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Microbial pathways for advanced biofuel production. Biochem Soc Trans 2022; 50:987-1001. [PMID: 35411379 PMCID: PMC9162456 DOI: 10.1042/bst20210764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Decarbonisation of the transport sector is essential to mitigate anthropogenic climate change. Microbial metabolisms are already integral to the production of renewable, sustainable fuels and, building on that foundation, are being re-engineered to generate the advanced biofuels that will maintain mobility of people and goods during the energy transition. This review surveys the range of natural and engineered microbial systems for advanced biofuels production and summarises some of the techno-economic challenges associated with their implementation at industrial scales.
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2
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Cheng P, Okada S, Zhou C, Chen P, Huo S, Li K, Addy M, Yan X, Ruan RR. High-value chemicals from Botryococcus braunii and their current applications - A review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 291:121911. [PMID: 31383389 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Botryococcus braunii is known for its high yield of extracellular hydrocarbons and polysaccharides. Hydrocarbons, especially botryococcenes and squalene can be used as not only fuels but also alternative feedstock for other fossil-based products. Exopolysaccharides excreted from B. braunii can be used as scaffolds for polyesters production, and have a notable potential for synthesis of nanoparticles. B. braunii is also a rich source of carotenoids, especially the unique secondary carotenoids such as botryoxanthins that have never been found in other microalgae. The morphology, physiology, and outer cell walls of B. braunii are complex. Understanding the colony structure shall provide insights into the mechanism of cell growth and chemicals secretion. It is possible to improve the production economics of the alga with advanced culture systems. Moreover, investigation of metabolic pathways for B. braunii may help us understand their regulation and provide valuable information for strain selection and optimal production of high-value chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Cheng
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China; Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Shigeru Okada
- Department of Aquatic Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Chengxu Zhou
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Paul Chen
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Shuhao Huo
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Kun Li
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Min Addy
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Xiaojun Yan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Roger R Ruan
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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3
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Zhang A, Xie Y, He Y, Wang W, Sen B, Wang G. Bio-based squalene production by Aurantiochytrium sp. through optimization of culture conditions, and elucidation of the putative biosynthetic pathway genes. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 287:121415. [PMID: 31078814 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Newly-isolated thraustochytrid strains from coastal waters of China were characterized as bioresource of squalene and the culture condition for the top producer was systematically optimized. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that eight squalene-producing isolates were closely related to genus Aurantiochytrium and one to genus Labyrinthula. The top producer, Aurantiochytrium sp. TWZ-97, produced squalene up to 188.6 mg/L at 28 °C in a 5-L bioreactor containing optimal medium (glucose: 40 g/L, monosodium glutamate: 3 g/L, yeast extract: 25 g/L, and NaCl: 6 g/L), which was 6-fold higher than that under unoptimized condition. Transcriptome analysis revealed for the first time the presence of seven key genes of mevalonate pathway for squalene biosynthesis in strain TWZ-97. Medium optimization yielded a 2.23-fold higher expression of the squalene synthase gene under optimal condition compared to unoptimized. This study provides a potential thraustochytrid strain TWZ-97 as bioresource of squalene and uncovers novel information about its squalene biosynthesis pathway for future strain improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiqing Zhang
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yunxuan Xie
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yaodong He
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Weijun Wang
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Biswarup Sen
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Guangyi Wang
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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4
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Xue L, He Z, Bi X, Xu W, Wei T, Wu S, Hu S. Transcriptomic profiling reveals MEP pathway contributing to ginsenoside biosynthesis in Panax ginseng. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:383. [PMID: 31101014 PMCID: PMC6524269 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5718-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Panax ginseng C. A. Mey is one of famous medicinal herb plant species. Its major bioactive compounds are various ginsenosides in roots and rhizomes. It is commonly accepted that ginsenosides are synthesized from terpene precursors, IPP and DMAPP, through the cytoplasmic mevalonate (MVA) pathway. Another plastic 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway was proved also contributing to ginsenoside generation in the roots of P. ginseng by using specific chemical inhibitors recently. But their gene expression characteristics are still under reveal in P. ginseng. With the development of the high-throughput next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies, we have opportunities to discover more about the complex ginsenoside biosynthesis pathways in P. ginseng. Results We carried out deep RNA sequencing and comprehensive analyses on the ginseng root samples of 1–5 years old and five different tissues of 5 years old ginseng plants. The de novo assembly totally generated 48,165 unigenes, including 380 genes related to ginsenoside biosynthesis and all the genes encoding the enzymes of the MEP pathway and the MVA pathway. We further illustrated the gene expression profiles related to ginsenoside biosynthesis among 1–5 year-old roots and different tissues of 5 year-old ginseng plants. Particularly for the first time, we revealed that the gene transcript abundances of the MEP pathway were similar to those of the MVA pathway in ginseng roots but higher in ginseng leaves. The IspD was predicated to be the rate-limiting enzyme in the MEP pathway through both co-expression network and gene expression profile analyses. Conclusions At the transcriptional level, the MEP pathway has similar contribution to ginsenoside biosynthesis in ginseng roots, but much higher in ginseng leaves, compared with the MVA pathway. The IspD might be the key enzyme for ginsenoside generation through the MEP pathway. These results provide new information for further synthetic biology study on ginsenoside metabolic regulation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-5718-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Xue
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO.1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zilong He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO.1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.,State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO.1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xiaochun Bi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO.1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Wei Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO.1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Ting Wei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO.1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Shuangxiu Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO.1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Songnian Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO.1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, China.
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5
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Abstract
Purpose
Modern thermal and non-thermal pretreatment techniques, namely, enzymatic treatment, gas phase plasma treatment and ohmic heating have become more pronounced over conventional techniques for enhanced coloured phytochemicals (pigments) extraction. Presently, numbers of pretreatment techniques are available with some unique feature. It is difficult to choose best pretreatment method to be employed for phytochemicals extraction from different sources. Therefore, this paper aims to discuss different modern pretreatment techniques for extraction with their potential results over conventional techniques.
Design/methodology/approach
Research and review articles targeting to the thermal and non-thermal pretreatment techniques were collected from Google Scholar. The required information has been tabulated and discussed which included qualities of modern pretreatment techniques over conventional techniques, phytochemical extraction and best pretreatment methods for optimized results.
Findings
Every pre-treatment has its own advantages and disadvantages for a particular phytochemical and its extraction from various sources. Enzymes can be used in combinations to enhance final yield like extraction of carotenoids (pectinase, cellulase and hemicellulase) from chillies and lycopene (pectinase and cellulase) from tomato. Utilization of each method depends upon many factors such as source of pigment, cost and energy consumption. CO2 pretreatment gives good results for carotenoid extraction from algae sources. Ohmic heating can yield high anthocyanin content. Modifications in conventional blanching has reduced final waste and improvised the properties of pigment.
Originality/value
This study comprises collective information regarding modern pre-treatment for extraction over conventional pre-treatments. The study also covers future trends and certain new hybrid approaches which are still less flourished.
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Cormier M, de la Torre A, Marek I. Total Synthesis of C30 Botryococcene and
epi
‐Botryococcene by a Diastereoselective Ring Opening of Alkenylcyclopropanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:13237-13241. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201808709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Cormier
- Technion—Israel Institute of TechnologySchulich Faculty of Chemistry Technion City Haifa 32000 Israel
| | - Aurélien de la Torre
- Technion—Israel Institute of TechnologySchulich Faculty of Chemistry Technion City Haifa 32000 Israel
| | - Ilan Marek
- Technion—Israel Institute of TechnologySchulich Faculty of Chemistry Technion City Haifa 32000 Israel
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7
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Uchida H, Mizohata E, Okada S. Docking analysis of models for 4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase and a ferredoxin from Botryococcus braunii, race B. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2018; 35:297-301. [PMID: 31819737 PMCID: PMC6879371 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.18.0601a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The green microalga Botryococcus braunii Showa, which produces large amounts of triterpene hydrocarbons, exclusively uses the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway for isoprenoid biosyntheses, and the terminal enzyme in this pathway, 4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase (HDR), is regarded as a light-dependent key regulatory enzyme. In order to investigate the possible association of HDR and ferredoxin in this organism, we constructed tertiary structure models of B. braunii HDR (BbHDR) and one of ferredoxin families in the alga, a photosynthetic electron transport F (BbPETF)-like protein, by using counterparts from E. coli and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as templates, respectively, and performed docking analysis of these two proteins. After docked models are superimposed onto their counterpart proteins in a non-photosynthetic organism, Plasmodium falciparum, the BbPETF-like protein comes in contact with the backside of BbHDR, which was defined in a previous report (Rekittke et al. 2013), and the distance of the two Fe-S centers is 14.7 Å. This distance is in almost the same level as that for P. falicarum, 12.6 Å. To our knowledge, this is the first model suggesting the possible association of HDR with a ferredoxin in O2-evolving photosynthetic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenobu Uchida
- Laboratory of Aquatic Natural Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency-Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Gobancho, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Eiichi Mizohata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shigeru Okada
- Laboratory of Aquatic Natural Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency-Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Gobancho, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
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8
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Cormier M, de la Torre A, Marek I. Total Synthesis of C30 Botryococcene and
epi
‐Botryococcene by a Diastereoselective Ring Opening of Alkenylcyclopropanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201808709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Cormier
- Technion—Israel Institute of TechnologySchulich Faculty of Chemistry Technion City Haifa 32000 Israel
| | - Aurélien de la Torre
- Technion—Israel Institute of TechnologySchulich Faculty of Chemistry Technion City Haifa 32000 Israel
| | - Ilan Marek
- Technion—Israel Institute of TechnologySchulich Faculty of Chemistry Technion City Haifa 32000 Israel
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9
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Uchida H, Sumimoto K, Oki T, Nishii I, Mizohata E, Matsunaga S, Okada S. Isolation and characterization of 4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase gene from Botryococcus braunii, race B. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2018; 131:839-848. [PMID: 29725892 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-018-1039-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The B race of a green microalga Botryococcus braunii Kützing produces triterpene hydrocarbons that is a promising source for biofuel. In this algal race, precursors of triterpene hydrocarbons are provided from the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway. The terminal enzyme of this pathway, 4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase (HDR) is regarded as one of the key enzymes that affect yields of products in terpene biosynthesis. In order to better understand the MEP pathway of the alga, cDNA and genomic clones of HDR were obtained from B. braunii Showa strain. B. braunii HDR (BbHDR) is encoded on a single copy gene including a 1509-bp open reading frame that was intervened by 6 introns. The exon-intron structure of BbHDR genes did not show clear relation to phylogeny, while its amino acid sequence reflected phyla and classes well. BbHDR sequence was distinctive from that of the HDR protein from Escherichia coli in the residues involved in hydrogen-bond network that surrounds substrate. Introduction of BbHDR cDNA into an E. coli HDR deficient mutant resulted in recovery of its auxotrophy. BbHDR expression level was upregulated from the onset of liquid culture to the 24th day after inoculation with a 2.5-fold increase and retained its level in the subsequent period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenobu Uchida
- Laboratory of Aquatic Natural Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency-Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Gobancho, Chiyoda, Tokyo, 102-0076, Japan
| | - Koremitsu Sumimoto
- Laboratory of Aquatic Natural Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency-Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Gobancho, Chiyoda, Tokyo, 102-0076, Japan
| | - Tomoka Oki
- Laboratory of Aquatic Natural Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency-Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Gobancho, Chiyoda, Tokyo, 102-0076, Japan
| | - Ichiro Nishii
- Japan Science and Technology Agency-Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Gobancho, Chiyoda, Tokyo, 102-0076, Japan
- Department of Biological Science, Nara Women's University, Kitauoya, Higashimachi, Nara, Nara, 630-8506, Japan
| | - Eiichi Mizohata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shigeki Matsunaga
- Laboratory of Aquatic Natural Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency-Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Gobancho, Chiyoda, Tokyo, 102-0076, Japan
| | - Shigeru Okada
- Laboratory of Aquatic Natural Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.
- Japan Science and Technology Agency-Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Gobancho, Chiyoda, Tokyo, 102-0076, Japan.
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10
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Suzuki R, Nishii I, Okada S, Noguchi T. 3D reconstruction of endoplasmic reticulum in a hydrocarbon-secreting green alga, Botryococcus braunii (Race B). PLANTA 2018; 247:663-677. [PMID: 29164368 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-017-2811-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Based on 3D sections through cells of Botryococcus braunii, the structure of three domains of endoplasmic reticulum, and their spatial and functional relationships to other organelles are clarified. Oil production by photosynthetic microalgae has attracted attention since these oils can be converted into renewable, carbon-neutral fuels. The green alga B. braunii accumulates large amounts of hydrocarbons, 30-50% of cell dry weight, in extracellular spaces rather than its cytoplasm. To advance the knowledge of hydrocarbon biosynthesis and transport pathways in this alga, we utilized transmission EM combined with rapid freezing and image reconstruction. We constructed detailed 3D maps distinguishing three ER domains: rdER with ribosomes on both sides, rsER with ribosomes on one side, and sER without ribosomes. The rsER and sER domains were especially prominent during the oil body formation and oil secretion stages. The ER contacted the chloroplasts, oil bodies, or plasma membrane via the rsER domains, oriented with the ribosome-free surface facing the organelles. We discuss the following transport pathway for hydrocarbons and their precursors in the cytoplasm: chloroplast → endoplasmic reticulum (ER) → oil bodies → ER → plasma membrane → secretion. This study represents the first 3D study of the three-domain classification (rdER, rsER and sER) of the ER network among eukaryotic cells. Finally, we propose the novel features of the ERs in plant cells that are distinct from the latest proposed model for the ERs in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Suzuki
- Nara Women's University, Kitauoya-nishimachi, Nara, 630-8506, Japan
- JST, CREST, 5 Sanbancho, Chiyoda, Tokyo, 102-0075, Japan
| | - Ichiro Nishii
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Nara Women's University, Kitauoya-nishimachi, Nara, 630-8506, Japan
- JST, CREST, 5 Sanbancho, Chiyoda, Tokyo, 102-0075, Japan
| | - Shigeru Okada
- Department of Aquatic Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
- JST, CREST, 5 Sanbancho, Chiyoda, Tokyo, 102-0075, Japan
| | - Tetsuko Noguchi
- Nara Women's University, Kitauoya-nishimachi, Nara, 630-8506, Japan.
- JST, CREST, 5 Sanbancho, Chiyoda, Tokyo, 102-0075, Japan.
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11
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Zhang X, Lu H, Liao J, Tang C, Sheng G, Peng P. Two new oxygen-containing biomarkers isolated from the Chinese Maoming oil shale by silica gel column chromatography and preparative gas chromatography. J Sep Sci 2016; 40:813-818. [PMID: 27925402 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Two biomarkers, 5,9-dimethyl-6-isopropyl-2-decanone (1) and 4,9,11-trimethyl-6-isopropyl-2-dodecanone (2), were isolated from Chinese Maoming oil shale by silica gel column chromatography and preparative gas chromatography. Their structures were elucidated by using spectroscopic techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Caiming Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guoying Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping'an Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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12
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Effects of 2-azahypoxanthine on extracellular terpene accumulations by the green microalga Botryococcus braunii, race B. ALGAL RES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2016.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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13
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Venkata Mohan S, Modestra JA, Amulya K, Butti SK, Velvizhi G. A Circular Bioeconomy with Biobased Products from CO 2 Sequestration. Trends Biotechnol 2016; 34:506-519. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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14
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Thapa HR, Naik MT, Okada S, Takada K, Molnár I, Xu Y, Devarenne TP. A squalene synthase-like enzyme initiates production of tetraterpenoid hydrocarbons in Botryococcus braunii Race L. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11198. [PMID: 27050299 PMCID: PMC4823828 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The green microalga Botryococcus braunii is considered a promising biofuel feedstock producer due to its prodigious accumulation of hydrocarbon oils that can be converted into fuels. B. braunii Race L produces the C40 tetraterpenoid hydrocarbon lycopadiene via an uncharacterized biosynthetic pathway. Structural similarities suggest this pathway follows a biosynthetic mechanism analogous to that of C30 squalene. Confirming this hypothesis, the current study identifies C20 geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) as a precursor for lycopaoctaene biosynthesis, the first committed intermediate in the production of lycopadiene. Two squalene synthase (SS)-like complementary DNAs are identified in race L with one encoding a true SS and the other encoding an enzyme with lycopaoctaene synthase (LOS) activity. Interestingly, LOS uses alternative C15 and C20 prenyl diphosphate substrates to produce combinatorial hybrid hydrocarbons, but almost exclusively uses GGPP in vivo. This discovery highlights how SS enzyme diversification results in the production of specialized tetraterpenoid oils in race L of B. braunii. The green microalga Botryococcus braunii is a promising biofuel producer due to its ability to produce large amounts of hydrocarbon oils that can be converted into fuels. Here the authors implicate lycopaoctaene synthase, a squalene synthases-like enzyme, in the first step towards the biosynthesis of the C40 tetraterpenoid hydrocarbon lycopadiene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hem R Thapa
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Mandar T Naik
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA.,Biomolecular NMR Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Shigeru Okada
- Laboratory of Aquatic Natural Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.,Japan Science and Technology Agency-Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Gobancho, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Kentaro Takada
- Laboratory of Aquatic Natural Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.,Japan Science and Technology Agency-Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Gobancho, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - István Molnár
- Natural Products Center, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85739, USA
| | - Yuquan Xu
- Natural Products Center, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85739, USA.,Biotechnology Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Timothy P Devarenne
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
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15
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Uquiche E, Antilaf I, Millao S. Enhancement of pigment extraction from B. braunii pretreated using CO2 rapid depressurization. Braz J Microbiol 2016; 47:497-505. [PMID: 26991281 PMCID: PMC4874585 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2016.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Extraction of compounds from microalgae requires cell disruption as a pretreatment to increase extraction yield. Botryococcus braunii is a microalga with a significant content of carotenoids and other antioxidant compounds, such as chlorophylls. Cell disruption of B. braunii using CO2 rapid depressurization was studied as a pretreatment for the extraction of carotenoid and chlorophyll pigments. We studied the effect of temperature (21–49 °C) and pressure (6–13 MPa) during static compression on pigment recovery with supercritical CO2 at 40 °C, 30 MPa and solvent flow of 4.7 L NPT/min. Within the experimental region, the extraction yield of carotenoids and chlorophylls increased by 2.4- and 2.2-fold respectively. Static compression conditions of high pressure and low temperature increased the extraction of carotenoids and especially chlorophylls. We selected 21 °C and 13 MPa as the cell disruption condition, which produced 1.91 g/kg d.s. of carotenoids and 14.03 mg/kg d.s. of chlorophylls. Pretreated microalga gave a 10-fold higher chlorophyll extraction yield compared to the untreated sample. While for carotenoids and tocopherols were 1.25 and 1.14-fold higher, respectively. Additionally, antioxidant activity of pretreated microalga (33.22 mmol TE/kg oil) was significantly higher than the value for the untreated samples (29.11 mmol TE/kg oil) (p ≤ 0.05). Confocal microscopy images showed morphological differences between micro-colonies with and without disruption treatment, suggesting that partial cell disruption by rapid depressurization improved the extraction of microalga compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Uquiche
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Center of Food Biotechnology and Bioseparations, BIOREN, Universidad de La Frontera (UFRO), Temuco, Chile; Agriaquaculture Nutritional Genomic Center, CGNA, Technology and Processes Unit, UFRO, Temuco, Chile.
| | - Ivette Antilaf
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Center of Food Biotechnology and Bioseparations, BIOREN, Universidad de La Frontera (UFRO), Temuco, Chile
| | - Sonia Millao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Center of Food Biotechnology and Bioseparations, BIOREN, Universidad de La Frontera (UFRO), Temuco, Chile
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Uchida H, Sumimoto K, Ferriols VME, Imou K, Saga K, Furuhashi K, Matsunaga S, Okada S. Isolation and characterization of two squalene epoxidase genes from Botryococcus braunii, race B. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122649. [PMID: 25830359 PMCID: PMC4382194 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The B race of the green microalga Botryococcus braunii produces triterpene hydrocarbons, botryococcenes and methylsqualenes that can be processed into jet fuels with high heating values. In this alga, squalene is also converted into membrane sterols after 2,3-epoxidation. In the present study, cDNA clones of two distinct squalene epoxidases (BbSQE-I and -II) were isolated. Predicted amino acid sequences encoded on these genes are 45% identical with each other. Introduction of BbSQE-I or -II into Saccharomyces cerevisie erg1 mutants resulted in the complementation of ergosterol auxotrophy. The relative expression level of SQE-II increased 3.5-fold from the early stage to the middle phase of a culture period of 42 days, while that of SQE-I was almost constant throughout the culture period. Southern blot analyses suggested that these genes are single-copied genes. This is the first report on the isolation of functional SQEs that are encoded in duplicated loci in the algal genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenobu Uchida
- Laboratory of Aquatic Natural Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113–8657, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency-Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Gobancho, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102–0076, Japan
| | - Koremitsu Sumimoto
- Laboratory of Aquatic Natural Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113–8657, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency-Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Gobancho, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102–0076, Japan
| | - Victor Marco Emmanuel Ferriols
- Laboratory of Aquatic Natural Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113–8657, Japan
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of the Philippines Visayas, Miagao, 5023 Iloilo, Philippines
| | - Kenji Imou
- Laboratory of Biological and Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113–8657, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Saga
- Laboratory of Biological and Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113–8657, Japan
| | - Kenichi Furuhashi
- Laboratory of Biological and Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113–8657, Japan
| | - Shigeki Matsunaga
- Laboratory of Aquatic Natural Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113–8657, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency-Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Gobancho, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102–0076, Japan
| | - Shigeru Okada
- Laboratory of Aquatic Natural Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113–8657, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency-Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Gobancho, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102–0076, Japan
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Zhao S, Wang L, Liu L, Liang Y, Sun Y, Wu J. Both the mevalonate and the non-mevalonate pathways are involved in ginsenoside biosynthesis. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2014; 33:393-400. [PMID: 24258243 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-013-1538-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE When one of them was inhibited, the two pathways could compensate with each other to guarantee normal growth. Moreover, the sterol biosynthesis inhibitor miconazole could enhance ginsenoside level. ABSTRACT Ginsenosides, a kind of triterpenoid saponins derived from isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP), represent the main pharmacologically active constituents of ginseng. In plants, two pathways contribute to IPP biosynthesis, namely, the mevalonate pathway in cytosol and the non-mevalonate pathway in plastids. This motivates biologists to clarify the roles of the two pathways in biosynthesis of IPP-derived compounds. Here, we demonstrated that both pathways are involved in ginsenoside biosynthesis, based on the analysis of the effects from suppressing either or both of the pathways on ginsenoside accumulation in Panax ginseng hairy roots with mevinolin and fosmidomycin as specific inhibitors for the mevalonate and the non-mevalonate pathways, respectively. Furthermore, the sterol biosynthesis inhibitor miconazole could enhance ginsenoside levels in the hairy roots. These results shed some light on the way toward better understanding of ginsenoside biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoujing Zhao
- College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130022, China
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18
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Secondary Metabolites of Traditional Medical Plants: A Case Study of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera). PLANT CELL MONOGRAPHS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-41787-0_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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19
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Suzuki R, Ito N, Uno Y, Nishii I, Kagiwada S, Okada S, Noguchi T. Transformation of lipid bodies related to hydrocarbon accumulation in a green alga, Botryococcus braunii (Race B). PLoS One 2013; 8:e81626. [PMID: 24339948 PMCID: PMC3855424 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The colonial microalga Botryococcus braunii accumulates large quantities of hydrocarbons mainly in the extracellular space; most other oleaginous microalgae store lipids in the cytoplasm. Botryococcus braunii is classified into three principal races (A, B, and L) based on the types of hydrocarbons. Race B has attracted the most attention as an alternative to petroleum by its higher hydrocarbon contents than the other races and its hydrocarbon components, botryococcenes and methylsqualenes, both can be readily converted into biofuels. We studied race B using fluorescence and electron microscopy, and clarify the stage when extracellular hydrocarbon accumulation occurs during the cell cycle, in a correlation with the behavior and structural changes of the lipid bodies and discussed development of the algal colony. New accumulation of lipids on the cell surface occurred after cell division in the basolateral region of daughter cells. While lipid bodies were observed throughout the cell cycle, their size and inclusions were dynamically changing. When cells began dividing, the lipid bodies increased in size and inclusions until the extracellular accumulation of lipids started. Most of the lipids disappeared from the cytoplasm concomitant with the extracellular accumulation, and then reformed. We therefore hypothesize that lipid bodies produced during the growth of B. braunii are related to lipid secretion. New lipids secreted at the cell surface formed layers of oil droplets, to a maximum depth of six layers, and fused to form flattened, continuous sheets. The sheets that combined a pair of daughter cells remained during successive cellular divisions and the colony increased in size with increasing number of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Suzuki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Nara Women's University, Nara, Nara, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency-CREST, Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoko Ito
- Department of Biological Sciences, Nara Women's University, Nara, Nara, Japan
| | - Yuki Uno
- Department of Biological Sciences, Nara Women's University, Nara, Nara, Japan
| | - Ichiro Nishii
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Japan Science and Technology Agency-CREST, Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kagiwada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Nara Women's University, Nara, Nara, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency-CREST, Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sigeru Okada
- Department of Aquatic Biosciences, the University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency-CREST, Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuko Noguchi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Nara Women's University, Nara, Nara, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency-CREST, Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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20
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Chaurasiya ND, Sangwan NS, Sabir F, Misra L, Sangwan RS. Withanolide biosynthesis recruits both mevalonate and DOXP pathways of isoprenogenesis in Ashwagandha Withania somnifera L. (Dunal). PLANT CELL REPORTS 2012; 31:1889-97. [PMID: 22733207 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-012-1302-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Revised: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Withanolides are pharmaceutically important C(28)-phytochemicals produced in most prodigal amounts and diversified forms by Withania somnifera. Metabolic origin of withanolides from triterpenoid pathway intermediates implies that isoprenogenesis could significantly govern withanolide production. In plants, isoprenogenesis occurs via two routes: mevalonate (MVA) pathway in cytosol and non-mevalonate or DOXP/MEP pathway in plastids. We have investigated relative carbon contribution of MVA and DOXP pathways to withanolide biosynthesis in W. somnifera. The quantitative NMR-based biosynthetic study involved tracing of (13)C label from (13)C(1)-D-glucose to withaferin A in withanolide producing in vitro microshoot cultures of the plant. Enrichment of (13)C abundance at each carbon of withaferin A from (13)C(1)-glucose-fed cultures was monitored by normalization and integration of NMR signal intensities. The pattern of carbon position-specific (13)C enrichment of withaferin A was analyzed by a retro-biosynthetic approach using a squalene-intermediated metabolic model of withanolide (withaferin A) biosynthesis. The pattern suggested that both DOXP and MVA pathways of isoprenogenesis were significantly involved in withanolide biosynthesis with their relative contribution on the ratio of 25:75, respectively. The results have been discussed in a new conceptual line of biosynthetic load-driven model of relative recruitment of DOXP and MVA pathways for biosynthesis of isoprenoids. Key message The study elucidates significant contribution of DOXP pathway to withanolide biosynthesis. A new connotation of biosynthetic load-based role of DOXP/MVA recruitment in isoprenoid biosynthesis has been proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narayan D Chaurasiya
- Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, India
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21
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Kawachi M, Tanoi T, Demura M, Kaya K, Watanabe MM. Relationship between hydrocarbons and molecular phylogeny of Botryococcus braunii. ALGAL RES 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2012.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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22
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Colony organization in the green alga Botryococcus braunii (Race B) is specified by a complex extracellular matrix. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2012; 11:1424-40. [PMID: 22941913 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00184-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Botryococcus braunii is a colonial green alga whose cells associate via a complex extracellular matrix (ECM) and produce prodigious amounts of liquid hydrocarbons that can be readily converted into conventional combustion engine fuels. We used quick-freeze deep-etch electron microscopy and biochemical/histochemical analysis to elucidate many new features of B. braunii cell/colony organization and composition. Intracellular lipid bodies associate with the chloroplast and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) but show no evidence of being secreted. The ER displays striking fenestrations and forms a continuous subcortical system in direct contact with the cell membrane. The ECM has three distinct components. (i) Each cell is surrounded by a fibrous β-1, 4- and/or β-1, 3-glucan-containing cell wall. (ii) The intracolonial ECM space is filled with a cross-linked hydrocarbon network permeated with liquid hydrocarbons. (iii) Colonies are enclosed in a retaining wall festooned with a fibrillar sheath dominated by arabinose-galactose polysaccharides, which sequesters ECM liquid hydrocarbons. Each cell apex associates with the retaining wall and contributes to its synthesis. Retaining-wall domains also form "drapes" between cells, with some folding in on themselves and penetrating the hydrocarbon interior of a mother colony, partitioning it into daughter colonies. We propose that retaining-wall components are synthesized in the apical Golgi apparatus, delivered to apical ER fenestrations, and assembled on the surfaces of apical cell walls, where a proteinaceous granular layer apparently participates in fibril morphogenesis. We further propose that hydrocarbons are produced by the nonapical ER, directly delivered to the contiguous cell membrane, and pass across the nonapical cell wall into the hydrocarbon-based ECM.
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23
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Sasso S, Pohnert G, Lohr M, Mittag M, Hertweck C. Microalgae in the postgenomic era: a blooming reservoir for new natural products. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2012; 36:761-85. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2011.00304.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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Ioki M, Baba M, Nakajima N, Shiraiwa Y, Watanabe MM. Transcriptome analysis of an oil-rich race B strain of Botryococcus braunii (BOT-70) by de novo assembly of 5'-end sequences of full-length cDNA clones. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2012; 109:277-281. [PMID: 22217731 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Revised: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Here the transcriptome of an oil-rich race B strain of Botryococcus braunii (BOT-70) was analyzed to mine genetic information useful in biofuel development. A full-length-enriched cDNA library was constructed via the oligo-capping method and the 5' ends of 11,904 randomly chosen cDNA clones were sequenced. Homology search using BLASTX identified candidate BOT-70 genes for majority of the reactions required for biosynthesis of botryococcenes through the mevalonate-independent pathway. The sequence retrieval from the transcriptome dataset implicated that an alternative entry route into the mevalonate-independent pathway via xylulose-5-phosphate, rather than the conventional entry route via 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate, is predominantly active. Analysis of N-terminal sequences of the retrieved genes indicated that the final reactions of botryococcene biosynthesis are likely to take place outside of chloroplasts. The transcriptome dataset has been deposited in the GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ database.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motohide Ioki
- Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem Studies, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Onogawa 16-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
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25
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Matsushima D, Jenke-Kodama H, Sato Y, Fukunaga Y, Sumimoto K, Kuzuyama T, Matsunaga S, Okada S. The single cellular green microalga Botryococcus braunii, race B possesses three distinct 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthases. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 185-186:309-320. [PMID: 22325894 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2012.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Revised: 12/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Green algae exclusively use the methylerythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway for the biosynthesis of isoprenoids. The first enzyme of this pathway is 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase (DXS, EC 2.2.1.7). Green algae have been thought to possess only a single DXS, in contrast to land plants, which have at least two isoforms that serve different roles in metabolism. The green microalga Botryococcus braunii has an extraordinary isoprenoid metabolism, as it produces large amounts of triterpene hydrocarbons. Here, we did cDNA cloning of DXSs from B. braunii and examined enzyme activities of the heterologously expressed proteins. Three distinct DXS isoforms were identified, all of which were functional and had similar kinetic properties, whereas the temperature dependence of enzyme activity showed considerable differences. Transcription of the genes was examined by real time quantitative RT-PCR. The three DXS genes were simultaneously expressed, and the expression levels were highest on day six after subculturing. B. braunii is the first green microalga demonstrated to have multiple DXS isoforms like land plants. This difference to other microalgae seems to mirror its special needs for extensive triterpene production by increasing the metabolic flow through the MEP pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Matsushima
- Department of Aquatic Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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26
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Ioki M, Baba M, Nakajima N, Shiraiwa Y, Watanabe MM. Transcriptome analysis of an oil-rich race B strain of Botryococcus braunii (BOT-22) by de novo assembly of pyrosequencing cDNA reads. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2012; 109:292-296. [PMID: 21963247 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.08.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Revised: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
To gain genetic insights into the biosynthesis of botryococcene oils in Botryococcus braunii race B, a transcriptome dataset of the BOT-22 strain containing 27,427 non-redundant sequences assembled from 209,429 complementary DNA reads was obtained via high-throughput 454 sequencing. Relatively reliable prediction of the gene product was feasible for 725 non-redundant sequences based on homology to previously characterized database sequences. Regarding the botryococcene oil biosynthesis, genes putatively associated with the mevalonate-independent isoprenoid biosynthesis pathway were retrieved, while no genes were found for the mevalonate pathway, suggesting that botryococcenes are biosynthesized through the mevalonate-independent pathway in B. braunii. All transcriptome sequences have been deposited in the GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ database.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motohide Ioki
- Environmental Biology Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Onogawa 16-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
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27
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Niitsu R, Kanazashi M, Matsuwaki I, Ikegami Y, Tanoi T, Kawachi M, Watanabe MM, Kato M. Changes in the hydrocarbon-synthesizing activity during growth of Botryococcus braunii B70. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2012; 109:297-299. [PMID: 21925877 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.08.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Revised: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Botryococcus braunii is a green, colonial microalga that produces large amounts of hydrocarbons. B. braunii B70 was estimated to be B race by the incorporation of radioactivity from l-[methyl(14)C]-methionine into hydrocarbon. The hydrocarbon-synthesizing activity of B70 cells was determined by feeding experiments using (14)C-compounds. NaH(14)CO(3) incorporation rate into the hydrocarbon was high in the early logarithmic growth phase but it declined thereafter. Hydrocarbon-synthesizing activity from [2-(14)C] pyruvate in 15-day cells was 80% of that in 5-day cells. In contrast, hydrocarbon-synthesizing activity from NaH(14)CO(3) and l-[methyl(14)C]-methionine decreased remarkably by 15 days after inoculation. Hence, the allocation of carbon was a regulatory step in hydrocarbon biosynthesis during the early logarithmic growth phase. The high activity of pentose phosphate pathway in the early logarithmic growth was seemed to be the contribution of the supply of NADPH for botryococcene synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rika Niitsu
- Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, Japan
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28
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Ishimatsu A, Matsuura H, Sano T, Kaya K, Watanabe MM. Biosynthesis of Isoprene Units in the C34 Botryococcene Molecule Produced by Botryococcus Braunii Strain Bot-22. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.proenv.2012.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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29
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Hemmerlin A, Harwood JL, Bach TJ. A raison d'être for two distinct pathways in the early steps of plant isoprenoid biosynthesis? Prog Lipid Res 2011; 51:95-148. [PMID: 22197147 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2011.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Revised: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
When compared to other organisms, plants are atypical with respect to isoprenoid biosynthesis: they utilize two distinct and separately compartmentalized pathways to build up isoprene units. The co-existence of these pathways in the cytosol and in plastids might permit the synthesis of many vital compounds, being essential for a sessile organism. While substrate exchange across membranes has been shown for a variety of plant species, lack of complementation of strong phenotypes, resulting from inactivation of either the cytosolic pathway (growth and development defects) or the plastidial pathway (pigment bleaching), seems to be surprising at first sight. Hundreds of isoprenoids have been analyzed to determine their biosynthetic origins. It can be concluded that in angiosperms, under standard growth conditions, C₂₀-phytyl moieties, C₃₀-triterpenes and C₄₀-carotenoids are made nearly exclusively within compartmentalized pathways, while mixed origins are widespread for other types of isoprenoid-derived molecules. It seems likely that this coexistence is essential for the interaction of plants with their environment. A major purpose of this review is to summarize such observations, especially within an ecological and functional context and with some emphasis on regulation. This latter aspect still requires more work and present conclusions are preliminary, although some general features seem to exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréa Hemmerlin
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, IBMP-CNRS-UPR2357, Université de Strasbourg, 28 Rue Goethe, F-67083 Strasbourg Cedex, France.
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30
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Spanova M, Daum G. Squalene - biochemistry, molecular biology, process biotechnology, and applications. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201100203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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31
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Eroglu E, Okada S, Melis A. Hydrocarbon productivities in different Botryococcus strains: comparative methods in product quantification. JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYCOLOGY 2011; 23:763-775. [PMID: 21909190 PMCID: PMC3143338 DOI: 10.1007/s10811-010-9577-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2010] [Revised: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 08/13/2010] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Six different strains of the green microalgae Botryococcus belonging to the A-race or B-race, accumulating alkadiene or botryococcene hydrocarbons, respectively, were compared for biomass and hydrocarbon productivities. Biomass productivity was assessed gravimetrically upon strain growth in the laboratory under defined conditions. Hydrocarbon productivities were measured by three different and independent experimental approaches, including density equilibrium of the intact cells and micro-colonies, spectrophotometric analysis of hydrocarbon extracts, and gravimetric quantitation of eluted hydrocarbons. All three hydrocarbon-quantitation methods yielded similar results for each of the strains examined. The B-race microalgae Botryococcus braunii var. Showa and Kawaguchi-1 constitutively accumulated botryococcene hydrocarbons equivalent to 30% and 20%, respectively, of their overall biomass. The A-race microalgae Botryococcus braunii, varieties Yamanaka, UTEX 2441 and UTEX LB572 constitutively accumulated alkadiene hydrocarbons ranging from 14% to 13% and 10% of their overall biomass, respectively. Botryococcus sudeticus (UTEX 2629), a morphologically different green microalga, had the lowest hydrocarbon accumulation, equal to about 3% of its overall biomass. Results validate the density equilibrium and spectrophotometric analysis methods in the quantitation of botryococcene-type hydrocarbons. These analytical advances will serve in the screening and selection of B. braunii and of other microalgae in efforts to identify those having a high hydrocarbon content for use in commercial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ela Eroglu
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3102 USA
| | - Shigeru Okada
- Laboratory of Aquatic Natural Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113 -8657 Japan
| | - Anastasios Melis
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3102 USA
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Weiss TL, Chun HJ, Okada S, Vitha S, Holzenburg A, Laane J, Devarenne TP. Raman spectroscopy analysis of botryococcene hydrocarbons from the green microalga Botryococcus braunii. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:32458-66. [PMID: 20705610 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.157230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Botryococcus braunii, B race is a unique green microalga that produces large amounts of liquid hydrocarbons known as botryococcenes that can be used as a fuel for internal combustion engines. The simplest botryococcene (C(30)) is metabolized by methylation to give intermediates of C(31), C(32), C(33), and C(34), with C(34) being the predominant botryococcene in some strains. In the present work we have used Raman spectroscopy to characterize the structure of botryococcenes in an attempt to identify and localize botryococcenes within B. braunii cells. The spectral region from 1600-1700 cm(-1) showed ν(C=C) stretching bands specific for botryococcenes. Distinct botryococcene Raman bands at 1640 and 1647 cm(-1) were assigned to the stretching of the C=C bond in the botryococcene branch and the exomethylene C=C bonds produced by the methylations, respectively. A Raman band at 1670 cm(-1) was assigned to the backbone C=C bond stretching. Density function theory calculations were used to determine the Raman spectra of all botryococcenes to compare computed theoretical values with those observed. The analysis showed that the ν(C=C) stretching bands at 1647 and 1670 cm(-1) are actually composed of several closely spaced bands arising from the six individual C=C bonds in the molecule. We also used confocal Raman microspectroscopy to map the presence and location of methylated botryococcenes within a colony of B. braunii cells based on the methylation-specific 1647 cm(-1) botryococcene Raman shift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor L Weiss
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-2128, USA
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Eroglu E, Melis A. Extracellular terpenoid hydrocarbon extraction and quantitation from the green microalgae Botryococcus braunii var. Showa. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2010; 101:2359-66. [PMID: 20005092 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2009] [Revised: 10/29/2009] [Accepted: 11/10/2009] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical fractionation and aqueous or aqueous/organic two-phase partition approaches were applied for extraction and separation of extracellular terpenoid hydrocarbons from Botryococcus braunii var. Showa. A direct spectrophotometric method was devised for the quantitation of botryococcene and associated carotenoid hydrocarbons extracted by this method. Separation of extracellular botryococcene hydrocarbons from the Botryococcus was achieved upon vortexing of the micro-colonies with glass beads, either in water followed by buoyant density equilibrium to separate hydrocarbons from biomass, or in the presence of heptane as a solvent, followed by aqueous/organic two-phase separation of the heptane-solubilized hydrocarbons (upper phase) from the biomass (lower aqueous phase). Spectral analysis of the upper heptane phase revealed the presence of two distinct compounds, one absorbing in the UV-C, attributed to botryococcene(s), the other in the blue region of the spectrum, attributed to a carotenoid. Specific extinction coefficients were developed for the absorbance of triterpenes at 190nm (epsilon = 90 +/- 5 mM(-1) cm(-1)) and carotenoids at 450 nm (epsilon=165+/-5mM(-1) cm(-1)) in heptane. This enabled application of a direct spectrophotometric method for the quantitation of water- or heptane-extractable botryococcenes and carotenoids. B. braunii var. Showa constitutively accumulates approximately 30% of the dry biomass as extractable (extracellular) botryococcenes, and approximately 0.2% of the dry biomass in the form of a carotenoid. It was further demonstrated that heat-treatment of the Botryococcus biomass substantially accelerates the rate and yield of the extraction process. Advances in this work serve as foundation for a cyclic Botryococcus growth, non-toxic extraction of extracellular hydrocarbons, and return of the hydrocarbon-depleted biomass to growth conditions for further product generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ela Eroglu
- University of California, Dept. of Plant and Microbial Biology, Berkeley, CA 94720-3102, USA
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Eroglu E, Melis A. “Density equilibrium” method for the quantitative and rapid in situ determination of lipid, hydrocarbon, or biopolymer content in microorganisms. Biotechnol Bioeng 2009; 102:1406-15. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.22182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Gao M, Simoneit BRT, Gantar M, Jaffé R. Occurrence and distribution of novel botryococcene hydrocarbons in freshwater wetlands of the Florida Everglades. CHEMOSPHERE 2007; 70:224-36. [PMID: 17688908 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2007] [Revised: 06/13/2007] [Accepted: 06/14/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
A high abundance of isoprenoid hydrocarbons, the botryococcenes, with carbon numbers from 32 to 34 were detected in the Florida Everglades freshwater wetlands. These compounds were present in varying amounts up to 106microg/gdw in periphyton, 278microg/gdw in floc, and 46microg/gdw in soils. Their structures were determined based on comparison to standards, interpretation of their mass spectra and those of their hydrogenation products, and comparison of Kovats indexes to those reported in the literature. A total of 26 cyclic and acyclic botryococcenes with 8 skeletons were identified, including those with fewer degrees of unsaturation, which are proposed as early diagenetic derivatives from the natural products. This is the first report that botryococcenes occur in the Everglades freshwater wetlands. Their potential biogenetic sources from green algae and cyanobacteria were examined, but neither contained botryococcenes. Thus, the source implication of botryococcenes in this ecosystem needs further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Gao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
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Metzger P, Largeau C. Botryococcus braunii: a rich source for hydrocarbons and related ether lipids. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2004; 66:486-96. [PMID: 15630516 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-004-1779-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2004] [Revised: 09/23/2004] [Accepted: 09/24/2004] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a review on Botryococcus braunii, a cosmopolitan green colonial microalga characterised by a considerable production of lipids, notably hydrocarbons. Strains like wild populations of this alga differ in the type of hydrocarbons they synthesise and accumulate: (1) n-alkadienes and trienes, (2) triterpenoid botryococcenes and methylated squalenes, or (3) a tetraterpenoid, lycopadiene. In addition to hydrocarbons and some classic lipids, these algae produce numerous series of characteristic ether lipids closely related to hydrocarbons. This review covers the algal biodiversity, the chemical structures and biosynthesis of hydrocarbons and ether lipids and the biotechnological studies related to hydrocarbon production.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Metzger
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bioorganique et Organique Physique, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris, 11 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75231 cedex 05 Paris, France.
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Achitouv E, Metzger P, Rager MN, Largeau C. C31-C34 methylated squalenes from a Bolivian strain of Botryococcus braunii. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2004; 65:3159-3165. [PMID: 15541746 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2004.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2004] [Revised: 09/09/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Three new triterpenes, synthesized by a Bolivian strain of the green microalga Botryococcus braunii, were isolated and their chemical structures determined by 1D and 2D NMR, and mass spectrometry. These compounds are tri-, di-, and mono-methylsqualenes, co-occurring with the previously identified tetramethylsqualene and some C(30)-C(32) botryococcenes. In this strain, methylated squalenes constitute up to 24% of the total hydrocarbons and 4.5% of the dry biomass. The results of a pulse-chase experiment with L-[Me-(13)C] methionine provide evidence for the origin of these compounds via methylation of squalene at positions 3, 7, 18 and 22.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Achitouv
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bioorganique et Organique Physique, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris, UMR CNRS 7573, ENSCP, 11 Rue P. et M. Curie, 75231 Paris cedex 05, France
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