1
|
Mo W, Hu H, Yu J, Zhang T, Liu Q, Li M, Zhang X, Li T, Guo Y. Determination of Volatile Halogenated Hydrocarbons in Drinking and Environmental Waters by Headspace Gas Chromatography. J Chromatogr Sci 2024:bmae047. [PMID: 39119868 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmae047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Volatile halogenated hydrocarbons (VHHs) are annually produced and released into the environment, posing a threat to public health. In this study, a simple, rapid, sensitive and automated method based on headspace and gas chromatography (GC) with electron-capture detection was described for the determination of VHHs in different concentration levels in water samples. The proposed headspace GC method was initially optimized, and the optimum experimental conditions found were 10-mL water sample containing 20% w/v sodium chloride placed in a 20-mL vial and stirred at 60°C for 35 min, and then 14 VHHs were well separated on DB-35 MS capillary column with a split ratio of 12.5: 1. The limits of detection were in the low μg/L level, ranging between 0.01 and 0.6 μg/L. Finally optimized method was applied for determination 14 VHHs in drinking and environmental waters. The total mean concentrations of VHHs were 34.962, 26.183, 3.228 and 647.344 μg/L in tap water, purified water with 1-year-old filter element, seawater and effluents, respectively. However, no VHHs was detected in purified water with a new filter element. The main composition is different among different water matrix, which may be attributed to their different sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weifei Mo
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Technology Research for Fisheries Resources of Zhejiang Province, Department of Marine and Fishery Environment, Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Zhoushan 316021, China
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Hongmei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Technology Research for Fisheries Resources of Zhejiang Province, Department of Marine and Fishery Environment, Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Zhoushan 316021, China
| | - Jiangmei Yu
- Department of Environmental Impact Assessment and Emissions Management, Zhoushan Ecological Environment Protection Technology Center, Zhoushan 316021, China
| | - Tongtong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Technology Research for Fisheries Resources of Zhejiang Province, Department of Marine and Fishery Environment, Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Zhoushan 316021, China
| | - Qin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Technology Research for Fisheries Resources of Zhejiang Province, Department of Marine and Fishery Environment, Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Zhoushan 316021, China
| | - Mengyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xiaoning Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Tiejun Li
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Technology Research for Fisheries Resources of Zhejiang Province, Department of Marine and Fishery Environment, Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Zhoushan 316021, China
| | - Yuanming Guo
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Technology Research for Fisheries Resources of Zhejiang Province, Department of Marine and Fishery Environment, Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Zhoushan 316021, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Aggarwal P, Baker J, Boyd MT, Coyle S, Probert C, Chapman EA. Optimisation of Urine Sample Preparation for Headspace-Solid Phase Microextraction Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry: Altering Sample pH, Sulphuric Acid Concentration and Phase Ratio. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10120482. [PMID: 33255680 PMCID: PMC7760603 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10120482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Headspace-solid phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) can be used to measure volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in human urine. However, there is no widely adopted standardised protocol for the preparation of urine samples for analysis resulting in an inability to compare studies reliably between laboratories. This paper investigated the effect of altering urine sample pH, volume, and vial size for optimising detection of VOCs when using HS-SPME-GC-MS. This is the first, direct comparison of H2SO4, HCl, and NaOH as treatment techniques prior to HS-SPME-GC-MS analysis. Altering urine sample pH indicates that H2SO4 is more effective at optimising detection of VOCs than HCl or NaOH. H2SO4 resulted in a significantly larger mean number of VOCs being identified per sample (on average, 33.5 VOCs to 24.3 in HCl or 12.2 in NaOH treated urine) and more unique VOCs, produced a more diverse range of classes of VOCs, and led to less HS-SPME-GC-MS degradation. We propose that adding 0.2 mL of 2.5 M H2SO4 to 1 mL of urine within a 10 mL headspace vial is the optimal sample preparation prior to HS-SPME-GC-MS analysis. We hope the use of our optimised method for urinary HS-SPME-GC-MS analysis will enhance our understanding of human disease and bolster metabolic biomarker identification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Aggarwal
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK; (P.A.); (J.B.); (C.P.)
- School of Medicine, Cedar House, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | - James Baker
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK; (P.A.); (J.B.); (C.P.)
- School of Medicine, Cedar House, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | - Mark T. Boyd
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Cancer Research Centre, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 9TA, UK;
| | - Séamus Coyle
- Palliative Care Institute Liverpool, Cancer Research Centre, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 9TA, UK;
- Clatterbridge Cancer Centre, Liverpool L7 8YA, UK
| | - Chris Probert
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK; (P.A.); (J.B.); (C.P.)
| | - Elinor A. Chapman
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK; (P.A.); (J.B.); (C.P.)
- Palliative Care Institute Liverpool, Cancer Research Centre, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 9TA, UK;
- School of Medical Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2DG, UK
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Song W, Ren Y, Jia R, Zhao L, Chen F, Zhu Z. Removal of organic pollutants by contact oxidation of biological carbon sludge. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2020; 92:1975-1982. [PMID: 32150776 DOI: 10.1002/wer.1318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A pilot-scale (5 m3 /day) study was conducted for the treatment of micro-polluted low-turbidity water using a biological contact oxidation high-density sedimentation tank system with biochar sludge. First, the best operating conditions were found through system debugging; then, biological characteristics were investigated during system debugging; and finally, the performance in terms of pollutant elimination was investigated. The carbon sludge tank biomass was stable, which provided good stability for the removal of organic matter in raw water. The average reduction in absorbance of UV254 and total organic carbon were 36.71% and 29.63%, respectively, when compared with conventional coagulation. The adsorption and degradation of the mixture comprising carbon and sludge played an important role in removing organic pollutants; most of the humic and fulvic acid content of the water was removed during the coagulation processes. PRACTITIONER POINTS: The contact oxidation of biological carbon sludge system can effectively treat low-turbidity water. The extracellular polymeric substances and the filamentous bacteria connecting the structure provided good settling for the carbon sludge mixture. The adsorption and degradation of the mixture comprising carbon and sludge played an important role in removing organic pollutants. With the carbon sludge reflux, organic matter with molecular weight >30K and 10K-3K was greatly reduced. The contact oxidation of biological carbon sludge system was successful in reducing the concentrations of DBPs and their precursors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wuchang Song
- Shandong Province Water Supply and Drainage Monitoring Center, Jinan, China
| | - Yanglong Ren
- Jinan Shanyuan Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd., Jinan, China
| | - Ruibao Jia
- Shandong Province Water Supply and Drainage Monitoring Center, Jinan, China
| | - Liang Zhao
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, China
| | - Faming Chen
- Shandong Province Water Supply and Drainage Monitoring Center, Jinan, China
| | - Zhaoliang Zhu
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Worawit C, Alahmad W, Miró M, Varanusupakul P. Combining graphite with hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction for improving the extraction efficiency of relatively polar organic compounds. Talanta 2020; 215:120902. [PMID: 32312447 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.120902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we have developed a simple and effective hybrid extraction method based on the incorporation of raw carbon nanosorbents and octanol in the pores of a hollow-fiber membrane for improving the extraction efficiency of relatively polar organic compounds. Trihalomethanes (THMs) were used as model analytes. Three types of carbon nanosorbents (graphite, graphene, and multi-walled carbon nanotubes) were studied. The carbon sorbent incorporating membrane was used in a two-phase mode liquid-phase microextraction, with 1-octanol as the acceptor solution. Using a graphite-reinforced hollow-fiber membrane and an extraction time of 10 min, enrichment factors of 40-71 were obtained for trichloromethane, bromodichloromethane, bromoform, and chlorodibromomethane. Linear working ranges of 0.2-100 μg L-1 and limits of detection ranging from 0.01 μg L-1 (for CHCl2Br and CHClBr2) to 0.1 μg L-1 (for CHCl3) were achieved. The minimum detectable concentrations were far below the maximum concentration levels (60-200 μg L-1) set by the WHO for drinking water. The carbon-sorbent-reinforced hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction afforded higher extraction efficiency and shorter extraction time compared with conventional hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction. Finally, the method was applied to the analysis of real water samples, such as drinking water, tap water, and swimming pool water samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chanatda Worawit
- Chemical Approaches for Food Applications Research Group, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Rd., Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Waleed Alahmad
- Chemical Approaches for Food Applications Research Group, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Rd., Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Manuel Miró
- FI-TRACE Group, Department of Chemistry, University of the Balearic Islands, Carretera de Valldemossa, Km 7.5, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Pakorn Varanusupakul
- Chemical Approaches for Food Applications Research Group, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Rd., Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Taghvaei M, Sommers C, Ceric O, Hussain F, Yucel U, Smith JS. Solid-phase micro extraction of food irradiation marker 2-dodecylcyclobutanone (2-DCB) from chicken jerky treated with glycerol. J Food Sci 2020; 85:2608-2614. [PMID: 32634283 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The food irradiation marker, 2-dodecylcyclobutanone (2-DCB), assayed by SPME provides a fast and simple method to estimate the irradiation history of fat-containing food products. The SPME conditions were optimized to maximize the extraction of 2-DCB from chicken jerky treats (CJT) irradiated at low (5 kGy) and high (50 kGy) doses. The extracted 2-DCB was measured using GC-MS in selected ion mode (m/z 98, and 112). Water dilution (1:5) was needed to mobilize 2-DCB and allow partition to the headspace form the CJT matrix. Increasing the incubation temperature to 80 °C resulted in higher response. Spiking control jerky samples with 2-DCB from 10 to 150 ng/g CJT compared with spiking water revealed a significant food matrix effect. This method provides a fast, simple, and environmental friendly alternative for the existing solvent extraction methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Taghvaei
- Food Science Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, U.S.A
| | | | - Olgica Ceric
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Veterinary Laboratory Investigation and Response Network, Laurel, MD, 20708, U.S.A
| | - Faris Hussain
- Food Science Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, U.S.A
| | - Umut Yucel
- Food Science Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, U.S.A.,Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, U.S.A
| | - J Scott Smith
- Food Science Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, U.S.A.,Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
A simple equipment and colorimetric method for determination of chloroform in water. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1100:208-214. [PMID: 31987142 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.11.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Chlorination is a common and successful method for disinfection of water all around the world, especially in developing countries. However, this process can produce trihalomethanes (THMs) byproducts which are carcinogen. The major THM occurring in this process is chloroform. The purpose of this study was to design a simple equipment for colorimetric determination of chloroform in various water samples. The method is based on the colorimetric reaction of chloroform with resorcinol in strong basic medium on a filter paper. Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize the determination condition. The reagents were immobilized on filter paper and the color change was followed to quantify chloroform without using any analytical instrument. Detection limit and linear range of the proposed method were 0.007 mg/L and 0.011-1.192 mg/L, respectively for analysis of samples with volume of 2.0 L. The method was successfully applied to determine chloroform in different water samples and compared with GC-MS as a standard method. Employing the designed device, purge, trap and analysis steps were performed in a single run which can reduce the uncertainties originated by excessive steps of the analysis.
Collapse
|
7
|
Peller JR, Nelson CR, Babu BG, Iceman C, Kostelnik E. A Review of Microplastics in Freshwater Environments: Locations, Methods, and Pollution Loads. ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2020-1352.ch004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julie R. Peller
- Department of Chemistry, Valparaiso University, Valparaiso, Indiana 46383, United States
| | - Cassandra R. Nelson
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Division of Life Sciences, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Bharath Ganesh Babu
- Department of Geography, Valparaiso University, Valparaiso, Indiana 46383, United States
| | - Christopher Iceman
- Department of Chemistry, Valparaiso University, Valparaiso, Indiana 46383, United States
| | - Edward Kostelnik
- Department of Chemistry, Valparaiso University, Valparaiso, Indiana 46383, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Baig N. Recent Progress on the Development of Superhydrophobic and Superoleophilic Meshes for Oil and Water Separation: A Review. ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2020-1352.ch010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadeem Baig
- Center for Research Excellence in Desalination & Water Treatment, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
- Center for Environment and Water, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261¸ Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Saber AN, Zhang H, Yang M. Optimization and validation of headspace solid-phase microextraction method coupled with gas chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry for simultaneous determination of volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds in coking wastewater treatment plant. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2019; 191:411. [PMID: 31165936 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7554-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Industrial wastewater could be an important source for the emission of volatile (VOCs) and semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs), but little is known about it. In this study, a method for the identification and quantitation of 43 VOCs and SVOCs in coking wastewater was developed using a solvent-free equilibrium extraction method on the basis of headspace solid-phase microextraction accompanied by gas chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS/MS). To ensure good extraction efficiency, the parameters that have an effect on the HS-SPME-GC-MS/MS process were carefully optimized, in terms of fiber exposure time and temperature, pH, salt additives, sample volume, and desorption time. The HS-SPME method showed good linearity range with coefficients of determination (R2) ≥ 0.991 and achieving a satisfactory recoveries value (70-120%) with good relative standard deviations (RSDs) < 20% (precision). Furthermore, the purposed approach proved to be sensitive with low detection limits, where the values ranged from 0.03 to 3.01 μg/L. The real sample analysis result showed that 43 of VOCs and SVOCs were detected in raw coking wastewater, with 3-cresol as the dominant ones. Further, the method revealed that seven phenols, 11 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and five BTEX were detected even in the treated effluent. In conclusion, the HS-SPME method developed in this study is simple in sample preparation, convenient, sensitive, and could satisfy the requirement of the analysis of VOCs and SVOCs in coking wastewater.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayman N Saber
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Pesticide Residues and Environmental Pollution Department, Central Agricultural Pesticide Laboratory, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza, 12618, Egypt
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Min Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hajilari F, Farhadi K, Eskandari H. Extraction and Trace Analysis of Trihalomethanes in Water Samples Using Zein@Fe 3O 4 Nanocomposite. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2019; 102:581-588. [PMID: 30741324 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-019-02567-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study presents a simple dispersive solid phase extraction (DSPE) technique combined with headspace thermal desorption (HSTD) for extraction and determination of the most significant trihalomethanes (THMs), bromodichloromethane, bromoform, chloroform and dibromochloromethane, in water samples by using Zein@Fe3O4 nanocomposite coupled with gas chromatography/micro electron capture detection (GC-MECD). Various parameters affecting the DSPE-HSTD performance were investigated and optimized. The obtained results revealed that under optimum conditions, LOD and LOQ values were in the range of 0.1-0.36, 0.3-1.08 µg L-1, respectively. The intra-day and inter-day precisions of the method at a concentration of 10 µg L-1 for each analyte (n = 5) were obtained in the range of 5.69-6.70% and 6.12-7.34%, respectively. Finally, the proposed method was successfully applied for extraction and determination of four THMs in drinking water samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Hajilari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Khalil Farhadi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Alexandrou L, Meehan BJ, Jones OAH. Regulated and emerging disinfection by-products in recycled waters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 637-638:1607-1616. [PMID: 29925195 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection is an integral component of water treatment performed daily on large volumes of water worldwide. Chemical disinfection may result in the unintended production of disinfectant by-products (DBPs) due to reactions between disinfectants and natural organic matter present in the source water. Due to their potential toxicity, levels of DBPs have been strictly regulated in drinking waters for many years. With water reuse now becoming more common around the world DBPs are increasingly becoming a concern in recycled waters, where a much larger amount and variety of compounds may be formed due to a higher abundance and diversity of organic material in the source waters. Regulation of DBPs in recycled waters is limited; generally, drinking water regulations are applied in place of specific guidelines for recycled waters. Such regulations are set for only 11, commonly observed, compounds of the 600+ that may, potentially, be found. In this review an overview of current research in this area is provided, the types of compounds that have been observed, methods for their analysis and possible regulation are also discussed. Through this review it is evident that there is a knowledge gap for the occurrence of DBPs in recycled waters, especially when comparing this information to that available for drinking waters. The concentrations of DBPs observed in recycled waters are seen to be higher than those in drinking water, though still within potable threshold limits. It is clear that there is a need for the analysis and understanding of a larger suite of compounds in recycled waters, as these will most likely be the source of future, global renewable water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lydon Alexandrou
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Barry J Meehan
- School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Oliver A H Jones
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hárendarčíková L, Petr J. Smartphones & microfluidics: Marriage for the future. Electrophoresis 2018; 39:1319-1328. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Hárendarčíková
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Palacký University in Olomouc; Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Jan Petr
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Palacký University in Olomouc; Olomouc Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hough R, Archer D, Probert C. A comparison of sample preparation methods for extracting volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from equine faeces using HS-SPME. Metabolomics 2018; 14:19. [PMID: 29367839 PMCID: PMC5754382 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-017-1315-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Disturbance to the hindgut microbiota can be detrimental to equine health. Metabolomics provides a robust approach to studying the functional aspect of hindgut microorganisms. Sample preparation is an important step towards achieving optimal results in the later stages of analysis. The preparation of samples is unique depending on the technique employed and the sample matrix to be analysed. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS) is one of the most widely used platforms for the study of metabolomics and until now an optimised method has not been developed for equine faeces. OBJECTIVES To compare a sample preparation method for extracting volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from equine faeces. METHODS Volatile organic compounds were determined by headspace solid phase microextraction gas chromatography mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GCMS). Factors investigated were the mass of equine faeces, type of SPME fibre coating, vial volume and storage conditions. RESULTS The resultant method was unique to those developed for other species. Aliquots of 1000 or 2000 mg in 10 ml or 20 ml SPME headspace were optimal. From those tested, the extraction of VOCs should ideally be performed using a divinylbenzene-carboxen-polydimethysiloxane (DVB-CAR-PDMS) SPME fibre. Storage of faeces for up to 12 months at - 80 °C shared a greater percentage of VOCs with a fresh sample than the equivalent stored at - 20 °C. CONCLUSIONS An optimised method for extracting VOCs from equine faeces using HS-SPME-GCMS has been developed and will act as a standard to enable comparisons between studies. This work has also highlighted storage conditions as an important factor to consider in experimental design for faecal metabolomics studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Hough
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Debra Archer
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Christopher Probert
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
El-Attafia B, Soraya M. Presence and seasonal variation of trihalomethanes (THMs) levels in drinking tap water in Mostaganem Province in northwest Algeria. Electron Physician 2017; 9:4364-4369. [PMID: 28713508 PMCID: PMC5498701 DOI: 10.19082/4364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The use of chlorine to disinfect water, produces various disinfection byproducts such as trihalomethanes (THMs). These compounds are formed when free available chlorine reacts with natural organic matter in raw water during water disinfection. Epidemiologic studies have shown an association between long-term exposure to THMs and an increased risk of cancer, all of them are suspected of having carcinogenic effects. Aim The aim of this study was to determine the presence of THMs in the drinking tap water of Mostaganem Province (Algeria) in order to assess the seasonal variation in trihalomethane levels in tap water and to identify the season of high risk to the consumer. Methods This analytical study was conducted in Mostaganem Province, Algeria in March, July, September and December 2015. Primarily, we proceeded to collect 30 samples from different areas of Mostaganem Province which were marked with a higher level of residual chlorine for the year 2015; secondly, we utilised the HS-SPME method for determination of trihalomethanes in drinking tap water over a period of four months. For comparison of trihalomethanes values, we used ANOVA. Results The results obtained show variability in total THM concentrations from one district to another, with a maximum of 198 μg/l recorded in the Achaacha district during July, but the lowest value 07.84 μg/l is noted at Salamandre city during the same period, noting that these values decrease progressively during the winter period. Conclusion Our drinking tap water samples include a large quantity of THMs with different concentrations, where the dibromochloromethane and the bromoform constitute the major portion of THMs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Moulessehoul Soraya
- Department of Biology, University of Djilali Liabes, Sidi Bel Abbes, Algeria
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
A New Method for the Fast Analysis of Trihalomethanes in Tap and Recycled Waters Using Headspace Gas Chromatography with Micro-Electron Capture Detection. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14050527. [PMID: 28505068 PMCID: PMC5451978 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14050527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Chemical disinfection of water supplies brings significant public health benefits by reducing microbial contamination. The process can however, result in the formation of toxic compounds through interactions between disinfectants and organic material in the source water. These new compounds are termed disinfection by-products (DBPs). The most common are the trihalomethanes (THMs) such as trichloromethane (chloroform), dichlorobromomethane, chlorodibromomethane and tribromomethane (bromoform); these are commonly reported as a single value for total trihalomethanes (TTHMs). Analysis of DBPs is commonly performed via time- and solvent-intensive sample preparation techniques such as liquid–liquid and solid phase extraction. In this study, a method using headspace gas chromatography with micro-electron capture detection was developed and applied for the analysis of THMs in drinking and recycled waters from across Melbourne (Victoria, Australia). The method allowed almost complete removal of the sample preparation step whilst maintaining trace level detection limits (>1 ppb). All drinking water samples had TTHM concentrations below the Australian regulatory limit of 250 µg/L but some were above the U.S. EPA limit of 60 µg/L. The highest TTHM concentration was 67.2 µg/L and lowest 22.9 µg/L. For recycled water, samples taken directly from treatment plants held significantly higher concentrations (153.2 µg/L TTHM) compared to samples from final use locations (4.9–9.3 µg/L).
Collapse
|
16
|
Piri-Moghadam H, Ahmadi F, Pawliszyn J. A critical review of solid phase microextraction for analysis of water samples. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
17
|
Forczek ST, Pavlík M, Holík J, Rederer L, Ferenčík M. The natural chlorine cycle - Formation of the carcinogenic and greenhouse gas compound chloroform in drinking water reservoirs. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 157:190-199. [PMID: 27231877 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine cycle in natural ecosystems involves formation of low and high molecular weight organic compounds of living organisms, soil organic matter and atmospherically deposited chloride. Chloroform (CHCl3) and adsorbable organohalogens (AOX) are part of the chlorine cycle. We attempted to characterize the dynamical changes in the levels of total organic carbon (TOC), AOX, chlorine and CHCl3 in a drinking water reservoir and in its tributaries, mainly at its spring, and attempt to relate the presence of AOX and CHCl3 with meteorological, chemical or biological factors. Water temperature and pH influence the formation and accumulation of CHCl3 and affect the conditions for biological processes, which are demonstrated by the correlation between CHCl3 and ΣAOX/Cl(-) ratio, and also by CHCl3/ΣAOX, CHCl3/AOXLMW, CHCl3/ΣTOC, CHCl3/TOCLMW and CHCl3/Cl(-) ratios in different microecosystems (e.g. old spruce forest, stagnant acidic water, humid and warm conditions with high biological activity). These processes start with the biotransformation of AOX from TOC, continue via degradation of AOX to smaller molecules and further chlorination, and finish with the formation of small chlorinated molecules, and their subsequent volatilization and mineralization. The determined concentrations of chloroform result from a dynamic equilibrium between its formation and degradation in the water; in the Hamry water reservoir, this results in a total amount of 0.1-0.7 kg chloroform and 5.2-15.4 t chloride. The formation of chloroform is affected by Cl(-) concentration, by concentrations and ratios of biogenic substrates (TOC and AOX), and by the ratios of the substrates and the product (feedback control by chloroform itself).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sándor T Forczek
- Isotope Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14220, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Milan Pavlík
- Isotope Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14220, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Holík
- Isotope Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14220, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Luděk Rederer
- Povodí Labe, State Enterprise, Víta Nejedlého 951, CZ-50003, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Ferenčík
- Povodí Labe, State Enterprise, Víta Nejedlého 951, CZ-50003, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; Institute of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, CZ-53210, Pardubice, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Domínguez-Tello A, Arias-Borrego A, García-Barrera T, Gómez-Ariza JL. Seasonal and spatial evolution of trihalomethanes in a drinking water distribution system according to the treatment process. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2015; 187:662. [PMID: 26431706 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-015-4885-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This paper comparatively shows the influence of four water treatment processes on the formation of trihalomethanes (THMs) in a water distribution system. The study was performed from February 2005 to January 2012 with analytical data of 600 samples taken in Aljaraque water treatment plant (WTP) and 16 locations along the water distribution system (WDS) in the region of Andévalo and the coast of Huelva (southwest Spain), a region with significant seasonal and population changes. The comparison of results in the four different processes studied indicated a clear link of the treatment process with the formation of THM along the WDS. The most effective treatment process is preozonation and activated carbon filtration (P3), which is also the most stable under summer temperatures. Experiments also show low levels of THMs with the conventional process of preoxidation with potassium permanganate (P4), delaying the chlorination to the end of the WTP; however, this simple and economical treatment process is less effective and less stable than P3. In this study, strong seasonal variations were obtained (increase of THM from winter to summer of 1.17 to 1.85 times) and a strong spatial variation (1.1 to 1.7 times from WTP to end points of WDS) which largely depends on the treatment process applied. There was also a strong correlation between THM levels and water temperature, contact time and pH. On the other hand, it was found that THM formation is not proportional to the applied chlorine dose in the treatment process, but there is a direct relationship with the accumulated dose of chlorine. Finally, predictive models based on multiple linear regressions are proposed for each treatment process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Domínguez-Tello
- Department of Chemistry and CC.MM, Faculty of Experimental Science, University of Huelva, Campus de El Carmen, 21007, Huelva, Spain
- International Agrofood Campus of Excellence International CeiA3, University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain
- Research Center of Health and Environment (CYSMA), University of Huelva, Campus de El Carmen, 21007, Huelva, Spain
| | - A Arias-Borrego
- Department of Chemistry and CC.MM, Faculty of Experimental Science, University of Huelva, Campus de El Carmen, 21007, Huelva, Spain
- International Agrofood Campus of Excellence International CeiA3, University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain
- Research Center of Health and Environment (CYSMA), University of Huelva, Campus de El Carmen, 21007, Huelva, Spain
| | - Tamara García-Barrera
- Department of Chemistry and CC.MM, Faculty of Experimental Science, University of Huelva, Campus de El Carmen, 21007, Huelva, Spain.
- International Agrofood Campus of Excellence International CeiA3, University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain.
- Research Center of Health and Environment (CYSMA), University of Huelva, Campus de El Carmen, 21007, Huelva, Spain.
| | - J L Gómez-Ariza
- Department of Chemistry and CC.MM, Faculty of Experimental Science, University of Huelva, Campus de El Carmen, 21007, Huelva, Spain
- International Agrofood Campus of Excellence International CeiA3, University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain
- Research Center of Health and Environment (CYSMA), University of Huelva, Campus de El Carmen, 21007, Huelva, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Correa L, Fiscal JA, Ceballos S, de la Ossa A, Taborda G, Nerin C, Rosero-Moreano M. Hollow-fiber solvent bar microextraction with gas chromatography and electron capture detection determination of disinfection byproducts in water samples. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:3945-3953. [PMID: 26354941 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A liquid-phase microextraction method that uses a hollow-fiber solvent bar microextraction technique was developed by combining gas chromatography with electron capture detection for the analysis of four trihalomethanes (chloroform, dichlorobromomethane, chlorodibromomethane, and bromoform) in drinking water. In the microextraction process, 1-octanol was used as the solvent. The technique operates in a two-phase mode with a 5 min extraction time, a 700 rpm stirring speed, a 30°C extraction temperature, and NaCl concentration of 20%. After microextraction, one edge of the membrane was cut, and 1 μL of solvent was collected from the membrane using a 10 μL syringe. The solvent sample was directly injected into the gas chromatograph. The analytical characteristics of the developed method were as follows: detection limits, 0.017-0.037 ng mL-1 ; linear working range, 10-900 ng mL-1 ; recovery, 74 ± 9-91 ± 2; relative standard deviation, 5.7-10.3; and enrichment factor, 330-455. A simple, fast, economic, selective, and efficient method with big possibilities for automation was developed with a potential use to apply with other matrices and analytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Correa
- Universidad de Caldas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Depto. Química, Manizales-Colombia
| | - Jhon Alex Fiscal
- Universidad de Caldas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Depto. Química, Manizales-Colombia
| | - Sandra Ceballos
- Dirección Territorial de Salud de Caldas DTSC, Laboratorio de Salud Pública, Área de Análisis Instrumental, Hospital Santa Sofía Edificio Urgencias tercer piso, Manizales-Colombia
| | - Alberto de la Ossa
- Dirección Territorial de Salud de Caldas DTSC, Laboratorio de Salud Pública, Área de Análisis Instrumental, Hospital Santa Sofía Edificio Urgencias tercer piso, Manizales-Colombia
| | - Gonzalo Taborda
- Universidad de Caldas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Depto. Química, Manizales-Colombia
| | - Cristina Nerin
- Universidad de Zaragoza, EINA Departamento de Química Analítica Campus Rio Ebro, Zaragoza-España
| | - Milton Rosero-Moreano
- Universidad de Caldas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Depto. Química, Manizales-Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kanchanamayoon W. Sample Preparation Methods for the Determination of Chlorination Disinfection Byproducts in Water Samples. Chromatographia 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-015-2934-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
21
|
Application of hollow fiber liquid phase microextraction for simultaneous determination of regulated and emerging iodinated trihalomethanes in drinking water. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1402:8-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
22
|
Bencsath FA, Benner RA, Abraham A, Wang Y, El Said KR, Jester ELE, Plakas SM. Screening for petrochemical contamination in seafood by headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:4079-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8624-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
23
|
Liu Y, Duan J, Li W, Lai Q, Saint CP, Mulcahy D. Determination of Volatile Disinfection Byproducts in Water by Gas Chromatography–Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry. ANAL LETT 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2014.930873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
24
|
Simultaneous and high-throughput analysis of iodo-trihalomethanes, haloacetonitriles, and halonitromethanes in drinking water using solid-phase microextraction/gas chromatography-mass spectrometry: an optimization of sample preparation. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1365:45-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
25
|
Gomez Camponovo M, Seoane Muniz G, Rothenberg SJ, Umpiérrez Vazquez E, Achkar Borras M. Predictive model for chloroform during disinfection of water for consumption, city of Montevideo. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2014; 186:6711-6719. [PMID: 24981876 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-014-3884-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to predict chloroform formation resulting from the process of disinfecting water, particularly trihalomethane which is most frequently produced. A statistical model was used which included repeated measurements of water parameters used for monitoring water quality at 51 sites covering the municipal water system of Montevideo. Samples were taken considering different seasons from June 2009 to July 2011 in Montevideo. Total samples (n = 330) were analytically studied using the headspace-gas chromatography method coupled with mass spectrometry. Chloroform was the dependent variable and the covariables were pH, temperature, free chlorine, and total chlorine. A Tobit analysis with an unstructured correlation matrix was performed, and a significant interaction was found between pH and free chlorine for the prediction of chloroform formation. We concluded that parameters for the continuous control of water quality for consumption can be used to predict the levels of chloroform that may be present. Given the large measurement to variability found in the repeated measurements, the use of averages that include more than one season is not recommended to determine the degree of compliance with acceptable levels established by norms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Gomez Camponovo
- Social Medicine, Paysandú Center, Universidad de la República, Florida 1051, CP 60000, Paysandú, Uruguay
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Maia R, Correia M, Pereira IMB, Beleza VM. Optimization of HS-SPME analytical conditions using factorial design for trihalomethanes determination in swimming pool water samples. Microchem J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
27
|
Moliner-Martínez Y, Herraez-Hernandez R, Verdú-Andres J, Campíns-Falcó P, Garrido-Palanca C, Molins-Legua C, Seco A. Study of the influence of temperature and precipitations on the levels of BTEX in natural waters. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2013; 263 Pt 1:131-138. [PMID: 23978603 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Assessment of seasonal changes in surface water quality is an important aspect for evaluating temporal variation of water due to natural or anthropogenic inputs of point and non-point sources. The objective of this paper was to investigate the influence of seasonal temperature fluctuations and precipitations on the levels of BTEX in natural waters. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to evaluate the seasonal correlations of BTEX levels in water and to extract the parameters that are most important in assessing seasonal variations of water quality. This study was carried out as a part of VOCs monitoring program in natural water samples from Mediterranean coast. To carry out this project, a multiresidue analytical method was used. The method was based on headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) followed by gas chromatography coupled to flame ionization detector (FID). The limits of detection LODs found for the tested analyte tested were in the 0.001-1 μg/L range. These values were adequate for the analysis of these compounds in water samples according to the regulated values. Water samples from different points of the Mediterranean coast were analyzed during a period of three years, and were taken four times per year. Most of the compounds were below the limit established by the legislation. The results obtained by a chemometric study indicated that temperature and precipitations can be related on the BTEX levels found in water. A regression model between temperature or precipitations and BTEX concentration was obtained, thus these models can be used as predictive model for detection any non-normal concentration level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Moliner-Martínez
- Departament de Química Analítica, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Valencia, C/ Dr. Moliner 50, E46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Simultaneous determination of trihalomethanes and organochlorine pesticides in water samples by direct immersion-headspace-solid phase microextraction. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1321:30-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.10.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
29
|
Amjad H, Hashmi I, Rehman MSU, Ali Awan M, Ghaffar S, Khan Z. Cancer and non-cancer risk assessment of trihalomethanes in urban drinking water supplies of Pakistan. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2013; 91:25-31. [PMID: 23453349 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Revised: 01/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study aims at monitoring and risk assessment of trihalomethanes (THMs) such as chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane and bromoform, in the drinking water supplies of Rawalpindi and Islamabad. THMs were monitored at twenty locations in these twin cities using solid phase micro extraction-gas chromatography (SPME-GC). Total concentration of THMs was ranged between 21 and 373μg/L, whereas both cities had an average total THMs concentration of 142 and 260μg/L, respectively. Chloroform was found as one the major contributor to the THMs concentration (>85%). The occurrence of THMs followed the given order: chloroform, bromodichloromethane>dibromochloromethane>bromoform. Lifetime cancer risk assessment of THMs was carried out using prediction models via different exposure routes (ingestion, inhalation and dermal). An average lifetime cancer risk was found to be 0.74×10(-4) and 1.24×10(-4) for Rawalpindi and Islamabad, respectively. The number of expected cancer cases per year could reach two cases for each city. Hazard index values were found below unity for both the cities implying that there would be no considerable non-cancer risk. Oral ingestion was found to be one of the main routes of exposure for both types of risk which was followed by inhalation and dermal routes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hira Amjad
- Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering, National University of Science and Technology, H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Rodríguez-Cabo T, Ramil M, Rodríguez I, Cela R. Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction with non-halogenated extractants for trihalomethanes determination in tap and swimming pool water. Talanta 2012; 99:846-52. [PMID: 22967632 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Revised: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
31
|
Allard S, Charrois JWA, Joll CA, Heitz A. Simultaneous analysis of 10 trihalomethanes at nanogram per liter levels in water using solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography mass-spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1238:15-21. [PMID: 22494640 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Revised: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien Allard
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Nahar MS, Zhang J. Assessment of potable water quality including organic, inorganic, and trace metal concentrations. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2012; 34:141-150. [PMID: 21670987 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-011-9397-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The quality of drinking water (tap, ground, and spring) in Toyama Prefecture, Japan was assessed by studying quality indicators including major ions, total carbon, and trace metal levels. The physicochemical properties of the water tested were different depending on the water source. Major ion concentrations (Ca(2+), K(+), Si(4+), Mg(2+), Na(+), SO(4)(2-), HCO(3)(-), NO(3)(-), and Cl(-)) were determined by ion chromatography, and the results were used to generate Stiff diagrams in order to visually identify different water masses. Major ion concentrations were higher in ground water than in spring and tap water. The relationship between alkaline metals (Na(+) and K(+)), alkaline-earth metals (Ca(2+) and Mg(2+)), and HCO(3)(-) showed little difference between deep and shallow ground water. Toyama ground, spring, and tap water were all the same type of water mass, called Ca-HCO(3). The calculated total dissolved solid values were below 300 mg/L for all water sources and met World Health Organization (WHO) water quality guidelines. Trace levels of As, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mn, Mo, Ni, V, Zn, Sr, and Hg were detected in ground, spring, and tap water sources using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, and their levels were below WHO and Japanese water quality standard limits. Volatile organic carbon compounds were quantified by headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and the measured concentrations met WHO and Japanese water quality guidelines. Total trihalomethanes (THMs) were the major contaminant detected in all natural drinking water sources, but the concentration was highest in tap water (37.27 ± 0.05 μg/L). Notably, THMs concentrations reached up to 1.1 ± 0.05 μg/L in deep ground water. The proposed model gives an accurate description of the organic, inorganic, and trace heavy metal indicators studied here and may be used in natural clean water quality management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mst Shamsun Nahar
- Department of Environmental Biology and Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, 3190 Gofuku, Toyama 930-8555, Japan.
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Kim KH, Pandey SK, Sohn JR. The Sensitivity of Gas Chromatography-Headspace Solid Phase Microextraction in Relationship with Relative Volatility of Volatile Organic Compounds. ANAL LETT 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2011.551854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
34
|
A Hexagonally Ordered Nanoporous Silica-Based Fiber Coating for SPME of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Water Followed by GC–MS. Chromatographia 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-011-2146-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
35
|
|
36
|
Calderón-Preciado D, Jiménez-Cartagena C, Matamoros V, Bayona JM. Screening of 47 organic microcontaminants in agricultural irrigation waters and their soil loading. WATER RESEARCH 2011; 45:221-231. [PMID: 20961595 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2010.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2009] [Revised: 07/06/2010] [Accepted: 07/16/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Reclaimed water usage for crop irrigation is viewed both as an excellent sustainable water source and as a potential entrance for emerging organics into the food chain. This concern is backed by the already documented pollutant crop uptake potential. In the present study, irrigation waters used in agricultural fields (Torroella de Montgri, NE Spain) were screened for 47 analytes in a two year study (2007-2008). A total of 26 contaminants belonging to different chemical classes namely, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, personal care products, phenolic estrogens, antioxidants and disinfection by-products, were detected. Marked differences in concentration trends for the different chemical classes were evidenced from 2007 to 2008, and attributed to a persistent drought endured by the region in 2008. Also, loading mass rates of chemical classes were estimated based on crop irrigation regimes and they ranged from 0.8 to 121.3 g ha(-1) per crop cycle. These values were contrasted with those obtained for other water sources from countries where crop irrigation is commonly practiced. Finally, crops grown under these irrigation regimes, namely alfalfa and apple, were analyzed and 5 anthropogenic compounds were identified and quantitated, whose concentrations ranged from 13.9 to 532 ng g(-1) (fresh weight).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Calderón-Preciado
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Sá CSA, Boaventura RAR, Pereira IB. Analysis of trihalomethanes in water and air from indoor swimming pools using HS-SPME/GC/ECD. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2011; 46:355-363. [PMID: 21337249 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2011.542385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) with further quantification by gas chromatography and electron capture detector (GC/ECD) was used to analyze trihalomethanes (THMs) in water and air from indoor swimming pools (ISPs). High correlation coefficients were obtained for the calibration lines in water with detection limits of 0.2 μg/L for trichloromethane (TCM) and bromodichloromethane (BDCM), 0.1 μg/L for dibromochloromethane (DBCM) and 0.5 μg/L for tribromomethane (TBM). Coefficients of variation values were 5-10% for repeatability and 15-25% for reproducibility. In air analysis, high correlation coefficients were also obtained for the calibration lines with detection limits of 2.5 μg/m(3) for TCM and BDCM and 1.25 μg/m(3) for DBCM and TBM. Repeatability and reproducibility coefficients of variation were the same as in water analysis. Analytical results from a survey in four Portuguese ISPs showed that the mean concentration of total trihalomethanes (TTHMs) in water ranged from 22±2 to 577±58 μg/L. In the lack of European specific regulation for THMs in water from ISPs and taking into consideration that ingestion is a form of exposure, TTHMs' values were compared with European drinking water maximum contamination level (100 μg/L, Directive 98/83/CE). From the reported TTHMs mean concentration values in ISPs' water, 40% exceeded that value. TTHMs values determined in the air (T = 30°C) ranged from 98±10 to 1225±123 μg/m(3) and from 51±5 μg/m(3)to 519±52 μg/m(3)at 5 and 150 cm above the water surface, respectively. As expected, swimmers are more exposed to high concentrations of THMs than lifeguards. As there is no European specific regulation for THMs in ISPs' air, the highest TCM values were compared with maximum values reported in the literature for ISPs (1630 μg/m(3)) and with the inhalation exposure limit (10,000 μg/m(3)) established for TCM by European occupational legislation (Directive 2000/39/CE).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S A Sá
- Chemical Engineering Department, CIETI, Engineering Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Cardador M, Gallego M. Determination of haloacetic acids in human urine by headspace gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:1824-30. [PMID: 20541479 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Revised: 05/11/2010] [Accepted: 05/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
39
|
Lou JC, Huang CE, Han JY, Huang YJ. Generation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) at two advanced water treatment plants. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2010; 162:365-375. [PMID: 19238566 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-009-0802-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2008] [Accepted: 01/27/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A sampling program was conducted to investigate the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) at two advanced water treatment plants in Kaohsiung City, Taiwan. The results in this study can be used as a reference for the operational control of water treatment plants and the setting of regulations in Taiwan. Samples of drinking water were collected from two advanced water treatment plants from June 2007 to April 2008. Changes in the concentration of dissolved organic carbon, the trihalomethane formation potential, and the haloacetic acids formation potential were measured in raw water samples. Variations in the concentrations of trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAA(5)) in finished drinking water were evaluated. The major species of HAA(5) were in the order of dichloroacetic acid and trichloroacetic acid and the THM was of trichloromethane. DOC was strongly related to DBPs in raw water. In this investigation, the removal efficiency of DBPs in Plant A (ultrafiltration/reverse osmosis system) exceeded that in Plant B (ozonation/biological activated carbon system). Both advanced water treatment plants greatly improved the quality of drinking water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Chung Lou
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Lou JC, Chang TW, Huang CE. Effective removal of disinfection by-products and assimilable organic carbon: an advanced water treatment system. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2009; 172:1365-1371. [PMID: 19744776 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.07.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2009] [Revised: 07/30/2009] [Accepted: 07/31/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this work is to investigate an advanced water treatment system changes on disinfects by-products (DBPs) precursors removal efficiencies of treatment plant and associated trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAA(5)) formation and assimilable organic carbon (AOC) in reduction from raw water through finished water of Fong-shan Water Treatment Plant (FSWTP) in Kaohsiung City, Taiwan. Drinking water samples were collected from an advanced water treatment plant during March-October 2008. In the formation of DBPs, advanced water treatment processes efficiently removed THMs and HAA(5). The concentrations of THMs and HAA(5) in finished water were reduced to 13.97 microg/L and 17.67 microg/L, respectively. In this investigation, the AOC was reduced effectively by ozonation and biological activated carbon (BAC) processes. Experimental results of this 6-month investigation indicate that AOC concentrations in the finished water can meet the WTP criterion of 50 microg acetate-C/L in the world. Results of this study provide a valuable reference for solving DBPs and AOC control of water treatment plants and the setting of regulations in Taiwan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Chung Lou
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Emmert GL, Geme G, Brown MA, Simone PS. A single automated instrument for monitoring total trihalomethane and total haloacetic acid concentrations in near real-time. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 656:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2009] [Revised: 09/30/2009] [Accepted: 10/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
42
|
Farahani H, Norouzi P, Dinarvand R, Ganjali MR. Liquid-phase microextraction by solidification of floating organic microdrop and GC-MS detection of trihalomethanes in drinking water. J Sep Sci 2008; 32:314-20. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
43
|
Pérez Pavón JL, Herrero Martín S, García Pinto C, Moreno Cordero B. Determination of trihalomethanes in water samples: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 629:6-23. [PMID: 18940317 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2008] [Revised: 09/11/2008] [Accepted: 09/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Pérez Pavón
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Aguilera-Herrador E, Lucena R, Cárdenas S, Valcárcel M. Determination of trihalomethanes in waters by ionic liquid-based single drop microextraction/gas chromatographic/mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1209:76-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2008] [Revised: 09/03/2008] [Accepted: 09/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
45
|
Pérez Pavón JL, Martín SH, García Pinto C, Moreno Cordero B. Headspace–programmed temperature vaporizer–fast gas chromatography–mass spectrometry coupling for the determination of trihalomethanes in water. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1194:103-10. [PMID: 18482730 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2008] [Revised: 04/07/2008] [Accepted: 04/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Pérez Pavón
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Matamoros V, Mujeriego R, Bayona JM. Trihalomethane occurrence in chlorinated reclaimed water at full-scale wastewater treatment plants in NE Spain. WATER RESEARCH 2007; 41:3337-44. [PMID: 17585988 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2007.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2006] [Revised: 02/13/2007] [Accepted: 04/24/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Total trihalomethane (TTHM) concentrations were determined in three chlorinated effluents (i.e. secondary and tertiary) from full-scale wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) in NE Spain over a 2-year monitoring period (May 2003-February 2005). Low TTHM concentrations (2-30 microg L(-1)), according to international standards for drinking water (80-150 microg L(-1)), were obtained in all samples analysed. The effects of (a) ammonia nitrogen and bromide concentrations, (b) UV light exposure, (c) tank storage, and (d) water temperature were evaluated. Two chlorination strategies were adopted: low chlorine dosages (2-5 mg Cl2 L(-1)) and a high-chlorine dosage (16 mg Cl2 L(-1)). The effects of storing chlorinated reclaimed water and of UV light exposure before chlorination were also evaluated. Samples collected over the 2-year monitoring period offered the possibility to assess the numerous variables affecting THM formation. A statistical evaluation of Platja d'Aro WWTP data set shows a low TTHM formation in the presence of high ammonia nitrogen concentration (p<0.05). That result can be attributed to the formation of chloramines by reaction with added chlorine, at doses below breakpoint chlorination. An increase in TTHM concentration in the presence of bromide (0-1 mg L(-1)) was also recorded (p<0.05). In contrast to published reports, TOC had a negative effect on TTHM formation. COD and turbidity had no statistical significance on TTHM formation. As expected, chlorination promoted TTHM formation in the three water reclamation plants monitored. Nevertheless, no statistical difference was observed when chlorinated effluents were kept in storage tanks. Exposure to UV light did not affect either formation or removal of TTHM. The relative production of TTHM during warm and cold seasons was also evaluated. TTHM production decreased with higher temperatures, but that could be attributed to the increase of ammonia nitrogen concentration observed during the warm summer seasons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Matamoros
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IIQAB-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Bagheri H, Babanezhad E, Es-haghi A. An aniline-based fiber coating for solid phase microextraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from water followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1152:168-74. [PMID: 17316658 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2006] [Revised: 01/28/2007] [Accepted: 02/02/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A fiber coating from polyaniline (PANI) was electrochemically prepared and employed for solid phase microextraction (SPME) of some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from water samples. The PANI film was directly electrodeposited on the platinum wire surface in sulfuric acid solution using cyclic voltammetry (CV) technique. The applicability of this coating was assessed employing a laboratory-made SPME device and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for the extraction of some PAHs from the headspace of aqueous samples. Application of wider potential range in CV led to a PANI with more stability against the temperature. The homogeneity and the porous surface structure of the film were examined by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The study revealed that this polymer is a suitable SPME fiber coating for extracting the selected PAHs. Important parameters influencing the extraction process were optimized and an extraction time of 40 min at 40 degrees C gave maximum peak area, when the aqueous sample was added with NaCl (20%, w/v). The synthesis of the PANI can be carried out conveniently and in a reproducible manner while it is rather inexpensive and stable against most of organic solvents. The film thickness of PANI can be precisely controlled by the number of CV cycles. The resulting thickness was roughly 20 microm after 20 cycles. At the optimum conditions, the relative standard deviation (RSD) for a double distilled water spiked with selected PAHs at ppb level were 8.80-16.8% (n = 3) and detection limits for the studied compounds were between 0.1-6 pg mL(-1). The performance of PANI was, also, compared with a commercial solid coated-based SPME fiber, carbowax/divinylbenzene (CW/DVB), under similar experimental conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Habib Bagheri
- Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Rahnama Kozani R, Assadi Y, Shemirani F, Milani Hosseini MR, Jamali MR. Determination of Trihalomethanes in Drinking Water by Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction then Gas Chromatography with Electron-Capture Detection. Chromatographia 2007. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-007-0226-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
49
|
Caro J, Serrano A, Gallego M. Sensitive headspace gas chromatography–mass spectrometry determination of trihalomethanes in urine. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 848:277-82. [PMID: 17092785 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2006] [Revised: 09/28/2006] [Accepted: 10/20/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and straightforward method for the determination of trihalomethanes (THMs) in urine by using headspace extraction technique has been developed. Chemical and instrumental variables were studied in order to optimize the method for sensitivity: an excess of KCl (4 g per 12 ml of urine), an oven temperature of 85 degrees C and an equilibration time of 30 min were selected. The use of the mass spectrometer in selected ion monitoring mode allows achieving linear ranges between 10 and 5000 ng/l and detection limits from 3 to 10 ng/l, for 12 ml of urine. The stability of the urine sample during storage at 4 and -20 degrees C was also evaluated: THMs remained stable for up to 2 days and 2 months, respectively. Finally, the method was successfully applied to study the THM uptake from swimmers of an indoor swimming pool, as well as non-swimmers. This study revealed that the concentrations of THMs in urine increased approximately three times for chloroform and bromodichloromethane after swimming activity. In addition, THMs in unchanged form were mainly excreted within 2-3h after the end of exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Caro
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, E-14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Budziak D, Richard L, Beltrame E, Carasek E. Monitoring the formation of trihalomethanes in the effluents from a shrimp hatchery. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2007; 127:435-44. [PMID: 16957851 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-006-9293-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2005] [Accepted: 05/08/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Formation of trihalomethanes (THM) was monitored at the Laboratório de Camarões Marinhos (LCM) from the Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. THM could be present because chlorinated effluents from disinfection are discharged from the different hatchery rooms. THM quantification was done through an analytical methodology using Purge&Trap coupled with a gas chromatograph equipped with an electron capture detector. Relative standard deviation (RSD), limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) for the methodology corresponded to the ranges of 8-17%; 0.01-0.03 microg L(-1) and 0.03-0.08 microg L(-1), respectively. Linear working range was of 0.1-8.0 microg L(-1) for all compounds. Enrichment and recovery method was applied to evaluate possible matrix effects and the results varied from 71.2% to 107.9%. LCM was monitored between August and December, 2004. This study showed that THM did not increase with the increase in postlarvae production and also that the aquatic life and the surrounding environment were not affected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dilma Budziak
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil, 88040-900
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|