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Liu S, Xiao G, Wang Q, Tian J, Feng X, Zhang Q, Gong L. Effects of dietary Astragalus membranaceus and Codonopsis pilosula extracts on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, immune status, and intestinal health in broilers. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1302801. [PMID: 38144468 PMCID: PMC10748503 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1302801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine the effects of dietary Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) consisting of Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge (AMT) and Codonopsis pilosula (Franch.) Nannf (CPO) extracts on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, immune status, and intestinal health of broiler chickens. Two groups were formed, each consisting of six replicates of 12 one-day-old healthy male 817 white feather broilers. Broilers were fed either a basal diet (CON group) or a basal diet supplemented with 500 mg/kg CHM. The trial lasted 50 days. The results showed that CHM supplementation resulted in enhanced feed efficiency and antioxidant capacity in both the serum and liver, while it reduced uric acid and endotoxin levels, as well as diamine oxidase activity (p < 0.05). Additionally, CHM treatment increased the height of jejunum villi and upregulated Claudin-1 expression in the jejunal mucosa accompanied by an increase in the mRNA levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interferon-β (IFN-β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10) (p < 0.05). The presence of dietary CHM caused an increase in the proportions of Bacteroidetes and unclassified Bacteroidales but led to a decrease in those of Firmicutes and Alistipes (p < 0.05). The composition of the jejunal mucosa microbiota was correlated with the feed conversion ratio, serum metabolites, and gene expression based on Spearman correlation analysis. The findings indicated that the consumption of dietary CHM improved the utilization of feed, increased the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the jejunal mucosa, and decreased the endotoxin level and activities of diamine oxidase and lactate dehydrogenase in the serum, which could potentially be linked to changes in the gut microbiota of broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Gengsheng Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Nutrition of Education of Ministry, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinpeng Tian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Xin Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Qingyang Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Li Gong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
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Thumtecho S, Suteparuk S, Sitprija V. Pulmonary involvement from animal toxins: the cellular mechanisms. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2023; 29:e20230026. [PMID: 37727535 PMCID: PMC10506740 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2023-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Venomous animals and their venom have always been of human interest because, despite species differences, coevolution has made them capable of targeting key physiological components of our bodies. Respiratory failure from lung injury is one of the serious consequences of envenomation, and the underlying mechanisms are rarely discussed. This review aims to demonstrate how toxins affect the pulmonary system through various biological pathways. Herein, we propose the common underlying cellular mechanisms of toxin-induced lung injury: interference with normal cell function and integrity, disruption of normal vascular function, and provocation of excessive inflammation. Viperid snakebites are the leading cause of envenomation-induced lung injury, followed by other terrestrial venomous animals such as scorpions, spiders, and centipedes. Marine species, particularly jellyfish, can also inflict such injury. Common pulmonary manifestations include pulmonary edema, pulmonary hemorrhage, and exudative infiltration. Severe envenomation can result in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Pulmonary involvement suggests severe envenomation, thus recognizing these mechanisms and manifestations can aid physicians in providing appropriate treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suthimon Thumtecho
- Division of Toxicology, Department of Medicine, Chulalongkorn
University, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, the Thai Red Cross Society,
Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suchai Suteparuk
- Division of Toxicology, Department of Medicine, Chulalongkorn
University, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, the Thai Red Cross Society,
Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Visith Sitprija
- Queen Saovabha Memorial Institute and King Chulalongkorn Memorial
Hospital, the Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
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Biological Effects of Animal Venoms on the Human Immune System. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14050344. [PMID: 35622591 PMCID: PMC9143185 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14050344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Venoms are products of specialized glands and serve many living organisms to immobilize and kill prey, start digestive processes and act as a defense mechanism. Venoms affect different cells, cellular structures and tissues, such as skin, nervous, hematological, digestive, excretory and immune systems, as well as the heart, among other structures. Components of both the innate and adaptive immune systems can be stimulated or suppressed. Studying the effects on the cells and molecules produced by the immune system has been useful in many biomedical fields. The effects of venoms can be the basis for research and development of therapeutic protocols useful in the modulation of the immunological system, including different autoimmune diseases. This review focuses on the understanding of biological effects of diverse venom on the human immune system and how some of their components can be useful for the study and development of immunomodulatory drugs.
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Barbosa MDOR, de Paulo MEFDV, Nencioni ALA. Scorpion Envenomation of Lactating Rats Decreases the Seizure Threshold in Offspring. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:853. [PMID: 34941691 PMCID: PMC8707262 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13120853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Few data are available in the literature describing the long-term effects of envenoming in the perinatal period. In this study, the relationship between envenoming of lactating rats and possible behavioral changes in the mother and in her offspring were investigated. Lactating Wistar rats received a single dose of T. serrulatus crude venom on postnatal days 2 (V2), 10 (V10) or 16 (V16), and had their maternal behavior evaluated. The seizure threshold was evaluated in adulthood offspring. A decrease in maternal care during envenoming was observed in V2 and V10 groups. The retrieval behavior was absent in the V2 group, and a lower seizure threshold in the adult offspring of all groups was observed. During envenoming, mothers stayed away from their offspring for a relatively long time. Maternal deprivation during the early postnatal period is one of the most potent stressors for pups and could be responsible, at least in part, for the decrease in the convulsive threshold of the offspring since stress is pointed to as a risk factor for epileptogenesis. Furthermore, the scorpionic accident generates an intense immune response, and inflammation in neonates increases the susceptibility to seizures in adulthood. Therefore, maternal envenoming during lactation can have adverse effects on offspring in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ana Leonor Abrahão Nencioni
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Butantan Institute, Av. Dr. Vital Brazil 1500, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil; (M.d.O.R.B.); (M.E.F.d.V.d.P.)
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Demirel MA, Alcigir ME, Ozkan O, Turkmen MB. The effects of antivenom administrations on the brain tissue of experimentally envenomed pregnant rats and their pups with Androctonus crassicauda scorpion venom during organogenesis period. Toxicon 2021; 200:13-18. [PMID: 34214578 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to show the changing effects of Androctonus crassicauda venom and A. crasicauda specific antivenom during pregnancy in brain tissue of dams and their pups. Totally, 12 pregnant-Wistar Albino rats were randomly divided into two groups as venom-antivenom administration (n = 6) and control groups (n = 6). In venom-antivenom administration group (VAV), the sublethal dose of A. crassicauda venom dissolved in 1 mL physiological saline solution was subcutaneously (s.c.) injected into pregnant rats during organogenesis period (between 7 and 13 days of pregnancy). Four hours after each venom injection, 1 mL/s.c. dose of the specific anti-venom was administered to rats of VAV group. The rats in control group were given sterile saline solution 1 mL/s.c. In both groups, the fetuses were surgically delivered on the 21st day of pregnancy; dams and pups were sacrificed on postnatal 21 days, and their brain tissues were removed. The brain tissue of dams and their pups were evaluated histopathologically and immunohistochemically. To show the neuronal damages, 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHDG) and amyloid beta precursor protein (ABPP) immunoexpressions were scored in cerebrum, cerebellum, pons and medulla oblongata of brain. To show the neuroprotection, reelin and beta-arrestin immunoexpressions were scored again in the same way. In this context, 8-OHDG immunoexpressions were increased in neocortex, hippocampus and nucleus accumbens when compared with that of control group. Amyloid beta precursor protein was negative in both groups. Reelin and beta-arrestin partly increased in fore and mid brain of VAV group as a reaction against neuronal damages when compared with that of control pups. The authors believe that prompt intervention using anti-venom to scorpion envenomation can partly stop neuronal damages. This neuroprotection may be increased to high and serial doses of anti-venom to save neonatal lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murside Ayse Demirel
- Laboratory Animals Care and Research Unit, Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Mehmet Eray Alcigir
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kirikkale University, 71450, Kirikkale, Turkey
| | - Ozcan Ozkan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Cankiri Karatekin University, 18100, Çankırı, Turkey
| | - Merve Biskin Turkmen
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kirikkale University, 71450, Kirikkale, Turkey
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Daachi F, Adi-Bessalem S, Megdad-Lamraoui A, Laraba-Djebari F. Immune-toxicity effects of scorpion venom on the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis during rest and activity phases in a rodent model. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 235:108787. [PMID: 32380264 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2020.108787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Scorpion venom is a complex mixture of peptides and proteins, rich in toxins. Its toxicological effects are related to central disruptions and autonomic disturbances, organ failure, as well as an excessive systemic inflammatory response. Since the role of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis is central in the neuroendocrine-immunological axis, the purpose of this study was, therefore, to examine the immunotoxic effect of Androctonus australis hector (Aah) venom on HPA-axis in synchronised-mice model. Taking into account the circadian activity of the HPA-axis, the variations of adrenocorticotropic hormone and corticosterone plasma levels, oxidative stress as well as inflammatory markers in cerebral, hypothalamic and adrenal tissue homogenates were investigated during the rest and activity phases of animals. Histopathology study was also performed. Results showed that Aah venom activated the HPA axis. This response seems to be dependent on time of envenomation, as a higher hormone levels were more operative during the active phase than in the rest phase when compared to time-matched control. The local toxicity-effects following Aah envenomation revealed an imbalance in oxidative stress with a higher antioxidant defences in darkness hypothalamic and cerebral tissues. Furthermore, there were significantly higher levels in vascular permeability in hypothalamic and cerebral tissues accompanied by a concomitant increase in immune-cell infiltration and/or activation as shown by expression of CD68 and myeloperoxidase activity during the active phase compared with the rest phase. Overall results suggested that Aah venom had a toxic impact on different HPA-axis areas and the effect varies according to the time of envenomation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fares Daachi
- USTHB, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Laboratory Cellular and Molecular Biology, Department Cellular and Molecular Biology, BP32, EL Alia, Bab Ezzouar 16111, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Sonia Adi-Bessalem
- USTHB, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Laboratory Cellular and Molecular Biology, Department Cellular and Molecular Biology, BP32, EL Alia, Bab Ezzouar 16111, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Amal Megdad-Lamraoui
- USTHB, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Laboratory Cellular and Molecular Biology, Department Cellular and Molecular Biology, BP32, EL Alia, Bab Ezzouar 16111, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Fatima Laraba-Djebari
- USTHB, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Laboratory Cellular and Molecular Biology, Department Cellular and Molecular Biology, BP32, EL Alia, Bab Ezzouar 16111, Algiers, Algeria.
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7
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Abreu CB, Bordon KCF, Cerni FA, Oliveira IS, Balenzuela C, Alexandre-Silva GM, Zoccal KF, Reis MB, Wiezel GA, Peigneur S, Pinheiro-Júnior EL, Tytgat J, Cunha TM, Quinton L, Faccioli LH, Arantes EC, Zottich U, Pucca MB. Pioneering Study on Rhopalurus crassicauda Scorpion Venom: Isolation and Characterization of the Major Toxin and Hyaluronidase. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2011. [PMID: 32973807 PMCID: PMC7468477 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Scorpionism is responsible for most accidents involving venomous animals in Brazil, which leads to severe symptoms that can evolve to death. Scorpion venoms consist of complexes cocktails, including peptides, proteins, and non-protein compounds, making separation and purification procedures extremely difficult and time-consuming. Scorpion toxins target different biological systems and can be used in basic science, for clinical, and biotechnological applications. This study is the first to explore the venom content of the unexplored scorpion species Rhopalurus crassicauda, which inhabits exclusively the northernmost state of Brazil, named Roraima, and southern region of Guyana. Here, we pioneer the fractionation of the R. crassicauda venom and isolated and characterized a novel scorpion beta-neurotoxin, designated Rc1, and a monomeric hyaluronidase. R. crassicauda venom and Rc1 (6,882 Da) demonstrated pro-inflammatory activities in vitro and a nociceptive response in vivo. Moreover, Rc1 toxin showed specificity for activating Nav1.4, Nav1.6, and BgNav1 voltage-gated ion channels. This study also represents a new perspective for the treatment of envenomings in Roraima, since the Brazilian scorpion and arachnid antivenoms were not able to recognize R. crassicauda venom and its fractions (with exception of hyaluronidase). Our work provides useful insights for the first understanding of the painful sting and pro-inflammatory effects associated with R. crassicauda envenomings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caio B Abreu
- Medical School, Federal University of Roraima, Boa Vista, Brazil
| | - Karla C F Bordon
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Felipe A Cerni
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isadora S Oliveira
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carla Balenzuela
- Medical School, Federal University of Roraima, Boa Vista, Brazil
| | | | | | - Mouzarllem B Reis
- Barão de Mauá University Center, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Department of Clinical Analysis, Toxicology and Food Science, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gisele A Wiezel
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Jan Tytgat
- Toxicology and Pharmacology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tiago M Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Loic Quinton
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, MolSys Research Unit, Liège Université, Liège, Belgium
| | - Lúcia H Faccioli
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Toxicology and Food Science, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eliane C Arantes
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Umberto Zottich
- Medical School, Federal University of Roraima, Boa Vista, Brazil
| | - Manuela B Pucca
- Medical School, Federal University of Roraima, Boa Vista, Brazil
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8
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Nait Mohamed FA, Laraba-Djebari F. Scorpion envenomation: a deadly illness requiring an effective therapy. TOXIN REV 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2020.1800746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Fatima Laraba-Djebari
- USTHB, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Algiers, Algeria
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9
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Ahmadi S, Knerr JM, Argemi L, Bordon KCF, Pucca MB, Cerni FA, Arantes EC, Çalışkan F, Laustsen AH. Scorpion Venom: Detriments and Benefits. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8050118. [PMID: 32408604 PMCID: PMC7277529 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8050118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Scorpion venom may cause severe medical complications and untimely death if injected into the human body. Neurotoxins are the main components of scorpion venom that are known to be responsible for the pathological manifestations of envenoming. Besides neurotoxins, a wide range of other bioactive molecules can be found in scorpion venoms. Advances in separation, characterization, and biotechnological approaches have enabled not only the development of more effective treatments against scorpion envenomings, but have also led to the discovery of several scorpion venom peptides with interesting therapeutic properties. Thus, scorpion venom may not only be a medical threat to human health, but could prove to be a valuable source of bioactive molecules that may serve as leads for the development of new therapies against current and emerging diseases. This review presents both the detrimental and beneficial properties of scorpion venom toxins and discusses the newest advances within the development of novel therapies against scorpion envenoming and the therapeutic perspectives for scorpion toxins in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Ahmadi
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; (J.M.K.); (L.A.); (M.B.P.); (F.A.C.)
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosafety, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Eşkisehir Osmangazi University, TR-26040 Eşkisehir, Turkey;
- Correspondence: (S.A.); (A.H.L.); Tel.: +45-7164-6042 (S.A.); +45-2988-1134 (A.H.L.)
| | - Julius M. Knerr
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; (J.M.K.); (L.A.); (M.B.P.); (F.A.C.)
| | - Lídia Argemi
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; (J.M.K.); (L.A.); (M.B.P.); (F.A.C.)
| | - Karla C. F. Bordon
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto—São Paulo 14040-903, Brazil; (K.C.F.B.); (E.C.A.)
| | - Manuela B. Pucca
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; (J.M.K.); (L.A.); (M.B.P.); (F.A.C.)
- Medical School, Federal University of Roraima, Boa Vista, Roraima 69310-000, Brazil
| | - Felipe A. Cerni
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; (J.M.K.); (L.A.); (M.B.P.); (F.A.C.)
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto—São Paulo 14040-903, Brazil; (K.C.F.B.); (E.C.A.)
| | - Eliane C. Arantes
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto—São Paulo 14040-903, Brazil; (K.C.F.B.); (E.C.A.)
| | - Figen Çalışkan
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosafety, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Eşkisehir Osmangazi University, TR-26040 Eşkisehir, Turkey;
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, TR-26040 Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Andreas H. Laustsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; (J.M.K.); (L.A.); (M.B.P.); (F.A.C.)
- Correspondence: (S.A.); (A.H.L.); Tel.: +45-7164-6042 (S.A.); +45-2988-1134 (A.H.L.)
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de Oliveira Yamashita F, Torres-Rêgo M, dos Santos Gomes JA, Félix-Silva J, Ramos Passos JG, de Santis Ferreira L, da Silva-Júnior AA, Zucolotto SM, Fernandes-Pedrosa MDF. Mangaba (Hancornia speciosa Gomes) fruit juice decreases acute pulmonary edema induced by Tityus serrulatus venom: Potential application for auxiliary treatment of scorpion stings. Toxicon 2020; 179:42-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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11
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Azevedo E, Figueiredo RG, Pinto RV, Ramos TDCF, Sampaio GP, Bulhosa Santos RP, Guerreiro MLDS, Biondi I, Trindade SC. Evaluation of systemic inflammatory response and lung injury induced by Crotalus durissus cascavella venom. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0224584. [PMID: 32084665 PMCID: PMC7035002 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the systemic inflammatory response and mechanism of pulmonary lesions induced by Crotalus durissus cascavella venom in murine in the state of Bahia. In order to investigate T helper Th1, Th2 and Th17 lymphocyte profiles, we measured interleukin (IL) -2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) levels in the peritoneal fluid and macerated lungs of mice and histopathological alterations at the specific time windows of 1h, 3h, 6h, 12h, 24h and 48h after inoculation with Crotalus durissus cascavella venom. The data demonstrated an increase of acute-phase cytokines (IL-6 and TNF) in the first hours after inoculation, with a subsequent increase in IL-10 and IL-4, suggesting immune response modulation for the Th2 profile. The histopathological analysis showed significant morphological alterations, compatible with acute pulmonary lesions, with polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) infiltration, intra-alveolar edema, congestion, hemorrhage and atelectasis. These findings advance our understanding of the dynamics of envenomation and contribute to improve clinical management and antiophidic therapy for individuals exposed to venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elen Azevedo
- Laboratory of Venomous Animals and Herpetology, Biology Department, State University of Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, State University of Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Gassmann Figueiredo
- Pulmonology Division, Department of Health, State University of Feira de Santana–UEFS, Feira de Santana, Brazil
| | - Roberto Vieira Pinto
- Pathological Anatomy Laboratory–LABSEAP, Cardiopulmonary Clinic, Novo Mundo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Marcos Lázaro da Silva Guerreiro
- Laboratory of Venomous Animals and Herpetology, Biology Department, State University of Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Brazil
| | - Ilka Biondi
- Laboratory of Venomous Animals and Herpetology, Biology Department, State University of Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Brazil
- * E-mail: (SCT); (IB)
| | - Soraya Castro Trindade
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, State University of Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Brazil
- Department of Health, Feira de Santana State University, Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil
- * E-mail: (SCT); (IB)
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12
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Reisinger A, Rabensteiner J, Hackl G. Diagnosis of acute intoxications in critically ill patients: focus on biomarkers - part 2: markers for specific intoxications. Biomarkers 2020; 25:112-125. [PMID: 32011177 DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2020.1725787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In medical intensive care units, acute intoxications contribute to a large proportion of all patients. Epidemiology and a basic overview on this topic were presented in part one. The purpose of this second part regarding toxicological biomarkers in the ICU setting focuses on specific poisons and toxins. Following the introduction of anion and osmol gap in part one, it's relevance in toxic alcohols and other biomarkers for these poisonings are presented within this publication. Furthermore, the role of markers in the blood, urine and cerebrospinal fluid for several intoxications is evaluated. Specific details are presented, amongst others, for cardiovascular drug poisoning, paracetamol (acetaminophen), ethanol, pesticides, ricin and yew tree intoxications. Detailed biomarkers and therapeutic decision tools are shown for carbon monoxide (CO) and cyanide (CN-) poisoning. Also, biomarkers in environmental toxicological situations such as mushroom poisoning and scorpion stings are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Reisinger
- Intensive Care Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Jasmin Rabensteiner
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Gerald Hackl
- Intensive Care Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Menaldo DL, Costa TR, Ribeiro DL, Zambuzi FA, Antunes LM, Castro FA, Frantz FG, Sampaio SV. Immunomodulatory actions and epigenetic alterations induced by proteases from Bothrops snake venoms in human immune cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 61:104586. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Reis MB, Zoccal KF, Gardinassi LG, Faccioli LH. Scorpion envenomation and inflammation: Beyond neurotoxic effects. Toxicon 2019; 167:174-179. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.06.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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15
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Bitencourt MAO, Torres-Rêgo M, de Souza Lima MCJ, Furtado AA, de Azevedo EP, do Egito EST, da Silva-Júnior AA, Zucolotto SM, Fernandes-Pedrosa MDF. Protective effect of aqueous extract, fractions and phenolic compounds of Hancornia speciosa fruits on the inflammatory damage in the lungs of mice induced by Tityus serrulatus envenomation. Toxicon 2019; 164:1-9. [PMID: 30902683 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Scorpion envenomation has been considered a public health issue around the world. Tityus serrulatus represents a specie of major medical importance in Brazil due to mortality rates of approximately 1% among children and elderly populations. The aim of this work was to evaluate the in vivo anti-inflammatory potential of aqueous extract from Hancornia speciosa fruits, its fractions and its phenolic compounds against T. serrulatus envenomation. After receiving the T. serrulatus venom (TsV, 0.8 mg/kg) intraperitoneally, the animals were treated intravenously with the aqueous extract (20, 30 and 40 mg/kg), the arachnid antivenom (50 μL/animal), the dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions (20 mg/kg) as well as rutin and chlorogenic acid (2, 2.5 and 5 mg/kg). The treatment with the aqueous extract, fractions and phenolic compounds decreased the migration of leukocytes to the peritoneal cavity and reduced the levels of IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-12. Moreover, the pulmonary histopathologic analysis showed a reduction in both interstitial and alveolar edema, as well as in the leukocytes infiltration and vascular ectasia in the mice's lungs, which evidences a protective effect attributed to H. speciosa. This is the first study that demonstrates the inhibitory potential of the aqueous extract from H. speciosa fruits against inflammation induced by TsV. These findings suggest that the bioactive compounds from the aqueous extract, especially chlorogenic acid and rutin, are responsible for the reported anti-inflammatory activity of H. speciosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Angélica Oliveira Bitencourt
- Laboratory of Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (Tecbiofar), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Rua General Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, S/N, Petrópolis, Natal, 59012-570, Brazil; Graduate Program of Biotechnology, Potiguar University (UnP), Avenida Senador Salgado Filho, 1610, Lagoa Nova, Natal, 59056-000, Brazil.
| | - Manoela Torres-Rêgo
- Laboratory of Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (Tecbiofar), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Rua General Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, S/N, Petrópolis, Natal, 59012-570, Brazil.
| | - Maíra Conceição Jerônimo de Souza Lima
- Laboratory of Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (Tecbiofar), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Rua General Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, S/N, Petrópolis, Natal, 59012-570, Brazil; Department of Veterinary Medicine, Potiguar University (UnP), Avenida Senador Salgado Filho, 1610, Lagoa Nova, Natal, 59056-000, Brazil.
| | - Allanny Alves Furtado
- Laboratory of Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (Tecbiofar), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Rua General Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, S/N, Petrópolis, Natal, 59012-570, Brazil.
| | - Eduardo Pereira de Azevedo
- Graduate Program of Biotechnology, Potiguar University (UnP), Avenida Senador Salgado Filho, 1610, Lagoa Nova, Natal, 59056-000, Brazil.
| | - Eryvaldo Sócrates Tabosa do Egito
- Laboratory of Dispersed Systems (LaSiD), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Rua General Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, S/N, Petrópolis, 59012-570, Natal, Brazil.
| | - Arnóbio Antônio da Silva-Júnior
- Laboratory of Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (Tecbiofar), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Rua General Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, S/N, Petrópolis, Natal, 59012-570, Brazil.
| | - Silvana Maria Zucolotto
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy (PNBio), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Rua General Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, S/N, Petrópolis, Natal, 59012-570, Brazil.
| | - Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa
- Laboratory of Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (Tecbiofar), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Rua General Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, S/N, Petrópolis, Natal, 59012-570, Brazil.
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Martin-Eauclaire MF, Adi-Bessalem S, Hammoudi-Triki D, Laraba-Djebari F, Bougis PE. Serotherapy against Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel-Targeting αToxins from Androctonus Scorpion Venom. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11020063. [PMID: 30678116 PMCID: PMC6410273 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11020063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of their venom lethality towards mammals, scorpions of the Androctonus genus are considered a critical threat to human health in North Africa. Several decades of exploration have led to a comprehensive inventory of their venom components at chemical, pharmacological, and immunological levels. Typically, these venoms contain selective and high affinity ligands for the voltage-gated sodium (Nav) and potassium (Kv) channels that dictate cellular excitability. In the well-studied Androctonus australis and Androctonus mauretanicus venoms, almost all the lethality in mammals is due to the so-called α-toxins. These peptides commonly delay the fast inactivation process of Nav channels, which leads to increased sodium entry and a subsequent cell membrane depolarization. Markedly, their neutralization by specific antisera has been shown to completely inhibit the venom’s lethal activity, because they are not only the most abundant venom peptide but also the most fatal. However, the structural and antigenic polymorphisms in the α-toxin family pose challenges to the design of efficient serotherapies. In this review, we discuss past and present accomplishments to improve serotherapy against Androctonus scorpion stings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sonia Adi-Bessalem
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, USTHB, BP 32, El-Alia Bab Ezzouar, 16111 Algiers, Algeria.
| | - Djelila Hammoudi-Triki
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, USTHB, BP 32, El-Alia Bab Ezzouar, 16111 Algiers, Algeria.
| | - Fatima Laraba-Djebari
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, USTHB, BP 32, El-Alia Bab Ezzouar, 16111 Algiers, Algeria.
| | - Pierre E Bougis
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, CNRS, Aix Marseille Univ, UMR 7291, 13003 Marseille, France.
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Effects of Atmospheric and Room Temperature Plasma (ARTP) Mutagenesis on Physicochemical Characteristics and Immune Activity In Vitro of Hericium erinaceus Polysaccharides. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24020262. [PMID: 30641994 PMCID: PMC6358873 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24020262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The polysaccharide is the main active substance contained in Hericium erinaceus and is commonly used in the treatment of neurasthenia, tumors, and digestive diseases. Six intracellular polysaccharide components were obtained from H. erinaceus fruiting bodies cultivated by ARTP (atmospheric and room temperature plasma) mutagenic strain (321) and the original strain (0605), respectively. This study was designed to investigate the physicochemical characteristics of these polysaccharide components and their potential immunomodulatory activities on RAW264.7 macrophages. The results showed that the yield of fruiting body cultivated by mutated strain increased by 22% and the polysaccharide content improved by 16% compared with the original one owing to ARTP mutagenesis. The molecular weight distribution and the monosaccharide compositions of polysaccharide components from H. erinaceus induced by ARTP mutagenesis were significantly different from that of the original one. The NO, IL-6, IL-10, IL-1β, and TNF-α production activities of macrophages were enhanced by stimulation of 20% ethanol precipitated polysaccharides from H. erinaceus induced by ARTP mutagenesis. These results indicated that ARTP is an efficient and practical method for high polysaccharide content breeding of the H. erinaceus strain and this provided a reference for obtaining high quality resources and healthy product development from H. erinaceus.
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Cerebrospinal inflammatory response following scorpion envenomation: role of histamine H1 and H3 receptors. Inflammopharmacology 2019; 27:589-601. [PMID: 30604198 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-018-00553-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanism of the inflammatory process induced by scorpion venom in the cerebrospinal tissues has not yet been completely elucidated. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the role of histamine through its H1 and H3 receptors in this process. METHODS Histamine H1 and H3 receptor antagonists, Hydroxyzine (10 mg/kg) and Betaserc (20 mg/kg), respectively, were administered by intraperitoneal route to mice 1 h before subcutaneous envenomation with a subletal dose (0.5 mg/kg) of Androctonus australis hector venom. Cerebrospinal inflammation response was assessed 24 h after envenomation by evaluating the vascular permeability changes, inflammatory cell infiltration, oxidative/nitrosative stress marker levels (hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide, malondialdehyde, glutathione and catalase) and by histological examination of cerebrospinal tissue. RESULTS Envenomed mice displayed an installation of an inflammatory response marked by increased vascular permeability (76% and 68% in brain and spinal cord, respectively, in comparison to controls), inflammatory cell infiltration, increased pro-oxidant levels and decreased anti-oxidant markers (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001). Scorpion venom also induced structural changes in brain and spinal cord tissues. Hydroxyzine seemed to be more efficient than Betaserc in the prevention of the induced cerebrospinal inflammation response, as evidenced by the decreased vascular permeability, inflammatory cell infiltration, pro-oxidant levels, increased anti-oxidant defense (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001) and a reduction of the anatomo-pathological alterations. CONCLUSION The results showed that the histamine H1 receptor is more involved in the induced central nervous system inflammatory response during scorpion envenomation.
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Zoccal KF, Ferreira GZ, Prado MK, Gardinassi LG, Sampaio SV, Faccioli LH. LTB4 and PGE2 modulate the release of MIP-1α and IL-1β by cells stimulated with Bothrops snake venoms. Toxicon 2018; 150:289-296. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.06.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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20
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Khemili D, Valenzuela C, Laraba-Djebari F, Hammoudi-Triki D. Differential effect of Androctonus australis hector venom components on macrophage K V channels: electrophysiological characterization. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2018; 48:1-13. [PMID: 30006779 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-018-1323-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neurotoxins of scorpion venoms modulate ion channels. Voltage-gated potassium (KV) channels regulate the membrane potential and are involved in the activation and proliferation of immune cells. Macrophages are key components of the inflammatory response induced by scorpion venom. The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of Androctonus australis hector (Aah) venom on KV channels in murine resident peritoneal macrophages. The cytotoxicity of the venom was assessed using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) -based assay and electrophysiological recordings were performed using the whole-cell patch clamp technique. High doses of Aah venom (50, 125, 250 and 500 µg/ml) significantly decreased cell viability, while concentrations of 0.1-25 µg/ml were not cytotoxic towards peritoneal macrophages. Electrophysiological data revealed a differential block of KV current between resting and LPS-activated macrophages. Aah venom significantly reduced KV current amplitude by 62.5 ± 4.78% (n = 8, p < 0.05), reduced the use-dependent decay of the current, decreased the degree of inactivation and decelerated the inactivation process of KV current in LPS-activated macrophages. Unlike cloned KV1.5 channels, Aah venom exerted a similar blocking effect on KV1.3 compared to KV current in LPS-activated macrophages, along with a hyperpolarizing shift in the voltage dependence of KV1.3 inactivation, indicating a direct mechanism of current inhibition by targeting KV1.3 subunits. The obtained results, demonstrating that Aah venom differentially targets KV channels in macrophages, suggest differential outcomes for their inhibitions, and that further investigations of scorpion venom immunomodulatory potential are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalila Khemili
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, USTHB, BP 32, El Alia, Bab Ezzouar, 16111, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Carmen Valenzuela
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red. Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Fatima Laraba-Djebari
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, USTHB, BP 32, El Alia, Bab Ezzouar, 16111, Algiers, Algeria.
| | - Djelila Hammoudi-Triki
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, USTHB, BP 32, El Alia, Bab Ezzouar, 16111, Algiers, Algeria
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Tb II-I, a Fraction Isolated from Tityus bahiensis Scorpion Venom, Alters Cytokines': Level and Induces Seizures When Intrahippocampally Injected in Rats. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10060250. [PMID: 29921762 PMCID: PMC6024361 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10060250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Scorpion venoms are composed of several substances with different pharmacological activities. Neurotoxins exert their effects by targeting ion channels resulting in toxic effects to mammals, insects and crustaceans. Tb II-I, a fraction isolated from Tityus bahiensis scorpion venom, was investigated for its ability to induce neurological and immune-inflammatory effects. Two putative β-sodium channel toxins were identified in this fraction, Tb2 II and Tb 4, the latter having been completely sequenced by mass spectrometry. Male Wistar rats, stereotaxically implanted with intrahippocampal cannulas and electrodes, were injected with Tb II-I (2 µg/2 µL) via the intrahippocampal route. The behavior, electrographic activity and cellular integrity of the animals were analyzed and the intracerebral level of cytokines determined. Tb II-I injection induced seizures and damage in the hippocampus. These alterations were correlated with the changes in the level of the cytokines tumoral necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Therefore, the binding of Tb II-I to its target in the central nervous system may induce inflammation resulting in neuropathological and behavioral alterations.
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Involvement of Alveolar Macrophages and Neutrophils in Acute Lung Injury After Scorpion Envenomation: New Pharmacological Targets. Inflammation 2018; 41:773-783. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-018-0731-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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23
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Nencioni ALA, Neto EB, de Freitas LA, Dorce VAC. Effects of Brazilian scorpion venoms on the central nervous system. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2018; 24:3. [PMID: 29410679 PMCID: PMC5781280 DOI: 10.1186/s40409-018-0139-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In Brazil, the scorpion species responsible for most severe incidents belong to the Tityus genus and, among this group, T. serrulatus, T. bahiensis, T. stigmurus and T. obscurus are the most dangerous ones. Other species such as T. metuendus, T. silvestres, T. brazilae, T. confluens, T. costatus, T. fasciolatus and T. neglectus are also found in the country, but the incidence and severity of accidents caused by them are lower. The main effects caused by scorpion venoms - such as myocardial damage, cardiac arrhythmias, pulmonary edema and shock - are mainly due to the release of mediators from the autonomic nervous system. On the other hand, some evidence show the participation of the central nervous system and inflammatory response in the process. The participation of the central nervous system in envenoming has always been questioned. Some authors claim that the central effects would be a consequence of peripheral stimulation and would be the result, not the cause, of the envenoming process. Because, they say, at least in adult individuals, the venom would be unable to cross the blood-brain barrier. In contrast, there is some evidence showing the direct participation of the central nervous system in the envenoming process. This review summarizes the major findings on the effects of Brazilian scorpion venoms on the central nervous system, both clinically and experimentally. Most of the studies have been performed with T. serrulatus and T. bahiensis. Little information is available regarding the other Brazilian Tityus species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emidio Beraldo Neto
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Butantan Institute, Av. Dr. Vital Brasil, 1500, São Paulo, SP 05503-900 Brazil
- Graduation Program in Sciences – Toxinology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Lucas Alves de Freitas
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Butantan Institute, Av. Dr. Vital Brasil, 1500, São Paulo, SP 05503-900 Brazil
- Graduation Program in Sciences – Toxinology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP Brazil
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Miyamoto JG, Andrade FB, Ferraz CR, Cândido DM, Knysak I, Venancio ÉJ, Verri WA, Landgraf MA, Landgraf RG, Kwasniewski FH. A comparative study of pathophysiological alterations in scorpionism induced by Tityus serrulatus and Tityus bahiensis venoms. Toxicon 2018; 141:25-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Jimenez R, Ikonomopoulou MP, Lopez JA, Miles JJ. Immune drug discovery from venoms. Toxicon 2017; 141:18-24. [PMID: 29170055 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
This review catalogues recent advances in knowledge on venoms as standalone therapeutic agents or as blueprints for drug design, with an emphasis on venom-derived compounds that affects the immune system. We discuss venoms and venom-derived compounds that affect total immune cell numbers, immune cell proliferation, immune cell migration, immune cell phenotype and cytokine secretion. Identifying novel compounds that 'tune' the system, up-regulating the immune response during infectious disease and cancer and down-regulating the immune response during autoimmunity, will greatly expand the tool kit of human immunotherapeutics. Targeting these pathways may also open therapeutic options that alleviate symptoms of envenomation. Finally, combining recent advances in venomics with progress in low cost, high-throughput screening platforms will no doubt yield hundreds of prototype immune modulating compounds in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocio Jimenez
- Griffith University, School of Natural Sciences, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Maria P Ikonomopoulou
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies (IMDEA) in Food, CEI UAM+CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Alejandro Lopez
- Griffith University, School of Natural Sciences, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - John J Miles
- Griffith University, School of Natural Sciences, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, AITHM, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia; Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
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Souza Lima MCJD, Oliveira Bitencourt MA, Furtado AA, Torres-Rêgo M, Siqueira EMDS, Oliveira RM, Oliveira Rocha HA, Ferreira Rocha KB, Silva-Júnior AAD, Zucolotto SM, Fernandes-Pedrosa MDF. Aspidosperma pyrifolium Has Anti-Inflammatory Properties: An Experimental Study in Mice with Peritonitis Induced by Tityus serrulatus Venom or Carrageenan. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E2248. [PMID: 29137120 PMCID: PMC5713218 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Scorpions of the genus Tityus are responsible for the majority of envenomation in Brazil, the Tityus serrulatus species being the most common and dangerous in South America. In this approach, we have investigated the ability of the aqueous extract from the leaves of Aspidosperma pyrifolium in reducing carrageenan-induced inflammation and the inflammation induced by T. serrulatus envenomation in mice. We also evaluated the cytotoxic effects of this extract, using the 3-(4,5-dimethythiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium (MTT) assay and the results revealed that the extract is safe. Analysis by High Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with Diode Array Detector (HPLC-DAD) and Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Mass Spectrometry with Diode Array Detection (LC-DAD-MS) showed one major chemical component, the flavonoid rutin and phenolics compounds. For in vivo studies in carrageenan-induced peritonitis model, mice received extracts, dexamethasone, rutin or saline, before administration of carrageenan. For venom-induced inflammation model, animals received T. serrulatus venom and were, simultaneously, treated with extracts, antivenom, rutin or saline. The extract and rutin showed a reduction in the cell migration into the peritoneal cavity, and in the same way the envenomated animals also showed reduction of edema, inflammatory cell infiltration and vasodilation in lungs. This is an original study revealing the potential action of A. pyrifolium against inflammation caused by Tityus serrulatus venom and carrageenan, revealing that this extract and its bioactive molecules, specifically rutin, may present potential anti-inflammatory application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maíra Conceição Jerônimo de Souza Lima
- Laboratory of Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (Tecbiofar), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Rua General Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, S/N, Petrópolis 59012-570, Natal, Brazil.
| | - Mariana Angélica Oliveira Bitencourt
- Laboratory of Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (Tecbiofar), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Rua General Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, S/N, Petrópolis 59012-570, Natal, Brazil.
| | - Allanny Alves Furtado
- Laboratory of Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (Tecbiofar), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Rua General Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, S/N, Petrópolis 59012-570, Natal, Brazil.
| | - Manoela Torres-Rêgo
- Laboratory of Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (Tecbiofar), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Rua General Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, S/N, Petrópolis 59012-570, Natal, Brazil.
| | - Emerson Michell da Silva Siqueira
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy (PNBio), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Rua General Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, S/N, Petrópolis 59012-570, Natal, Brazil.
| | - Ruth Medeiros Oliveira
- Laboratory of Biotechnology of Natural Biopolymers, Department of Biochemistry, Bioscience Center, Campus Universitário, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Avenida Senador Salgado Filho, 3000, Lagoa Nova 59072-970, Natal, Brazil.
| | - Hugo Alexandre Oliveira Rocha
- Laboratory of Biotechnology of Natural Biopolymers, Department of Biochemistry, Bioscience Center, Campus Universitário, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Avenida Senador Salgado Filho, 3000, Lagoa Nova 59072-970, Natal, Brazil.
| | - Keyla Borges Ferreira Rocha
- Laboratory of Pathology, Departament of Pathology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Rua General Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, S/N, Petrópolis 59012-570, Natal, Brazil.
| | - Arnóbio Antônio da Silva-Júnior
- Laboratory of Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (Tecbiofar), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Rua General Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, S/N, Petrópolis 59012-570, Natal, Brazil.
| | - Silvana Maria Zucolotto
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy (PNBio), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Rua General Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, S/N, Petrópolis 59012-570, Natal, Brazil.
| | - Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa
- Laboratory of Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (Tecbiofar), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Rua General Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, S/N, Petrópolis 59012-570, Natal, Brazil.
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Galvani NC, Vilela TC, Domingos AC, Fagundes MÍ, Bosa LM, Della Vechia IC, Scussel R, Pereira M, Steiner BT, Damiani AP, Chávez-Olórtegui C, De Andrade VM, de Ávila RAM. Genotoxicity evaluation induced by Tityus serrulatus scorpion venom in mice. Toxicon 2017; 140:132-138. [PMID: 29107080 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Tityus serrulatus is the scorpion associated with the most severe cases of scorpion envenoming in Brazil. However, there are no studies reporting the genotoxic effects of this venom in natural or experimental envenomations. It is well known that DNA-damage responses are providing opportunities for improving disease detection and management. In this study was evaluating the genotoxicity of the T. serrulatus venom in different organs (hippocampus, cortex, striatum, blood, heart, lung, liver and kidney) and periods in mice experimentally envenomed. ELISA and the Comet assays were used to quantification of venoms antigens and DNA damage, respectively. Forty-eight Swiss mice were divided into five groups and 0.5 DL50 of T. serrulatus venom (0.90 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally in each animal. Euthanasia was performed by cervical dislocation in the period of 0h (control group) 1h, 2h, 6h and 12h, where it the tissues were removed. The results showed high DNA damage in all structures analyzed, suggesting that T. serrulatus venom presented genotoxic activity or some secondary effect generated by venom injection. In the ELISA test, toxic circulant antigens were verified in practically all organs at the time intervals analyzed. Therefore, the distribution of the venom changes from organ to organ. We conclude that scorpion envenoming affects DNA in all organs analyzed even when the venom concentration is lower or no detectable, DNA damage persists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia Coral Galvani
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Thais Ceresér Vilela
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Brazil.
| | - Angelino Chitoma Domingos
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Mírian Ívens Fagundes
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Luiza Macarini Bosa
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Brazil
| | | | - Rahisa Scussel
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Márcia Pereira
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Bethina Trevisol Steiner
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Adriani Paganini Damiani
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Carlos Chávez-Olórtegui
- Laboratório de Imunoquímica de Proteínas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Moraes De Andrade
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Brazil
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Chakroun-Walha O, Karray R, Jerbi M, Ben Rebeh A, Jammeli C, Bahloul M, Ammar R, Chabchoub I, Bouaziz M, Nasri A, Rekik N. Value of troponin levels in the diagnosis of cardiac dysfunction in moderate scorpion envenomation. Hum Exp Toxicol 2017; 37:580-586. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327117722822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Context: Cardiac dysfunction is one of the most serious consequences of scorpion envenomation. The best tool to evaluate cardiac function is echocardiography, but it is not available at all emergency departments. Many studies aimed to describe biological predictive factors of cardiac dysfunction in scorpion envenomation. Troponin is one of these biomarkers but its correlation with myocarditis is not well established. The aim of this study was to evaluate correlation between troponin levels and cardiac dysfunction in moderate scorpion envenomation. Methods: A retrospective monocentric study including patients admitted in the emergency department for moderate scorpion envenomation with troponin measurement during their early management. On arrival, an electrocardiogram and a chest X-ray were realized for all patients. Results: We enrolled 132 patients with a mean age at 31.3 ± 24.4 years and a 1.35 sex-ratio. All patients had moderate systemic manifestations. There were 28 patients with clinical manifestations of cardiac dysfunction without life-threatening troubles (21.2%). Troponin was undetectable in 69 patients (56%). The mean value of troponin level (pg/ml) was higher in patients with clinical manifestations of left ventricular dysfunction (1.80 ± 3.8 vs. 0.11 ± 0.5; p = 0.02). Troponin levels were significantly higher in patients with positive T wave on electrocardiogram. Conclusion: In patients with moderate scorpion envenomation with positive T wave, high values of troponin suggest the presence of cardiac dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Chakroun-Walha
- Emergency Department, University Hospital Habib Bourguiba Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - R Karray
- Emergency Department, University Hospital Habib Bourguiba Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - M Jerbi
- Emergency Department, University Hospital Habib Bourguiba Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - A Ben Rebeh
- Emergency Department, University Hospital Habib Bourguiba Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - C Jammeli
- Emergency Department, University Hospital Habib Bourguiba Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - M Bahloul
- Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital Habib Bourguiba Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - R Ammar
- Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital Habib Bourguiba Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - I Chabchoub
- Paediatric Department, University Hospital Hedi Chaker Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - M Bouaziz
- Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital Habib Bourguiba Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - A Nasri
- Emergency Department, University Hospital Habib Bourguiba Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - N Rekik
- Emergency Department, University Hospital Habib Bourguiba Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
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29
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Expanding biological activities of Ts19 Frag-II toxin: Insights into IL-17 production. Toxicon 2017; 134:18-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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30
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Dorce ALC, Martins ADN, Dorce VAC, Nencioni ALA. Perinatal effects of scorpion venoms: maternal and offspring development. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2017. [PMID: 28630618 PMCID: PMC5471709 DOI: 10.1186/s40409-017-0121-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Scorpion envenomation is a public health problem, especially in tropical and subtropical countries. Considering the high incidence of scorpionism in some areas, pregnant women and nursing mothers may be possible victims. Scorpion stings alter the release of neurotransmitters and some cytokines. These mediators act as organizers and programmers in the adequate formation of the nerves, and non-physiological concentrations of them during the brain organization originate disorders and diseases that can appear later in the life of the individual. Despite the importance of this subject, there are only a few studies showing the effects of scorpion venom on maternal reproductive development, in the morphology and physical and behavioral development of offspring. The present review article summarizes the major findings on this issue. Biochemical changes in the blood – such as hyperglycemia, increase on the level of sodium and on the creatinine concentration – are observed after scorpion sting in humans and experimental animals. Some studies in the literature demonstrate that the scorpion venom affects the maternal reproductive development in humans and in experimental animals, increasing the frequency and amplitude of uterine contraction and the number of resorptions. The venom can also lead to some alterations in the embryonic or fetal development increasing the total weight of fetuses and of some organs. Moreover, it affects the general activity and locomotion during childhood and adulthood, and the anxiety level in adult females and males. It also alters the number of hippocampal neurons and interferes in the level of some cytokines. Altogether, it is evident that the venom, when administered during the pregnancy or lactation, affects the development of the offspring. Studies are being conducted to determine the actual participation of the venom in the development of the offspring, and to what extent they are detrimental to animal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Leticia Coronado Dorce
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Butantan Institute, Av. Dr. Vital Brasil, 1500, São Paulo, SP CEP 05503-900 Brazil
| | - Adriana do Nascimento Martins
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Butantan Institute, Av. Dr. Vital Brasil, 1500, São Paulo, SP CEP 05503-900 Brazil.,Graduate Program in Sciences - Toxinology, Butantan Institute, Av. Dr. Vital Brasil 1500, São Paulo, SP CEP 05503-900 Brazil
| | | | - Ana Leonor Abrahão Nencioni
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Butantan Institute, Av. Dr. Vital Brasil, 1500, São Paulo, SP CEP 05503-900 Brazil
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Age-Related Changes in Inflammatory Response after Experimental Envenomation: Impact on the Susceptibility to Androctonus australis hector Venom. Inflammation 2017; 40:1131-1142. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-017-0557-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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32
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Menaldo DL, Bernardes CP, Zoccal KF, Jacob-Ferreira AL, Costa TR, Del Lama MPFM, Naal RMZG, Frantz FG, Faccioli LH, Sampaio SV. Immune cells and mediators involved in the inflammatory responses induced by a P-I metalloprotease and a phospholipase A 2 from Bothrops atrox venom. Mol Immunol 2017; 85:238-247. [PMID: 28327442 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Bothrops envenomations can promote severe inflammatory responses by inducing edema, pain, leukocyte recruitment and release of chemical mediators by local cells. In the present study, two toxins from Bothrops atrox venom (the P-I metalloprotease Batroxase and the acidic phospholipase A2 BatroxPLA2) were evaluated in relation to their inflammatory effects induced in vivo and in vitro, mainly focusing on the participation of different immune cells and inflammatory mediators. Both toxins mainly promoted acute inflammatory responses with significant recruitment of neutrophils in the early hours (1-4h) after administration into the peritoneal cavity of C57BL/6 mice, and increased infiltration of mononuclear cells especially after 24h. Among the mediators induced by both toxins are IL-6, IL-10 and PGE2, with Batroxase also inducing the release of L-1β, and BatroxPLA2 of LTB4 and CysLTs. These responses pointed to possible involvement of immune cells such as macrophages and mast cells, which were then evaluated in vitro. Mice peritoneal macrophages stimulated with Batroxase produced significant levels of IL-6, IL-1β, PGE2 and LTB4, whereas stimulus with BatroxPLA2 induced increases of IL-6, PGE2 and LTB4. Furthermore, both toxins were able to stimulate degranulation of RBL-2H3 mast cells, but with distinct concentration-dependent effects. Altogether, these results indicated that Batroxase and BatroxPLA2 promoted local and acute inflammatory responses related to macrophages and mast cells and to the production of several mediators. Our findings should contribute for better understanding the different mechanisms of toxicity induced by P-I metalloproteases and phospholipases A2 after snakebite envenomations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo L Menaldo
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Carolina P Bernardes
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Karina F Zoccal
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Anna L Jacob-Ferreira
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Tássia R Costa
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria P F M Del Lama
- Departamento de Física e Química, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Rose M Z G Naal
- Departamento de Física e Química, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabiani G Frantz
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Lúcia H Faccioli
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Suely V Sampaio
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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Switch of Steady-State to an Accelerated Granulopoiesis in Response to Androctonus australis hector Venom. Inflammation 2017; 40:871-883. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-017-0532-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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34
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Sifi A, Adi-Bessalem S, Laraba-Djebari F. Role of angiotensin II and angiotensin type-1 receptor in scorpion venom-induced cardiac and aortic tissue inflammation. Exp Mol Pathol 2017; 102:32-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Corzo G, Espino-Solis GP. Selected scorpion toxin exposures induce cytokine release in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Toxicon 2017; 127:56-62. [PMID: 28088477 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A cytokine screening on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) stimulated with selected scorpion toxins (ScTx's) was performed in order to evaluate their effect on human immune cells. The ScTx's chosen for this report were three typical buthid scorpion venom peptides, one with lethal effects on mammals Centruroides suffussus suffusus toxin II (CssII), another, with lethal effects on insects and crustaceans Centruroides noxius toxin 5 (Cn5), and one more without lethal effects Tityus discrepans toxin (Discrepin). A Luminex multiplex analysis was performed in order to determine the amounts chemokines and cytokines IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12-p40, IL-13, interferon alpha (IFN-α), interferon gamma (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor alpha TNF-α, and interferon-inducible protein-10 (IP-10) secreted from human PBMCs exposed to these toxins. Although, the ScTx Cn5 is not lethal for mammals, it was able to induce the secretion of cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, IL-10 and IP-10 in comparison to the lethal CssII, which was able to induce only IP-10 secretion. Discrepin also was able to induce only IP-10. Interestingly, only low amounts of interferons α and β were induced in the presence of the ScTx's assayed. In a synergic experiment, the combination of Discrepin and Cn5 displayed considerable reverse effects on induction of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α, but they had a slight synergic effect on IP-10 cytokine production in comparison with the single effect obtained with the Cn5 alone. Thus, the results obtained suggest that the profile of secreted cytokines promoted by ScTx Cn5 is highly related with a cytokine storm event, and also it suggests that the mammalian lethal neurotoxins are not solely responsible of the scorpion envenomation symptomatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Corzo
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM, Apartado Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos 61500, Mexico
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de Oliveira GH, Cerni FA, Cardoso IA, Arantes EC, Pucca MB. Tityus serrulatus envenoming in non-obese diabetic mice: a risk factor for severity. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2016; 22:26. [PMID: 27660634 PMCID: PMC5027101 DOI: 10.1186/s40409-016-0081-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Brazil, accidents with venomous animals are considered a public health problem. Tityus serrulatus (Ts), popularly known as the yellow scorpion, is most frequently responsible for the severe accidents in the country. Ts envenoming can cause several signs and symptoms classified according to their clinical manifestations as mild, moderate or severe. Furthermore, the victims usually present biochemical alterations, including hyperglycemia. Nevertheless, Ts envenoming and its induced hyperglycemia were never studied or documented in a patient with diabetes mellitus (DM). Therefore, this is the first study to evaluate the glycemia during Ts envenoming using a diabetic animal model (NOD, non-obese diabetic). METHODS Female mice (BALB/c or NOD) were challenged with a non-lethal dose of Ts venom. Blood glucose level was measured (tail blood using a glucose meter) over a 24-h period. The total glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels were measured 30 days after Ts venom injection. Moreover, the insulin levels were analyzed at the glycemia peak. RESULTS The results demonstrated that the envenomed NOD animals presented a significant increase of glycemia, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and insulin levels compared to the envenomed BALB/c control group, corroborating that DM victims present great risk of developing severe envenoming. Moreover, the envenomed NOD animals presented highest risk of death and sequelae. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that the diabetic victims stung by Ts scorpion should be always considered a risk group for scorpion envenoming severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Honda de Oliveira
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. do Café, s/n, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Felipe Augusto Cerni
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. do Café, s/n, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Iara Aimê Cardoso
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. do Café, s/n, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Eliane Candiani Arantes
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. do Café, s/n, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Manuela Berto Pucca
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. do Café, s/n, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
- Medical School of Roraima, Federal University of Roraima (UFRR), Av. Capitão Ene Garcez, 2413, Boa Vista, RR 69310-000 Brazil
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37
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Rigoni VLS, Kwasniewski FH, Vieira RP, Linhares IS, da Silva JLV, Nogueira-Pedro A, Zamuner SR. Human bronchial epithelial cells injury and cytokine production induced by Tityus serrulatus scorpion venom: An in vitro study. Toxicon 2016; 120:22-8. [PMID: 27452928 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Cupo P. Clinical update on scorpion envenoming. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2016; 48:642-9. [PMID: 26676487 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0237-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Scorpion stings are currently the leading cause of venom-related injury to humans in Brazil and are a significant public health problem globally. Only scorpions of the Tityus genus are of medical importance in Brazil, and Tityus serrulatus is responsible for the most serious envenomations and deaths. The toxic effects of scorpion envenomation are due to a massive release of sympathetic and parasympathetic neurotransmitters; the severity is related to cardiac and hemodynamic changes, with cardiogenic shock and pulmonary edema contributing to the main causes of death. The pathophysiology of cardiac involvement has been discussed for decades and has been attributed to adrenergic discharge and a possible toxic effect of venom on the myocardium, while acute pulmonary edema may have a cardiogenic and/or non-cardiogenic origin. Currently, the clinical data point to catecholamine excess as the cause for reversible scorpion cardiomyopathy . These data include electrocardiographic changes, profiling of cardiac enzymes and troponin I, echocardiographic data with global or regional left ventricle dysfunction, and myocardial perfusion alterations compatible with spasm in the coronary microcirculation. Furthermore, recent data on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging findings, which are similar to those observed for stress-induced cardiomyopathy, have also been linked to catecholamine excess. The efficiency of antivenom serum treatment is controversial in the literature. Our experience in Brazil is that the management of patients with systemic manifestations of scorpion stings is based on three approaches, all of which are extremely important. These include symptomatic treatment, antivenom serum, and cardiorespiratory support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palmira Cupo
- Departamento de Puericultura e Pediatria, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Zoccal KF, Sorgi CA, Hori JI, Paula-Silva FWG, Arantes EC, Serezani CH, Zamboni DS, Faccioli LH. Opposing roles of LTB4 and PGE2 in regulating the inflammasome-dependent scorpion venom-induced mortality. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10760. [PMID: 26907476 PMCID: PMC4766425 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Tityus serrulatus sting causes thousands of deaths annually worldwide. T. serrulatus-envenomed victims exhibit local or systemic reaction that culminates in pulmonary oedema, potentially leading to death. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying T. serrulatus venom (TsV) activity remain unknown. Here we show that TsV triggers NLRP3 inflammasome activation via K(+) efflux. Mechanistically, TsV triggers lung-resident cells to release PGE2, which induces IL-1β production via E prostanoid receptor 2/4-cAMP-PKA-NFκB-dependent mechanisms. IL-1β/IL-1R actions account for oedema and neutrophil recruitment to the lungs, leading to TsV-induced mortality. Inflammasome activation triggers LTB4 production and further PGE2 via IL-1β/IL-1R signalling. Activation of LTB4-BLT1/2 pathway decreases cAMP generation, controlling TsV-induced inflammation. Exogenous administration confirms LTB4 anti-inflammatory activity and abrogates TsV-induced mortality. These results suggest that the balance between LTB4 and PGE2 determines the amount of IL-1β inflammasome-dependent release and the outcome of envenomation. We suggest COX1/2 inhibition as an effective therapeutic intervention for scorpion envenomation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina F Zoccal
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Universidade de São Paulo (FCFRP/USP), Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Sorgi
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Universidade de São Paulo (FCFRP/USP), Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Juliana I Hori
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Universidade de São Paulo (FMRP/USP), Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Francisco W G Paula-Silva
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Universidade de São Paulo (FCFRP/USP), Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Eliane C Arantes
- Departamento de Física e Química, Universidade de São Paulo (FCFRP/USP), Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Carlos H Serezani
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
| | - Dario S Zamboni
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Universidade de São Paulo (FMRP/USP), Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Lúcia H Faccioli
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Universidade de São Paulo (FCFRP/USP), Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo 14040-903, Brazil
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Martins ADN, Nencioni ALA, Dorce ALC, Paulo MEFV, Frare EO, Dorce VAC. Effect of maternal exposure to Tityus bahiensis scorpion venom during lactation on the offspring of rats. Reprod Toxicol 2015; 59:147-58. [PMID: 26746106 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Scorpion stings are a public health problem in Brazil and lactating women may be affected. We aimed to study the effects of Tityus bahiensis venom in the offspring of rats treated during lactation. Mothers received a subcutaneous injection of saline (1.0ml/kg) or venom (2.5mg/kg) or an intraperitoneal injection of LPS (lipopolysaccharide) (100μg/kg) on postnatal (PN) days 2 (PN2), 10 (PN10) or 16 (PN16). The offspring were evaluated during the childhood and adulthood. Pups showed a delay in physical and reflexological development, and a decrease in motor activity. Adults displayed low anxiety. There was an increase in the number of viable neuronal cells in hippocampal areas CA1 and CA4. The levels of IFN-γ (interferon-gamma) increased in the experimental groups. Several of the parameters analyzed showed important differences between the sexes. Thus, the scorpion venom affects the development in the offspring of mothers envenomed during the lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana do Nascimento Martins
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Toxinology of Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
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Lima PC, Bordon KCF, Pucca MB, Cerni FA, Zoccal KF, Faccioli LH, Arantes EC. Partial purification and functional characterization of Ts19 Frag-I, a novel toxin from Tityus serrulatus scorpion venom. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2015; 21:49. [PMID: 26628901 PMCID: PMC4666072 DOI: 10.1186/s40409-015-0051-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The yellow scorpion Tityus serrulatus (Ts) is responsible for the highest number of accidents and the most severe scorpion envenoming in Brazil. Although its venom has been studied since the 1950s, it presents a number of orphan peptides that have not been studied so far. The objective of our research was to isolate and identify the components present in the fractions VIIIA and VIIIB of Ts venom, in order to search for a novel toxin. The major isolated toxins were further investigated for macrophage modulation. METHODS The fractions VIIIA and VIIIB, obtained from Ts venom cation exchange chromatography, were rechromatographed on a C18 column (4.6 × 250 mm) followed by a reversed-phase chromatography using another C18 column (2.1 × 250 mm). The main eluted peaks were analyzed by MALDI-TOF and Edman's degradation and tested on macrophages. RESULTS The previously described toxins Ts2, Ts3-KS, Ts4, Ts8, Ts8 propeptide, Ts19 Frag-II and the novel peptide Ts19 Frag-I were isolated from the fractions VIIIA and VIIIB. Ts19 Frag-I, presenting 58 amino acid residues, a mass of 6,575 Da and a theoretical pI of 8.57, shares high sequence identity with potassium channel toxins (KTx). The toxins Ts4, Ts3-KS and the partially purified Ts19 Frag-I did not produce cytotoxic effects on macrophage murine cells line (J774.1). On the other hand, Ts19 Frag-I induced the release of nitric oxide (NO) by macrophages, while Ts4 and Ts3-KS did not affect the NO production at the tested concentration (50 μg/mL). At the same concentration, Ts19 Frag-I and Ts3-KS increased the production of interleukin-6 (IL-6). Ts19 Frag-I and Ts4 did not induce the release of IL-10, IL-1β or tumor necrosis factor-α by macrophage cells using the tested concentration (50 μg/mL). CONCLUSIONS We partially purified and determined the complete sequence and chemical/physical parameters of a new β-KTx, denominated Ts19 Frag-I. The toxins Ts4, Ts3-KS and Ts19 Frag-I showed no cytotoxicity toward macrophages and induced IL-6 release. Ts19 Frag-I also induced the release of NO, suggesting a pro-inflammatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila C Lima
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Karla C F Bordon
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Manuela B Pucca
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Felipe A Cerni
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Karina F Zoccal
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Lucia H Faccioli
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Eliane C Arantes
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil.,Departamento de Física e Química, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Avenida do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14.040-903 Brazil
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Bernardes CP, Menaldo DL, Mamede CC, Zoccal KF, Cintra AC, Faccioli LH, Stanziola L, de Oliveira F, Sampaio SV. Evaluation of the local inflammatory events induced by BpirMP, a metalloproteinase from Bothrops pirajai venom. Mol Immunol 2015; 68:456-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Casella-Martins A, Ayres LR, Burin SM, Morais FR, Pereira JC, Faccioli LH, Sampaio SV, Arantes EC, Castro FA, Pereira-Crott LS. Immunomodulatory activity of Tityus serrulatus scorpion venom on human T lymphocytes. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2015; 21:46. [PMID: 26566386 PMCID: PMC4642687 DOI: 10.1186/s40409-015-0046-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tityus serrulatus scorpion venom (TsV) contains toxins that act on K+ and Na+ channels and account for the venom’s toxic effects. TsV can activate murine peritoneal macrophages, but its effects on human lymphocytes have been poorly investigated. Considering that lymphocytes may play an important role in envenomation, we assessed whether TsV affects the expression of phenotypic (CD3, CD4, and CD8) and activation (CD69, CD25, and HLA-DR) markers, cell proliferation, and cytokine production in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Methods Cytotoxicity of TsV was evaluated via the MTT assay. Cell proliferation, expression of phenotypic and activation markers, and release of cytokines were assessed using flow cytometry, after treatment with non-cytotoxic concentrations of TsV. The combined use of carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester and monoclonal antibodies against phenotypic and activation markers enabled us to simultaneously assess cell proliferation extent and cell activation status, and to discriminate among cell subpopulations. Results TsV at concentrations of 25 to 100 μg/mL were not cytotoxic towards peripheral blood mononuclear cells. TsV did not induce significant changes in lymphocyte subpopulations or in the expression of activation markers on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. TsV inhibited the phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocyte proliferation, particularly in the CD8+ CD25+ T lymphocyte subset. TsV alone, at 50 and 100 μg/mL, did not induce peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferation, but elicited the production and release of IL-6, a proinflammatory cytokine that plays an important role in innate and adaptive immune responses. Conclusions TsV is a potential source of molecules with immunomodulatory action on human T lymphocytes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40409-015-0046-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Casella-Martins
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Avenida do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP CEP 14040-903 Brazil
| | - Lorena R Ayres
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Avenida do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP CEP 14040-903 Brazil ; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES Brazil
| | - Sandra M Burin
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Avenida do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP CEP 14040-903 Brazil
| | - Fabiana R Morais
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Avenida do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP CEP 14040-903 Brazil
| | - Juliana C Pereira
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Avenida do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP CEP 14040-903 Brazil
| | - Lucia H Faccioli
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Avenida do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP CEP 14040-903 Brazil
| | - Suely V Sampaio
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Avenida do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP CEP 14040-903 Brazil
| | - Eliane C Arantes
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Fabiola A Castro
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Avenida do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP CEP 14040-903 Brazil
| | - Luciana S Pereira-Crott
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Avenida do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP CEP 14040-903 Brazil
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Abstract
Tityus serrulatus (Ts) is the main scorpion species of medical importance in Brazil. Ts venom is composed of several compounds such as mucus, inorganic salts, lipids, amines, nucleotides, enzymes, kallikrein inhibitor, natriuretic peptide, proteins with high molecular mass, peptides, free amino acids and neurotoxins. Neurotoxins are considered the most responsible for the envenoming syndrome due to their pharmacological action on ion channels such as voltage-gated sodium (Nav) and potassium (Kv) channels. The major goal of this review is to present important advances in Ts envenoming research, correlating both the crude Ts venom and isolated toxins with alterations observed in all human systems. The most remarkable event lies in the Ts induced massive releasing of neurotransmitters influencing, directly or indirectly, the entire body. Ts venom proved to extremely affect nervous and muscular systems, to modulate the immune system, to induce cardiac disorders, to cause pulmonary edema, to decrease urinary flow and to alter endocrine, exocrine, reproductive, integumentary, skeletal and digestive functions. Therefore, Ts venom possesses toxins affecting all anatomic systems, making it a lethal cocktail. However, its low lethality may be due to the low venom mass injected, to the different venom compositions, the body characteristics and health conditions of the victim and the local of Ts sting. Furthermore, we also described the different treatments employed during envenoming cases. In particular, throughout the review, an effort will be made to provide information from an extensive documented studies concerning Ts venom in vitro, in animals and in humans (a total of 151 references).
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Lamraoui A, Adi-Bessalem S, Laraba-Djebari F. Immunopathologic effects of scorpion venom on hepato-renal tissues: Involvement of lipid derived inflammatory mediators. Exp Mol Pathol 2015; 99:286-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2015.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Malaque CMSA, de Bragança AC, Sanches TR, Volpini RA, Shimizu MH, Hiyane MI, Câmara NOS, Seguro AC, Andrade L. The role of dexamethasone in scorpion venom-induced deregulation of sodium and water transport in rat lungs. Intensive Care Med Exp 2015; 3:28. [PMID: 26392398 PMCID: PMC4577493 DOI: 10.1186/s40635-015-0063-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe scorpion envenomation can evolve to lung injury and, in some cases, death. The lung injury could be attributed to acute left ventricular failure and increased pulmonary vascular permeability secondary to the release of inflammatory mediators. In clinical practice, corticosteroids have been administered to reduce the early side effects of the anti-venom. We propose to study the effects of Tityus serrulatus venom and dexamethasone on pulmonary expression of sodium and water transporters, as well as on the inflammatory response. METHODS Wistar rats were injected intraperitoneally with saline (control group), dexamethasone, and saline (2.0 mg/kg body weight-60 min before saline injection; dexamethasone + saline group), venom (T. serrulatus venom-3.8 mg/kg body weight), or dexamethasone and venom (2.0 mg/kg body weight-60 min before venom injection; dexamethasone + venom group). At 60 min after venom/saline injection, experiments were performed in ventilated and non-ventilated animals. We analyzed sodium transporters, water transporters, and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) by Western blotting, macrophage infiltration by immunohistochemistry, and serum interleukin (IL) by cytokine assay. RESULTS In the lung tissue of non-ventilated envenomed animals, protein expression of the epithelial sodium channel alpha subunit (α-ENaC) and aquaporin 5 (AQP5) were markedly downregulated whereas that of the Na-K-2Cl cotransporter (NKCC1) and TLR4 was elevated although expression of the Na,K-ATPase alpha 1 subunit was unaffected. Dexamethasone protected protein expression of α-ENaC, NKCC1, and TLR4 but not that of AQP5. We found that IL-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor alpha were elevated in the venom and dexamethasone + venom groups although CD68 expression in lung tissue was elevated only in the venom group. Among the ventilated animals, both envenomed groups presented hypotension at 50 min after injection, and the arterial oxygen tension/fraction of inspired oxygen ratio was lower at 60 min than at baseline. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that T. serrulatus venom and dexamethasone both regulate sodium transport in the lung and that T serrulatus venom regulates sodium transport via the TLR4 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceila Maria Sant Ana Malaque
- Nephrology Department, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil. .,Vital Brazil Hospital, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | - Talita Rojas Sanches
- Nephrology Department, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | - Maria Heloisa Shimizu
- Nephrology Department, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Meire Ioshie Hiyane
- Immunology Department, Biomedical Sciences Institute IV, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | - Antonio Carlos Seguro
- Nephrology Department, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Lucia Andrade
- Nephrology Department, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Ait-Lounis A, Laraba-Djebari F. TNF-alpha modulates adipose macrophage polarization to M1 phenotype in response to scorpion venom. Inflamm Res 2015; 64:929-36. [PMID: 26403661 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-015-0876-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We previously reported that Androctonus australis hector (Aah) venom and its toxic fraction affect adipose tissue metabolism. However, the contribution of immune system and the role of adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) in the progression of inflammation induced by scorpion venom remain largely unknown. METHODS Here we evaluate the capacity of the toxic fraction of Aah venom (FTox-G50) to induce the expression of M1 and M2 markers genes on adipose tissue and isolated stromal vascular cells (SVC). Quantitative real-time PCR was performed on the SVC 24 h after FTox-G50 venom injection to assess the gene expressions of IL12p40, IL23, and other macrophages-associated markers. RESULTS We found that ATM from FTox-G50-venom-injected mice markedly increased the expressions of IL-12p40 and IL-23. Furthermore, the expression of nitric oxide synthase 2 (an M1 marker) was up-regulated, but the expression of Arginase1 (an M2 marker) was not. Systemic injection of a chemical inhibitor directed against TNF-α binding reduced the expression of inflammatory M1 macrophage markers and the MAPKpk2 gene, a key mediator of inflammatory signaling. CONCLUSION These results indicate that TNF-α is a physiological regulator of inflammation and macrophage activation induced by scorpion venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aouatef Ait-Lounis
- USTHB, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, BP 32 El-Alia, Bab Ezzouar, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Fatima Laraba-Djebari
- USTHB, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, BP 32 El-Alia, Bab Ezzouar, Algiers, Algeria.
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Medjadba W, Martin-Eauclaire MF, Laraba-Djebari F. Involvement of Kallikrein-Kinin System on Cardiopulmonary Alterations and Inflammatory Response Induced by Purified Aah I Toxin from Scorpion Venom. Inflammation 2015; 39:290-302. [PMID: 26361946 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-015-0249-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bradykinins are released from kininogen by kallikrein. They increase capillary lung permeability after their binding to β1 and especially β2 receptors before being metabolized by kininase enzyme. This study was performed to evaluate cardiopulmonary damages and inflammatory response on injected rats with Aah I toxin of scorpion venom and the involvement of Kallikrein-Kinin system in this pathogenesis. Obtained results revealed that Aah I toxin induces inflammatory cell infiltration accompanied by cellular peroxidase activities, a release of cytokine levels, pulmonary and myocardial damage, with altered metabolic activities and imbalanced redox status. Administration of aprotinin (bradykinin inhibitor) and especially icatibant (bradykinin β2 receptor antagonist) seemed to be able to protect animals against the toxicity of Aah I; nevertheless, the use of captopril (kininase II inhibitor) reduced partially some cardiac disorders. These findings indicate that the kallikrein-kinin system may contribute to the physiopathological effect and lung edema formation induced by toxin, which suggests a potential use of drugs with significant anti-kinin properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wafa Medjadba
- USTHB, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Laboratory Cellular and Molecular Biology, Department Cellular and Molecular Biology, BP32, EL Alia, Bab Ezzouar, 16111, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Marie-France Martin-Eauclaire
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS UMR 7286 CRN2M, IFR Jean-Roche, Faculté de Médecine Nord, Bd Pierre Dramard, 13916, Marseille, Cedex 20, France
| | - Fatima Laraba-Djebari
- USTHB, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Laboratory Cellular and Molecular Biology, Department Cellular and Molecular Biology, BP32, EL Alia, Bab Ezzouar, 16111, Algiers, Algeria.
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Costal-Oliveira F, Guerra-Duarte C, Castro KLP, Tintaya B, Bonilla C, Silva W, Yarlequé A, Fujiwara R, Melo MM, Chávez-Olórtegui C. Serological, biochemical and enzymatic alterations in rodents after experimental envenomation with Hadruroides lunatus scorpion venom. Toxicon 2015; 103:129-34. [PMID: 26140842 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Toxic effects of Peruvian Hadruroides lunatus scorpion venom on different biochemical and enzymatic parameters in blood serum of Wistar rats and Swiss mice were determined after experimental envenomation. An increase in enzymatic activities of Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) and levels of serum protein and albumin were observed while a decrease in creatinine level in serum was perceived after 30 min of envenomation. No alterations in urea levels and in kidney histology were detected in the envenomed rats. The global leukocytes count was diminished, with decrease in lymphocytes, eosinophils and neutrophils levels in the bloodstream, while no alterations were found in hematological parameters of red series in rats injected with H. lunatus venom. IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, INF-γ, TNF, IL-17A and IL-10 levels were evaluated 0.5, 3 and 6 h after experimental envenomation of mice with H. lunatus venom. From all the analyzed cytokines, only IL-6 showed an increase in serum levels. Taken together, these results point out that envenomation by H. lunatus can impair hematological and immunological parameters and therefore might be monitored in accidents involving this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Costal-Oliveira
- Departamentos de Bioquímica e Imunologia do Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - C Guerra-Duarte
- Departamentos de Bioquímica e Imunologia do Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - K L P Castro
- Departamentos de Bioquímica e Imunologia do Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - B Tintaya
- Instituto Nacional de Salud, Lima, Peru
| | - C Bonilla
- Instituto Nacional de Salud, Lima, Peru
| | - W Silva
- Instituto Nacional de Salud, Lima, Peru
| | - A Yarlequé
- Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - R Fujiwara
- Departamento de Parasitologia do Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - M M Melo
- Escola de Veterinaria, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - C Chávez-Olórtegui
- Departamentos de Bioquímica e Imunologia do Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Bekkari N, Martin-Eauclaire MF, Laraba-Djebari F. Complement system and immunological mediators: Their involvements in the induced inflammatory process by Androctonus australis hector venom and its toxic components. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 67:389-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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