1
|
Peterse E, Meeuwenoord N, van den Elst H, van der Marel GA, Overkleeft HS, Filippov D. Solid‐phase synthesis of macrocyclic peptides via side‐chain anchoring of the ornithine δ‐amine. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evert Peterse
- Leiden University Leiden Institute of Chemistry NETHERLANDS
| | | | | | | | | | - Dmitri Filippov
- Leiden Institute of Chemstry Bio-organic Synthesis Einsteinweg 55 2333 CC Leiden Leiden NETHERLANDS
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Three Methods for Peptide Cyclization Via Lactamization. Methods Mol Biol 2021. [PMID: 34596840 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1689-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Lactamization is the key step in the synthesis of many compounds with macrocyclic structure. As the interest for these types of molecules grows in various fields such as drug discovery and nanomaterials, different methodologies to access them are being developed. Three different strategies to obtain cyclic peptides via lactamization are described in this chapter: solution-phase macrocyclization following solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) of the linear precursor, SPPS and on-resin cyclization on the 2-chlorotrityl chloride (2-CTC) resin, and SPPS and on-resin cyclization by native chemical ligation on the amino-PEGA resin.
Collapse
|
3
|
Arbour CA, Mendoza LG, Stockdill JL. Recent advances in the synthesis of C-terminally modified peptides. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:7253-7272. [PMID: 32914156 PMCID: PMC9508648 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01417f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
C-Terminally modified peptides are important for the development and delivery of peptide-based pharmaceuticals because they impact peptide activity, stability, hydrophobicity, and membrane permeability. Additionally, the vulnerability of C-terminal esters to cleavage by endogenous esterases makes them excellent pro-drugs. Methods for post-SPPS C-terminal functionalization potentially enable access to libraries of modified peptides, facilitating tailoring of their solubility, potency, toxicity, and uptake pathway. Apparently minor structural changes can significantly impact the binding, folding, and pharmacokinetics of the peptide. This review summarizes developments in chemical methods for C-terminal modification of peptides published since the last review on this topic in 2003.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine A Arbour
- Wayne State University, Department of Chemistry, Detroit, Michigan, USA.
| | - Lawrence G Mendoza
- Wayne State University, Department of Chemistry, Detroit, Michigan, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ferrer-Gago FJ, Koh LQ. Methods and Approaches for the Solid-Phase Synthesis of Peptide Alcohols. Chempluschem 2020; 85:641-652. [PMID: 32237227 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201900749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Many methods have been developed for attaching an alcohol functionality to a solid support. However, not all of these methods are used to obtain peptide alcohols. In this Minireview, we will discuss several of the most important methods and approaches for the synthesis of peptide alcohols and the attachment of hydroxy groups to a solid support for the synthesis of cyclic peptides. Some of the methods include the use of functionalized Wang resin and the attachment of an alcohol to an enol ether resin. We also discuss the use of the chlorotrityl resin, one of the most common linkers used to obtain peptide alcohols. In addition, we outline the recently developed resins with the Rink, Ramage and Sieber handles. The majority of these methods have been used to synthesize many important drugs, such as octreotide and the antibiotic peptaibols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando J Ferrer-Gago
- p53 Laboratory, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR) 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-04/05 Neuros/Immunos., Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Li Quan Koh
- p53 Laboratory, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR) 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-04/05 Neuros/Immunos., Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mikkelsen RJT, Grier KE, Mortensen KT, Nielsen TE, Qvortrup K. Photolabile Linkers for Solid-Phase Synthesis. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2018; 20:377-399. [PMID: 29863839 DOI: 10.1021/acscombsci.8b00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Photolabile linkers are the subjects of intense research because they allow the release of the target molecule simply by irradiation. Photochemical release of synthesis products is often facilitated without additional reagents under mild reaction conditions, which may even be environmentally friendly and appealing in the context of greener chemistry. The mild conditions also allow for applications of released material in subsequent biological screening experiments, where contamination with cleavage reagents would be detrimental. This Review pays attention to the increasing number of photolabile linkers developed for solid-phase synthesis and release and covers: (i) o-nitrobenzyloxy linkers, (ii) o-nitrobenzylamino linkers, (iii) α-substituted o-nitrobenzyl linkers, (iv) o-nitroveratryl linkers, (v) phenacyl linkers, (vi) p-alkoxyphenacyl linkers, (vii) benzoin linkers, (viii) pivaloyl linkers, and (ix) other photolabile linkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Remi J. T. Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Katja E. Grier
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kim T. Mortensen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Thomas E. Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 637551, Singapore
- Costerton Biofilm Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katrine Qvortrup
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fagundez C, Sellanes D, Serra G. Synthesis of Cyclic Peptides as Potential Anti-Malarials. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2018; 20:212-219. [PMID: 29446619 DOI: 10.1021/acscombsci.7b00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The results from the synthesis of peptides by Fmoc/SPPS on a 2-CTC resin and then lactamization in solution or solid phase for the preparation of cyclopeptides are presented. Both procedures allow the synthesis of the desired compounds in good to very good yield and with high cyclization efficiency for on-resin macrocyclization. In addition, the activities of the corresponding cyclopeptides against the chloroquine-resistant K1 strain of Plasmodium falciparum were evaluated. Cyclo-Cys(Trt)-Gly-Thr( tBu)-Gly-Cys(Trt)-Gly showed potent in vitro and selective activity against this parasite, EC50 = 28 nM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Fagundez
- Cátedra de Química Farmacéutica, (DQO), Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Gral. Flores 2124, CP 11800, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Diver Sellanes
- Cátedra de Química Farmacéutica, (DQO), Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Gral. Flores 2124, CP 11800, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Gloria Serra
- Cátedra de Química Farmacéutica, (DQO), Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Gral. Flores 2124, CP 11800, Montevideo, Uruguay
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sabatino G, Guryanov I, Rombecchi A, Zanon J, Ricci A, Cabri W, Papini AM, Rovero P. Production of peptides as generic drugs: a patent landscape of octreotide. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2016; 26:485-95. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2016.1158810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
8
|
Cherkupally P, Acosta GA, Ramesh S, De la Torre BG, Govender T, Kruger HG, Albericio F. Solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS), C-terminal vs. side-chain anchoring: a reality or a myth. Amino Acids 2014; 46:1827-38. [PMID: 24770904 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-014-1746-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Here we review the strategies for the solid-phase synthesis of peptides starting from the side chain of the C-terminal amino acid. Furthermore, we provide experimental data to support that C-terminal and side-chain syntheses give similar results in terms of purity. However, the stability of the two bonds that anchor the peptide to the polymer may determine the overall yield and this should be considered for the large-scale production of peptides. In addition, resins/linkers which do not subject to side reactions can be preferred for some peptides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prabhakar Cherkupally
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bayat S, Tejo BA, Abdulmalek E, Salleh AB, Normi YM, Abdul Rahman MB. Rational design of mimetic peptides based on aldo-ketoreductase enzyme as asymmetric organocatalysts in aldol reactions. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra04866k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Excellent yield (up to 97%), enantioselectivity (up to 99%) and diastereoselectivity (up to 99/1) were obtained using mimetic peptides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saadi Bayat
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Centre
- Universiti Putra Malaysia
- 43400 Serdang, Malaysia
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
| | - Bimo A. Tejo
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research Surya University
- Jl. Scientia
- Tangerang 15810, Indonesia
| | - Emilia Abdulmalek
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Centre
- Universiti Putra Malaysia
- 43400 Serdang, Malaysia
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
| | - Abu Bakar Salleh
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Centre
- Universiti Putra Malaysia
- 43400 Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Yahaya M. Normi
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Centre
- Universiti Putra Malaysia
- 43400 Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Basyaruddin Abdul Rahman
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Centre
- Universiti Putra Malaysia
- 43400 Serdang, Malaysia
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Derbal S, Hensler M, Fang W, Nizet V, Ghedira K, Nefzi A. On resin amino acid side chain attachment strategy for the head to tail synthesis of new glutamine containing gramicidin-S analogs and their antimicrobial activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:5701-4. [PMID: 20800485 PMCID: PMC2963184 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2010] [Revised: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 08/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The alarming increase in infections caused by multiple drug resistant bacteria including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus has prompted a desperate search for new antimicrobials. Augmenting the discoveries of completely new scaffolds with antimicrobial activity are efforts aimed at modifying existing molecules to optimize activity or reduce toxicity. We report herein the parallel solid-phase synthesis of analogues of the cationic antimicrobial peptide gramicidin S (GS) using amino acid side chain attachment strategy. The ornithine (Orn) residues were replaced by glutamine (Gln) and the aromatic D-phenylalanine (Phe) were replaced by different aromatic D-amino acids. Additional Gln containing GS analogues with all the possible combinations of the hydrophobic amino acids valine and leucine were also synthesized. In this work we also report the antibacterial activity of these analogs against several clinically-important drug-resistant Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Safa Derbal
- Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie, Faculté de Pharmacie, Rue Avicenne, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
|
12
|
Tailhades J, Gidel MA, Grossi B, Lécaillon J, Brunel L, Subra G, Martinez J, Amblard M. Synthesis of Peptide Alcohols on the Basis of an O-N Acyl-Transfer Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200904276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
13
|
Tailhades J, Gidel MA, Grossi B, Lécaillon J, Brunel L, Subra G, Martinez J, Amblard M. Synthesis of Peptide Alcohols on the Basis of an O-N Acyl-Transfer Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 49:117-20. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200904276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
14
|
Odagami T, Tsuda Y, Kogami Y, Kouji H, Okada Y. Identification of new agonists of urotensin-II from a cyclic peptide library. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:6742-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.07.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2009] [Revised: 07/17/2009] [Accepted: 07/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
15
|
Diamanti S, Arifuzzaman S, Elsen A, Genzer J, Vaia RA. Reactive patterning via post-functionalization of polymer brushes utilizing disuccinimidyl carbonate activation to couple primary amines. POLYMER 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2008.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
16
|
Ding Y, Qin C, Guo Z, Niu W, Zhang R, Li Y. Solid-Phase Total Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activities of Loloatins A–D. Chem Biodivers 2007; 4:2827-34. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200790232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
17
|
Jung N, Wiehn M, Bräse S. Multifunctional Linkers for Combinatorial Solid Phase Synthesis. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2007_118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
|
18
|
Synthetic Approaches to Disulfide-free Circular Bovine Pancreatic Trypsin Inhibitor (c-BPTI) Analogues. Int J Pept Res Ther 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-006-9023-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
19
|
Vázquez J, Albericio F. A convenient semicarbazide resin for the solid-phase synthesis of peptide ketones and aldehydes. Tetrahedron Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2005.12.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
20
|
Poijärvi P, Heinonen P, Virta P, Lönnberg H. 2,2-Bis(ethoxycarbonyl)- and 2-(alkylaminocarbonyl)-2-cyano-substituted 3-(pivaloyloxy)propyl groups as biodegradable phosphate protections of oligonucleotides. Bioconjug Chem 2006; 16:1564-71. [PMID: 16287256 DOI: 10.1021/bc050143g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Oligonucleotides bearing biodegradable phosphate protecting groups have been synthesized on a solid support. For this purpose, two dimeric building blocks, viz. 5'-O-(4,4'-dimethoxytrityl)-(R(P),S(P))-O(P)-[2,2-bis(ethoxycarbonyl)-3-(pivaloyloxy)propyl]-P-thiothymidylyl-(3',5')-thymidine 3'-[O-(2-cyanoethyl)-N,N-diisopropylphosphoramidite] (1) and 5'-O-(4,4'-dimethoxytrityl)-(R(P),S(P))-O(P)-[2-cyano-2-(2-phenylethylaminocarbonyl)-3-(pivaloyloxy)propyl]thymidylyl-(3',5')-thymidine 3'-(H-phosphonate) (2), were prepared. Phosphoramidite 1 was incorporated into an phosphorothioate oligothymidylate sequence on a base-labile hydroquinone-O,O'-diacetic acid linker (Q-linker) and on a photolabile 4-alkoxy-5-methoxy-2-nitrobenzyl carbonate linker (11). H-Phosphonate 2 was, in turn, incorporated into an oligothymidylate sequence only on the photolabile linker. Kinetics of the removal of the protecting groups by porcine liver esterase and subsequent retro aldol condensation/phosphate elimination were then studied. While the pro-oligonucleotide that contained only one phosphate protection gave the deprotected phosphorothioate oligonucleotide in a quantitative yield, the enzymatic step was markedly decelerated upon increasing the number of protection groups, and hence chain cleavage started to compete.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Päivi Poijärvi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Hamzé A, Martinez J, Hernandez JF. Solid-Phase Synthesis of Arginine-Containing Peptides and Fluorogenic Substrates Using a Side-Chain Anchoring Approach. J Org Chem 2004; 69:8394-402. [PMID: 15549812 DOI: 10.1021/jo048792t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Attachment of an amino acid to a solid support by its side chain is sometimes necessary to take advantage of an alpha-carboxylic group available for diverse modifications, including the incorporation of a fluorophore for the preparation of fluorogenic substrates. In contrast to most other amino acids, anchoring the guanidinium group of an arginine to a resin requires the use of a supplementary linker. To avoid the usually multistep synthesis of such a linker as well as its difficult attachment to the guanidine group, we developed a simple method where the guanidine group is built on a Rink amide resin. Our strategy followed the steps of guanidine formation: (i) addition of an isothiocyanate derivative of ornithine to the amino group of a solid support, yielding Nomega-linked thiocitrulline; (ii) S-methylation of thiourea; (iii) guanidinylation using ammonium acetate. Cleavage of the resin generated the arginine-containing compound, the amine group of the resin becoming part of the guanidine. We have demonstrated the usefulness of this method by the synthesis of a series of fluorogenic substrates for trypsin-like serine proteases, which were obtained in high yield and purity. Then, our strategy also allowed generation from the same precursor differentially substituted arginine derivatives, including Nomega-methyl- and Nomega-ethylarginines. The ability to prepare such analogues together with the intermediates thiocitrulline and S-methylisothiocitrulline from a unique precursor while the alpha-amine and carboxylic groups remain available for modification also makes this method a powerful tool for combinatorial solid-phase synthesis of NO synthase inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdallah Hamzé
- Laboratoire des Aminoacides Peptides et Protéines, CNRS UMR 5810, Universités Montpellier I et II, Faculté de Pharmacie, 15 avenue Charles Flahault, BP 14491, 34093 Montpellier cédex 5, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Mormeneo D, Llebaria A, Delgado A. A practical synthesis of carbamates using an ‘in-situ’ generated polymer-supported chloroformate. Tetrahedron Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2004.07.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
23
|
Abstract
A novel cysteine derivative, N(alpha)-trityl-S-(9H-xanthen-9-yl)-l-cysteine [Trt-Cys(Xan)-OH] has been introduced for peptide synthesis, specifically for application to a new strategy for the preparation of cyclic peptides. The following steps were carried out to synthesize the cyclic model peptide cyclo(Cys-Thr-Abu-Gly-Gly-Ala-Arg-Pro-Asp-Phe): (i). side-chain anchoring of Fmoc-Asp-OAl via its free beta-carboxyl as a p-alkoxybenzyl ester to a solid support; (ii). stepwise chain elongation of the peptide by standard Fmoc/tBu solid-phase chemistry; (iii). removal of the N-terminal Fmoc group; (iv). coupling of Trt-Cys(Xan)-OH; (v). selective Pd(0)-promoted cleavage of the C-terminal allyl ester; (vi). coupling of the C-terminal residue, i.e., H-Phe-SBzl, preactivated as a thioester; (vii). selective removal of the N(alpha)-Trt and S-Xan protecting groups under very mild acid conditions; (viii). on-resin cyclization by native chemical ligation in an aqueous milieu; and (ix). final acidolytic cleavage of the cyclic peptide from the resin. The strategy was evaluated for three supports: poly[N,N-dimethacrylamide-co-poly(ethylene glycol)] (PEGA), cross-linked ethoxylate acrylate resin (CLEAR), and poly(ethylene glycol)-polystyrene (PEG-PS) graft resin supports. For PEGA and CLEAR, the desired cyclic product was obtained in 76-86% overall yield with initial purities of approximately 70%, whereas for PEG-PS (which does not swell nearly as well in water), results were inferior. Solid-phase native chemical ligation/cyclization methodology appears to have advantages of convenience and specificity, which make it promising for further generalization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judit Tulla-Puche
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street S E, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
García M, del Rio X, Silvestre S, Rubiralta M, Lozoya E, Segarra V, Fernández D, Miralpeix M, Aparici M, Diez A. Design, synthesis and biological activity of a targeted library of potential tryptase inhibitors. Org Biomol Chem 2004; 2:1633-42. [PMID: 15162216 DOI: 10.1039/b403629h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have designed, synthesized, and tested two small collections of potential tryptase inhibitors. The first library consists of diversely N-substituted 3-aminopiperidin-2-ones 6, and the second (compounds 7) was prepared by dimerising compounds 6 through the 3-amino function using diverse carbon chains. We have established efficient routes for obtaining 6 both in solution and on solid supports. We have also compared the dimerisation on-resin and in solution. Four of the compounds showed a high degree of tryptase inhibition at 1 microM, but none surpassed the tryptase inhibition activity of BABIM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mónica García
- Laboratori de Química Orgànica, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Barany G, Han Y, Hargittai B, Liu RQ, Varkey JT. Side-chain anchoring strategy for solid-phase synthesis of peptide acids with C-terminal cysteine. Biopolymers 2004; 71:652-66. [PMID: 14991675 DOI: 10.1002/bip.10593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Many naturally occurring peptide acids, e.g., somatostatins, conotoxins, and defensins, contain a cysteine residue at the C-terminus. Furthermore, installation of C-terminal cysteine onto epitopic peptide sequences as a preliminary to conjugating such structures to carrier proteins is a valuable tactic for antibody preparation. Anchoring of N(alpha)-Fmoc, S-protected C-terminal cysteine as an ester onto the support for solid-phase peptide synthesis is known to sometimes occur in low yields, has attendant risks of racemization, and may also result in conversion to a C-terminal 3-(1-piperidinyl)alanine residue as the peptide chain grows by Fmoc chemistry. These problems are documented for several current strategies, but can be circumvented by the title anchoring strategy, which features the following: (a). conversion of the eventual C-terminal cysteine residue, with Fmoc for N(alpha)-amino protection and tert-butyl for C(alpha)-carboxyl protection, to a corresponding S-xanthenyl ((2)XAL(4)) preformed handle derivative; and (b). attachment of the resultant preformed handle to amino-containing supports. This approach uses key intermediates that are similar to previously reported Fmoc-XAL handles, and builds on earlier experience with Xan and related protection for cysteine. Implementation of this strategy is documented here with syntheses of three small model peptides, as well as the tetradecapeptide somatostatin. Anchoring occurs without racemization, and the absence of 3-(1-piperidinyl)alanine formation is inferred by retention of chains on the support throughout the cycles of Fmoc chemistry. Fully deprotected peptides, including free sulfhydryl peptides, are released from the support in excellent yield by using cocktails containing a high concentration (i.e., 80-90%) of TFA plus appropriate thiols or silanes as scavengers. High-yield release of partially protected peptides is achieved by treatment with cocktails containing a low concentration (i.e., 1-5%) of TFA. In peptides with two cysteine residues, the corresponding intramolecular disulfide-bridged peptide is obtained by either (a). oxidation, in solution, of the dithiol product released by acid; (b). simultaneous acidolytic cleavage and disulfide formation, achieved by addition of the mild oxidant DMSO to the cleavage cocktail; or (c). concomitant cleavage/cooxidation (involving a downstream S-Xan protected cysteine), using reagents such as iodine or thallium tris(trifluoroacetate) in acetic acid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George Barany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Yan LZ, Edwards P, Flora D, Mayer JP. Synthesis of cyclic peptides through hydroxyl side-chain anchoring. Tetrahedron Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2003.11.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
27
|
Qin C, Zhong X, Ng NL, Bu X, Chan WS, Guo Z. Facile solid-phase synthesis of cyclic decapeptide antibiotic streptocidins A–D. Tetrahedron Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2003.10.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
28
|
Abstract
Solid-phase synthesis of biomolecules, of which peptides are the principal example, is well established. However, synthetic peptides containing modifications at the carboxy termini are often desired because of their potential therapeutic properties. As a result, there is a necessity for effective solid-phase strategies for the preparation of peptides with C-terminal end groups other than the usual carboxylic acid and carboxamide functionalities. The present article primarily reviews literature reports on methods for solid-phase synthesis of C-terminal modified peptides. In addition, general information about biological activities and/or synthetic applications of each individual class of peptide is also provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Alsina
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, 402 North Blackford Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Kappel JC, Barany G. Methionine anchoring applied to the solid-phase synthesis of lysine-containing ‘head-to-tail’ cyclic peptides. Int J Pept Res Ther 2003. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02443651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
30
|
Abstract
A solid-phase method for the preparation of C-terminal amino-alcohol-containing peptides using activated Wang resin is presented. A diverse set of (fluorenylmethoxy)carbonyl (Fmoc) protected amino alcohols was found to load rapidly and efficiently. The synthetic utility of this approach was demonstrated through the direct synthesis of the peptide drug octreotide with excellent yield and purity. These results suggest that the use of trichloroacetimidate activated resins offers an attractive alternative in the preparation of this class of peptides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zeng Yan
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
We have designed a new linker (1) for the solid-phase synthesis that cleaves ether bonds photolytically. The linker was prepared in nine steps and anchored to the support via an amide bond. Photocleavage is a two-step process in which the immobilized alcohols are released by photolytic generation of a radical that undergoes a spontaneous beta-bond scission. The pivaloyl linker (1) was found to cleave off alcohols in high yields and purities. Only traces of acid (pH approximately 5.5) are necessary for an efficient cleavage.
Collapse
|
32
|
Guillier F, Orain D, Bradley M. Linkers and cleavage strategies in solid-phase organic synthesis and combinatorial chemistry. Chem Rev 2000; 100:2091-158. [PMID: 11749285 DOI: 10.1021/cr980040+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 389] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F Guillier
- Department of Chemistry, Southampton University, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K., and Alanex Division of Agouron Pharmaceuticals, A Werner Lambert Company, 3550 General Atomic Courts, San Diego, California 92121
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Yang L, Morriello G. Solid phase synthesis of ‘head-to-tail’ cyclic peptides using a sulfonamide ‘safety-catch’ linker: the cleavage by cyclization approach. Tetrahedron Lett 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(99)01701-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
34
|
Pon RT, Yu S, Sanghvi YS. Rapid esterification of nucleosides to solid-phase supports for oligonucleotide synthesis using uronium and phosphonium coupling reagents. Bioconjug Chem 1999; 10:1051-7. [PMID: 10563775 DOI: 10.1021/bc990063a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nucleosides can be esterified to solid-phase supports using uronium or phosphonium coupling reagents and a coupling additive, such as 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBT), 7-aza-1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HOAT), N-methylimidazole (NMI), or 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine (DMAP). However, DMAP was far superior to other additives and high nucleoside loadings (up to 60 micromol/g) and rapid coupling reactions (< or = 10 min) were possible. Hydroxyl-derivatized CPG was attached to nucleosides with 3'-succinyl or 3'-hydroquinone-O, O'-diacetic acid (HQDA or Q-Linker) carboxyl groups through a primary ester linkage. Alternatively, supports derivatized with succinic acid or the Q-Linker were attached directly to the 3'-OH group of nucleosides through a secondary ester linkage. Uronium reagents (HATU or HBTU) gave the best results with the HQDA linker arm, while the bromophosphonium (BrOP or PyBrOP) reagents were best with the succinyl linker arm. In all cases, the coupling reactions were much faster than previous methods using carbodiimide coupling reagents. The ease and speed of the reaction make this support derivatization procedure suitable for automated in situ couplings on DNA synthesizers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R T Pon
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Cabrele C, Langer M, Beck-Sickinger AG. Amino Acid Side Chain Attachment Approach and Its Application to the Synthesis of Tyrosine-Containing Cyclic Peptides. J Org Chem 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jo982402j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Cabrele
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, ETH Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Langer
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, ETH Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Annette G. Beck-Sickinger
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, ETH Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
|
37
|
Zheng A, Shan D, Wang B. A Redox-Sensitive Resin Linker for the Solid Phase Synthesis of C-Terminal Modified Peptides. J Org Chem 1999; 64:156-161. [PMID: 11674098 DOI: 10.1021/jo981528d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
With the rapid development of combinatorial chemistry using solid phase synthesis, there is a great deal of interest in developing new solid phase linkers, which are stable during the solid phase synthesis process and yet readily cleavable under mild conditions. By taking advantage of a "trimethyl lock"-facilitated lactonization reaction, we have developed a redox-sensitive resin linker for the synthesis of C-terminal-modified peptides. The cleavage only requires mild reducing agents such as sodium hydrosulfite, which is not expected to cause any problem with the commonly seen organic functional groups. Using this new linker, three short peptides were synthesized with high isolated yields (70-90%). Such a linker could potentially be used for the synthesis of modified peptide libraries, which allows for the ready cleavage of the linker under mild conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ailian Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Romanovskis P, Spatola AF. Preparation of head-to-tail cyclic peptides via side-chain attachment: implications for library synthesis. THE JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE RESEARCH : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN PEPTIDE SOCIETY 1998; 52:356-74. [PMID: 9894841 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1998.tb00660.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic peptide mixtures represent a promising approach for drug lead discovery. Diversity can be expanded via changes in ring size, amide bond replacements, D- and L-natural and unnatural amino acids, and by the incorporation of beta-turn mimics and related conformational constraints. We expand the scope of our side-chain attachment/resin-bound cyclization strategy first developed using aspartic acid, asparagine, and elated acid-based attachments. In this report, we describe the preparation and use of Boc-Lys-OFm, Boc-Orn-OFm, and Boc-Dab-OFm. The synthetic strategies were verified by the independent synthesis of two small RGD-based cyclic mixtures, cyclo(Pro-Xxx-Lys-Arg-Gly-Asp), where Xxx = Ala, Ser, Leu, Tyr, using Boc-Asp-OFm, and then Boc-Lys-OFm for the initial resin-bound side-chain linkage. A new orthogonal synthetic approach to cyclic peptides, based on the use of the paranitrobenzyl (ONB) ester for alpha-carboxyl protection (selectively cleaved via SnCl2 reduction), was developed. It led to the successful synthesis of individual cyclic pentapeptides using serine (Boc-Ser-ONB), and tyrosine (Fmoc-Tyr-ONB) as the side chain-linked residues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Romanovskis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Jensen KJ, Alsina J, Songster MF, Vágner J, Albericio F, Barany G. Backbone Amide Linker (BAL) Strategy for Solid-Phase Synthesis of C-Terminal-Modified and Cyclic Peptides1,2,3. J Am Chem Soc 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ja974116f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Knud J. Jensen
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, and Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Alsina
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, and Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michael F. Songster
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, and Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josef Vágner
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, and Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Albericio
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, and Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - George Barany
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, and Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
|
41
|
Deegan TL, Gooding OW, Baudart S, Porco JA. Non-acidic cleavage of Wang-derived ethers from solid support: Utilization of a mixed-bed scavenger for DDQ. Tetrahedron Lett 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(97)01078-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
42
|
Albericio F, Cases M, Alsina J, Triolo SA, Carpino LA, Kates SA. On the use of PyAOP, a phosphonium salt derived from HOAt, in solid-phase peptide synthesis. Tetrahedron Lett 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(97)01011-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|