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Koyama T, Zaizen H, Takahashi I, Nakamura H, Nakajima M, Asami T. Small Molecules with Thiourea Skeleton Induce Ethylene Response in Arabidopsis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12420. [PMID: 37569795 PMCID: PMC10418922 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Ethylene is the only gaseous plant hormone that regulates several aspects of plant growth, from seedling morphogenesis to fruit ripening and organ senescence. Ethylene also stimulates the germination of Striga hermonthica, a root parasitic weed that severely damages crops in sub-Saharan Africa. Thus, ethylene response stimulants can be used as weed and crop control agents. Ethylene and ethephon, an ethylene-releasing compound, are currently used as ethylene response inducers. However, since ethylene is a gas, which limits its practical application, we targeted the development of a solid ethylene response inducer that could overcome this disadvantage. We performed chemical screening using Arabidopsis thaliana "triple response" as an indicator of ethylene response. After screening, we selected a compound with a thiourea skeleton and named it ZKT1. We then synthesized various derivatives of ZKT1 and evaluated their ethylene-like activities in Arabidopsis. Some derivatives showed considerably higher activity than ZKT1, and their activity was comparable to that of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate. Mode of action analysis using chemical inhibitors and ethylene signaling mutants revealed that ZKT1 derivatives activate the ethylene signaling pathway through interactions with its upstream components. These thiourea derivatives can potentially be potent crop-controlling chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Tadao Asami
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan; (T.K.); (I.T.); (H.N.); (M.N.)
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Muñoz VL, Figueredo MS, Reinoso H, Fabra A. Role of ethylene in effective establishment of the peanut-bradyrhizobia symbiotic interaction. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2021; 23:1141-1148. [PMID: 34490719 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene has been implicated in nitrogen fixing symbioses in legumes, where rhizobial invasion occurs via infection threads (IT). In the symbiosis between peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) and bradyrhizobia, the bacteria penetrate the root cortex intercellularly and IT are not formed. Little attention has been paid to the function of ethylene in the establishment of this symbiosis. The aim of this article is to evaluate whether ethylene plays a role in the development of this symbiotic interaction and the participation of Nod Factors (NF) in the regulation of ethylene signalling. Manipulation of ethylene in peanut was accomplished by application of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), which mimics applied ethylene, or AgNO3, which blocks ethylene responses. To elucidate the participation of NF in the regulation of ethylene signalling, we inoculated plants with a mutant isogenic rhizobial strain unable to produce NF and evaluated the effect of AgNO3 on gene expression of NF and ethylene responsive signalling pathways. Data revealed that ethylene perception is required for the formation of nitrogen-fixing nodules, while addition of ACC does not affect peanut symbiotic performance. This phenotypic evidence is in agreement with transcriptomic data from genes involved in symbiotic and ethylene signalling pathways. NF seem to modulate the expression of ethylene signalling genes. Unlike legumes infected through IT formation, ACC addition to peanut does not adversely affect nodulation, but ethylene perception is required for establishment of this symbiosis. Evidence for the contribution of NF to the modulation of ethylene-inducible defence gene expression is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- V L Muñoz
- Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - M S Figueredo
- Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Agrobiotecnológicas, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - H Reinoso
- Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - A Fabra
- Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Agrobiotecnológicas, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
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Neves M, Correia S, Cavaleiro C, Canhoto J. Modulation of Organogenesis and Somatic Embryogenesis by Ethylene: An Overview. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10061208. [PMID: 34198660 PMCID: PMC8232195 DOI: 10.3390/plants10061208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene is a plant hormone controlling physiological and developmental processes such as fruit maturation, hairy root formation, and leaf abscission. Its effect on regeneration systems, such as organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis (SE), has been studied, and progress in molecular biology techniques have contributed to unveiling the mechanisms behind its effects. The influence of ethylene on regeneration should not be overlooked. This compound affects regeneration differently, depending on the species, genotype, and explant. In some species, ethylene seems to revert recalcitrance in genotypes with low regeneration capacity. However, its effect is not additive, since in genotypes with high regeneration capacity this ability decreases in the presence of ethylene precursors, suggesting that regeneration is modulated by ethylene. Several lines of evidence have shown that the role of ethylene in regeneration is markedly connected to biotic and abiotic stresses as well as to hormonal-crosstalk, in particular with key regeneration hormones and growth regulators of the auxin and cytokinin families. Transcriptional factors of the ethylene response factor (ERF) family are regulated by ethylene and strongly connected to SE induction. Thus, an evident connection between ethylene, stress responses, and regeneration capacity is markedly established. In this review the effect of ethylene and the way it interacts with other players during organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis is discussed. Further studies on the regulation of ERF gene expression induced by ethylene during regeneration can contribute to new insights on the exact role of ethylene in these processes. A possible role in epigenetic modifications should be considered, since some ethylene signaling components are directly related to histone acetylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Neves
- Center for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal; (M.N.); (S.C.)
| | - Sandra Correia
- Center for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal; (M.N.); (S.C.)
| | - Carlos Cavaleiro
- CIEPQPF, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal;
| | - Jorge Canhoto
- Center for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal; (M.N.); (S.C.)
- Correspondence:
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Contreras-Cruz DA, Sánchez-Carmona MA, Vengoechea-Gómez FA, Peña-Ortíz D, Miranda LD. Diversity-oriented synthesis of cyclopropyl peptides from Ugi-derived dehydroalanines. Tetrahedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Wu T, Kamiya T, Yumoto H, Sotta N, Katsushi Y, Shigenobu S, Matsubayashi Y, Fujiwara T. An Arabidopsis thaliana copper-sensitive mutant suggests a role of phytosulfokine in ethylene production. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:3657-67. [PMID: 25908239 PMCID: PMC4473973 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
To increase our understanding of the adaptation for copper (Cu) deficiency, Arabidopsis mutants with apparent alterations under Cu deficiency were identified. In this report, a novel mutant, tpst-2, was found to be more sensitive than wild-type (Col-0) plants to Cu deficiency during root elongation. The positional cloning of tpst-2 revealed that this gene encodes a tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase (TPST). Moreover, the ethylene production of tpst-2 mutant was higher than that of Col-0 under Cu deficiency, and adding the ethylene response inhibitor AgNO3 partially rescued defects in root elongation. Interestingly, peptide hormone phytosulfokine (PSK) treatment also repressed the ethylene production of tpst-2 mutant plants. Our results revealed that TPST suppressed ethylene production through the action of PSK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wu
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region, Ministry of Agriculture), Horticultural College, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Takehiro Kamiya
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Hiroko Yumoto
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Institute of Floricultural Science, 3-1-1 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8666, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Sotta
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | | | - Shuji Shigenobu
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Yoshikatsu Matsubayashi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya Universisy, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Toru Fujiwara
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Rodrigues MA, Bianchetti RE, Freschi L. Shedding light on ethylene metabolism in higher plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:665. [PMID: 25520728 PMCID: PMC4249713 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene metabolism in higher plants is regulated by a wide array of endogenous and environmental factors. During most physiological processes, ethylene levels are mainly determined by a strict control of the rate-limiting biosynthetic steps responsible for the production of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) and its subsequent conversion to ethylene. Responsible for these reactions, the key enzymes ACC synthase and ACC oxidase are encoded by multigene families formed by members that can be differentially regulated at the transcription and post-translational levels by specific developmental and environmental signals. Among the wide variety of environmental cues controlling plant ethylene production, light quality, duration, and intensity have consistently been demonstrated to influence the metabolism of this plant hormone in diverse plant tissues, organs, and species. Although still not completely elucidated, the mechanisms underlying the interaction between light signal transduction and ethylene evolution appears to involve a complex network that includes central transcription factors connecting multiple signaling pathways, which can be reciprocally modulated by ethylene itself, other phytohormones, and specific light wavelengths. Accumulating evidence has indicated particular photoreceptors as essential mediators in light-induced signaling cascades affecting ethylene levels. Therefore, this review specifically focuses on discussing the current knowledge of the potential molecular mechanisms implicated in the light-induced responses affecting ethylene metabolism during the regulation of developmental and metabolic plant responses. Besides presenting the state of the art in this research field, some overlooked mechanisms and future directions to elucidate the exact nature of the light-ethylene interplay in higher plants will also be compiled and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luciano Freschi
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, Department of Botany, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Gray JC, Hansen MR, Shaw DJ, Graham K, Dale R, Smallman P, Natesan SKA, Newell CA. Plastid stromules are induced by stress treatments acting through abscisic acid. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 69:387-98. [PMID: 21951173 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04800.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Stromules are highly dynamic stroma-filled tubules that extend from the surface of all plastid types in all multi-cellular plants examined to date. The stromule frequency (percentage of plastids with stromules) has generally been regarded as characteristic of the cell and tissue type. However, the present study shows that various stress treatments, including drought and salt stress, are able to induce stromule formation in the epidermal cells of tobacco hypocotyls and the root hairs of wheat seedlings. Application of abscisic acid (ABA) to tobacco and wheat seedlings induced stromule formation very effectively, and application of abamine, a specific inhibitor of ABA synthesis, prevented stromule induction by mannitol. Stromule induction by ABA was dependent on cytosolic protein synthesis, but not plastid protein synthesis. Stromules were more abundant in dark-grown seedlings than in light-grown seedlings, and the stromule frequency was increased by transfer of light-grown seedlings to the dark and decreased by illumination of dark-grown seedlings. Stromule formation was sensitive to red and far-red light, but not to blue light. Stromules were induced by treatment with ACC (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid), the first committed ethylene precursor, and by treatment with methyl jasmonate, but disappeared upon treatment of seedlings with salicylate. These observations indicate that abiotic, and most probably biotic, stresses are able to induce the formation of stromules in tobacco and wheat seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Gray
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK.
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De Cnodder T, Verbelen JP, Vissenberg K. The Control of Cell Size and Rate of Elongation in the Arabidopsis Root. THE EXPANDING CELL 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/7089_2006_078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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10
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Uthairatanakij A, Penchaiya P, McGlasson B, Holford P. Changes in ACC and conjugated ACC levels following controlled atmosphere storage of nectarine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1071/ea04083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Low temperature disorders of nectarines are thought to be expressions of chilling injury. Chilling injury is a form of stress usually associated with increased synthesis of ethylene and its immediate precursor, aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC). However, other mechanisms for the development of chilling injury have been proposed. To help determine the nature of the processes leading to chilling injury in nectarines (Prunus persica) and how the gaseous composition of the storage atmosphere effects the development of low temperature disorders, levels of ACC and conjugated ACC were measured in fruit of the cv. Arctic Snow. These compounds were measured in fruit ripened at 20°C immediately after harvest, in fruit on removal from cold storage and in fruit ripened at 20°C following cold storage. During storage, fruit were kept at 0°C in the 4 following atmospheres: air; air + 15% CO2; air + 15 µL/L ethylene; and air + 15% CO2 + 15 µL/L ethylene. Concentrations of ACC remained low in all treatments and no significant changes in ACC levels due to added ethylene or CO2 were observed. Concentrations of conjugated ACC were about 10-times that of ACC and again were not influenced by the composition of the storage atmosphere. No significant changes in either ACC or conjugated ACC were observed until after flesh bleeding, the major symptoms of low temperature disorder expressed in these fruit, had begun to appear. It was concluded that disorders in nectarines stored at low temperatures are not a stress response involving a disruption of ethylene metabolism but may be associated with differential changes in the metabolism of enzymes associated with normal ripening.
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Lürssen K. Das Pflanzenhormon Ethylen. Biosynthese, Wirkung auf Pflanzen und Anwendungsmöglichkeiten. CHEM UNSERER ZEIT 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/ciuz.19810150405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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12
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Cyclopropane Derivatives and their Diverse Biological Activities. SMALL RING COMPOUNDS IN ORGANIC SYNTHESIS VI 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/3-540-48255-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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13
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Control of ethylene synthesis and metabolism. BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANT HORMONES 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7306(08)60489-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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14
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Altered root hair morphogenesis in Phaseolus vulgaris in response to bacterial coinoculation and the presence of aminoethoxy vinyl glycine (AVG). Microbiol Res 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0944-5013(97)80006-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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15
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Asymmetric syntheses of α-amino acids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/s1874-5148(06)80005-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
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16
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Casas JL, Garcia-Canovas F, Tudela J, Acosta M. A kinetic study of simultaneous suicide inactivation and irreversible inhibition of an enzyme. Application to 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) synthase inactivation by its substrate S-adenosylmethionine. JOURNAL OF ENZYME INHIBITION 1993; 7:1-14. [PMID: 7510789 DOI: 10.3109/14756369309020183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
This paper deals with the development of an experimental method for the kinetic study of the inactivation of an enzyme by a racemic mixture of an inhibitor, whose isomers operate as suicide substrate and irreversible inhibitor respectively. The ratio between the isomer concentration in the biological or commercial source must be determined, but no separation of them is required. The method involves a kinetic analysis and an experimental design that enables the affinity (1/Km), rate of catalysis (kcat), rate of inactivation (lambda max), efficiency of catalysis (kcat/Km) and efficiency of inactivation (lambda max/Km) to be determined. The method has been applied to the kinetic characterization of the inactivation of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) synthase from tomato fruits by its substrate, S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet). The ratio between AdoMet isomers with respect to its sulfonium centre, namely (-)-AdoMet and (+)-AdoMet, present in the commercial sample used, has been determined by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Casas
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Facultad de Biologia, Universidad de Murcia, Spain
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18
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Carle R. [Ethylene-growth regulators and their possible use in plant cultivation]. PHARMAZIE IN UNSERER ZEIT 1992; 21:167-73. [PMID: 1518877 DOI: 10.1002/pauz.19920210408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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19
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McGarvey D, Christoffersen R. Characterization and kinetic parameters of ethylene-forming enzyme from avocado fruit. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)42649-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Van Der Straeten D, Van Montagu M. The molecular basis of ethylene biosynthesis, mode of action, and effects in higher plants. Subcell Biochem 1991; 17:279-326. [PMID: 1796487 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4613-9365-8_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Smith DL, Kelly K, Krikorian AD. Ethylene-associated phase change from juvenile to mature phenotype of daylily (Hemerocallis) in vitro. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 1989; 76:466-473. [PMID: 11538860 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.1989.tb05464.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Hemerocallis plantlets maintained in vitro for extended periods of time in tightly closed culture vessels frequently show a phenotype, albeit on a miniaturized scale, typical of more mature, field-grown plants. The positive relationship of elevated ethylene in the headspace of such vessels to the phase shift from juvenile to mature form is established. Rigorous restriction in air exchange with the external environment by means of silicone grease seals hastens the phase change and improves uniformity of response. Although some plantlets may take longer to accumulate enough ethylene in sealed jars to undergo change, added ethylene and ethylene-releasing agents promote it. Ethylene adsorbants (e.g. mercuric perchlorate) block the shift of juvenile to mature form. Critical ambient ethylene level for the shift is ca 1 microliter l-1. Levels up to 1000 microliters l-1 do not hasten the response but are not toxic. The phase change is fully reversible when air exchange permits ethylene to drop below 1 microliter l-1. At least 1 microliter l-1 ethylene is required to sustain the mature phenotype. The ethylene synthesis inhibitor aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) prevents the phase change, while the ethylene biosynthesis intermediate 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid (ACC) improves it. KOH, as a CO2 absorbent, does not prevent the phase change. Histology sections demonstrate subtle changes in the form of shoot tips of plantlets undergoing phase change.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Smith
- Dept of Biochemistry, State Univ. of New York at Stony Brook 11794-5215, USA
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24
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Suckling CJ. Die Cyclopropylgruppe in Untersuchungen über Mechanismus und Hemmung von Enzymen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1988. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19881000408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Minocha SC. Relationship between polyamine and ethylene biosynthesis in plants and its significance for morphogenesis in cell cultures. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1988; 250:601-16. [PMID: 3076339 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-5637-0_53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S C Minocha
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, University of New Hampshire, Durham 03824
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Inhibition of IAA-induced Ethylene Production and Proline Accumulation in Wheat Coleoptiles by Fusicoccin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0015-3796(87)80034-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Manning K. Ethylene production and β-cyanoalanine synthase activity in carnation flowers. PLANTA 1986; 168:61-66. [PMID: 24233736 DOI: 10.1007/bf00407010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/1985] [Accepted: 01/23/1986] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between ethylene production and the CN(-)-assimilating enzyme β-cyanoalanine synthase (CAS; EC 4.4.1.9) was examined in the carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) flower. In petals from cut flowers aged naturally or treated with ethylene to accelerate senescence the several hundred-fold increase in ethylene production which occurred during irreversible wilting was accompanied by a one- to twofold increase in CAS activity. The basal parts of the petal, which produced the most ethylene, had the highest CAS activity. Studies of flower parts (styles, ovaries, receptacles, petals) showed that the styles had a high level of CAS together with the ethylene-forming enzyme (EFE) system for converting 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) to ethylene. The close association between CAS and EFE found in styles could also be observed in detached petals after induction by ACC or ethylene. Treatment of the cut flowers with cycloheximide reduced synthesis of CAS and EFE. The data indicate that CAS and ethylene production are associated, and are discussed in relation to the hypothesis that CN(-) is formed during the conversion of ACC to ethylene.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Manning
- Glasshouse Crops Research Institute, Worthing Road, BN17 6LP, Littlehampton, West Sussex, UK
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Leslie CA, Romani RJ. Salicylic acid: A new inhibitor of ethylene biosynthesis. PLANT CELL REPORTS 1986; 5:144-6. [PMID: 24248055 DOI: 10.1007/bf00269255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/1985] [Revised: 02/10/1986] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid and acetylsalicylic acid at concentrations of 10(-6)M to 10(-4)M effectively inhibit ethylene production by pear cell suspension cultures. Results suggest these acids act by blocking the conversion of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid to ethylene.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Leslie
- Department of Pomology, University of California, 95616, Davis, CA, USA
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Miura GA, Chiang PK. A radioisotope assay for 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase: S-adenosylhomocysteine analogs as inhibitors of the enzyme involved in plant senescence. Anal Biochem 1985; 147:217-21. [PMID: 4025819 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(85)90030-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A simple and rapid radioisotopic assay for 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) synthase was developed, an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of the plant hormone ethylene. The assay utilizes an AG50W-X4(NH+4) column which separates S-adenosyl-L-[carboxyl-14C]methionine (AdoMet) from the product [14C]ACC, since the latter is not bound to the resin while [14C]AdoMet is. As opposed to other assays, this procedure measures ACC directly and does not require further conversion to ethylene. When an enzyme preparation from ripe tomato fruits (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill). was assayed, an I50 of 2.5 +/- 0.8 microM for sinefungin and a Km of 27 +/- 2 microM for AdoMet were obtained; these values were in good agreement with previous determinations made with a gas chromatographic assay. When other nucleosides were tested as inhibitors, the following order of decreasing activity was found: sinefungin greater than S-adenosylhomocysteine (AdoHcy) greater than AdoHcy sulfoxide greater than S-n-butyladenosine greater than 3-deaza-adenosylhomocysteine greater than S-isobutyladenosine greater than S-isobutyl-1-deazaadenosine. In contrast, S-isobutyl-3-deazaadenosine, S-isobutyl-7-deazaadenosine, 3-deazaadenosine, and adenosine were not inhibitory.
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33
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Kionka C, Amrhein N. The enzymatic malonylation of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid in homogenates of mung-bean hypocotyls. PLANTA 1984; 162:226-235. [PMID: 24253094 DOI: 10.1007/bf00397444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/1984] [Accepted: 04/24/1984] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Homogenates of hypocotyls of light-grown mung-bean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) seedlings catalyzed the formation of 1-(malonylamino)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (MACC) from the ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) and malonyl-coenzyme A. Apparent Km values for ACC and malonyl-CoA were found to be 0.17 mM and 0.25 mM, respectively. Free coenzyme A was an uncompetitive inhibitor with respect to malonyl-CoA (apparent Ki=0.3 mM). Only malonyl-CoA served as an effective acyl donor in the reaction. The D-enantiomers of unpolar amino acids inhibited the malonylation of ACC. Inhibition by D-phenylalanine was competitive with respect to ACC (apparent Ki=1.2 mM). D-Phenylalanine and D-alanine were malonylated by the preparation, and their malonylation was inhibited by ACC. When hypocotyl segments were administered ACC in the presence of certain unpolar D-amino acids, the malonylation of ACC was inhibited while the production of ethylene was enhanced. Thus, a close-relationship appears to exist between the malonylation of ACC and D-amino acids. The cis- as well as the trans-diastereoisomers of 2-methyl- or 2-ethyl-substituted ACC were potent inhibitors of the malonyltransferase. Treatment of hypocotyl segments with indole-3-acetic acid or CdCl2 greatly increased their content of ACC and MACC, as well as their release of ethylene, but had little, or no, effect on their extractable ACC-malonylating activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kionka
- Lehrstuhl für Pflanzenphysiologie, Ruhr-Universität, Postfach 1021 48, D-4630, Bochum 1, Germany
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Jaffe MJ, Telewski FW, Cooke PW. Thigmomorphogenesis: on the mechanical properties of mechanically perturbed bean plants. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 1984. [PMID: 11540788 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.1984.tb04575.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical properties of control and mechanically perturbed (MP) bean stems (Phaseolus vulgaris L., cv. Cherokee wax) were compared. The rubbed plants were greatly hardened against mechanical rupture by previous MP. This hardening was due to a dramatic increase in the flexibility of the stems, but not in their stiffness. The MP-plants were able to bend more than 90 degree without breaking, whereas the control plants broke after just slight bending. A comparison with other work reveals that different species utilize different tactics for achieving similar resistance to rupture due to mechanical stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Jaffe
- Dept of Biology, Wake Forest Univ., Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA
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36
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McKeon TA. A comparison of the conversion of 1-amino-2-ethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid stereoisomers to 1-butene by pea epicotyls and by a cell-free system. PLANTA 1984; 160:84-87. [PMID: 24258376 DOI: 10.1007/bf00392470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/1983] [Accepted: 10/01/1983] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The characteristics of the conversion of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) to ethylene by pea (Pisum sativum L.) epicotyls and by pea epicotyl enzyme are compared. Of the four stereoisomers of 1-amino-2-ethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (AEC), only (1R,2S)-AEC is preferentially converted to 1-butene in pea epicotyls. This conversion is inhibited by ACC, indicating that butene production from (1R,2S)-AEC and ethylene production from ACC are catalyzed by the same enzyme. Furthermore, pea epicotyls efficiently convert ACC to ethylene with a low K m (66 μM) for ACC and do not convert 4-methylthio-2-oxo-butanoic acid (KMB) to ethylene, thus demonstrating high specificity for its substrate. In contrast, the reported pea epicotyl enzyme which catalyzes the conversion of ACC to ethylene had a high K m (389 mM) for ACC and readily converted KMB to ethylene. We show, moreover, that the pea enzyme catalyzes the conversion of AEC isomers to butene without stereodiscrimination. Because of its lack of stereospecificity, its low affinity for ACC and its utilization of KMB as a substrate, we conclude that the reported pea enzyme system is not related to the in-vivo ethylene-forming enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A McKeon
- Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 94710, Berkeley, CA, USA
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38
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Liu Y, Hoffman NE, Yang SF. Relationship between the malonylation of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid and D-amino acids in mung-bean hypocotyls. PLANTA 1983; 158:437-41. [PMID: 24264853 DOI: 10.1007/bf00397737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/1983] [Accepted: 03/30/1983] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In sections from hypocotyls of dark-grown mung-bean (Vigna radiata L.) seedlings, D-phenylalanine and D-methionine (D-met) inhibited the formation of 1-(malonylamino)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid from exogenously administered 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), resulting in an increase in free ACC content and stimulation of ethylene production, whereas their L-enantiomers had little or no such effect. When the hypocotyls were administered D-Met, it was mainly metabolized to N-malonylmethionine and N-malonylmethionine sulfoxide, and this malonylation process was inhibited to a greater extent by ACC and D-amino acids (phenylalanine and serine) than by L-amino acids. These results indicate that malonylation of D-amino acids and of ACC are intimately interrelated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Liu
- Department of Vegetable Crops, University of California, 95616, Davis, CA, USA
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Mattoo AK, Achilea O, Fuchs Y, Chalutz E. Membrane association and some characteristics of the ethylene forming enzyme from etiolated pea seedlings. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1982; 105:271-8. [PMID: 7092853 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(82)80041-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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40
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Temperature-dependent inhibitory effects of calcium and spermine on ethylene biosynthesis in apple discs correlate with changes in microsomal membrane microviscosity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/0304-4211(82)90198-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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41
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Chapter 4 Stereochemistry of pyridoxal phosphate-catalyzed reactions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7306(08)60395-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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42
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Walsh C, Pascal RA, Johnston M, Raines R, Dikshit D, Krantz A, Honma M. Mechanistic studies on the pyridoxal phosphate enzyme 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase from Pseudomonas sp. Biochemistry 1981; 20:7509-19. [PMID: 7326243 DOI: 10.1021/bi00529a028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The enzyme 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase (ACPC deaminase) from a pseudomonad is a pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) linked catalyst which fragments the cyclopropane substrate to alpha-ketobutyrate and ammonia [Honma, M., & Shimomura, T. (1978) Agric. Biol. Chem. 42, 1825]. Enzymatic incubations in D2O yield alpha-ketobutyrate with one deuterium at the C-4 methyl group and one deuterium at one of the C-3 prochiral methylene hydrogens. Stereochemical analysis of the location of the C-3 deuteron was accomplished by in situ enzymatic reduction to (2S)-2-hydroxybutyrate with L-lactate dehydrogenase and conversion to the phenacyl ester. The C-3 hydrogens of the (2S)-2-hydroxybutyryl moiety are fully resolved in a 250-MHz NMR spectrum. Absolute assignment of 3S and 3R loci was obtained with phenacyl (2S,3S)-2-hydroxy[3-2H]butyrate generated enzymatically by D-serine dehydratase action on D-threonine. ACPC deaminase shows a stereoselective outcome with a 3R:3S deuterated product ratio of 72:28. 2-Vinyl-ACPC is also a fragmentation substrate with exclusive regiospecific cleavage to yield the straight-chain keto acid product 2-keto-5-hexenoate. The D isomer of vinylglycine is processed to alpha-ketobutyrate and ammonia at 8% the Vmax of ACPC, while L-vinylglycine is not a substrate. It is likely that ACPC and D-vinylglycine yield a common intermediate--the vinylglycine-PLP-p-quinoid adduct--which is then protonated sequentially at C-4 and then C-3 to account for the observed deuterium incorporation. The D isomers of beta-substituted alanines (fluoroalanine, chloroalanine, and O-acetyl-D-serine) partition between catalytic elimination and enzyme inactivation. Each shows a different partition ratio, arguing against the common aminoacrylyl-PLP as the inactivating species.
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Amrhein N, Schneebeck D, Skorupka H, Tophof S, St�ckigt J. Identification of a major metabolite of the ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid in higher plants. Naturwissenschaften 1981. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00398617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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44
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Rohwer F, Mäder M. The Role of Peroxidase in Ethylene Formation from 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic Acid. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0044-328x(81)80075-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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45
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de Laat AM, Brandenburg DC, van Loon LC. The modulation of the conversion of l-aminocyclopropane-l-carboxylic acid to ethylene by light. PLANTA 1981; 153:193-200. [PMID: 24276821 DOI: 10.1007/bf00383887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/1980] [Accepted: 06/05/1981] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous ethylene production of tobacco leaves was similar in light and in darkness. However, the rate of conversion of exogenously applied l-aminocyclopropane-l-carboxylic acid (ACC) to ethylene was reversibly inhibited by light. Virus-stimulated ethylene production, during the hypersensitive reaction of tobacco leaves to tobacco mosaic virus, was likewise inhibited by light. Under such circumstances ethylene production is limited at the level of the conversion of ACC to ethylene. Inhibition of the increase in ACC-stimulated ethylene production by cycloheximide and 2-(4-methyl-2,6-dinitroanilino)-N-methyl-propionamide after shifting leaf discs from light to darkness indicated that de novo protein synthsis was involved. Regulation of ACC-dependent ethylene production by reversible oxidation/reduction of essential SH groups, as suggested by Gepstein and Thimann (1980, Planta 149, 196-199) could be excluded. Instead, regulation of the ACC-converting enzyme at the level of both synthesis/degradation and activation/inactivation is suggested. Phytochrome was not involved in light inhibition, but low intensities of either red or blue light decreased the rate of ACC conversion. Dichlorophenyldimethylurea counteracted the inhibitory effect of light, indicating that (part of) the photosynthetic system is involved in the light inhibition. The ethylene production of Pharbitis cotyledons grown in darkness or light, either in the presence of absence of the inhibitor of carotenoid synthesis, SAN 9789 (norflurazon), supported this view.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M de Laat
- Afdeling Plantenfysiologie, Landbouwhogeschool, Arboretumlaan 4, NL-6703 BD, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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46
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Mayak S, Legge RL, Thompson JE. Ethylene formation from 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid by microsomal membranes from senescing carnation flowers. PLANTA 1981; 153:49-55. [PMID: 24276706 DOI: 10.1007/bf00385317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/1981] [Accepted: 06/10/1981] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Isolated membranes from the petals of senescing carnation flowers (Dianthus caryophyllus L. cv. White-Sim) catalyze the conversion of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) to ethylene. A microsomal membrane fraction obtained by centrifugation at 131,000 g for 1 h proved to be more active than the membrane pellet isolated by centrifugation at 10,000 g for 20 min. The ethylene-producing activity of the microsomal membranes is oxygen-dependent, heat-denaturable, sensitive to n-propyl gallate, and saturable with ACC. Corresponding cytosol fractions from the petals are incapable of converting ACC to ethylene. Moreover, the addition of soluble fraction back to the membrane fraction strongly inhibits the ACC to ethylene conversion activity of the membranes. The efficiency with which isolated membranes convert ACC to ethylene is lower than that exhibited by intact flowers based on the relative yield of membranes per flower. This may be due to the presence of the endogenous soluble inhibitor of the reaction, for residual soluble fraction inevitably remains trapped in membrane vesicles isolated from a homogenate.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mayak
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, N2L 3G1, Waterloo, Ont., Canada
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47
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Konze JR, Kwiatkowski GM. Enzymatic ethylene formation from 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid by manganese, a protein fraction and a cofactor of etiolated pea shoots. PLANTA 1981; 151:320-326. [PMID: 24301973 DOI: 10.1007/bf00393285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/1980] [Accepted: 11/03/1980] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The cofactor of enzymatic, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid dependent ethylene formation was concentrated on cation exchange columns. When chelators of cations were added to the homogenates, cofactor activity was lost. Cofactor fractions were partly resistant to oxidation at 600° C. Mn(2+) substituted for the cofactor in ethylene formation from 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid by a protein fraction isolated from etiolated pea shoots. In addition, Mn(2+) enhanced the stimulatory effect of the concentrated cofactor. The elution volume for the cofactor on a Sephadex G-25 column was lower than that of MnCl2. In paper electrophoresis the cofactor migrated to the cathode at pH 10.8 and 2.2. The RF of cofactor on cellulose plates developed in butanol: acetic acid: H2O was 0.4. After cellulose chromatography, cofactor activity had to be reconstituted by the addition of MnCl2. Chelators, anti-oxidants, and catalase were inhibitors of Mn(2+)-cofactor-dependent ethylene formation. The protein necessary for 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid dependent ethylene formation in vitro was seperated from 95-98% of the total protein in homogenates by DE-52 cellulose chromatography and (NH4)2SO4-fractionation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Konze
- Institut für Botanik und Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität München, Arcisstr. 21, D-8000, München 2, Germany
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48
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Walther HF, Hoffmann GM, Elstner EF. Ethylene formation by germinating, Drechslera graminea - Infected barley (Hordeum sativum) grains: A simple test for fungicides. PLANTA 1981; 151:251-255. [PMID: 24301851 DOI: 10.1007/bf00395177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/1980] [Accepted: 10/27/1980] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Grains of barley (Hordeum sativum L.); infected with the parasitic, systemic fungus Drechslera graminea, produce more ethylen than uninfected controls. Treatment of infected grains with mercury-free fungicides yields a differentiated suppression of the ethylene evolution 7 d after the beginning of germination. Suppression of visible symptoms (chlorotic stripes on leaves) appearing six to eight weeks after germination of infected, untreated seeds correlates with the decrease in ethylene formation after treatment with fungicides. The gaschromatographic ethylene determination thus allows for an early and reliable (significance higher than 99.9%) differentiation of fungicidal activities against the barley stripe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- H F Walther
- Institut für Phytopatholgie, Freising-Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Arcisstr. 21, D-8000, München 2, Federal Republic of Germany
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49
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Interference of amino acids with the uptake of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid in soybean leaf discs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/0304-4211(81)90252-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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50
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Adams DO, Yang SF. Ethylene the gaseous plant hormone: mechanism and regulation of biosynthesis. Trends Biochem Sci 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/0968-0004(81)90059-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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