accompanied by reduced expression of chondrocyte marker genes. These results show that Cyp24a1 deficiency delays fracture repair and strongly suggest that vitamin D metabolites hydroxylated at position 24, such as 24,25(OH)2D3, play an important role in the mechanisms leading to normal fracture healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- René St-Arnaud
- Genetics Unit, Shriners Hospital for Children, and Department of Human Genetics, Medicine and Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2T5.
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Higashi T, Shimada K, Toyo’oka T. Advances in determination of vitamin D related compounds in biological samples using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry: A review. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:1654-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2009] [Revised: 11/11/2009] [Accepted: 11/11/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Denison TA, Koch CF, Shapiro IM, Schwartz Z, Boyan BD. Inorganic phosphate modulates responsiveness to 24,25(OH)2D3 in chondrogenic ATDC5 cells. J Cell Biochem 2009; 107:155-62. [PMID: 19288498 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Chondrogenic ATDC5 cells were used as a model of in vitro endochondral maturation to study the role of inorganic phosphate (Pi) in the regulation of growth plate chondrocytes by vitamin D3 metabolites. ATDC5 cells that were cultured for 10 days post-confluence in differentiation media and then treated for 24 h with Pi produced a type II collagen matrix based on immunohistochemistry and expressed mRNAs for several chondrocytic markers, including aggrecan, collagen types II and X, cartilage oligomeric matrix protein, and SOX9. Pi also caused a decrease in [(35)S]-sulfate incorporation and stimulated apoptosis, as evidenced by increased DNA fragmentation and caspase-3 activity. In addition, treatment with Pi induced sensitivity to 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and this effect was both dose-dependent and was blocked by phosphonoformic acid (PFA), a specific inhibitor of sodium dependent type III Pi transporters. Treatment with 24R,25(OH)(2)D(3) reduced cell number and increased alkaline phosphatase specific activity in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, 24R,25(OH)(2)D(3) reversed the Pi-induced decrease in incorporation of [(3)H]-thymidine and [(35)S]-sulfate incorporation, as well as the Pi-induced increase in apoptosis. These results suggest that Pi acts as an early chondrogenic differentiation factor, inducing response to 24R,25(OH)(2)D(3); treatment of committed chondrocytes with Pi induces apoptosis, but 24R,25(OH)(2)D(3) mitigates these effects, indicating a possible inhibitory feedback loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy A Denison
- Wallace H Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0363, USA
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Lysophosphatidic acid signaling promotes proliferation, differentiation, and cell survival in rat growth plate chondrocytes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2009; 1793:836-46. [PMID: 19233232 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2009.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2008] [Revised: 01/12/2009] [Accepted: 01/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Growth plate cartilage is responsible for long bone growth in children and adolescents and is regulated by vitamin D metabolites in a cell zone-specific manner. Resting zone chondrocytes (RC cells) are regulated by 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 via a phospholipase D-dependent pathway, suggesting downstream phospholipid metabolites are involved. In this study, we showed that 24R,25(OH)2D3 stimulates rat costochondral RC chondrocytes to release lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and, therefore sought to determine the role of LPA signaling in these cells. RC cells expressed the G-protein coupled receptors LPA1-5 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma). LPA and the LPA1/3 selective agonist OMPT increased proliferation and two maturation markers, alkaline phosphatase activity and [35S]-sulfate incorporation. LPA and 24R,25(OH)2D3's effects were inhibited by the LPA1/3 selective antagonist VPC32183(S). Furthermore, apoptosis induced by either inorganic phosphate or chelerythrine was attenuated by LPA, based on DNA fragmentation, TUNEL staining, caspase-3 activity, and Bcl-2:Bax protein ratio. LPA prevented apoptotic signaling by decreasing the abundance, nuclear localization, and transcriptional activity of the tumor-suppressor p53. LPA treatment also regulated the expression of the p53-target genes Bcl-2 and Bax to enhance cell survival. Collectively, these data suggest that LPA promotes differentiation and survival in RC chondrocytes, demonstrating a novel physiological function of LPA-signaling.
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Aronov PA, Hall LM, Dettmer K, Stephensen CB, Hammock BD. Metabolic profiling of major vitamin D metabolites using Diels-Alder derivatization and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 391:1917-30. [PMID: 18437365 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2095-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2008] [Revised: 03/20/2008] [Accepted: 03/25/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Biologically active forms of vitamin D are important analytical targets in both research and clinical practice. The current technology is such that each of the vitamin D metabolites is usually analyzed by individual assay. However, current LC-MS technologies allow the simultaneous metabolic profiling of entire biochemical pathways. The impediment to the metabolic profiling of vitamin D metabolites is the low level of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) in human serum (15-60 pg/mL). Here, we demonstrate that liquid-liquid or solid-phase extraction of vitamin D metabolites in combination with Diels-Alder derivatization with the commercially available reagent 4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione (PTAD) followed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC)-electrospray/tandem mass spectrometry analysis provides rapid and simultaneous quantification of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3), 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(2), 24R,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3), 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D(2) in 0.5 mL human serum at a lower limit of quantification of 25 pg/mL. Precision ranged from 1.6-4.8 % and 5-16 % for 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) and 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3), respectively, using solid-phase extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel A Aronov
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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Cimpoiu C, Hosu A. Thin Layer Chromatography for the Analysis of Vitamins and Their Derivatives. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070701191011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Cimpoiu
- a “Babes‐Bolyai” , University, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Cluj‐Napoca , Romania
| | - Anamaria Hosu
- a “Babes‐Bolyai” , University, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Cluj‐Napoca , Romania
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Lauten SD. Nutritional risks to large-breed dogs: from weaning to the geriatric years. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2007; 36:1345-59, viii. [PMID: 17085239 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2006.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Distinctive risk factors for disease are identifiable throughout life stages of large- and giant-breed dogs. From weaning to maturity, improper nutrition is linked to developmental skeletal diseases. As large dogs mature, skeletal diseases and obesity can lead to osteoarthritis. These dogs are difficult to manage when orthopedic or osteoarthritic disease affects mobility and quality of life, thereby increasing the risk of early death. Gastric dilatation and volvulus is another disease that is leading cause of death in large- and giant-breed dogs. Management of health, including proper nutrition, exercise, and weight control, provides the best opportunity for successful aging of large- and giant-breed dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan D Lauten
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, C247, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-4545, USA.
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Abstract
Studies in humans and in animal models have demonstrated that the receptor-dependent actions of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D are required for normal skeletal growth and maturation. Investigations were undertaken to address which consequences of vitamin D receptor deficiency are a direct result of impaired receptor-dependent hormone actions versus being due to metabolic changes. Vitamin D receptor (VDR) knockout mice were therefore generated. Investigations were performed in mice with abnormal mineral ion homeostasis, as well as in mice in which the development of abnormal mineral ion homeostasis was prevented by dietary means. VDR null mice had hypocalcemia, hyperparathyroidism, and hypophosphatemia in the first month of life. Rickets and osteomalacia are observed as well. Institution of a high-calcium, high-phosphorus, lactose-supplemented diet by the third week of life prevents abnormalities in mineral ion homeostasis. The bones of the VDR null mice with normal mineral ion homeostasis are indistinguishable from those of their wild-type littermates. The rachitic changes in the growth plates are also prevented by maintenance of normal mineral ion homeostasis. Investigations into the pathophysiological basis for the growth plate abnormalities in the VDR null mice with abnormal mineral ion homeostasis demonstrated that impaired apoptosis of hypertrophic chondrocytes due to hypophosphatemia was the cause of rachitic changes. Studies investigating the cause of the alopecia demonstrate novel ligand-independent VDR actions in the keratinocyte. The skeletal effects of VDR ablation are therefore indirect and reflect absence of ligand-dependent receptor actions in the intestine. In contrast, the cutaneous phenotype of VDR ablation is a direct consequence of absence of ligand-independent VDR actions in epidermal keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie B Demay
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 50 Blossom St, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Premaor MO, Furlanetto TW. [Vitamin D deficiency in adults: to better understand a new presentation of an old disease]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 50:25-37. [PMID: 16628272 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-27302006000100005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D is synthesized in skin through a reaction mediated by sunlight, and it is metabolized to 25-hydroxyvitamin D, in liver, and in 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, in kidney. This last reaction has a tight feedback mechanism. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D is the active hormone, and its actions are mediated mainly by nuclear receptors. Its major functions are in calcium metabolism and bone mass maintenance. Hypovitaminosis D, as a disease in adult people, manifests itself with hypocalcemia and secondary hyperparathyroidism with subsequent loss of trabecular bone, thinning of cortical bone, and, eventually, a higher risk of fractures. Hypovitaminosis D is a very common condition in Europe, Africa, North America and some South American countries, such as Chile and Argentina. Measurement of serum total 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration is the gold standard to diagnose vitamin D deficiency. Serum concentrations below 50 nmol/L are associated with an increase in parathyroid hormone concentration, and bone loss. Risk factors for vitamin D deficiency, like poor sunlight exposition, aging skin and factors that interfere with normal vitamin D metabolism, are well established. Oral vitamin D supplementation, an easy and inexpensive treatment, is needed to treat this illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Orlandin Premaor
- Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS
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van Driel M, Koedam M, Buurman CJ, Roelse M, Weyts F, Chiba H, Uitterlinden AG, Pols HAP, van Leeuwen JPTM. Evidence that both 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and 24-hydroxylated D3 enhance human osteoblast differentiation and mineralization. J Cell Biochem 2006; 99:922-35. [PMID: 16741965 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D plays a major role in the regulation of mineral homeostasis and affects bone metabolism. So far, detailed knowledge on the vitamin D endocrine system in human bone cells is limited. Here we investigated the direct effects of 1alpha,25-(OH)2D3 on osteoblast differentiation and mineralization. Also, we studied the impact of 24-hydroxylation, generally considered as the first step in the degradation pathway of vitamin D, as well as the role of the nuclear and presumed membrane vitamin D receptor (VDR). For this we used a human osteoblast cell line (SV-HFO) that has the potency to differentiate during culture forming a mineralized extracellular matrix in a 3-week period. Transcriptional analyses demonstrated that both 1alpha,25-(OH)2D3 and the 24-hydroxylated metabolites 24R,25-(OH)2D3 and 1alpha,24R,25-(OH)3D3 induced gene transcription. All metabolites dose-dependently increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and osteocalcin (OC) production (protein and RNA), and directly enhanced mineralization. 1Alpha,24R,25-(OH)3D3 stimulated ALP activity and OC production most potently, while for mineralization it was equipotent to 1alpha,25-(OH)2D3. The nuclear VDR antagonist ZK159222 almost completely blocked the effects of all metabolites. Interestingly, 1beta,25-(OH)2D3, an inhibitor of membrane effects of 1alpha,25-(OH)2D3 in the intestine, induced gene transcription and increased ALP activity, OC expression and mineralization. In conclusion, not only 1alpha,25-(OH)2D3, but also the presumed 24-hydroxylated "degradation" products stimulate differentiation of human osteoblasts. 1Alpha,25-(OH)2D3 as well as the 24-hydroxylated metabolites directly enhance mineralization, with the nuclear VDR playing a central role. The intestinal antagonist 1beta,25-(OH)2D3 acts in bone as an agonist and directly stimulates mineralization in a nuclear VDR-dependent way.
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Affiliation(s)
- M van Driel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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31
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Mizwicki MT, Bula CM, Bishop JE, Norman AW. A perspective on how the Vitamin D sterol/Vitamin D receptor (VDR) conformational ensemble model can potentially be used to understand the structure-function results of A-ring modified Vitamin D sterols. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2005; 97:69-82. [PMID: 16055325 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2005.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The steroid hormone 1alpha,25(OH)(2)-Vitamin D(3) (1,25D) activates both genomic and non-genomic intracellular signaling cascades. It is also well recognized that co-incubation of 1,25D with its C-1 epimer, 1beta,25D (HL), suppresses the efficiency of the non-genomic signal activated by 1,25D alone and that its C-3 epimer, 3alpha-1,25D (HJ) is nearly as potent as 1,25D in suppressing PTH secretion, believed to be propagated by 1,25D's genomic signaling. Both these sterols lack the hypercalcemic effect induced by pharmacological doses of 1,25D and have reduced VDR affinity compared to 1,25D, as measured in a steroid competition assay. Recent functional studies suggest that the VDR is required for both non-genomic and genomic signaling. Along these lines we have recently proposed a Vitamin D sterol/VDR conformational ensemble model that posits the VDR contains two distinct, yet overlapping ligand binding sites, and that the potential differential stabilities of 1,25D and HL in these two pockets can be used to explain their different non-genomic signaling properties. The overlapping region is predominantly occupied by the sterol's A-ring when it is bound to either the genomic ligand binding pocket (G-pocket), defined by X-ray crystallography, or the alternative ligand binding pocket (A-pocket), discovered using in silico techniques (directed docking). Therefore, to gain further insight into the potential application of this model we docked the other A-ring diastereomer [(1beta,3alpha)=HH] of 1,25D and its 1- and 3-deoxy forms (25D and CF, respectively) to the A- and G-pockets to assess their potential stabilities in the pockets, relative to 1,25D. The models were then used to provide putative mechanistic arguments for their known structure-function experimental results. This model may provide new insights into how Vitamin D sterols that uncouple the unwanted hypercalcemic effect from attractive growth inhibitory/differentiation properties can do so by differentially stabilizing different subpopulations of VDR conformational ensemble members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew T Mizwicki
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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Abstract
The growth plate is the final target organ for longitudinal growth and results from chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation. During the first year of life, longitudinal growth rates are high, followed by a decade of modest longitudinal growth. The age at onset of puberty and the growth rate during the pubertal growth spurt (which occurs under the influence of estrogens and GH) contribute to sex difference in final height between boys and girls. At the end of puberty, growth plates fuse, thereby ceasing longitudinal growth. It has been recognized that receptors for many hormones such as estrogen, GH, and glucocorticoids are present in or on growth plate chondrocytes, suggesting that these hormones may influence processes in the growth plate directly. Moreover, many growth factors, i.e., IGF-I, Indian hedgehog, PTHrP, fibroblast growth factors, bone morphogenetic proteins, and vascular endothelial growth factor, are now considered as crucial regulators of chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation. In this review, we present an update on the present perception of growth plate function and the regulation of chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation by systemic and local regulators of which most are now related to human growth disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C J van der Eerden
- Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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Tryfonidou MA, Holl MS, Oosterlaken-Dijksterhuis MA, Vastenburg M, van den Brom WE, Hazewinkel HAW. Growth hormone modulates cholecalciferol metabolism with moderate effects on intestinal mineral absorption and specific effects on bone formation in growing dogs raised on balanced food. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2003; 25:155-74. [PMID: 12972373 DOI: 10.1016/s0739-7240(03)00054-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of growth hormone (GH) on Vitamin D3 metabolism and the subsequent effects on calcium (Ca) homeostasis and skeletal growth in growing dogs. A group of Miniature Poodles received supraphysiological doses of GH (GH group; n = 6; 0.5 IU GH per kg body per day) from 12 to 21 weeks of age and was compared with a control placebo-treated group (n = 8). Biologic activity of GH in the GH compared to the control group was indicated by (a) the 2.5- to 3.5-fold increase in the plasma concentrations of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), (b) the increased production of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol as indicated by the significantly increased plasma 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol concentrations and the 12.9-fold increase in renal 1alpha-hydroxylase gene expression, and (c) the inhibited production of 24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol as indicated by the significantly lower plasma 24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol concentrations and the similar levels of renal 24-hydroxylase gene expression. Despite the distinct effects on Vitamin D(3) metabolism in the GH group, there were only moderate effects on the intestine, i.e. at 20 weeks of age there was a significant increase of 14.4 and 5.6% in fractional absorption of Ca and phosphate (Pi), respectively, compared to the control group. GH administration resulted in significantly elevated glomerular filtration rate, with no differences in Pi urine excretion as a result of a concomitant increase in the tubular reabsorption of Pi. GH had only limited disturbing effects on endochondral ossification as indicated by the maintenance of the regularity of the growth plates. However, GH had specific anabolic effects on bone formation without concomitant effect on bone resorption that may result in disorders of skeletal remodeling and manifestation of enostosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Tryfonidou
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 8, P.O. Box 80154, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Boyan BD, Sylvia VL, Dean DD, Del Toro F, Schwartz Z. Differential regulation of growth plate chondrocytes by 1alpha,25-(OH)2D3 and 24R,25-(OH)2D3 involves cell-maturation-specific membrane-receptor-activated phospholipid metabolism. CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ORAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF ORAL BIOLOGISTS 2003; 13:143-54. [PMID: 12097357 DOI: 10.1177/154411130201300205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses the regulation of growth plate chondrocytes by vitamin D(3). Over the past ten years, our understanding of how two vitamin D metabolites, 1alpha,25-(OH)(2)D(3) and 24R,25-(OH)(2)D(3), exert their effects on endochondral ossification has undergone considerable advances through the use of cell biology and signal transduction methodologies. These studies have shown that each metabolite affects a primary target cell within the endochondral developmental lineage. 1alpha,25-(OH)(2)D(3) affects primarily growth zone cells, and 24R,25-(OH)(2)D(3) affects primarily resting zone cells. In addition, 24R,25-(OH)(2)D(3) initiates a differentiation cascade that results in down-regulation of responsiveness to 24R,25-(OH)(2)D(3) and up-regulation of responsiveness to 1alpha,25-(OH)(2)D(3). 1alpha,25-(OH)(2)D(3) regulates growth zone chondrocytes both through the nuclear vitamin D receptor, and through a membrane-associated receptor that mediates its effects via a protein kinase C (PKC) signal transduction pathway. PKCalpha is increased via a phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PLC)-dependent mechanism, as well as through the stimulation of phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) activity. Arachidonic acid and its downstream metabolite prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) also modulate cell response to 1alpha,25-(OH)(2)D(3). In contrast, 24R,25-(OH)(2)D(3) exerts its effects on resting zone cells through a separate, membrane-associated receptor that also involves PKC pathways. PKCalpha is increased via a phospholipase D (PLD)-mediated mechanism, as well as through inhibition of the PLA(2) pathway. The target-cell-specific effects of each metabolite are also seen in the regulation of matrix vesicles by vitamin D(3). However, the PKC isoform involved is PKCzeta, and its activity is inhibited, providing a mechanism for differential autocrine regulation of the cell and events in the matrix by these two vitamin D(3) metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D Boyan
- Departments of Orthopaedics, Periodontics, Biochemistry, and Orthodontics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, MS-7774, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA.
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Tryfonidou MA, Holl MS, Stevenhagen JJ, Buurman CJ, Deluca HF, Oosterlaken-Dijksterhuis MA, van den Brom WE, van Leeuwen JPTM, Hazewinkel HAW. Dietary 135-fold cholecalciferol supplementation severely disturbs the endochondral ossification in growing dogs. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2003; 24:265-85. [PMID: 12742547 DOI: 10.1016/s0739-7240(03)00018-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The effects of excessive non-toxic dietary Vitamin D(3) supplementation on Ca homeostasis with specific effects on endochondral ossification and skeletal remodeling were investigated in a group of growing Great Dane dogs supplemented with cholecalciferol (Vitamin D(3); HVitD) versus a control group (CVitD) (1350 microg versus 11.4 microg Vitamin D(3) per kilogram diet) from 6 to 21 weeks of age. There were no differences between groups in plasma concentrations of total Ca, inorganic phosphate, growth hormone, and insulin-like growth factor I and no signs of Vitamin D(3) intoxication in HVitD. For the duration of the study in HVitD compared to CVitD, plasma levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH) decreased, calcitonin (CT) increased, 25-hydroxycholecalciferol [25(OH)D(3)] increased 30- to 75-fold, 24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol [24,25(OH)(2)D(3)] increased 12- to 16-fold, and 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol [1,25(OH)(2)D(3)] decreased by approximately 40%. The latter was attributed to the two-fold increased metabolic clearance rate in the HVitD versus CVitD accompanied by the absence of the anabolic effect of PTH on the production of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3). Fractional Ca absorption (alpha) did not differ between groups at 8 and 14 weeks of age, whereas at 20 weeks of age alpha increased by only 16.4% in HVitD compared to CVitD. Excessive non-toxic Vitamin D(3) supplementation resulted in decreased bone remodeling and focal enlargement of the growth plate with morphology resembling those induced by administration of CT. Hypercalcitoninemia and the imbalanced relationship between 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) and 24,25(OH)(2)D(3) are potent candidates for the disturbed endochondral ossification.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Tryfonidou
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 8, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands. M.A.Tryfonidouvet.uu.nl
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Hosogane N, Shinki T, Kasuga H, Taketomi S, Toyama Y, Suda T. Mechanisms for the reduction of 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 levels and bone mass in 24-hydroxylase transgenic rats. FASEB J 2003; 17:737-9. [PMID: 12594170 DOI: 10.1096/fj.02-0965fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
24-Hydroxylase (CYP24) is an enzyme distributed in the target tissues of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1alpha,25(OH)2D3]. Two functions for this enzyme have been reported: One is production of 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [24,25(OH)2D3] and the other is inactivation of 1alpha,25(OH)2D3. To elucidate other physiologic roles of CYP24 in vivo, we previously generated rats that constitutively express the CYP24 gene. These transgenic (Tg) rats developed unexpected phenotypes, such as low plasma levels of 24,25(OH)2D3, lipidemia, and albuminuria. In this study, we elucidated the mechanisms for inducing low plasma 24,25(OH)2D3 levels and bone loss. Tg rats excreted massive amounts of vitamin D binding protein (DBP), which coincided with the loss of albumin. In Tg rats, the renal expression pattern of megalin, which serves as an endocytotic receptor responsible for the reuptake of urinary proteins such as DBP and albumin, was identical to that of the wild-type rats. Excreted albumin appeared to compete for the binding and reabsorption of the DBP-25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3] complex with megalin, resulting in a loss of 25(OH)D3 into the urine and subsequent reduction of plasma 24,25(OH)2D3. In this prominent rat model of nephritis, supplementation of 25(OH)D3 was effective in preventing bone loss in an early stage of renal insufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naobumi Hosogane
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Tryfonidou MA, Oosterlaken-Dijksterhuis MA, Mol JA, van den Ingh TSGAM, van den Brom WE, Hazewinkel HAW. 24-Hydroxylase: potential key regulator in hypervitaminosis D3 in growing dogs. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2003; 284:E505-13. [PMID: 12441310 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00236.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A group of growing dogs supplemented with cholecalciferol (vitamin D(3); HVitD) was studied vs. a control group (CVitD; 54,000 vs. 470 IU vitamin D(3)/kg diet, respectively) from 3 to 21 wk of age. There were no differences in plasma levels of P(i) and growth-regulating hormones between groups and no signs of vitamin D(3) intoxication in HVitD. For the duration of the study in HVitD vs. CVitD, plasma 25-hydroxycholecalciferol levels increased 30- to 75-fold; plasma 24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol levels increased 12- to 16-fold and were accompanied by increased renal 24-hydroxylase gene expression, indicating increased renal 24-hydroxylase activity. Although the synthesis of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol [1,25(OH)(2)D(3)] was increased in HVitD vs. CVitD (demonstrated by [(3)H]1,25(OH)(2)D(3) and increased renal 1alpha-hydroxylase gene expression), plasma 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) levels decreased by 40% as a result of the even more increased metabolic clearance of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) (demonstrated by [(3)H]1,25(OH)(2)D(3) and increased gene expression of intestinal and renal 24-hydroxylase). A shift of the Ca set point for parathyroid hormone to the left indicated increased sensitivity of the chief cells. Effective counterbalance was provided by hypoparathyroidism, hypercalcitoninism, and the key regulator 24-hydroxylase, preventing the development of vitamin D(3) toxicosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Tryfonidou
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Norman AW, Okamura WH, Bishop JE, Henry HL. Update on biological actions of 1alpha,25(OH)2-vitamin D3 (rapid effects) and 24R,25(OH)2-vitamin D3. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2002; 197:1-13. [PMID: 12431790 DOI: 10.1016/s0303-7207(02)00273-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
All biologic responses to vitamin D are now known to arise as a consequence of the metabolism of this seco-steroid into its two principal biologically active metabolites 1alpha,25(OH)(2)-vitamin D(3) (1ALPHA;,25(OH)(2)D(3)) and 24R,25(OH)(2)-vitamin D(3) (24R,25(OH)(2)D(3)). 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) is the dominant metabolite and produces a wide array of biological responses via interacting both with the classical vitamin D nuclear receptor (VDR(nuc)) that regulates gene transcription in over 30 target organs and with a putative cell membrane receptor (VDR(mem1,25)) that mediates rapid (within seconds to minutes) biological responses. Ligand occupancy of VDR(mem1,25) is linked to signal transduction systems that can mediate the opening of Ca(2+) and chloride voltage gated channels as well as activation of MAP-kinase. MAP-kinase activation in some cells containing VDR(mem1,25)+VDR(nuc) then results in "cross-talk" from VDR(mem1,25) to VDR(nuc) which modulates transactivation of 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) responsive gene promoters. The 24R,25(OH)(2)D(3) metabolite has been shown to be an essential hormone for the process of bone fracture healing. The activity of the enzyme responsible for the production of 24R,25(OH)(2)D(3), the renal 25(OH)D-24-hydroxylase, becomes elevated within 4-11 days after imposition of a tibial fracture, thereby increasing the blood concentrations of 24R,25(OH)(2)D(3) by threefold. The 24R,25(OH)(2)D(3) likely initiates its biological responses via binding to the ligand binding domain of a second cell membrane receptor, the VDR(mem24,25), which is stereospecific for 24R,25(OH)(2)D(3) in comparison with 24S,25(OH)(2)D(3) and 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3). This report summarizes the status of several current research frontiers in this arena of the vitamin D endocrine system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony W Norman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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Abstract
Plasma concentrations of the main vitamin D(3) metabolites (i.e., 25(OH)D(3), 1,25(OH)(2)D(3), and 24,25(OH)(2)D(3)) were measured in 14 weeks old large- and small-breed dogs (adult body weight 60 kg vs. 6 kg), raised under the same conditions. Levels of 25(OH)D(3) (approx. 22 microg/l) and 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) (approx. 40 ng/l) were similar in both groups, whereas plasma 24,25(OH)(2)D(3) concentrations were lower in large-breed dogs (7 microg/l vs. 70 microg/l, large- vs. small-breed dogs, respectively). The lower plasma 24,25(OH)(2)D(3) concentrations could be explained by the higher plasma GH and IGF-I concentrations in the large- vs. small-breed dogs, and these hormones are known to suppress 24-hydroxylation. Plasma 24,25(OH)(2)D(3) concentrations increased during Ca supplementation in small-breed but not in large-breed dogs (100 microg/l vs. 7 microg/l, respectively). Hypophosphatemia induced by a high dietary Ca content was only seen together with increased plasma 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) concentrations in euparathyroid dogs and not in hypoparathyroid dogs. Hyperparathyroidism due to Ca deficiency was accompanied by increased plasma 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) concentrations and decreased plasma 24,25(OH)(2)D(3) concentrations in both large- and small-breed dogs, together with generalized osteoporosis. Large-breed pups fed on a standard diet supplemented with Ca and P had decreased plasma concentrations of both 25(OH)D(3) and 1,25(OH)(2)D(3), which may indicate an increased clearance of these metabolites; the low plasma concentrations of the di-hydroxylated vitamin D metabolites were considered responsible for the disturbance in cartilage maturation (i.e., osteochondrosis) in these dogs. Even lower concentrations of all vitamin D(3) metabolites were seen in young dogs raised on a vitamin D(3)-deficient diet, and led to disturbed osteoid and cartilage mineralization (i.e., rickets). These studies indicate that there is a hierarchy of factors regulating vitamin D(3) metabolism in dogs, i.e., GH and IGF-I suppress 24-hydroxylase more than hypercalcemia or hypophosphatemia does; 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) and 24,25(OH)(2)D(3) are only reciprocally related in hyperparathyroidism; excessive Ca and P intake increases the turnover of vitamin D(3) metabolites; and the synergism between parathyroid hormone and 1,25(OH)D(3) seems to play a role in skeletal mineralization. The low plasma 24,25(OH)(2)D(3) concentrations in large-breed dogs raised on standard dog food may play a role in the etiology of disturbances in endochondral ossification during the rapid growth phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A W Hazewinkel
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 8, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Kasuga H, Hosogane N, Matsuoka K, Mori I, Sakura Y, Shimakawa K, Shinki T, Suda T, Taketomi S. Characterization of transgenic rats constitutively expressing vitamin D-24-hydroxylase gene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 297:1332-8. [PMID: 12372434 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(02)02254-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D-24-hydroxylase (CYP24) is one of the enzymes responsible for vitamin D metabolism. CYP24 catalyzes the conversion of 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) [25(OH)D(3)] to 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) [24,25(OH)(2)D(3)] in the kidney. CYP24 is also involved in the breakdown of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) [1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3)], the active form of vitamin D(3). In this study, we generated transgenic (Tg) rats constitutively expressing CYP24 gene to investigate the biological role of CYP24 in vivo. Surprisingly, the Tg rats showed a significantly low level of plasma 24,25(OH)(2)D(3). Furthermore, the Tg rats developed albuminuria and hyperlipidemia shortly after weaning. The plasma lipid profile revealed that all lipoprotein fractions were elevated in the Tg rats. Also, the Tg rats showed atherosclerotic lesions in the aorta, which greatly progressed with high-fat and high-cholesterol feeding. These unexpected results suggest that CYP24 is involved in functions other than the regulation of vitamin D metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisao Kasuga
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Chemical Industries, 17-85 Jusohonmachi, 2-chome, Yodokawa-ku, 532-8686, Osaka, Japan
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Tryfonidou MA, Stevenhagen JJ, van den Bemd GJCM, Oosterlaken-Dijksterhuis MA, DeLuca HF, Mol JA, van den Brom WE, van Leeuwen JPTM, Hazewinkel HAW. Moderate cholecalciferol supplementation depresses intestinal calcium absorption in growing dogs. J Nutr 2002; 132:2644-50. [PMID: 12221224 DOI: 10.1093/jn/132.9.2644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hormonal regulation of calcium (Ca) absorption was investigated in a cholecalciferol (vitamin D(3))-supplemented group (hVitD) vs. a control group (cVitD) of growing Great Danes (100 vs. 12.5 micro g vitamin D(3)/kg diet). Although Ca intakes did not differ, fractional Ca absorption was significantly lower in the hVitD group than in the cVitD group. There were no differences in plasma concentrations of Ca, inorganic phosphate, parathyroid hormone, growth hormone or insulin-like growth factor I between groups. Plasma 25-hydroxycholecalciferol [25(OH)D(3)] concentrations were maintained in the hVitD dogs at the same levels as in the cVitD dogs due to increased turnover of 25(OH)D(3) into 24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol [24,25(OH)(2)D(3)] and 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol [1,25(OH)(2)D(3)]. In hVitD dogs, the greater plasma 24,25(OH)(2)D(3) concentration and the enhanced metabolic clearance rate (MCR) of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) indicated upregulated 24-hydroxylase activity. The increased MCR of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) decreased plasma 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) concentrations. In hVitD dogs, the greater production rate of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) was consistent with the 12.9-fold greater renal 1alpha-hydroxylase gene expression compared with cVitD dogs and compensated to a certain extent for the accelerated MCR of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3). The moderately decreased plasma 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) concentration can only partially explain the decreased Ca absorption in the hVitD dogs. Intestinal vitamin D receptor concentrations did not differ between groups and did not account for the decreased Ca absorption. We suggest that 24,25(OH)(2)D(3) may downregulate Ca absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Tryfonidou
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Schwartz Z, Ehland H, Sylvia VL, Larsson D, Hardin RR, Bingham V, Lopez D, Dean DD, Boyan BD. 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) and 24R,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) modulate growth plate chondrocyte physiology via protein kinase C-dependent phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinase. Endocrinology 2002; 143:2775-86. [PMID: 12072413 DOI: 10.1210/endo.143.7.8889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Membrane-mediated increases in protein kinase C (PKC) activity and PKC-dependent physiological responses of growth plate chondrocytes to vitamin D metabolites depend on the state of endochondral maturation; 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) [1alpha,25-(OH)(2)D(3)] regulates growth zone (GC) cells, whereas 24R,25-(OH)(2)D(3) regulates resting zone (RC) cells. Different mechanisms, including protein kinase A signaling, mediate the effects of 1alpha,25-(OH)(2)D(3) and 24R,25-(OH)(2)D(3) on PKC, suggesting that different mechanisms may also regulate any MAPK involvement in the physiological responses. This study used confluent cultures of rat costochondral chondrocytes as a model. 1alpha,25-(OH)(2)D(3) stimulated MAPK specific activity in GC in a time- and dose-dependent manner, evident within 9 min. 24R,25-(OH)(2)D(3) stimulated MAPK in RC; increases were dose dependent, occurred after 9 min, and were greatest at 90 min. In both cells the effect was due to ERK1/2 activation (p42 > p44 in GC; p42 = p44 in RC). MAPK activation was dependent on PKC, but not protein kinase A. The effect of 1alpha,25-(OH)(2)D(3) required phospholipase C, and the effect of 24R,25-(OH)(2)D(3) required phospholipase D. Inhibition of cyclooxygenase activity reduced the effect of 1alpha,25-(OH)(2)D(3) on MAPK in GC and enhanced the effect of 24R,25-(OH)(2)D(3) in RC. Based on MAPK inhibition with PD98059, ERK1/2 MAPK mediated the effect of 24R,25-(OH)(2)D(3) on [(3)H]thymidine incorporation and [(35)S]sulfate incorporation by RC, but only partially mediated the effect of 1alpha,25-(OH)(2)D(3) on GC. ERK1/2 was not involved in the regulation of alkaline phosphatase specific activity by either metabolite. This paper supports the hypothesis that 1alpha,25-(OH)(2)D(3) regulates the physiology of GC via rapid membrane-mediated signaling pathways, and some, but not all, of the response to 1alpha,25-(OH)(2)D(3) is via the ERK family of MAPKs. In contrast, 24R,25-(OH)(2)D(3) exerts its effects on RC via PKC-dependent MAPK. Whereas 1alpha,25-(OH)(2)D(3) increases MAPK activity via phospholipase C and increased prostaglandin production, 24R,25-(OH)(2)D(3) increases MAPK via phospholipase D and decreased prostaglandin production. The cell specificity, metabolite stereospecificity, and the dependence on PKC argue for the participation of membrane receptors for 1alpha,25-(OH)(2)D(3) and 24R,25-(OH)(2)D(3) in the regulation of ERK1/2 in the growth plate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Schwartz
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio 78229, USA
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Boyan BD, Bonewald LF, Sylvia VL, Nemere I, Larsson D, Norman AW, Rosser J, Dean DD, Schwartz Z. Evidence for distinct membrane receptors for 1 alpha,25-(OH)(2)D(3) and 24R,25-(OH)(2)D(3) in osteoblasts. Steroids 2002; 67:235-46. [PMID: 11856547 DOI: 10.1016/s0039-128x(01)00160-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
1 alpha,25-(OH)(2)D(3) exerts its effects on chondrocytes and enterocytes via nuclear receptors (1,25-nVDR) and a separate membrane receptor (1,25-mVDR) that activates protein kinase C (PKC). 24R,25-(OH)(2)D(3) also stimulates PKC in chondrocytes, but through other membrane mechanisms. This study examined the hypothesis that osteoblasts possess distinct membrane receptors for 1 alpha,25-(OH)(2)D(3) and 24R,25-(OH)(2)D(3) that are involved in the activation of PKC and that receptor expression varies as a function of cell maturation state. 1 alpha,25-(OH)(2)D(3) stimulated PKC in well differentiated (UMR-106, MC-3T3-E1) and moderately differentiated (ROS 17/2.8) osteoblast-like cells, and in cultures of fetal rat calvarial (FRC) cells and 2T3 cells treated with rhBMP-2 to promote differentiation. 24R,25-(OH)(2)D(3) stimulated PKC in FRC and 2T3 cultures that had not been treated to induce differentiation, and in ROS 17/2.8 cells. MG63 cells, a relatively undifferentiated osteoblast-like cell line, had no response to either metabolite. Ab99, a polyclonal antibody generated to the chick enterocyte 1,25-mVDR, but not a specific antibody to the 1,25-nVDR, inhibited response to 1 alpha,25-(OH)(2)D(3). 1 alpha,25-(OH)(2)D(3) exhibited specific binding to plasma membrane preparations from cells demonstrating a PKC response to this metabolite that is typical of positive cooperativity. Western blots of these membrane proteins reacted with Ab99, and the Ab99-positive protein had an Mr of 64 kDa. There was no cross-reaction with antibodies to the C- or N-terminus of annexin II. The effect of 24,25-(OH)(2)D(3) on PKC was stereospecific; 24S,25-(OH)(2)D(3) had no effect. These results demonstrate that response to 1 alpha,25-(OH)(2)D(3) and 24R,25-(OH)(2)D(3) depends on osteoblast maturation state and suggest that specific and distinct membrane receptors are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara D Boyan
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA.
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Sylvia VL, Gay I, Hardin R, Dean DD, Boyan BD, Schwartz Z. Rat costochondral chondrocytes produce 17beta-estradiol and regulate its production by 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3). Bone 2002; 30:57-63. [PMID: 11792565 DOI: 10.1016/s8756-3282(01)00630-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Prior studies have shown that 17beta-estradiol (17beta-E(2)) regulates growth plate chondrocyte maturation and differentiation. This study examines the hypothesis that 17beta-E(2) is a local regulator of rat costochondral growth plate chondrocytes by determining whether these cells express aromatase mRNA and enzyme activity, produce 17beta-E(2), and regulate 17beta-E(2) production by vitamin D(3) metabolites in a gender-specific and cell-maturation-dependent manner. Aromatase gene expression was assessed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and northern analysis of total RNA from male and female chondrocytes. Aromatase specific activity was measured in cell layer lysates of confluent male and female rat costochondral resting zone (RC) and growth zone (GC) cartilage cells that had been treated for 24 h with 1alpha, 25(OH)(2)D(3), 24R,25(OH)(2)D(3), or transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1. 17beta-E(2) released into the culture media of treated cells was measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA). Female RC cells expressed the highest levels of aromatase mRNA compared with male RC cells and both male and female GC cells. Aromatase activity was present in male and female cells and was 1.6 times greater in female RC cells than female GC cells; male RC and GC cells displayed comparable levels. All cultures produced 17beta-E(2), with a 2.5-fold greater production by female RC cells than female GC cells or either cell type from male rats. Treatment of cultures with 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) caused a dose-dependent increase in 17beta-E(2) production by female RC (1.5-fold greater than control cells) and female GC (threefold greater than control cells) cells. In contrast, 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) had no effect on male GC cells and increased production in male RC cells by only 10% at the highest concentration of 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) used. Neither 24R, 25(OH)(2)D(3) nor TGF-beta1 had an effect on 17beta -E(2) production. These results support our hypothesis and indicate that 17beta-E(2) is most likely a local regulator of rat costochondral growth plate chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- V L Sylvia
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA
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