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Chaffin JD, Barker KB, Bickman SR, Bratton JF, Bridgeman TB, Bhatia M, Buchholz SD, Bullerjahn GS, Johengen TH, Kang DW, Lewis GG, Lochhead MJ, Macdonald BM, Petrou CL, Platz M, Purcell H, Roser J, Seo Y, Siddiquee M, Snyder B, Taylor AT, Verhamme EM, Westrick JA. An assessment of a biosensor system for the quantification of microcystins in freshwater cyanobacterial blooms. Anal Biochem 2024; 687:115429. [PMID: 38113981 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2023.115429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-producing cyanobacterial blooms are a global issue threatening drinking water supplies and recreation on lakes and beaches. Direct measurement of microcystins is the only way to ensure waters have concentrations below guideline concentrations; however, analyzing water for microcystins takes several hours to days to obtain data. We tested LightDeck Diagnostics' bead beater cell lysis and two versions of the quantification system designed to give microcystin concentrations within 20 min and compared it to the standard freeze-thaw cycle lysis method and ELISA quantification. The bead beater lyser was only 30 % effective at extracting microcystins compared to freeze-thaw. When considering freeze-thaw samples analyzed in 2021, there was good agreement between ELISA and LightDeck version 2 (n = 152; R2 = 0.868), but the LightDeck slightly underestimated microcystins (slope of 0.862). However, we found poor relationships between LightDeck version 2 and ELISA in 2022 (n = 49, slopes 0.60 to 1.6; R2 < 0.6) and LightDeck version 1 (slope = 1.77 but also a high number of less than quantifiable concentrations). After the quantification issues are resolved, combining the LightDeck system with an already-proven rapid lysis method (such as microwaving) will allow beach managers and water treatment operators to make quicker, well-informed decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin D Chaffin
- F.T. Stone Laboratory and Ohio Sea Grant, The Ohio State University, Put in Bay, Ohio 43456, USA; Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, USA.
| | | | - Sarah R Bickman
- LightDeck Diagnostics, Inc., 5603 Arapahoe Ave, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - John F Bratton
- LimnoTech, Inc. 501 Avis Dr., Ann Arbor Michigan 48108, USA
| | | | - Mudit Bhatia
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Toledo, 3006 Nitschke Hall, Toledo, Ohio 43606, USA
| | - Seth D Buchholz
- Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, USA
| | | | - Thomas H Johengen
- Cooperative Institute for Great Lakes Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Dae-Wook Kang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Toledo, 3006 Nitschke Hall, Toledo, Ohio 43606, USA
| | - Gregory G Lewis
- LightDeck Diagnostics, Inc., 5603 Arapahoe Ave, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - Michael J Lochhead
- LightDeck Diagnostics, Inc., 5603 Arapahoe Ave, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - Brooks M Macdonald
- LightDeck Diagnostics, Inc., 5603 Arapahoe Ave, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - Cassandra L Petrou
- LightDeck Diagnostics, Inc., 5603 Arapahoe Ave, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - Michelle Platz
- LimnoTech, Inc. 501 Avis Dr., Ann Arbor Michigan 48108, USA
| | - Heidi Purcell
- Cooperative Institute for Great Lakes Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Jack Roser
- LightDeck Diagnostics, Inc., 5603 Arapahoe Ave, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - Youngwoo Seo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Toledo, 3006 Nitschke Hall, Toledo, Ohio 43606, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Toledo, 3048 Nitschke Hall, Toledo, Ohio 43606, USA
| | - Mashuk Siddiquee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Toledo, 3006 Nitschke Hall, Toledo, Ohio 43606, USA
| | - Brenda Snyder
- Lake Erie Center, The University of Toledo, Oregon, Ohio 43616, USA
| | - Autumn T Taylor
- F.T. Stone Laboratory and Ohio Sea Grant, The Ohio State University, Put in Bay, Ohio 43456, USA
| | | | - Judy A Westrick
- Lumigen Instrument Center, Wayne State University, 5101Cass Ave., Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
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2
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Baranwal P, Kang DW, Seo Y. Impacts of algal organic matter and humic substances on microcystin-LR removal and their biotransformation during the biodegradation process. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 852:157993. [PMID: 35964751 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The application of bioaugmentation (i.e., injection of contaminant-degrading microorganisms) has shown its potential to remove harmful cyanotoxins like microcystin-LR (MC-LR) from drinking water sources. However, the natural organic matter (NOM) present in both natural and engineered water systems might affect the bacterial biodegradation of MC-LR. Therefore, for the successful application of bioaugmentation for MC-LR removal in water treatment, it is important to understand NOM effects on MC-LR biodegradation. In this study, the impact of NOM [algal organic matter (AOM) and humic substances (HS)] on MC-LR biodegradation was evaluated in the presence of varying concentrations of NOM by monitoring MC-LR biodegradation kinetics. The changes in NOM composition during MC-LR biodegradation were also characterized by a five-component Parallel factor (PARAFAC) model using 336 excitation-emission matrix (EEM) spectra collected at different sampling points. Our results showed decreases in MC-LR biodegradation rate of 1.6-and 3.4-fold in the presence of AOM and HS, respectively. The expression of the functional mlrA gene exhibited a similar trend to the MC-LR degradation rate at different NOM concentrations. EEM-PARAFAC analyses and NOM molecular size fractionation results indicated a relatively greater production of terrestrial humic-like components (57%) and a decrease of protein-like components. Two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2D-COS) analyses further confirmed that low molecular weight protein-like components were initially utilized by bacteria, followed by the formation of higher molecular weight humic-like components, likely due to microbial metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parul Baranwal
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Toledo, Mail Stop 307, 3006 Nitschke Hall, Toledo, OH 43606, United States
| | - Dae-Wook Kang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Toledo, Mail Stop 307, 3006 Nitschke Hall, Toledo, OH 43606, United States
| | - Youngwoo Seo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Toledo, Mail Stop 307, 3006 Nitschke Hall, Toledo, OH 43606, United States; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Toledo, Mail Stop 307, 3048 Nitschke Hall, Toledo, OH 43606, United States.
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3
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Hataley EK, Shahmohamadloo RS, Almirall XO, Harrison AL, Rochman CM, Zou S, Orihel DM. Experimental Evidence from the Field that Naturally Weathered Microplastics Accumulate Cyanobacterial Toxins in Eutrophic Lakes. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2022; 41:3017-3028. [PMID: 36148929 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater ecosystems with recurring harmful algal blooms can also be polluted with plastics. Thus the two environmental problems may interact. To test whether microplastics influence the partitioning of microcystins in freshwater lakes, we examined the sorption of four microcystin congeners to different polymers of commercially available plastics (low-density polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polyvinyl chloride, and polypropylene). We conducted three experiments: a batch sorption experiment in the laboratory with pristine microplastics of four different polymers, a second batch sorption experiment in the laboratory to compare pristine and naturally weathered microplastics of a single polymer, and a 2-month sorption experiment in the field with three different polymers experiencing natural weathering in a eutrophic lake. This series of experiments led to a surprising result: microcystins sorbed poorly to all polymers tested under laboratory conditions (<0.01% of the initial amount added), irrespective of weathering, yet in the field experiment, all polymers accumulated microcystins under ambient conditions in a eutrophic lake (range: 0-84.1 ng/g). Furthermore, we found that the sorption capacity for microcystins differed among polymers in the laboratory experiment yet were largely the same in the field. We also found that the affinity for plastic varied among microcystin congeners, namely, more polar congeners demonstrated a greater affinity for plastic than less polar congeners. Our study improves our understanding of the role of polymer and congener type in microplastic-microcystin sorption and provides novel evidence from the field, showing that naturally weathered microplastics in freshwater lakes can accumulate microcystins. Consequently, we caution that microplastics may alter the persistence, transport, and bioavailability of microcystins in freshwaters, which could have implications for human and wildlife health. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:3017-3028. © 2022 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eden K Hataley
- School of Environmental Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - René S Shahmohamadloo
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Vancouver, Washington, USA
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xavier Ortiz Almirall
- School of Environmental Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, Etobicoke, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Sciences, IQS School of Engineering, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna L Harrison
- Géosciences Environnement Toulouse, UMR 5563, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse, France
| | - Chelsea M Rochman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, St. George Campus, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shan Zou
- Metrology Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Diane M Orihel
- School of Environmental Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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van der Voet M, Teunis M, Louter-van de Haar J, Stigter N, Bhalla D, Rooseboom M, Wever KE, Krul C, Pieters R, Wildwater M, van Noort V. Towards a reporting guideline for developmental and reproductive toxicology testing in C. elegans and other nematodes. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2021; 10:1202-1210. [PMID: 34950447 PMCID: PMC8692742 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfab109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Implementation of reliable methodologies allowing Reduction, Refinement, and Replacement (3Rs) of animal testing is a process that takes several decades and is still not complete. Reliable methods are essential for regulatory hazard assessment of chemicals where differences in test protocol can influence the test outcomes and thus affect the confidence in the predictive value of the organisms used as an alternative for mammals. Although test guidelines are common for mammalian studies, they are scarce for non-vertebrate organisms that would allow for the 3Rs of animal testing. Here, we present a set of 30 reporting criteria as the basis for such a guideline for Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology (DART) testing in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Small organisms like C. elegans are upcoming in new approach methodologies for hazard assessment; thus, reliable and robust test protocols are urgently needed. A literature assessment of the fulfilment of the reporting criteria demonstrates that although studies describe methodological details, essential information such as compound purity and lot/batch number or type of container is often not reported. The formulated set of reporting criteria for C. elegans testing can be used by (i) researchers to describe essential experimental details (ii) data scientists that aggregate information to assess data quality and include data in aggregated databases (iii) regulators to assess study data for inclusion in regulatory hazard assessment of chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marc Teunis
- Utrecht University of Applied Sciences, Innovative testing in Life Sciences & Chemistry, 3584 CH, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Johanna Louter-van de Haar
- Utrecht University of Applied Sciences, Innovative testing in Life Sciences & Chemistry, 3584 CH, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Nienke Stigter
- Utrecht University of Applied Sciences, Innovative testing in Life Sciences & Chemistry, 3584 CH, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Diksha Bhalla
- KU Leuven, Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Martijn Rooseboom
- Toxicology group Shell International B.V., 2596 HR, The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - Kimberley E Wever
- Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department for Health Evidence, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Cyrille Krul
- Utrecht University of Applied Sciences, Innovative testing in Life Sciences & Chemistry, 3584 CH, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Raymond Pieters
- Utrecht University of Applied Sciences, Innovative testing in Life Sciences & Chemistry, 3584 CH, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Utrecht University, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, 3584 CM, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Vera van Noort
- KU Leuven, Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
- Leiden University, Institute of Biology Leiden, 2333 BE, Leiden, the Netherlands
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5
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Study of antifungal agent caspofungin adsorption to laboratory materials. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1188:123060. [PMID: 34847516 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.123060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of invasive fungal infections with Caspofungin is used as the first-line antifungal agents. The minimum inhibitory concentration value is a test which indicates the degree of sensitivity of a strain regarding a drug. However, no value of minimum inhibitory concentration for caspofungin is available because very variable value is obtained. In this work, we study the link with the adsorption phenomenon of CSF previously described in literature and the lack of minimum inhibitory concentration value. A systematic study of the impact of different parameters on CSF adsorption is reported. The effect of the nature of container material, the aqueous solution pH and the organic solvent proportion was studied. In addition, the possibility of using a coating agent to minimize the adsorption was assayed and evaluated. Results obtained showed the importance of the material used during the manipulation of CSF. The use of acidic pH aqueous solution or the addition of acetonitrile or methanol proportions (50 % and 70 %, respectively) were found efficient to avoid adsorption of CSF on glassware material, which is the relevant strategy for analytical samples of caspofungin. The treatment of HPLC glass vials and 96-well plates with N-(2-aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane reduced the adsorption. The significant adsorption observed in this work especially with plastic materials, questions the results obtained before in different assays and explained the absence of MIC value.
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6
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Hipsher C, Barker J, Lanno R, MacKay A. Solvent choice influences final toxicity results in Thamnocephalus platyurus bioassay when exposed to microcystin -LR. Toxicon 2021; 197:33-39. [PMID: 33872677 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial blooms present a threat to many waterbodies around the world used for drinking water and recreational purposes. Toxicology tests, such as the Thamnotoxkit-F which uses the cladoceran T. platyurus, have been employed to assess the health hazards that these blooms may pose to the public. However, reported median lethal concentrations (LC50) of microcystin -LR to T. platyurus vary significantly from one study to the next. The variation in solvent type and concentrations used to dissolve microcystin -LR in preparation for toxicity experiments may be contributing to the variations in LC50 values found in the literature. The primary goal of this study was to determine what solvents and their corresponding concentrations can be used for microcystin -LR testing using T. platyurus without artifactually impacting LC50 values. All toxicity testing was completed using glassware as polystyrene containers have been shown to sorb microcystin. Microcystin -LR LC50 values for T. platyurus were determined using United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) moderately hard standard freshwater as a control for comparison with systems that were prepared using dimethyl sulfoxide or methanol to dissolve microcystin -LR. Low levels of dimethyl sulfoxide (2%) or methanol (1%) did not impact LC50 values of microcystin -LR to T. platyurus compared to US EPA moderately hard standard freshwater diluted in microcystin -LR. However, higher levels of dimethyl sulfoxide (4%) and methanol (1.4% and 4%) did lower the LC50 for microcystin -LR to T. platyurus, consistent with the toxicity of these solvents to T. platyurus when dosed in the absence of microcystin -LR. Researchers need to report the type and concentrations of solvents used in toxicity tests using cyanotoxins in order to ensure that results can be intercompared appropriately. Furthermore, researchers need to use caution when using organic solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide or methanol to ensure that these solvents are not causing significant mortality in toxicity testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carissa Hipsher
- Institute of Environmental Sustainability, Loyola University Chicago, 1032 W. Sheridan Road, Chicago, IL, 60660, USA.
| | - Joel Barker
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Minnesota, 116 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Roman Lanno
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, 492 Aronoff Laboratory, 318 W. 12th Ave., Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Allison MacKay
- Department of Civil, Environmental & Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, 470 Hitchcock Hall, 2070 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
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Pan C, Zhang L, Meng X, Qin H, Xiang Z, Gong W, Luo W, Li D, Han X. Chronic exposure to microcystin-LR increases the risk of prostate cancer and induces malignant transformation of human prostate epithelial cells. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 263:128295. [PMID: 33297237 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins-LR (MC-LR) acts as a possible carcinogen for humans and causes a serious risk to public environmental health. The current study aimed to evaluate the interaction between MC-LR exposure and prostate cancer development and elucidate the underlying mechanism. In this study, mice were exposed to MC-LR at various doses for 180 days. MC-LR was able to induce the progression of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) and microinvasion. Furthermore, MC-LR notably increased angiogenesis and susceptibility to prostate cancer in vivo. In vitro, over 25 weeks of MC-LR exposure, normal human prostate epithelial (RWPE-1) cells increased secretion of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and colony formation, features typical for cancer cells. These MC-LR-transformed prostate epithelial cells displayed increased expression of forkhead box M1 (FOXM1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2); abrogation of FOXM1 or COX-2 activity by specific inhibitors could abolish the invasion and migration of MC-LR-treated cells. In conclusion, we have provided compelling evidence demonstrating the induction of a malignant phenotype in human prostate epithelial cells and the in vivo development of prostate cancer by exposure to MC-LR, which might be a potential tumor promoter in the progression of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Pan
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Xiannan Meng
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Haixiang Qin
- Department of Urology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Institute of Urology, Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zou Xiang
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wenyue Gong
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Wenxin Luo
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Dongmei Li
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Xiaodong Han
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
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Huang K, MacKay AA. Microcystin-LR degradation kinetics during chlorination: Role of water quality conditions. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 185:116305. [PMID: 32823198 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MCLR) produced during certain cyanobacteria blooms can contaminate drinking water sources and pose a threat to public health. Previous studies of MCLR degradation by free chlorine may have artifacts from using strong reducing agents to quench chlorination reactions, and they also have not explored the influence of water quality characteristics such as pH, alkalinity, temperature and dissolved organic matter (DOM). Using a novel quencher, 1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene (TMB), the apparent MCLR degradation rate constants were found to be higher than those obtained with thiosulfate (S2O32-), a traditionally used strong reducing quencher. Thiosulfate converted N-chlorinated MCLR degradation products back to the parent MCLR, thereby underestimating MCLR loss over time. The second-order rate constants for HOCl (kHOCl) and OCl- (kOCl-) during chlorination of MCLR were determined to be 72 ± 13 and 28 ± 1.8 M-1s-1, respectively, allowing for determination of the apparent MCLR rate constants (kapp,MCLR) for any known pH condition. The MCLR reaction with free chlorine was strongly affected by temperature and the presence of DOM, while changes in ionic strength and alkalinity had little effect. Free chlorine in the presence of DOM, originating from both terrestrial and microbial sources, exhibited two-stage decay. The initial chlorine demand in the first 15 s of reaction can be determined by the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration (initial chlorine demand = 1.8 × DOC), and the second-order rate constants for the later slower decay correlated well with SUVA254 (kapp,DOM = 0.73 × SUVA254 - 0.41). The results yielded a practical model to predict the decay of MCLR during chlorination of waters with varied water quality characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Huang
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, 2070 Neil Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, United States.
| | - Allison A MacKay
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, 2070 Neil Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
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Metcalf JS, Codd GA. Co-Occurrence of Cyanobacteria and Cyanotoxins with Other Environmental Health Hazards: Impacts and Implications. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E629. [PMID: 33019550 PMCID: PMC7601082 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12100629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxin-producing cyanobacteria in aquatic, terrestrial, and aerial environments can occur alongside a wide range of additional health hazards including biological agents and synthetic materials. Cases of intoxications involving cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins, with exposure to additional hazards, are discussed. Examples of the co-occurrence of cyanobacteria in such combinations are reviewed, including cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins plus algal toxins, microbial pathogens and fecal indicator bacteria, metals, pesticides, and microplastics. Toxicity assessments of cyanobacteria, cyanotoxins, and these additional agents, where investigated in bioassays and in defined combinations, are discussed and further research needs are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Geoffrey A. Codd
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK;
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK
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10
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Santori N, Buratti FM, Scardala S, Dorne JLCM, Testai E. In vitro detoxication of microcystins in human samples: variability among variants with different hydrophilicity and structure. Toxicol Lett 2020; 322:131-139. [PMID: 31953209 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Cyanotoxins, among which >200 variants of Microcystins (MC), constitute an emerging issue in food safety. Microcystins (MC) toxicity is congener-specific; however, the in vitro inhibition of PP1/PP2A (the key molecular event of MC toxicity) by single MC variants is comparable and MC toxicokinetics seems to be the critical point. Here, the variability in GSH conjugation catalysed by human recombinant enzymes and human hepatic cytosol has been compared between hydrophilic (MC-LR and MC-RR) and hydrophobic (MC-LW, MC-YR and MC-LF) variants, according to measured logPow. In vitro detoxication reaction (spontaneous plus enzymatic) is favored by the variant hydrophilicity, with MC-LF very poorly detoxified. With MC-YR and -LW the spontaneous reaction always gave the major contribution, whereas with MC-LR and -RR the enzymatic reaction became by far predominant when GSH was depleted. Consequently, the well-known GST polymorphisms seems not to be the major driver for potential human variability in susceptibility towards the MC-toxicity, except for MC-RR and -LR when GSH is depleted. Looking at these results and literature data, MC-RR (the least cytotoxic and acutely toxic in rodents) is the more hydrophilic, has the lowest OATP-mediated hepatic uptake and the highest detoxication efficiency. The opposite is true for the most lipophilic MC-LF: once entered in the cells with the highest uptake, it is very poorly detoxified, and resulted as the most toxic in various cell types. MC-dependent TK should be considered in order to estimate the variability in toxicity and to support the use of quantitative in vitro-in vivo extrapolation models of single toxins and their mixtures co-occurring in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Santori
- Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Environment & Health Dept., Viale Regina Elena, 299, Rome Italy
| | - Franca Maria Buratti
- Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Environment & Health Dept., Viale Regina Elena, 299, Rome Italy.
| | - Simona Scardala
- Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Environment & Health Dept., Viale Regina Elena, 299, Rome Italy
| | | | - Emanuela Testai
- Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Environment & Health Dept., Viale Regina Elena, 299, Rome Italy
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Li L, Ma S, Qin Y, Liu L. Enhanced UHPLC-MS/MS determination of a therapeutic heptapeptide mimic for inflammatory-related diseases in rat plasma: application to a pharmacokinetic study. RSC Adv 2019; 9:32699-32711. [PMID: 35529728 PMCID: PMC9073091 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra05114g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The seven amino acid peptide, GQTYTSG (named as SP), a peptide mimic derived from hypervariable region 1 (HVR1) of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) has presented remarkable anti-inflammatory activities in previous experiments, indicating that it could be a novel therapeutic peptide candidate for different inflammation-related diseases, such as HCV infection and asthma. A heptapeptide mimic discovery study highlighted the need for the development of quantitative bioanalytical assays for measuring the levels of SP. Herein, a reliable and sensitive ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) assay was established and validated for the determination of SP in rat plasma. C-11, with two amino acid substitutions compared to SP (Glycine 1 and Glycine 7) and a disulfide, acted as an internal standard (IS). SP and C-11 were isolated from acidified plasma using protein precipitation and the extracts were analyzed by reversed-phase UHPLC-MS/MS detection. We used an SHIM-PACK GISS C18 (2.1 × 100 mm, 1.9 μm) column with water containing 0.2% acetic acid as the aqueous mobile phase and methanol as the organic mobile phase with a 0.3 mL min-1 flow rate. We used an AB SCIEX TripleQuad™ 5500 mass spectrometer equipped with a TurboIon Spray interface and operated it in positive-ion mode. Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) was used for the quantification of the precursor to the product ion at m/z 713.3 → 432.2 for SP and m/z 803.2 → 539.1 for IS. The method was fully validated according to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guideline (2018), and provided satisfactory accuracy, precision, and reproducibility for the quantification of SP in rat plasma. Excellent linearity was achieved (r > 0.9977) over a linear dynamic range of 0.1-200 ng mL-1 with a lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) of 0.1 ng mL-1. The validated assay was applied to gain the pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters and the concentration-time profile for SP after subcutaneous administration in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Li
- Center for Pharmacological Evaluation and Research, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry Shanghai 200437 PR China +8621-65043855
- State Key Laboratory of New Drug and Pharmaceutical Process Shanghai 201203 PR China
- Shanghai Professional and Technical Service Center for Biological Material Drug-Ability Evaluation Shanghai 200437 PR China
| | - Shumei Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University Shanghai 201203 PR China
| | - Yan Qin
- Center for Pharmacological Evaluation and Research, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry Shanghai 200437 PR China +8621-65043855
- State Key Laboratory of New Drug and Pharmaceutical Process Shanghai 201203 PR China
- Shanghai Professional and Technical Service Center for Biological Material Drug-Ability Evaluation Shanghai 200437 PR China
| | - Li Liu
- Center for Pharmacological Evaluation and Research, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry Shanghai 200437 PR China +8621-65043855
- State Key Laboratory of New Drug and Pharmaceutical Process Shanghai 201203 PR China
- Shanghai Professional and Technical Service Center for Biological Material Drug-Ability Evaluation Shanghai 200437 PR China
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Laszakovits JR, MacKay AA. Removal of cyanotoxins by potassium permanganate: Incorporating competition from natural water constituents. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 155:86-95. [PMID: 30831427 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, harmful algal blooms capable of producing toxins including microcystins, cylindrospermopsin, and saxitoxin have increased in occurrence and severity. These toxins can enter drinking water treatment plants and, if not effectively removed, pose a serious threat to human health. The work here investigated the efficacy of permanganate oxidation as a treatment strategy, with a focus on incorporating competition by cyanobacterial cells and dissolved organic matter (DOM). We report rate constants of 272 ± 23 M-1 s-1 for the reaction between permanganate and microcystin-LR, 0.26 ± 0.05 M-1 s-1 for the reaction between permanganate and cylindrospermopsin, and, using chemical analogs, estimate a maximum rate constant of 2.7 ± 0.2 M-1 s-1 for the reaction between permanganate and saxitoxin. We conclude that permanganate only shows potential to remove microcystins. No pH (6-10) or alkalinity (0-50 mM) dependence was observed for the rate of reaction between microcystin-LR and permanganate; however, a temperature dependence was observed and can be characterized by an activation energy of 16 ± 5 kJ mol-1. The competition posed by cyanobacterial cells was quantified by an apparent second order rate constant of 2.5 ± 0.3 × 10-6 L μg chl-a-1 s-1. From this apparent second order rate constant, it was concluded that cyanobacterial cells are not efficient scavengers of permanganate within typical contact times but this second order rate constant can be used to accurately predict microcystin degradation in algal-impacted waters. The competition posed by DOM depended on both the amount of DOM present (as measured by TOC) and its electron donating capacity (as predicted by SUVA-254 or E2/E3 ratio). DOM was concluded to scavenge permanganate efficiently and we forward that this should be considered in permanganate dosing calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana R Laszakovits
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geodetic Engineering at The Ohio State University, USA
| | - Allison A MacKay
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geodetic Engineering at The Ohio State University, USA.
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Basu A, Dydowiczová A, Čtveráčková L, Jaša L, Trosko JE, Bláha L, Babica P. Assessment of Hepatotoxic Potential of Cyanobacterial Toxins Using 3D In Vitro Model of Adult Human Liver Stem Cells. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:10078-10088. [PMID: 30059226 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b02291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cyanotoxins microcystin-LR (MC-LR) and cylindrospermopsin (CYN) represent hazardous waterborne contaminants and potent human hepatotoxins. However, in vitro monolayer cultures of hepatic cell lines were found to recapitulate, poorly, major hepatocyte-specific functions and inadequately predict hepatotoxic effects of MC-LR and CYN. We utilized 3-dimensional (3D), scaffold-free spheroid cultures of human telomerase-immortalized adult liver stem cells HL1-hT1 to evaluate hepatotoxic potential of MC-LR and CYN. In monolayer cultures of HL1-hT1 cells, MC-LR did not induce cytotoxic effects (EC50 > 10 micromol/L), while CYN inhibited cell growth and viability (48h-96h EC50 ≈ 5.5-0.6 micromol/L). Growth and viability of small growing spheroids were inhibited by both cyanotoxins (≥0.1 micromol/L) and were associated with blebbing and disintegration at the spheroid surface. Hepatospheroid damage and viability reduction were observed also in large mature spheroids, with viability 96h-EC50 values being 0.04 micromol/L for MC-LR and 0.1 micromol/L for CYN, and No Observed Effect Concentrations <0.01 micromol/L. Spheroid cultures of adult human liver stem cells HL1-hT1 exhibit sensitivity comparable to cultures of primary hepatocytes and provide a simple, practical, and cost-effective tool, which can be effectively used in environmental and toxicological research, including assessment of hepatotoxic potential and effect-based monitoring of various samples contaminated with toxic cyanobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Basu
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science , Masaryk University , Kamenice 753/5 , Brno 625 00 , Czech Republic
| | - Aneta Dydowiczová
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science , Masaryk University , Kamenice 753/5 , Brno 625 00 , Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Čtveráčková
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science , Masaryk University , Kamenice 753/5 , Brno 625 00 , Czech Republic
| | - Libor Jaša
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science , Masaryk University , Kamenice 753/5 , Brno 625 00 , Czech Republic
| | - James E Trosko
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development & Institute for Integrative Toxicology , Michigan State University , 1129 Farm Lane , East Lansing , 48824 Michigan , United States
| | - Luděk Bláha
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science , Masaryk University , Kamenice 753/5 , Brno 625 00 , Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Babica
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science , Masaryk University , Kamenice 753/5 , Brno 625 00 , Czech Republic
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14
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Garcia-Ac A, Duy SV, Sauvé S, Moldovan F, Roullin VG, Banquy X. Quantification of peptides in human synovial fluid using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta 2018; 186:124-132. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.03.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Mrdjen I, Lee J. Simple and practical on-site treatment of high microcystin levels in water using polypropylene plastic. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2018; 53:1000-1005. [PMID: 29985758 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2018.1471032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin (MC) is a hepatotoxin produced by various cyanobacteria during harmful algal blooms (HAB's) in freshwater environments. Advanced treatment methods can remove MC from drinking water, but are costly and do not address recreational water exposure and ecosystem health concerns. Here we investigate the feasibility of utilizing plastics as a MC-adsorbing material, for use in water resources used for recreation, agriculture, aquaculture and drinking water. Water containing 20 µg/L MC-LR was exposed to polypropylene (PP) plastic for a six-day period at varying temperatures (22, 37, 65°C). Water samples were then collected at 0, 1, 2, and 6 hour-intervals to examine short term treatment feasibility. Samples were also taken at 24 hours, 3 days, and 6 days to determine long-term treatment effectiveness. MC concentrations were analyzed using ELISA. Results showed a maximal reduction of nearly 70% of MC-LR after a 6-day treatment with PP at 65°C. Temperature enhanced MC-LR reduction over a 6-day period: 70% reduction at 65°C; 50% at 37°C; 38% at 22°C. We propose an inexpensive intervention strategy which can be deployed rapidly on-site in various source waters, including in resource-limited settings. During the high peak of HAB season, the strategy can be applied in source waters, alleviating water treatment burden for treatment plants, lowering treatment costs and reducing chemical usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Mrdjen
- a Division of Environmental Health Sciences , College of Public Health, The Ohio State University , Columbus , OH , USA
| | - Jiyoung Lee
- a Division of Environmental Health Sciences , College of Public Health, The Ohio State University , Columbus , OH , USA
- b Department of Food Science and Technology , The Ohio State University , Columbus , OH , USA
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16
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Martin RM, Dearth SP, LeCleir GR, Campagna SR, Fozo EM, Zinser ER, Wilhelm SW. Microcystin-LR does not induce alterations to transcriptomic or metabolomic profiles of a model heterotrophic bacterium. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189608. [PMID: 29240841 PMCID: PMC5730168 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microcystins are secondary metabolites produced by several freshwater, bloom-forming cyanobacterial species. Microcystin-producing cyanobacteria co-occur with a complex community of heterotrophic bacteria. Though conflicting, studies suggest that microcystins affect the physiology of heterotrophic bacteria by inducing oxidative stress and increasing cell envelope permeability. Based on these observations, we hypothesized that exposure to microcystin should induce differential expression in genes responding to oxidative and envelope stress and trigger shifts in metabolite pools. We tested this hypothesis by exposing Escherichia coli MG1655 to 1 and 10 mg/L microcystin-LR and monitored global changes to gene expression, cellular metabolite pools, and lipid composition using RNA-sequencing and UPLC-MS. Contrary to reported studies, we observed no evidence that microcystin-LR induced oxidative or cell envelope stress in E. coli under the tested conditions. Our results suggest a potential difference in mechanism by which microcystin-LR interacts with heterotrophic bacteria vs. cyanobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robbie M. Martin
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Stephen P. Dearth
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Gary R. LeCleir
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Shawn R. Campagna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth M. Fozo
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Erik R. Zinser
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Steven W. Wilhelm
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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17
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Altaner S, Puddick J, Wood SA, Dietrich DR. Adsorption of Ten Microcystin Congeners to Common Laboratory-Ware Is Solvent and Surface Dependent. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9040129. [PMID: 28383495 PMCID: PMC5408203 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9040129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria can produce heptapetides called microcystins (MC) which are harmful to humans due to their ability to inhibit cellular protein phosphatases. Quantitation of these toxins can be hampered by their adsorption to common laboratory-ware during sample processing and analysis. Because of their structural diversity (>100 congeners) and different physico-chemical properties, they vary in their adsorption to surfaces. In this study, the adsorption of ten different MC congeners (encompassing non-arginated to doubly-arginated congeners) to common laboratory-ware was assessed using different solvent combinations. Sample handling steps were mimicked with glass and polypropylene pipettes and vials with increasing methanol concentrations at two pH levels, before analysis by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. We demonstrated that MC adsorb to polypropylene surfaces irrespective of pH. After eight successive pipet actions using polypropylene tips ca. 20% of the MC were lost to the surface material, which increased to 25%–40% when solutions were acidified. The observed loss was alleviated by changing the methanol (MeOH) concentration in the final solvent. The required MeOH concentration varied depending on which congener was present. Microcystins only adsorbed to glass pipettes (loss up to 30% after eight pipet actions) when in acidified aqueous solutions. The latter appeared largely dependent on the presence of ionizable groups, such as arginine residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Altaner
- Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Konstanz, P.O. Box 662, 78457 Konstanz, Germany.
| | | | - Susanna A Wood
- Environmental Research Institute, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand.
| | - Daniel R Dietrich
- Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Konstanz, P.O. Box 662, 78457 Konstanz, Germany.
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18
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The effects of water sample treatment, preparation, and storage prior to cyanotoxin analysis for cylindrospermopsin, microcystin and saxitoxin. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 246:45-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2015.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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19
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Rogers S, Puddick J, Wood SA, Dietrich DR, Hamilton DP, Prinsep MR. The effect of cyanobacterial biomass enrichment by centrifugation and GF/C filtration on subsequent microcystin measurement. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:821-34. [PMID: 25763766 PMCID: PMC4379527 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7030821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Microcystins are cyclic peptides produced by multiple cyanobacterial genera. After accumulation in the liver of animals they inhibit eukaryotic serine/threonine protein phosphatases, causing liver disease or death. Accurate detection/quantification of microcystins is essential to ensure safe water resources and to enable research on this toxin. Previous methodological comparisons have focused on detection and extraction techniques, but have not investigated the commonly used biomass enrichment steps. These enrichment steps could modulate toxin production as recent studies have demonstrated that high cyanobacterial cell densities cause increased microcystin levels. In this study, three microcystin-producing strains were processed using no cell enrichment steps (by direct freezing at three temperatures) and with biomass enrichment (by centrifugation or GF/C filtration). After extraction, microcystins were analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. All processing methods tested, except GF/C filtration, resulted in comparable microcystin quotas for all strains. The low yields observed for the filtration samples were caused by adsorption of arginine-containing microcystins to the GF/C filters. Whilst biomass enrichment did not affect microcystin metabolism over the time-frame of normal sample processing, problems associated with GF/C filtration were identified. The most widely applicable processing method was direct freezing of samples as it could be utilized in both field and laboratory environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelley Rogers
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand.
- Environmental Research Institute, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand.
| | | | - Susanna A Wood
- Environmental Research Institute, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand.
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7010, New Zealand.
| | - Daniel R Dietrich
- Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Konstanz, P.O. Box 662, 78457 Konstanz, Germany.
| | - David P Hamilton
- Environmental Research Institute, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand.
| | - Michele R Prinsep
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand.
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Heussner AH, Altaner S, Kamp L, Rubio F, Dietrich DR. Pitfalls in microcystin extraction and recovery from human blood serum. Chem Biol Interact 2014; 223:87-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2014.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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21
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Shamsollahi HR, Alimohammadi M, Nabizadeh R, Nazmara S, Mahvi AH. Measurement of microcystin -LR in water samples using improved HPLC method. Glob J Health Sci 2014; 7:66-70. [PMID: 25716387 PMCID: PMC4796383 DOI: 10.5539/gjhs.v7n2p66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Microcystins are a group of toxic compounds produced by freshwater cyanobacteria and cause diseases. World Health Organization has recommended a concentration of 1 µg/l for Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) in potable water as guideline value. The high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) followed by C18 analytical column and ultra violet detector for detection of MC-LR. In this regard, 5 different concentrations of MC-LR solutions were injected into HPLC. MC-LR was detected in 5.33 minute retention time and Calibration curve was achieved with R(2) = 0.988. Detection limit for this method was obtained by using acetonitrile solutions (32% and 55%) as a gradient run and a high silanol activity column equal to 0.02 µg /mL. Despite no acidic organic modifier being used in the mixture of solvents, the sensitivity of this method was appropriate for detection of MC-LR. Because of short retention time, reduction in number of solvents and high resolution and suitable sensitivity, this method is affordable and is fast for detection and determination of MC-LR in potable water.
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Maes K, Smolders I, Michotte Y, Van Eeckhaut A. Strategies to reduce aspecific adsorption of peptides and proteins in liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry based bioanalyses: an overview. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1358:1-13. [PMID: 25022477 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.06.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In the drug-discovery setting, the development of new peptide and protein-based biopharmaceuticals attracts increased attention from the pharmaceutical industry and consequently demands the development of high-throughput LC-MS methods. Regulatory guidelines require bioanalytical methods to be validated not only in terms of linearity, sensitivity, accuracy, precision, selectivity and stability, but also in terms of carryover. Carryover results from the aspecific adsorption of analyte(s) to parts of the analytical system and thus introduces bias in both identification and quantification assays. Moreover, nonspecific binding occurs at the surface of materials used during sample preparation, such as pipette tips, sample tubes and LC-vials. Hence, linearity, sensitivity and repeatability of the analyses are negatively affected. Due to the great diversity in physicochemical properties of biomolecules, there is no general approach available to minimize adsorption phenomena. Therefore, we aim to present different strategies which can be generically applied to reduce nonspecific binding of peptides and proteins. In the first part of this review, a systematic approach is proposed to guide the reader through the different solvents which can be used to dissolve the analyte of interest. Indeed, proper solubilization is one of the most important factors for a successful analysis. In addition, alternative approaches are described to improve analyte recovery from the sample vial. The second part focuses on strategies to efficiently reduce adsorption at components of the autosampler, column and mass spectrometer. Thereby carryover is reduced while maintaining a sufficiently wide dynamic range of the assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrien Maes
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Analysis, Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ilse Smolders
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Analysis, Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yvette Michotte
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Analysis, Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ann Van Eeckhaut
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Analysis, Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium.
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23
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Klein AR, Baldwin DS, Silvester E. Proton and iron binding by the cyanobacterial toxin microcystin-LR. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:5178-5184. [PMID: 23586662 DOI: 10.1021/es400464e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) are a group of hepatotoxins produced by cyanobacteria that have not had their functional role or the environmental factors that trigger production clearly determined. One suggestion is that microcystins are siderophores (i.e., ligands with an extremely high affinity with iron, typically with stability constants substantially greater than 10(25)). In this work, we explore proton and iron binding with microcystin-LR (MC-LR). Using UV-visible spectroscopy and a HPLC peak retention time-based method, the two acid dissociation constants associated with the carboxylic groups of MC-LR were determined to be: pKa₁ = 2.17 and pKa₂ = 3.96. Cyclic voltammetry provides evidence for the formation of at least two Fe(III)-MC-LR complexes, with the Fe(III) reduction peak significantly shifted to more reducing potentials in the presence of MC-LR. These complexes have been interpreted as a rapidly formed initial complex (Complex 1) and a more stable, and slower forming, Complex 2. The stability constant for Fe(III)-MC-LR (Complex 2) was estimated to be approximately 10(13) in 60% v/v MeOH/water at 0.1 M ionic strength. The electrochemical experiments provide no evidence for the formation of a complex between Fe(2+) and MC-LR. Given that most MC-LR is released only upon cell lysis, and coupled with the moderate strength of the stability constant with Fe(III) determined in this study, it appears unlikely that that MC-LR is an extracellular siderophore. If MC-LR is involved in iron regulation in cyanobacteria, it is more likely as a shuttle for iron across the cell membrane or in intracellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annaleise R Klein
- Department of Environmental Management and Ecology, La Trobe University, Albury-Wodonga Campus, Victoria, Australia.
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Buratti FM, Scardala S, Funari E, Testai E. Human glutathione transferases catalyzing the conjugation of the hepatoxin microcystin-LR. Chem Res Toxicol 2011; 24:926-33. [PMID: 21504230 DOI: 10.1021/tx2000976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Many cyanobacterial species are able to produce cyanotoxins as secondary metabolites. Among them, microcystins (MC) are a group of around 80 congeners of toxic cyclic heptapeptides. MC-LR is the most studied MC congener, in view of its high acute hepatotoxicity and tumor promoting activity. Humans may be exposed to cyanotoxins through several routes, the oral one being the most important. The accepted pathway for MC-LR detoxication and excretion in the urine is GSH conjugation. The GSH adduct (GS-MCLR) formation has been shown to occur spontaneously and enzymatically, catalyzed by glutathione transferases (GSTs). The enzymatic reaction has been reported but not characterized both in vitro and in vivo in animal and plant species. No data are available on humans. In the present work, the MC-LR conjugation with GSH catalyzed by five recombinant human GSTs (A1-1, A3-3, M1-1, P1-1, and T1-1) has been characterized for the first time. All GSTs are able to catalyze the reaction; kinetic parameters K(m), k(cat), and their relative specific activities to form GS-MCLR were derived (T1-1 > A1-1 > M1-1 > A3-3 ≫ P1-1). In the range of MC tested concentrations used (0.25-50 μM) GSTT1-1 and A1-1 showed a typical saturation curve with similar affinity for MC-LR (≈80 μM; k(cat) values 0.18 and 0.10 min(-1), respectively), A3-3 and M1-1 were linear, whereas GSTP1-1 showed a temperature-dependent sigmoidal allosteric curve with a k(cat) = 0.11 min(-1). The enzymes mainly expressed in the liver and gastrointestinal tract, GSTA1-1, T1-1, and M1-1, seemed to be mainly involved in the MC-LR detoxification after oral exposure, whereas P1-1 kinetics and location in the skin suggest a role related to dermal exposure. Considering the high frequency of some GST polymorphism, especially M1 and T1 gene deletion, with complete loss in activity, this information could be the first step to identify groups of individual at higher risk associated with MC exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franca M Buratti
- Environment and Primary Prevention Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, I-00161 Rome, Italy
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Whyte JJ, Schmitt CJ, Tillitt DE. The H4IIE Cell Bioassay as an Indicator of Dioxin-like Chemicals in Wildlife and the Environment. Crit Rev Toxicol 2010; 34:1-83. [PMID: 15000436 DOI: 10.1080/10408440490265193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The H4IIE cell bioassay has proven utility as a screening tool for planar halogenated hydrocarbons (PHHs) and structurally similar chemicals accumulated in organisms from the wild. This bioassay has additional applications in hazard assessment of PHH exposed populations. In this review, the toxicological principles, current protocols, performance criteria, and field applications for the assay are described. The H4IIE cell bioassay has several advantages over the analytical measurement of PHHs in environmental samples, but conclusions from studies can be strengthened when both bioassay and analytical chemistry data are presented together. Often, the bioassay results concur with biological effects in organisms and support direct measures of PHHs. For biomonitoring purposes and prioritization of PHH-contaminated environments, the H4IIE bioassay may be faster and less expensive than analytical measurements. The H4IIE cell bioassay can be used in combination with other biomarkers such as in vivo measurements of CYP1A1 induction to help pinpoint the sources and identities of dioxin-like chemicals. The number of studies that measure H4IIE-derived TCDD-EQs continues to increase, resulting in subtle improvements over time. Further experiments are required to determine if TCDD-EQs derived from mammalian cells are adequate predictors of toxicity to non-mammalian species. The H4IIE cell bioassay has been used in over 300 published studies, and its combination of speed, simplicity, and ability to integrate the effects of complex contaminant mixtures makes it a valuable addition to hazard assessment and biomonitoring studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Whyte
- Columbia Environmental Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey-Biological Resources Division, Columbia, Missouri 65201, USA
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Gurbuz F, Metcalf JS, Karahan AG, Codd GA. Analysis of dissolved microcystins in surface water samples from Kovada Lake, Turkey. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2009; 407:4038-4046. [PMID: 19395066 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2008] [Revised: 02/23/2009] [Accepted: 02/25/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Dissolved (extracellular) microcystin (MC) concentrations were determined at 3 sampling stations on Lake Kovada, Turkey. The dominant species of cyanobacteria found in August and September of 2006 were Microcystis aeruginosa, Synechococcus sp., Phormidium limosum, Phormidium formosa and Planktothrix limnetica. MC concentrations in water were measured by ELISA and MC variants were examined by HPLC-PDA. Quantitative analysis by HPLC indicated that five MC variants (MC-LR, -RR, -LA, -LW, -LF) were identified in water samples from Kovada Lake. The maximum concentration of dissolved MC-LW was 98.9 microg l(-1) in October. MC-LR was only detected in May at a concentration of 0.5 microg l(-1). The cross reactivity of the antibody (MC10E7) to variants such as MC-LA MC-LW & MC-LF was low. Hence the results determined by ELISA were lower than those determined by HPLC in September and October samples due to differences in the specificity of the antibody to MC variants. Total extracellular MCs was quantified by ELISA and ranged from 0.73 to 48.5 microg MC-LR equivalents l(-1), which in some cases exceeded the WHO provisional Guideline Value for MC-LR in drinking water. This study confirms that the lakes of Turkey should be monitored for toxic cyanobacteria and for MCs to avoid or reduce the potential exposure of people to these health hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Gurbuz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey.
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27
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Pezeshki A, Vergote V, Van Dorpe S, Baert B, Burvenich C, Popkov A, De Spiegeleer B. Adsorption of peptides at the sample drying step: Influence of solvent evaporation technique, vial material and solution additive. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2009; 49:607-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2008] [Revised: 12/02/2008] [Accepted: 12/03/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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28
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Khreich N, Lamourette P, Renard PY, Clavé G, Fenaille F, Créminon C, Volland H. A highly sensitive competitive enzyme immunoassay of broad specificity quantifying microcystins and nodularins in water samples. Toxicon 2009; 53:551-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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29
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Goda R, Masumoto H, Okazaki O, Sudo K. Development of a pretreatment method for amyloidβ-protein analysis based on the effect of acetic acid on the dissolution of plasma polypeptides. Biomed Chromatogr 2008; 22:1279-87. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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30
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van den Broek I, Sparidans RW, Schellens JH, Beijnen JH. Quantitative bioanalysis of peptides by liquid chromatography coupled to (tandem) mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2008; 872:1-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2008] [Revised: 06/16/2008] [Accepted: 07/12/2008] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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31
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Goda R, Masumoto H, Okazaki O, Sudo K. Superiority of a new gradient system utilizing a critical threshold for the adsorption capacity of polypeptides to column packing when compared with a standard gradient system for the simultaneous and quantitative analysis of polypeptides. Biomed Chromatogr 2008; 22:857-66. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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32
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Cyanobacteria hepatotoxins, microcystins: bioavailability in contaminated mussels exposed to different environmental conditions. Eur Food Res Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-007-0779-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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33
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Gao M, Deng C, Fan Z, Yao N, Xu X, Yang P, Zhang X. A simple pathway to the synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles with immobilized metal ions for the fast removal of microcystins in water. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2007; 3:1714-7. [PMID: 17712829 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200700149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingxia Gao
- Department of Chemistry & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
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34
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Bark SJ, Hook V. Differential recovery of peptides from sample tubes and the reproducibility of quantitative proteomic data. J Proteome Res 2007; 6:4511-6. [PMID: 17850064 DOI: 10.1021/pr070294o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Differential recovery of peptides due to nonspecific adsorption can seriously compromise reproducibility and quality of proteomic data for peptide analyses by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). This study demonstrates large variations in reproducibility and quantitation of LC-MS data for peptides derived from tryptic digests of BSA upon storage in different sample tubes. Notably, we show that highly improved consistency and lower errors in quantitation of BSA tryptic peptides in replicate measurements is achieved with low-retention tubes compared to regular eppendorf tubes. Furthermore, qualitative differences in peptides detected by LC-MS were observed in the two types of storage tubes. These results illustrate the necessity for careful evaluation of storage vessels and conditions to minimize variability in sample quality for LC-MS experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Bark
- The Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0744, La Jolla, California 92093-0744, USA.
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35
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van Midwoud PM, Rieux L, Bischoff R, Verpoorte E, Niederländer HAG. Improvement of recovery and repeatability in liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of peptides. J Proteome Res 2007; 6:781-91. [PMID: 17269734 DOI: 10.1021/pr0604099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Poor repeatability of peak areas is a problem frequently encountered in peptide analysis with nanoLiquid Chromatography coupled on-line with Mass Spectrometry (nanoLC-MS). As a result, quantitative analysis will be seriously hampered unless the observed variability can be corrected in some way. Currently, labeling techniques or addition of internal standards are often applied for this purpose. However, these procedures are elaborate and error-prone and may render complex samples even more complex. Moreover, whenever poor repeatability results from variable recovery, not just quantification, but also sensitivity is affected. We have studied the parameters influencing the repeatability of chromatographic peak areas for a model set of proteolytic peptides (i.e., a cytochrome c tryptic digest) in nanoLC-MS analysis. It is demonstrated that repeatability issues are mainly due to poor recovery of peptides from the sample vial. Problems are largely resolved by addition of an organic modifier to the sample vial to improve solubility of the peptides, but care needs to be taken not to lose peptides due to reduced affinity for reversed-phase materials. Good results are obtained when applying dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) for this purpose. When applying DMSO, repeatability increases, and the limit of detection (LOD) decreases. For the most hydrophobic peptides, a gain in LOD of at least an order of magnitude is obtained. In an aqueous sample containing 0.1% formic acid (FA), it is possible to detect 100-200 fmol of peptide, whereas +/-10 fmol can be detected in a sample containing 5% FA and 25% DMSO (10 microL injections).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M van Midwoud
- Pharmaceutical Analysis & Analytical Biochemistry, University Centre for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
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Goda R, Sudo K. Highly sensitive and quantitative analysis of polyeptides using a new gradient system based on an abrupt change in adsorption of polypeptide to the reversed-phase column packing. Biomed Chromatogr 2007; 21:1005-15. [PMID: 17549678 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
During a study of 100 microL aliquots of urocortin containing various acetonitrile contents, we hypothesized that a change in the acetonitrile content in the solution across a specific content of acetonitrile (critical threshold) causes an abrupt change in adsorption capacity to the column packing. Circular dichroism measurements suggest that the conformational change induced by acetonitrile in the solution causes the abrupt change in adsorption capacity, and this solvent-induced conformational change is reversible across the critical threshold. This hypothesis can apply to various polypeptides with molecular weights range from 1007 to 6789 and to other organic solvents. A new gradient system utilizing the instant recovery of the adsorption capacity across the critical threshold was designed, and applied to the analysis of a 100 microL aliquot of various polypeptide solutions. The results suggest that use of a solution containing organic solvents more than the critical threshold allows successful dilution of polypeptides up to picomolar concentration range without any loss due to its adsorption during handling procedures and loading onto the LC system, and that a new gradient system enables quantitative analysis of polypeptides at picomolar concentrations in such solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoya Goda
- Drug Metabolism and Physicochemistry Research Laboratory, R&D Division, Daiichi Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, 16-13 Kita-Kasai 1-Chome, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo 134-8630, Japan.
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37
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Goda R, Sudo K. Elution mechanism of polypeptides in reversed-phase liquid chromatography based on the critical threshold of organic solvent to induce abrupt change in adsorption capacity to the column packing. Biomed Chromatogr 2007; 22:81-91. [PMID: 17685410 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Adsorption capacity of polypeptides to the column packing in a solution containing multiple organic solvents was found to be expressed by means of an fn value, which is the sum of the ratios of the content of each organic solvent in the solution to the critical content of each organic solvent to cause abrupt change in the adsorption capacity, and to change abruptly at the point where the fn value becomes 1. Additionally, our results indicate that each polypeptide is eluted by the eluent containing a specific organic solvent content regardless of gradient elution rate in reversed-phase liquid chromatography, and that total organic solvent content in the eluent containing polypeptides is equal to the critical content. Considering the power law relationship between the retention times and the gradient elution rates, our results suggest that the elution of each polypeptide in reversed-phase liquid chromatography is mainly controlled by abrupt change in the adsorption capacity induced by change in the organic solvent content of the eluent during a gradient elution process, and that the abrupt change repeats across the critical threshold while a polypeptide moves through the column, and as a result, each polypeptide is concentrated in the eluent with the critical threshold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoya Goda
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co. Ltd, 1-2-58, Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan.
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38
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Sangolkar LN, Maske SS, Chakrabarti T. Methods for determining microcystins (peptide hepatotoxins) and microcystin-producing cyanobacteria. WATER RESEARCH 2006; 40:3485-96. [PMID: 17014889 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2006.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2006] [Revised: 07/27/2006] [Accepted: 08/20/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Episodes of cyanobacterial toxic blooms and fatalities to animals and humans due to cyanobacterial toxins (CBT) are known worldwide. The hepatotoxins and neurotoxins (cyanotoxins) produced by bloom-forming cyanobacteria have been the cause of human and animal health hazards and even death. Prevailing concentration of cell bound endotoxin, exotoxin and the toxin variants depend on developmental stages of the bloom and the cyanobacterial (CB) species involved. Toxic and non-toxic strains do not show any predictable morphological difference. The current instrumental, immunological and molecular methods applied for determining microcystins (peptide hepatotoxins) and microcystin-producing cyanobacteria are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalita N Sangolkar
- Environmental Biotechnology Division, National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nehru Marg, Nagpur 440 020, India.
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39
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Morrison LF, Parkin G, Codd GA. Optimization of anabaenopeptin extraction from cyanobacteria and the effect of methanol on laboratory manipulation. Peptides 2006; 27:10-7. [PMID: 16099074 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2005.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2005] [Revised: 06/29/2005] [Accepted: 06/29/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Anabaenopeptins are commonly occurring bioactive peptides of cyanobacterial origin. Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) are known to be capable of producing a large number of biologically active peptides, but the widespread occurrence of anabaenopeptins in particular, makes them ideal candidates for investigating the reasons that cyanobacteria produce such a complex spectrum of peptides and the wider implications of their natural function(s). Despite the identification of these peptides in cyanobacterial samples, little is known about the concentrations produced. For this reason, methods for the quantitative extraction of anabaenopeptins from lyophilized cyanobacterial cells were optimized. Higher yields of anabaenopeptins were obtained using aqueous methanol extraction than using water alone. However, repeat extractions using 50, 70 or 90% aqueous methanol did not result in significantly different total yields of the anabaenopeptin variants, ABPN-A and -B. Similarly, little difference was found in the quantification of purified ABPN-A and -B by high performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection (HPLC-PDA) when analyzed in methanol solutions of different concentrations. The effects of solvent concentration on the laboratory handling of ABPN-A and -B in glass and plastic containers were also investigated. Significantly lower concentrations of dissolved ABPN-A and -B were found when aqueous solutions came into contact with plastics, but not 50 or 100% methanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- L F Morrison
- Division of Environmental and Applied Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN Scotland, UK.
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40
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Pérez S, Aga DS. Recent advances in the sample preparation, liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometric analysis and environmental fate of microcystins in water. Trends Analyt Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2005.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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41
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Meriluoto J, Gueimonde M, Haskard CA, Spoof L, Sjövall O, Salminen S. Removal of the cyanobacterial toxin microcystin-LR by human probiotics. Toxicon 2005; 46:111-4. [PMID: 15922388 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2005.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2005] [Accepted: 03/17/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Three human probiotics, Lactobacillus rhamnosus strains GG and LC-705, and Bifidobacterium lactis strain Bb12, were found to bind the cyanobacterial peptide toxin microcystin-LR from water solutions. The highest removal percentage was 46%, observed with heat-treated L. rhamnosus strain GG (10(10) cells/ml) and a microcystin-LR concentration of 0.5 microg/ml during an incubation of 7 h at 35 degrees C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jussi Meriluoto
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Abo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520 Turku, Finland.
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42
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Karjalainen M, Reinikainen M, Lindvall F, Spoof L, Meriluoto JAO. Uptake and accumulation of dissolved, radiolabeled nodularin in Baltic Sea zooplankton. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2003; 18:52-60. [PMID: 12539144 DOI: 10.1002/tox.10100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The mass occurrence of toxic cyanobacteria is a recurrent phenomenon in the Baltic Sea. Grazers may obtain toxins either through ingestion or by direct exposure to dissolved toxins. Despite this, there is little knowledge about the accumulation of cyanobacterial toxins in planktonic organisms present during these blooms. Toxin analyses of tissue samples are complicated to carry out and, because of the small size of microscopic planktonic organisms, often difficult to execute. Therefore, we wanted to use a precise and sensitive method to study toxin uptake and accumulation in zooplankton. We used chemically tritiated nodularin, (3)H-dihydronodularin, to study the uptake of dissolved nodularin, a cyanobacterial hepatotoxin produced by Nodularia spumigena. Cultures of the calanoid copepods Acartia tonsa and Eurytemora affinis, and an oligotrich ciliate Strombidium sulcatum were exposed to (3)H-dihydronodularin in filtered seawater, using naturally occurring concentrations of dissolved nodularin (5 microg L(-1)). All three species took up measurable amounts of radiolabeled nodularin. After 48 h we detected 0.37 +/- 0.22 microg toxin g C(-1) (mean +/- sd) in A. tonsa and 0.60 +/- 0.15 microg toxin g C(-1) in E. affinis, whereas 1.55 +/- 0.50 microg toxin g C(-1) was detected in S. sulcatum after 24 h. The minimum bioconcentration factor (BCF) of (3)H-dihydronodularin was 12 for A. tonsa and 18 for E. affinis. For S. sulcatum our results indicate a maximum BCF of 22. However, because the uptake studies for this species were done in the presence of bacteria, possible particulate transfer cannot be excluded. Nevertheless, our results indicate that dissolved nodularin can be taken up by planktonic organisms. Therefore, the vectorial transport of dissolved toxins to higher trophic levels seems possible, even if some planktonic grazers would avoid feeding on toxic cyanobacteria filaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Karjalainen
- Finnish Institute of Marine Research, PO Box 33, FIN-00931 Helsinki, Finland.
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Hyenstrand P, Metcalf JS, Beattie KA, Codd GA. Effects of adsorption to plastics and solvent conditions in the analysis of the cyanobacterial toxin microcystin-LR by high performance liquid chromatography. WATER RESEARCH 2001; 35:3508-3511. [PMID: 11547876 DOI: 10.1016/s0043-1354(01)00068-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Effects of adsorption to plastics and solvent conditions in the high performance liquid chromatographic analysis of the cyanobacterial toxin microcystin-LR were investigated. Aqueous microcystin-LR readily adsorbed to the disposable polypropylene pipette tips commonly used in laboratory manipulations. This was not affected by the pH or salinity of the solution. Furthermore, dilutions of microcystin-LR in varying concentrations of methanol and acetonitrile influenced the quantification of the microcystin-LR concentration by high performance liquid chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Hyenstrand
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Dundee, UK
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