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Zhao D, Zhang X, Li X, Ru S, Wang Y, Yin J, Liu D. Oxidative damage induced by copper in testis of the red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii and its underlying mechanisms. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 207:120-131. [PMID: 30557757 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) is one of the most widespread environmental pollutants and is known to exert multiple toxic effects including reproductive toxicity. In this study, we investigated the toxic effect of Cu on reproduction of the red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii), an economic crustacean species, by exposing adult male crayfish to 0.03 and 3.00 mg/L Cu2+ for 7 days. The results showed that Cu2+ exposure induced oxidative stress accompanied by elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in testes, and resulted in decreased sperm quality and abnormal testicular structures with apoptotic germ cells and vacuolisation in Sertoli cells. To reveal the molecular mechanism of Cu2+-induced oxidative damage in crayfish testes, we sequenced, assembled and annotated the transcriptome for crayfish testes, using the Illumina sequencing approach. After the 3.00 mg/L Cu2+ treatment, 6745 genes with differentially expressed profile were identified, of which many genes were involved in cellular response to ROS based on Gene Ontology enrichment analysis. Further, KEGG analysis demonstrated that genes with up-regulated expression levels significantly enriched in mitochondria oxidative phosphorylation pathway, suggesting disturbed mitochondrial electron transport chain was probably a main source of Cu2+-induced ROS production in testes. This study represented the first use of transcriptome to investigate the toxic effect of Cu2+ on male crayfish reproduction, and the pathways identified underlying Cu2+ toxicity at molecular level provide a novel insight into the reproductive toxicity of Cu in crustaceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhao
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xiaona Zhang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Xuefu Li
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Shaoguo Ru
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yanwen Wang
- Ecological Society of Shandong, Zhijinshi Jie 12, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Jinbin Yin
- Shandong Institute of Environmental Science, Lishan Lu 50, Jinan 250013, China
| | - Dasheng Liu
- Ecological Society of Shandong, Zhijinshi Jie 12, Jinan 250012, China; Shandong Institute of Environmental Science, Lishan Lu 50, Jinan 250013, China.
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Moghimi M, Mahboobi-Soofiani N, Malekpouri P. Effects of water-borne copper and lead on metabolic and excretion rate of bahaii loach (Turcinoemacheilus bahaii). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 60:176-183. [PMID: 29730226 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2018.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Beyond the role of anthropogenic activities, natural sources of metal contaminations are still controversial, together counting, however, as a major threat to inland and coastal waters, becoming an even more prominent stressor for aquatic life. To address the effects of metals on the physiological response of fish, standard metabolic rate (SMR), maximum metabolic rate (MMR), aerobic scope (AS) and factorial aerobic scope (FAS) as well as specific rate of ammonia excretion (Jamm) of Turcinoemacheilus bahaii were determined following different water-borne Cu2+ and Pb2+ treatments. Following LC50-96 h determination, 72 fish (BW = 1.153 ± 0.56 g and TL = 6.155 ± 0.97 cm) were exposed to different amounts of Cu2+ and Pb2+ in 9 different treatments (eight fish/treatment), including 0.910 mg l-1 Cu2+ for 24 h, 0.455 mg l-1 Cu2+ for 7d, 0.182 mg l-1 Cu2+ for 14d and 0.091 mg l-1 Cu2+ for 30 d as well as 124.430 mg l-1 Pb2+ for 24 h, 62.215 mg l-1 Pb2+ for 7d,12.443 mg l-1 Pb2+ for 14d, 6.221 mg l-1 Pb2+ for 30d and control. The SMR of fish was reduced following exposures to all Cu2+ and Pb2+ treatments (P < 0.05), except for 30d exposure as compared with the control. The MMR remained steady following all Cu2+ treatments while it was raised significantly (P < 0.05) following Pb2+ treatments at 7, 14 and 30d exposure. Although the AS showed a similar pattern to MMR, the FAS was elevated (P < 0.05) following all the treatments when compared with control. Lower Jamm were observed following all metals-treated fish in comparison with control (P < 0.05). In addition, higher (P < 0.05) levels of injuries were observed following all Cu2+ and Pb2+ treatments in gills and kidneys. The results suggest that Cu2+ and Pb2+ over the experimental period could impair the metabolic and excretory capacities, hence affecting the possible physiological performance of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrnaz Moghimi
- Fisheries Division, Department of Natural Resources, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 8415683111, Iran
| | - Nasrollah Mahboobi-Soofiani
- Fisheries Division, Department of Natural Resources, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 8415683111, Iran.
| | - Pedram Malekpouri
- Young Researchers and Elites Club, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
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3
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Zhu QL, Luo Z, Zhuo MQ, Tan XY, Zheng JL, Chen QL, Hu W. In vitro effects of selenium on copper-induced changes in lipid metabolism of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) hepatocytes. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2014; 67:252-260. [PMID: 24854705 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-014-0041-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The present study was performed to evaluate the in vitro effects of selenium (Se) supplementation to prevent copper (Cu)-induced changes in lipid metabolism of hepatocytes from grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus). Four groups (control and 100 μM Cu in combination with 0, 5, and 10 μM Se, respectively) were chosen. Compared with the control, activities of glucose 6-phosphatedehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, malic enzyme, and carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I) of all three Cu-exposed groups at 24 and 48 h were significantly greater. However, among three Cu-exposed groups, increasing Se concentration tended to increase activities of G6PD and ME at 24 h and 6PGD activity at 24 and 48 h but decreased CPT I activity at 24 h. Compared with the control, Cu exposure alone, or in combination with Se, downregulated mRNA levels of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 (SREBP-1c), fatty acid synthase (FAS), acetyl-CoA carboxylase, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha (PPARα), CPT I, and hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) at 24 h as well as SREBP-1c, FAS, and ACC mRNA levels at 48 h. However, upregulated mRNA levels of PPARα, CPT I, and HSL, as well as decreased triglyceride content, were recorded at 48 h. Thus, although toxic at greater levels, lower levels of Se provided significant protection against Cu-induced changes in lipid metabolism. For the first time, our study indicates the dose- and time-dependent effects of Se addition on changes in lipid metabolism induced by Cu in fish hepatocytes and provides new insights into Se-Cu interaction at both enzymatic and molecular levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Ling Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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Zhu QL, Luo Z, Zhuo MQ, Tan XY, Sun LD, Zheng JL, Chen QL. In vitro exposure to copper influences lipid metabolism in hepatocytes from grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2014; 40:595-605. [PMID: 24078222 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-013-9869-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, three different copper (Cu) concentrations (control, 10 and 100 lM, respectively) and three incubation times (24, 48 and 96 h) were chosen to assess in vitro effect of Cu on lipid metabolism in hepatocytes of grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idellus. Increased glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and carnitine palmitoyltransferase I activities were observed in hepatocytes with increasing Cu concentration and exposure duration. Cu decreased mRNA levels of several lipogenic and lipolytic genes at 24 h. However, at 48 h, Cu down-regulated the process of lipogenesis but up-regulated that of lipolysis. The Cudriven up-regulation of lipolytic genes was maintained after 96 h and accompanied by a decreased intracellular triglyceride accumulation, while no effect on lipogenic genes was shown. Thus, 96-h Cu exposure induced lipid depletion, possibly due to the upregulation of lipolysis. Although in this process, lipogenesis might be up-regulated, it was not enough to compensate lipid consumption. Our study represents the first approach to concentration- and time-dependent in vitro effects of Cu on lipid metabolism of fish hepatocytes and provides new insights into Cu toxicity in fish at both enzymatic and molecular levels.
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Sappal R, Macdougald M, Stevens D, Fast MD, Kamunde C. Copper alters the effect of temperature on mitochondrial bioenergetics in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2014; 66:430-440. [PMID: 24379107 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-013-9985-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the interaction of temperature and copper (Cu) on mitochondrial bioenergetics to gain insight into how temperature fluctuations imposed by natural phenomena or anthropogenic activities would modulate the effects of Cu on cellular energy homeostasis. Mitochondria were isolated from rainbow trout livers and, in the first set of experiments, exposed to Cu (0-2.5 mM) at 5, 11, and 25 °C with measurement of mitochondrial complex II (mtCII)-driven respiration. In the second set of experiments, unenergized mitochondria were incubated for 30 or 60 min with lower concentrations (0-160 μM) of Cu to measure the effects on mtCII enzyme activity. Whereas maximal (state 3) respiration was inhibited by high Cu exposure, low Cu doses stimulated and high Cu doses inhibited resting (state 4) and 4ol (proton leak) respirations. High temperature alone increased mitochondrial respiration in all states. The Q10 values for state 3, state 4, and proton leak respirations suggested active processes with state 4 respiration and proton leak exhibiting greater thermal sensitivity than state 3 respiration. The differential thermal sensitivity of resting relative to phosphorylating mitochondrial state led to uncoupling and limitation of mitochondrial oxidative capacity at both high temperature and doses of Cu. Moreover, exposure to high Cu caused loss of thermal dependence of the mitochondrial bioenergetics culminating in Q10 values well below unity and decreased activation energies (E a) for both maximal and resting respiration rates. In addition, mtCII activity was increased by low and decreased by high doses of Cu indicating that direct effects on this enzyme contribute to Cu-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. Taken together, it appears that the substrate oxidation (electron transport chain and tricarboxylic acid cycle) and proton leak subsystems are targets of the deleterious effects of Cu and increased temperature on mitochondrial bioenergetics. However, mitochondrial effects of Cu and temperature may not be easily distinguished because they are generally qualitatively similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravinder Sappal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Ave., Charlottetown, PE, C1A 4P3, Canada
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6
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Ansbacher T, Chourasia M, Shurki A. Copper-chaperones with dicoordinated Cu(I)-Unique protection mechanism. Proteins 2013; 81:1411-9. [DOI: 10.1002/prot.24291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Ansbacher
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Lise-Meitner Minerva Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Jerusalem; 91120; Israel
| | - Mukesh Chourasia
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Lise-Meitner Minerva Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Jerusalem; 91120; Israel
| | - Avital Shurki
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Lise-Meitner Minerva Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Jerusalem; 91120; Israel
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7
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Liu F, Lou Y, Shi X, Wang H, Zhu X. Preparation and characterization of monoclonal antibody specific for copper–chelate complex. J Immunol Methods 2013; 387:228-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2012.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2012] [Revised: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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8
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Jia X, Chen L, Li J, Su R, Shi D, Tang Z. Effect of copper chloride exposure on the membrane potential and cytosolic free calcium in primary cultured chicken hepatocytes. Biol Trace Elem Res 2012; 148:331-5. [PMID: 22447273 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-012-9376-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to examine the effects of copper on membrane potential and cytosolic free calcium in isolated primary chicken hepatocytes which were exposed to different concentration of Cu(2+) (0, 10, 50, 100 μM) or a mixture of Cu(2+) and vitamin C (50 and 50 μM, respectively). Viability, membrane potential, and cytosolic free Ca(2+) of monolayer cultured hepatocytes were investigated at the indicated time point. Results showed that, among the different concentrations of Cu(2+) exposure, the viability of hepatocytes treated with 100 μM Cu(2+) was the worst at the 12th and 24th hours. The effects of Cu(2+) on viability and proliferation were time and dose dependent. Further investigation indicated that Cu(2+) exposure significantly enhanced cytosolic free Ca(2+) in hepatocytes, compared to that in control group, at the 24th hour. Meanwhile, membrane potential was noticeably reduced in hepatocytes increasing concentration of Cu(2+). Taking these results together, we have shown that Cu(2+) can cause toxicity to primary chicken hepatocytes in excessive dose and the effect of Cu(2+) exposure on membrane potential is not site specific, which is probably mediated by the changes of cytosolic free Ca(2+).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuexia Jia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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9
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Zhao H, Nan T, Tan G, Gao W, Cao Z, Sun S, Li Z, Li QX, Wang B. Development of two highly sensitive immunoassays for detection of copper ions and a suite of relevant immunochemicals. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 702:102-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2011] [Revised: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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Chen DS, Chan KM. Differentially expressed proteins in zebrafish liver cells exposed to copper. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2011; 104:270-277. [PMID: 21641295 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2011.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Revised: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 05/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Copper is an essential element for normal cellular processes in most eukaryotic organisms, but is toxic in excessive amounts. Different organisms vary in their ability to tolerate copper ions. We have previously studied the mechanism of copper toxicity to a copper tolerance cell line, Hepa T1, from tilapia using a proteomic approach. To compare the differences of proteins' regulation between copper tolerant and sensitive species after copper treatment, the zebrafish liver cell line (ZFL) was used as a model in this study to investigate the mechanism of copper toxicity to zebrafish. After conducting similar experimental procedures in previous Hepa T1 studies, 72 different proteins were identified to be regulated by Cu(2+) (100 μM and 200 μM). More than 50% of these proteins were also found with differentially expressed Hepa T1, indicating that the toxicity mechanism between zebrafish and tilapia was partially conserved. However, the regulation of several proteins in ZFL, related to the reactive oxygen species (ROS) effect, mitochondrion copper transportation and stress response, was quite different from that in tilapia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Shi Chen
- Biochemistry and Environmental Science Programs, School of Life Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, NT, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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11
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Mitochondrial Unselective Channels throughout the eukaryotic domain. Mitochondrion 2011; 11:382-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2011.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Revised: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/25/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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12
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Chara O, Espelt MV, Krumschnabel G, Schwarzbaum PJ. Regulatory volume decrease and P receptor signaling in fish cells: mechanisms, physiology, and modeling approaches. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 315:175-202. [PMID: 21290610 DOI: 10.1002/jez.662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
For animal cell plasma membranes, the permeability of water is much higher than that of ions and other solutes, and exposure to hyposmotic conditions almost invariably causes rapid water influx and cell swelling. In this situation, cells deploy regulatory mechanisms to preserve membrane integrity and avoid lysis. The phenomenon of regulatory volume decrease, the partial or full restoration of cell volume following cell swelling, is well-studied in mammals, with uncountable investigations yielding details on the signaling network and the effector mechanisms involved in the process. In comparison, cells from other vertebrates and from invertebrates received little attention, despite of the fact that e.g. fish cells could present rewarding model systems given the diversity in ecology and lifestyle of this animal group that may be reflected by an equal diversity of physiological adaptive mechanisms, including those related to cell volume regulation. In this review, we therefore present an overview on the most relevant aspects known on hypotonic volume regulation presently known in fish, summarizing transporters and signaling pathways described so far, and then focus on an aspect we have particularly studied over the past years using fish cell models, i.e. the role of extracellular nucleotides in mediating cell volume recovery of swollen cells. We, furthermore, present diverse modeling approaches developed on the basis of data derived from studies with fish and other models and discuss their potential use for gaining insight into the theoretical framework of volume regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osvaldo Chara
- IFLYSIB (CONICET, UNLP), La Plata, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Krumschnabel G, Ebner HL, Hess MW, Villunger A. Apoptosis and necroptosis are induced in rainbow trout cell lines exposed to cadmium. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2010; 99:73-85. [PMID: 20435356 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2010.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2010] [Revised: 03/30/2010] [Accepted: 04/02/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium is an important environmental toxicant that can kill cells. A number of studies have implicated apoptosis as well as necrosis and, most recently, a form of programmed necrosis termed necroptosis in the process of cadmium-mediated toxicity, but the exact mechanism remains ill-defined and may depend on the affected cell type. This study investigated which mode of cell death may be responsible for cell death induction in cadmium-exposed trout cell lines from gill and liver and if this cell death was sensitive to inhibitors of necroptosis or apoptosis, respectively. It was observed that intermediate levels of cadmium that killed approximately 50% of the cells over 96-120h of exposure caused cell death that morphologically resembled apoptosis and was associated with an increase of apoptotic markers such as the number of cells with diminished DNA content (sub-G1 cells), condensed or fragmented nuclei, and elevation of caspase-3 activity. At the same time, however, cells also lost plasma membrane integrity, as indicated by uptake of propidium iodide, showed a decrease of ATP levels and mitochondrial membrane potential, and displayed cell swelling, signs associated with secondary necrosis, or equally possible, necroptotic cell death. Importantly, many of these alterations were at least partly inhibited by the necroptosis inhibitor necrostatin-1 and were to a lesser extent also sensitive to the pan-caspase inhibitor zVAD-fmk, indicating that multiple modes of cell death are concurrently induced in cadmium-exposed trout cells, including necroptosis and apoptosis. Cell death appeared to lack concurrent radical formation, consistent with genetically regulated necroptotic cell death, but was characterized by the rapid induction of DNA damage markers, and the early onset of disintegration of the Golgi complex. Comparative experiments evaluating copper-toxicity indicated that in comparison to cadmium much higher concentrations of this metal were required to induce cell death and that neither necrostatin-1 nor a pan-caspase inhibitor conferred protection, suggesting that additional modes of cell death can be triggered in response to poisoning with heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Krumschnabel
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University Innsbruck, Fritz-Preglstr. 3, Innsbruck, Austria.
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14
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Godymchuk AY, Savel’ev GG, Gorbatenko DV. Dissolution of copper nanopowders in inorganic biological media. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363210050026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Belyaeva EA, Dymkowska D, Wieckowski MR, Wojtczak L. Mitochondria as an important target in heavy metal toxicity in rat hepatoma AS-30D cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2008; 231:34-42. [PMID: 18501399 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2008.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2007] [Revised: 02/12/2008] [Accepted: 03/22/2008] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms of toxic effects of divalent cations of three heavy metals Hg, Cd and Cu in rat ascites hepatoma AS-30D cells cultivated in vitro were compared. It was found that the toxicity of these ions, applied in the micromolar range (10-500 microM), decreased from Hg(2+) (most toxic) to Cu(2+) (least toxic). Hg(2+) and Cd(2+) produced a high percentage of cell death by both necrosis and apoptosis, whereas Cu(2+) at concentrations up to 500 microM was weakly effective. Hg(2+) at concentration of 10 microM appeared slightly uncoupling (i.e., stimulated resting state respiration and decreased the mitochondrial transmembrane potential), whereas it exerted a strong inhibitory effect on the respiratory chain and rapid dissipation of the membrane potential at higher concentrations. Cu(2+) had inhibitory effect on cell respiration only at 500 microM concentration and after incubation of 48 h but produced a significant uncoupling effect at lower concentrations. Cu(2+) induced an early and sharp increase of intracellular production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The action of Hg(2+) and Cd(2+) on ROS generation was biphasic. They stimulated ROS generation within the cells at low concentrations and at short incubation times but decreased ROS generation at higher concentrations and at longer incubation. It is concluded that mitochondria are an important target for toxic effects of Hg(2+), Cd(2+) and Cu(2+) in AS-30D rat hepatoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena A Belyaeva
- Laboratory of Comparative Biochemistry of Inorganic Ions, Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Thorez pr. 44, 194223, St. Petersburg, Russia.
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Aliza D, Ismail IS, Kuah MK, Shu-Chien AC, Tengku Muhammad TS. Identification of Wap65, a human homologue of hemopexin as a copper-inducible gene in swordtail fish, Xiphophorus helleri. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2008; 34:129-138. [PMID: 18649030 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-007-9153-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2007] [Accepted: 06/26/2007] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Copper is one of the major heavy metal pollutants found in the aquatic environment. Therefore, it is important for determining the genes that play a key role in copper metabolism in aquatic organisms. This study, thus, aimed to identify a new copper-inducible gene in swordtail fish, Xiphophorus helleri. Using ACP-based RT-PCR coupled with RLM-RACE, we cloned Wap65, a mammalian homologue of hemopexin gene. The gene exhibits high identity at amino acid levels with the Wap65 gene of other fish species (42-68%) and mammalian hemopexin gene (35-37%). In addition, ten cysteine and two histidine residues are conserved in the swordtail fish Wap65 gene. These cysteine residues are vital for structural integrity, and histidine residues provide high binding affinity towards heme. As revealed by RT-PCR, the gene was upregulated in swordtail fish that were exposed to copper in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Therefore, the identification of Wap65, a mammalian homologue of hemopexin, as a new copper-inducible gene will provide greater insight into the role of this gene in copper metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwinna Aliza
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia
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Bopp SK, Abicht HK, Knauer K. Copper-induced oxidative stress in rainbow trout gill cells. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2008; 86:197-204. [PMID: 18063143 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2007.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2007] [Revised: 10/24/2007] [Accepted: 10/28/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Copper is known to pose a serious threat to aquatic organisms. However, the mechanisms of its toxicity still remain unclear. Cu is known to exert its toxicity partly due to the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The purpose of this work was therefore to link the exposure to copper at pH 6 and 7 to cellular formation of ROS and effects like cell viability and genotoxicity using the rainbow trout gill cell line RTgill-W1. To relate effects to bioavailable copper, free Cu(2+) concentrations in the medium were calculated using the programm ChemEQL 3.0. 2',7'-Dichlorodihydrofluorescein-diacetate (H(2)DCF-DA) was used as cell-permeant indicator of ROS formation. Cell viability was assessed using the fluorogenic probe 5-carboxyfluorescein diacetate acetoxymethyl ester (CFDA-AM). DNA strand breaks were assessed using the comet assay, and lipid peroxidation was investigated using the thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances assay (TBARS). Copper treatment resulted in a dose-dependent elevation in cytotoxicity and formation of cellular ROS. Cell viability was significantly reduced at total copper (Cu(T)) concentrations of 5 microM (corresponding to a free Cu(2+) of 0.11 microM at pH 7) and higher, resulting in an EC(50) of Cu(T)=29.2 microM (Cu(2+)=0.63 microM, pH 7). Neither an impairment concerning the viability of control cells due to growth at pH 6 was observed nor significant differences for cytotoxicity in cells exposed to the same nominal Cu(T) concentrations at pH 6 compared to pH 7. Cellular ROS concentrations increased significantly and decreased with loss of cell viability. After normalizing ROS formation to cell viability, ROS induction up to 25-35-fold compared to the control was detected, but mainly for rather high concentrations (Cu(T) > or = 100 microM; Cu(2+) > or = 2.2 microM, pH 7). ROS formation rates were slightly higher when cells were exposed to Cu at pH 6 compared to pH 7, correlating with the higher free Cu(2+) concentrations. A significant induction of DNA strand breaks was noted at Cu(T) of 1 and 2.5 microM with greater effects at pH 6 due to higher free Cu(2+) concentrations than at pH 7. No effects on lipid peroxidation were observed. These results lead to the hypothesis that copper-induced loss in viability and genotoxicity in trout gill cells are partially triggered by the generation of ROS and related to the free Cu(2+).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie K Bopp
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Programm Man Society Environment (MGU), University of Basel, Vesalgasse 1, CH-4051 Basel, Switzerland
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Relationship between radial diffusion of copper ions released from a metal disk and cytotoxic effects. Comparison with results obtained using extracts. Bioelectrochemistry 2007; 72:94-101. [PMID: 18191620 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2007.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2007] [Revised: 08/16/2007] [Accepted: 11/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The extended use of metallic biomaterials yields to increasing sources of metal ions within the human body and may result in inflammation of the surrounding tissues, cell damage, and cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the radial diffusion of metal ions released from a metal disk by the corrosion process and the toxic effect on a cell line that grew around it. Results obtained with the metal disks (direct contact) were compared with assays made with extracts obtained from the dissolution of a metallic sample ex situ and then added to the cell culture to elucidate the cause of apparent inconsistencies in previous reports. The change of copper concentration due to corrosion and transient diffusion of copper ions from the copper disks into the cell line was evaluated according to Fick's 2nd law. Surviving cells distribution was interpreted considering the radial and time-dependence of copper concentration. We concluded that the toxic effect on those cells close to metallic biomaterials may be underestimated when only the extract methodology is employed for cytotoxic tests or when during the experiments with disks the presence of concentration gradients and the non-homogeneous distribution of dead cells are disregarded.
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Craig PM, Wood CM, McClelland GB. Oxidative stress response and gene expression with acute copper exposure in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2007; 293:R1882-92. [PMID: 17855494 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00383.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In fish, environmental pollution is one factor that induces oxidative stress, and this can disturb the natural antioxidant defense system. Oxidative stress has been well characterized in vitro, yet the in vivo effects of metal-induced oxidative stress have not been extensively studied. In two experiments we examined the impacts of copper (Cu) on gene expression, oxidative damage, and cell oxidative capacity in liver and gill of zebrafish. In the first experiment, soft water-acclimated zebrafish were exposed to 8 and 15 mug/l Cu for 48 h. This exposure resulted in significant increases in gene expression of cytochrome c oxidase subunit 17 (COX-17) and catalase, associated with both increased Cu load and protein carbonyl concentrations in the gill and liver after 48 h. In addition, we examined the potential protective effects of increased waterborne Ca(2+) (3.3 mM) and Na(+) (10 mM) on acute Cu toxicity. While both treatments were effective at reducing liver and/or gill Cu loads and attenuating oxidative damage at 48 h, 10 mM Na(+) was more protective than 3.3 mM Ca(2+). There were variable changes in the maximal activities of COX and citrate synthase (CS), indicating possible alterations in cell oxidative capacity. Moreover, Cu affected COX-to-CS ratios in both gill and liver, suggesting that Cu alters normal mitochondrial biogenic processes, possibly though metallochaperones like COX-17. Overall, this study provides important steps in determining the transcriptional and physiological endpoints of acute Cu toxicity in a model tropical species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Craig
- Dept. of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1 Canada.
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Ye JL, Mao WP, Wu AL, Zhang NN, Zhang C, Yu YJ, Zhou L, Wei CJ. Cadmium-induced apoptosis in human normal liver L-02 cells by acting on mitochondria and regulating Ca(2+) signals. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2007; 24:45-54. [PMID: 21783788 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2007.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2006] [Revised: 01/27/2007] [Accepted: 01/31/2007] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium is a well-known toxic compound for the liver. It has been demonstrated to induce hepatotoxicity partly via apoptosis, but no uniform mechanism of apoptosis has so far been proposed. This study was first to determine whether cadmium-induced apoptosis in L-02 cells, second to observe the mechanism of cadmium-induced apoptosis. Studies of morphology, DNA fragmentation and apoptotic rate demonstrated that 60μM cadmium induced apoptosis with strong effects on cell viability. A concomitant time-dependent decrease of Bcl-2 and mitochondrial transmembrane potential (ΔΨ(m)) was observed. Subsequently, increase of caspase-3 activity and release of mitochondrial AIF were detected. However, cell pretreatment with a broad-specificity caspase inhibitor (Z-Asp) did not abolish apoptosis. These data demonstrated that the apoptotic events involved a mitochondria-mediated apoptotic pathway but not necessarily caspase-dependent signaling. On the other hand, intracellular free Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) of cadmium-exposed cells had significant increases and the Bapta-AM, a well-known calcium chelator, pretreatment partially blocked cadmium-induced apoptosis, indicating that the elevation of [Ca(2+)](i) may play an important role in the apoptosis. Together, these results support the notion that cadmium-induced hepatotoxicity is comparable to effects in L-02 by inducing apoptotic pathways on the basis of acting on mitochondria and regulating Ca(2+) signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Lin Ye
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 122 Ninghai Road, Nanjing 210097, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China; Medical Science Department, Yangzhou Vocational College of Environment and Resources, 33 Runyangnan Road, Yangzhou 225127, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
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Tay BY, Xiang K, Thiemann T, Dongol KG. Palladium(II)‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Isoxazolidines: Using a Catalytic Copper Acetate and Molecular Oxygen as the Cooxidant. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/00397910500516233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Nawaz M, Manzl C, Lacher V, Krumschnabel G. Copper-induced stimulation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase in trout hepatocytes: the role of reactive oxygen species, Ca2+, and cell energetics and the impact of extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling on apoptosis and necrosis. Toxicol Sci 2006; 92:464-75. [PMID: 16672322 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfl006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated if copper (Cu) exposure of trout hepatocytes, which stimulates formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increases intracellular free Ca(2+) (Ca(2+)i), leads to an activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), the mechanisms underlying this activation, and the role of ERK signaling in cell death. Cu stimulated a time- and dose-dependent increase of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (pERK), and preventing the associated Ca(2+) influx or radical formation diminished or inhibited ERK activation, respectively. Furthermore, Cu enhanced caspase 3/7 activity and necrosis, and both effects were inhibited by treatments diminishing radical production and by chelating extracellular Ca(2+). In addition, ERK activity, and to a lesser extent caspase activity, was reduced by inhibiting mitochondrial ATP production, suggesting ATP dependence of the process. Inhibition of the ERK activator MEK, as well as of p38, significantly reduced caspase activation and necrosis, whereas c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibition diminished only caspase activity. Likewise, inhibition of MEK and p38, but not of JNK, prevented Cu-induced ROS production. In summary, we found that stimulation of ERK by Cu exposure of trout hepatocytes is dependent on radical formation and ATP, whereas Ca(2+) only modulates ERK activity. At the same time, activated ERK, as well as p38, contributes to enhanced ROS formation, whereas JNK did not. All three mitogen-activated protein kinases appear to promote apoptotic cell death upon Cu exposure, and ERK and p38 also stimulate necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Nawaz
- Institut für Zoologie und Limnologie, Leopold Franzens Universität Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Fuchs JF, Nedev H, Poger D, Ferrand M, Brenner V, Dognon JP, Crouzy S. New model potentials for sulfur–copper(I) and sulfur–mercury(II) interactions in proteins: Fromab initio to molecular dynamics. J Comput Chem 2006; 27:837-56. [PMID: 16541427 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.20392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We have developed new force field and parameters for copper(I) and mercury(II) to be used in molecular dynamics simulations of metalloproteins. Parameters have been derived from fitting of ab initio interaction potentials calculated at the MP2 level of theory, and results compared to experimental data when available. Nonbonded parameters for the metals have been calculated from ab initio interaction potentials with TIP3P water. Due to high charge transfer between Cu(I) or Hg(II) and their ligands, the model is restricted to a linear coordination of the metal bonded to two sulfur atoms. The experimentally observed asymmetric distribution of metal ligand bond lengths (r) is accounted for by the addition of an anharmonic (r3) term in the potential. Finally, the new parameters and potential, introduced into the CHARMM force field, are tested in short molecular dynamics simulations of two metal thiolates fragments in water. (Brooks BR et al. J Comput Chem 1983, 4, 1987.1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Francois Fuchs
- Laboratoire de Biophysique Moléculaire et Cellulaire, (CEA-CNRS-UJF, UMR 5090), DRDC/BMC CEA, Grenoble, 17 rue des martyrs, Bat K pièce 110, 38054 Grenoble, France
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Krumschnabel G, Manzl C, Berger C, Hofer B. Oxidative stress, mitochondrial permeability transition, and cell death in Cu-exposed trout hepatocytes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2005; 209:62-73. [PMID: 15882883 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2005.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2004] [Revised: 03/11/2005] [Accepted: 03/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that, in trout hepatocytes, exposure to a high dose of copper (Cu) leads to disruption of Ca(2+) homeostasis and elevated formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), with the latter ultimately causing cell death. In the present study, we aimed at identifying, using a lower Cu concentration, the role of mitochondria in this scenario, the potential involvement of the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT), and the mode of cell death induced by the metal. Incubation with 10 muM Cu resulted in a strong stimulation of ROS formation, and after 2 h of exposure a significant increase of both apoptotic and necrotic cells was seen. Co-incubation of Cu-treated hepatocytes with the iron-chelator deferoxamine significantly inhibited ROS production and completely prevented cell death. The origin of the radicals generated was at least partly mitochondrial, as visualized by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Furthermore, ROS production was diminished by inhibition of mitochondrial respiration, but since this also aggravated the elevation of intracellular Ca(2+) induced by Cu, it did not preserve cell viability. In a sub-population of cells, Cu induced a decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential and occurrence of the MPT. Cyclosporin A, which did not inhibit ROS formation, prevented the onset of the MPT and inhibited apoptotic, but not necrotic, cell death. Cu-induced apoptosis therefore appears to be dependent on induction of the MPT, but the prominent contribution of mitochondria to ROS generation also suggests an important role of mitochondria in necrotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Krumschnabel
- Institut für Zoologie und Limnologie and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), Abteilung für Okophysiologie, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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25
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Arkhipchuk VV, Garanko NN. Using the nucleolar biomarker and the micronucleus test on in vivo fish fin cells. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2005; 62:42-52. [PMID: 15978290 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2005.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2004] [Revised: 12/18/2004] [Accepted: 01/19/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This study was aimed at developing the nucleolar biomarker and the micronucleus test on in vivo fish fin cells for assessing water cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. Both biomarkers can be used either jointly or separately on fins of the same fish during the experiment. For studying the nucleolar characteristics, small pieces of the fin edge were cut several times during 30-180 min of fish exposure. For micronucleus testing, the fin tissue regenerating after its cutting was investigated after 2-5 days of fish incubation. Effects of copper (0.1 and 2.5 mg/L), cadmium (0.005 and 1.0 mg/L) ions and chloral hydrate (400 and 800 mg/L) solutions were studied on cells of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.), crucian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio Bloch.), and Mozambique tilapia (Tilapia (Sautherodon) mossambica) using a set of nucleolar characteristics (the number of nucleoli per cell, the size of a single nucleolus, and the percentage of cells with heteromorphic paired nucleoli) and the frequencies of cells with micronuclei and double nuclei. Substantial changes in parameters of nucleolar activity of fin cells were found to be caused by cadmium and copper impact. In comparison to blood cells, gill and fin cells were more sensitive as demonstrated by their nuclear damages after the chloral hydrate influence. Fin cells were useful to determine periodically cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of organic and inorganic substances in the same individual fish without any disruption of its physiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- V V Arkhipchuk
- Laboratory of Biomarkers and Biotesting, Institute of Colloid Chemistry and Water Chemistry, Kiev, Ukraine.
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26
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Krumschnabel G, Nawaz M. Acute toxicity of hexavalent chromium in isolated teleost hepatocytes. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2004; 70:159-67. [PMID: 15522432 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2004.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2004] [Revised: 08/10/2004] [Accepted: 09/15/2004] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Acute toxic effects of hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)], a widely recognised carcinogenic, mutagenic and redox active metal, were investigated in isolated hepatocytes of goldfish (Carassius auratus). Exposure to 250 microM Cr(VI) induced a significant decrease of cell viability from 94% in controls to 88% and 84% after 30 min and 4 h of exposure, respectively. Cr-toxicity was associated with a concentration-dependent stimulation of the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). As one potential source of ROS formation we identified the lysosomal Fe(2+) pool, since the ferric ion chelator deferoxamin inhibited ROS formation by approximately 15%. Lysosomal membranes remained nevertheless intact during Cr-exposure, as determined from neutral red retention in this compartment. Another significant source of ROS appear to be the mitochondria, where a presumably uncoupled increase of respiration by 20-30% was triggered by the metal. Inhibition of mitochondrial respiration by cyanide caused an approximately 40% decrease of Cr-induced ROS-formation, whereas the uncoupling agent carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazine was without effect. Cellular Ca(2+) homeostasis was not disturbed by Cr(VI) and thus played no role in this scenario. Overall, our data show that Cr(VI) is acutely toxic to goldfish hepatocytes, and its toxicity is associated with the induction of radical stress, presumably involving lysosomes and mitochondria as important sources of ROS formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Krumschnabel
- Institut für Zoologie und Limnologie, Abteilung für Okophysiologie, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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27
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Manzl C, Krumschnabel G, Schwarzbaum PJ, Dallinger R. Acute toxicity of cadmium and copper in hepatopancreas cells from the Roman snail (Helix pomatia). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2004; 138:45-52. [PMID: 15313445 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2004.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2004] [Revised: 04/20/2004] [Accepted: 04/22/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The toxic effects of cadmium (Cd) and copper (Cu) on cellular metabolism and cell morphology were investigated in isolated hepatopancreas cells from the Roman snail (Helix pomatia). Cell viability was unaffected during 1 h of incubation with 100 microM Cd, but was significantly reduced from 93% in controls to 87% and 85% with 100 microM Cu and 500 microM Cd, respectively. The adverse effect of 500 microM Cd on cell viability was not observed in cells isolated from Cd pretreated snails. Oxygen consumption remained constant in the presence of 100 microM Cu but was inhibited by 38% after 1 h of exposure to 500 microM Cd. Hepatopancreas cells showed enhanced formation of reactive oxygen species when exposed to 100 microM Cu, but not in the presence of Cd. Morphologically, an increase in cell volume of Cd-exposed cells was noted, while cell membrane bleb formation was induced by both metals. The latter may have been induced by metal effects on the actin filamentous network of the cells which showed distinct actin-staining within the blebs at the cell surface. Overall, our data indicate that both Cd and Cu are acutely toxic for hepatopancreas cells form the Roman snail with Cu being more toxic than Cd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Manzl
- Institut für Zoologie und Limnologie, Abteilung Okophysiologie, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria.
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Manzl C, Enrich J, Ebner H, Dallinger R, Krumschnabel G. Copper-induced formation of reactive oxygen species causes cell death and disruption of calcium homeostasis in trout hepatocytes. Toxicology 2004; 196:57-64. [PMID: 15036756 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2003.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2003] [Revised: 11/03/2003] [Accepted: 11/03/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that copper is acutely toxic for trout hepatocytes, inducing enhanced influx of Ca(2+) and a loss of cell viability. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the pathways of Ca(2+) entry into the cells, the hypothetical role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in copper toxicity, and the interaction of ROS formation and the disruption of Ca(2+) homeostasis. We found that, acutely, copper-induced cell death occurred independently from an increase of intracellular free Ca(2+) (Ca(2+)i), but could be prevented by addition of agents interfering with ROS production. Addition of the Ca(2+) channel blocker verapamil did not affect the Ca(2+)i increase evoked by copper, whereas in the presence of LaCl(3), an inhibitor of both Ca(2+) channels and Na(+)/Ca(2+)-exchange, this increase was significantly delayed. ROS formation, estimated by use of the fluorescence indicator 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate, was significantly enhanced by copper. Omission of extracellular Ca(2+) or addition of either verapamil or LaCl(3) did not diminish ROS formation induced by copper. In contrast, the hydroxyl radical scavenger dimethyl sulfoxide and the ferric ion chelator deferoxamine inhibited radical production. In addition, these agents either partially (dimethyl sulfoxide) or completely (deferoxamine) prevented an increase of Ca(2+)i. Altogether our results indicate that ROS formation is the crucial event leading to cell death during acute exposure to copper, whereas the increase of Ca(2+)i is a secondary, acutely less toxic, phenomenon. Furthermore, these findings suggest that Ca(2+) entry occurs via a LaCl(3)-sensitive pathway, presumably representing Na(+)/Ca(2+)-exchange, and non-specific membrane leaks induced by lipid peroxidation in the presence of copper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Manzl
- Institut für Zoologie und Limnologie, Abteilung Okophysiologie, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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