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Park SC, Lee YS, Cho KA, Kim SY, Lee YI, Lee SR, Lim IK. What matters in aging is signaling for responsiveness. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 252:108560. [PMID: 37952903 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Biological responsiveness refers to the capacity of living organisms to adapt to changes in both their internal and external environments through physiological and behavioral mechanisms. One of the prominent aspects of aging is the decline in this responsiveness, which can lead to a deterioration in the processes required for maintenance, survival, and growth. The vital link between physiological responsiveness and the essential life processes lies within the signaling systems. To devise effective strategies for controlling the aging process, a comprehensive reevaluation of this connecting loop is imperative. This review aims to explore the impact of aging on signaling systems responsible for responsiveness and introduce a novel perspective on intervening in the aging process by restoring the compromised responsiveness. These innovative mechanistic approaches for modulating altered responsiveness hold the potential to illuminate the development of action plans aimed at controlling the aging process and treating age-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Chul Park
- The Future Life & Society Research Center, Advanced Institute of Aging Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young-Sam Lee
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea; Well Aging Research Center, Division of Biotechnology, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyung A Cho
- Department of Biochemistry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Jeollanam-do 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Young Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Il Lee
- Well Aging Research Center, Division of Biotechnology, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea; Interdisciplinary Engineering Major, Department of Interdisciplinary Studies, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Rock Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Jeollanam-do 58128, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Research Center for Aging and Geriatrics, Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea
| | - In Kyoung Lim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
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2
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Biliverdin Reductase A Protects Lens Epithelial Cells against Oxidative Damage and Cellular Senescence in Age-Related Cataract. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:5628946. [PMID: 35910837 PMCID: PMC9325611 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5628946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Age-related cataract (ARC) is the common cause of blindness globally. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), one of the greatest contributors to aging process, leads to oxidative damage and senescence of lens epithelial cells (LECs), which are involved in the pathogenesis of ARC. Biliverdin reductase A (BVRA) has ROS-scavenging ability by converting biliverdin (BV) into bilirubin (BR). However, little is known about the protective effect of BVRA against ARC. In the present study, we measured the expression level of BVRA and BR generation in human samples. Then, the antioxidative property of BVRA was compared between the young and senescent LECs upon stress condition. In addition, we evaluated the effect of BVRA on attenuating H2O2-induced premature senescence in LECs. The results showed that the mRNA expression level of BVRA and BR concentration were decreased in both LECs and lens cortex of age-related nuclear cataract. Using the RNA interference technique, we found that BVRA defends LECs against oxidative stress via (i) restoring mitochondrial dysfunction in a BR-dependent manner, (ii) inducing heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression directly, and (iii) promoting phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and nuclear delivery of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). Intriguingly, the antioxidative effect of BVRA was diminished along with the reduced BR concentration and repressed nuclear translocation of BVRA and Nrf2 in senescent LECs, which would be resulted from the decreased BVRA activity and impaired nucleocytoplasmic trafficking. Eventually, we confirmed that BVRA accelerates the G1 phase transition and prevents against H2O2-induced premature senescence in LECs. In summary, BVRA protects LECs against oxidative stress and cellular senescence in ARC by converting BV into BR, inducing HO-1 expression, and activating the ERK/Nrf2 pathway. This trial is registered with ChiCTR2000036059.
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3
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Park JH, Ryu SJ, Kim BJ, Cho HJ, Park CH, Choi HJC, Jang EJ, Yang EJ, Hwang JA, Woo SH, Lee JH, Park JH, Choi KM, Kwon YY, Lee CK, Park JT, Cho SC, Lee YI, Lee SB, Han JA, Cho KA, Kim MS, Hwang D, Lee YS, Park SC. Disruption of nucleocytoplasmic trafficking as a cellular senescence driver. Exp Mol Med 2021; 53:1092-1108. [PMID: 34188179 PMCID: PMC8257587 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-021-00643-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Senescent cells exhibit a reduced response to intrinsic and extrinsic stimuli. This diminished reaction may be explained by the disrupted transmission of nuclear signals. However, this hypothesis requires more evidence before it can be accepted as a mechanism of cellular senescence. A proteomic analysis of the cytoplasmic and nuclear fractions obtained from young and senescent cells revealed disruption of nucleocytoplasmic trafficking (NCT) as an essential feature of replicative senescence (RS) at the global level. Blocking NCT either chemically or genetically induced the acquisition of an RS-like senescence phenotype, named nuclear barrier-induced senescence (NBIS). A transcriptome analysis revealed that, among various types of cellular senescence, NBIS exhibited a gene expression pattern most similar to that of RS. Core proteomic and transcriptomic patterns common to both RS and NBIS included upregulation of the endocytosis-lysosome network and downregulation of NCT in senescent cells, patterns also observed in an aging yeast model. These results imply coordinated aging-dependent reduction in the transmission of extrinsic signals to the nucleus and in the nucleus-to-cytoplasm supply of proteins/RNAs. We further showed that the aging-associated decrease in Sp1 transcription factor expression was critical for the downregulation of NCT. Our results suggest that NBIS is a modality of cellular senescence that may represent the nature of physiological aging in eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hwan Park
- grid.249967.70000 0004 0636 3099Korea Bioinformation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Jin Ryu
- grid.419666.a0000 0001 1945 5898Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., Suwon, 16677 Republic of Korea ,Present Address: UBLBio Corporation, Suwon, 16679 Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Ju Kim
- grid.417736.00000 0004 0438 6721Present Address: Well Aging Research Center, Division of Biotechnology, DGIST, Daegu, 42988 Republic of Korea ,Present Address: UBLBio Corporation, Suwon, 16679 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Ji Cho
- grid.417736.00000 0004 0438 6721Present Address: Well Aging Research Center, Division of Biotechnology, DGIST, Daegu, 42988 Republic of Korea
| | - Chi Hyun Park
- grid.412010.60000 0001 0707 9039Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Jei Claudia Choi
- grid.419666.a0000 0001 1945 5898Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., Suwon, 16677 Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Jin Jang
- grid.417736.00000 0004 0438 6721Present Address: Well Aging Research Center, Division of Biotechnology, DGIST, Daegu, 42988 Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jae Yang
- grid.417736.00000 0004 0438 6721Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, 42988 Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-A Hwang
- grid.417736.00000 0004 0438 6721Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, 42988 Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hwa Woo
- grid.417736.00000 0004 0438 6721Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, 42988 Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Hyung Lee
- grid.417736.00000 0004 0438 6721Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, 42988 Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hwan Park
- grid.417736.00000 0004 0438 6721Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, 42988 Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Mi Choi
- grid.222754.40000 0001 0840 2678Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841 Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Yon Kwon
- grid.222754.40000 0001 0840 2678Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841 Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol-Koo Lee
- grid.222754.40000 0001 0840 2678Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841 Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Tae Park
- grid.412977.e0000 0004 0532 7395Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, 22012 Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Chun Cho
- grid.417736.00000 0004 0438 6721Present Address: Well Aging Research Center, Division of Biotechnology, DGIST, Daegu, 42988 Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Il Lee
- grid.417736.00000 0004 0438 6721Present Address: Well Aging Research Center, Division of Biotechnology, DGIST, Daegu, 42988 Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Bae Lee
- grid.417736.00000 0004 0438 6721Department of Brain & Cognitive Science, DGIST, Daegu, 42988 Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong A. Han
- grid.412010.60000 0001 0707 9039Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung A Cho
- grid.14005.300000 0001 0356 9399Department of Biochemistry, Chonnam National University, Medical School, Gwangju, 61469 Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Sik Kim
- grid.417736.00000 0004 0438 6721Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, 42988 Republic of Korea
| | - Daehee Hwang
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Sam Lee
- grid.417736.00000 0004 0438 6721Present Address: Well Aging Research Center, Division of Biotechnology, DGIST, Daegu, 42988 Republic of Korea ,grid.417736.00000 0004 0438 6721Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, 42988 Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Chul Park
- grid.417736.00000 0004 0438 6721Present Address: Well Aging Research Center, Division of Biotechnology, DGIST, Daegu, 42988 Republic of Korea ,grid.14005.300000 0001 0356 9399The Future Life & Society Research Center, Advanced Institute of Aging Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61469 Republic of Korea
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Lee YY, Choi YS, Kim DW, Cheong JY, Song KY, Ryu MS, Lim IK. Mitochondrial nucleoid remodeling and biogenesis are regulated by the p53-p21 WAF1-PKCζ pathway in p16 INK4a-silenced cells. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:6700-6732. [PMID: 32330121 PMCID: PMC7202532 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is linked to age-related senescence phenotypes. We report here the pathway increasing nucleoid remodeling and biogenesis in mitochondria during the senescence of foreskin human diploid fibroblasts (fs-HDF) and WI-38 cells. Replicative senescence in fs-HDF cells increased mitochondrial nucleoid remodeling as indicated by 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation and mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) expression in enlarged and fused mitochondria. Mitochondrial nucleoid remodeling was accompanied by mitochondrial biogenesis in old cells, and the expression levels of OXPHOS complex-I, -IV and -V subunits, PGC-1α and NRF1 were greatly increased compared to young cells. Activated protein kinase C zeta (PKCζ) increased mitochondrial activity and expressed phenotypes of delayed senescence in fs-HDF cells, but not in WI-38 cells. The findings were reproduced in the doxorubicin-induced senescence of young fs-HDF and WI-38 cells via the PKCζ-LKB1-AMPK signaling pathway, which was regulated by the p53-p21WAF1 pathway when p16INK4a was silenced. The signaling enhanced PGC-1α-NRF1-TFAM axis in mitochondria, which was demonstrated by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis of young and old fs-HDF cells. Activation of the p53-p21WAF1 pathway and silencing of p16INK4a are responsible for mitochondrial reprogramming in senescent cells, which may be a compensatory mechanism to promote cell survival under senescence stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Yeong Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.,Department of Otolaryngology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Yeon Seung Choi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, The Graduate School, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Do Wan Kim
- Omics Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Jae Youn Cheong
- Omics Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.,Department of Gastroenterology, Ajou University of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Kye Yong Song
- Department of Pathology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul 156-756, Korea
| | - Min Sook Ryu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, The Graduate School, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - In Kyoung Lim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, The Graduate School, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
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Vikramdeo KS, Saha P, Dutta S, Kumar N, Roy Chowdhury A, Kumar S, Tyagi RK, Ghosh I, Datta K. Hyaluronan-binding protein 1 (HABP1) overexpression triggers induction of senescence in fibroblasts cells. Cell Biol Int 2020; 44:1312-1330. [PMID: 32068317 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Hyaluronan-binding protein 1 (HABP1), a multi-compartmental, multi-functional protein has a wide range of functions, which can be attributed to its ability to associate with a variety of cellular ligands. Earlier we have reported that HABP1 overexpression in rat normal fibroblasts (F-HABP07) shows chronic generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), induction of autophagy, and apoptosis. However, a significant proportion of cells remained viable after the majority went through apoptosis from 60 to 72 h. In this study, an attempt has been made to delineate the cellular events in the declined population of surviving cells. It has been elucidated here that, these cells at later time points of growth, that is, 72 and 84 h, not only appeared to shrink but also are devoid of autophagic vacuoles and displayed polyploidy. F-HABP07 cells exhibited an altered cytoskeletal structure from their parental cell line F111, assumed to be caused upon inhibition of actin polymerization and decrease in IQ motif-containing GTPase activating protein 1 (IQGAP1), a key protein associated with maintenance of cytoskeletal integrity. Enhanced expression and nuclear localization of AKT observed in F-HABP07 cells appears to be contributing toward the maintenance of high ROS levels in these cells and also potentially modulating the IQGAP1 activity. These observations, in fact have been considered to result in sustained DNA damage, which then leads to increased expression of p53 and activation of p21 and carry out the cellular events responsible for senescence. Subsequent assessment of the presence of positive β-gal staining and enhanced expression of p16INK4a in F-HABP07, confirmed that HABP1 overexpressing fibroblasts undergo senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunwar Somesh Vikramdeo
- Biochemistry and Toxicology Laboratory, School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Paramita Saha
- Biochemistry and Toxicology Laboratory, School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.,Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Shubhra Dutta
- Biochemistry and Toxicology Laboratory, School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Naveen Kumar
- Biochemistry and Toxicology Laboratory, School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Anindya Roy Chowdhury
- Biochemistry and Toxicology Laboratory, School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Sudhir Kumar
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Tyagi
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Ilora Ghosh
- Biochemistry and Toxicology Laboratory, School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Kasturi Datta
- Biochemistry and Toxicology Laboratory, School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
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6
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Chen H, Chen H, Liang J, Gu X, Zhou J, Xie C, Lv X, Wang R, Li Q, Mao Z, Sun H, Zuo G, Miao D, Jin J. TGF-β1/IL-11/MEK/ERK signaling mediates senescence-associated pulmonary fibrosis in a stress-induced premature senescence model of Bmi-1 deficiency. Exp Mol Med 2020; 52:130-151. [PMID: 31959867 PMCID: PMC7000795 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-019-0371-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
To study whether TGF-β1/IL-11/MEK/ERK (TIME) signaling mediates senescence-associated pulmonary fibrosis (SAPF) in Bmi-1-deficient (Bmi-1-/-) mice and determines the major downstream mediator of Bmi-1 and crosstalk between p16INK4a and reactive oxygen species that regulates SAPF, phenotypes were compared among 7-week-old p16INK4a and Bmi-1 double-knockout, N-acetylcysteine (NAC)-treated Bmi-1-/-, Bmi-1-/-, and wild-type mice. Pulmonary fibroblasts and alveolar type II epithelial (AT2) cells were used for experiments. Human pulmonary tissues were tested for type Ι collagen, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), p16INK4a, p53, p21, and TIME signaling by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Our results demonstrated that Bmi-1 deficiency resulted in a shortened lifespan, ventilatory resistance, poor ventilatory compliance, and SAPF, including cell senescence, DNA damage, a senescence-associated secretory phenotype and collagen overdeposition that was mediated by the upregulation of TIME signaling. The signaling stimulated cell senescence, senescence-related secretion of TGF-β1 and IL-11 and production of collagen 1 by pulmonary fibroblasts and the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of AT2 cells. These processes were inhibited by anti-IL-11 or the MEK inhibitor PD98059. NAC treatment prolonged the lifespan and ameliorated pulmonary dysfunction and SAPF by downregulating TIME signaling more than p16INK4a deletion by inhibiting oxidative stress and DNA damage and promoting ubiquitin-proteasome degradation of p16INK4a and p53. Cytoplasmic p16INK4a accumulation upregulated MEK/ERK signaling by inhibiting the translocation of pERK1/2 (Thr202/Tyr204) from the cytoplasm to the nucleus in senescent fibroblasts. The accumulation of collagen 1 and α-SMA in human lungs accompanied by cell senescence may be mediated by TIME signaling. Thus, this signaling in aging fibroblasts or AT2 cells could be a therapeutic target for preventing SAPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyun Chen
- Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Human Anatomy; Key Laboratory for Aging & Disease; The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
- Anti-aging Research Laboratory, Friendship Plastic Surgery Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Hongjie Chen
- Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Human Anatomy; Key Laboratory for Aging & Disease; The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Jialong Liang
- Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Human Anatomy; Key Laboratory for Aging & Disease; The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Xin Gu
- Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Human Anatomy; Key Laboratory for Aging & Disease; The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Jiawen Zhou
- Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Human Anatomy; Key Laboratory for Aging & Disease; The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Chunfeng Xie
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Xianhui Lv
- Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Human Anatomy; Key Laboratory for Aging & Disease; The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Human Anatomy; Key Laboratory for Aging & Disease; The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Science and Technology, Jiangsu Jiankang Vocational College, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Zhiyuan Mao
- Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Human Anatomy; Key Laboratory for Aging & Disease; The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
- The Laboratory Center for Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Haijian Sun
- Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Human Anatomy; Key Laboratory for Aging & Disease; The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Guoping Zuo
- Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Human Anatomy; Key Laboratory for Aging & Disease; The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
- The Laboratory Center for Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Dengshun Miao
- Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Human Anatomy; Key Laboratory for Aging & Disease; The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Jianliang Jin
- Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Human Anatomy; Key Laboratory for Aging & Disease; The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China.
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7
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Zou J, Lei T, Guo P, Yu J, Xu Q, Luo Y, Ke R, Huang D. Mechanisms shaping the role of ERK1/2 in cellular senescence (Review). Mol Med Rep 2018; 19:759-770. [PMID: 30535440 PMCID: PMC6323238 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Senescence is a result of cellular stress and is a potential mechanism for regulating cancer. As a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase family, ERK1/2 (extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase) has an important role in delivering extracellular signals to the nucleus, and these signals regulate the cell cycle, cell proliferation and cell development. Previous studies demonstrated that ERK1/2 is closely associated with cell aging; however other previous studies suggested that ERK1/2 exerts an opposite effect on aging models and target proteins, even within the same cell model. Recent studies demonstrated that the effect of ERK1/2 on aging is likely associated with its target proteins and regulators, negative feedback loops, phosphorylated ERK1/2 factors and ERK1/2 translocation from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. The present review aims to examine the mechanism of ERK1/2 and discuss its role in cellular outcomes and novel drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junrong Zou
- Research Institute of Digestive Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Lei
- Research Institute of Digestive Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Pei Guo
- Department of Pathology, Shenzhen Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518110, P.R. China
| | - Jason Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Qichao Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, The People's Hospital of Xinyu City, Xinyu, Jiangxi 338025, P.R. China
| | - Yunfei Luo
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogenesis and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Rong Ke
- Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Deqiang Huang
- Research Institute of Digestive Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
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8
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Nrf2: Molecular and epigenetic regulation during aging. Ageing Res Rev 2018; 47:31-40. [PMID: 29913211 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Increase in life-span is commonly related with age-related diseases and with gradual loss of genomic, proteomic and metabolic integrity. Nrf2 (Nuclear factor-erythroid 2-p45 derived factor 2) controls the expression of genes whose products include antioxidant proteins, detoxifying enzymes, drug transporters and numerous cytoprotective proteins. Several experimental approaches have evaluated the potential regulation of the transcription factor Nrf2 to enhance the expression of genes that contend against accumulative oxidative stress and promote healthy aging. Negative regulators of Nrf2 that act preventing it´s binding to DNA-responsive elements, have been identified in young and adult animal models. However, it is not clearly established if Nrf2 decreased activity in several models of aging results from disruption of that regulation. In this review, we present a compilation of evidences showing that changes in the levels or activity of Keap1 (Kelch-like ECH associated protein 1), GSK-3β (glycogen synthase kinase-3), Bach1, p53, Hrd1 (E3 ubiquitin ligase) and miRNAs might impact on Nrf2 activity during elderly. We conclude that understanding Nrf2 regulatory mechanisms is essential to develop a rational strategy to prevent the loss of cellular protection response during aging.
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9
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Ferbeyre G. Aberrant signaling and senescence associated protein degradation. Exp Gerontol 2018; 107:50-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2017.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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10
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Survive or thrive: tradeoff strategy for cellular senescence. Exp Mol Med 2017; 49:e342. [PMID: 28572574 PMCID: PMC5519021 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2017.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging-dependent cellular behaviors toward extrinsic stress are characterized by the confined localization of certain molecules to either nuclear or perinuclear regions. Although most growth factors can activate downstream signaling in aging cells, they do not in fact have any impact on the cells because the signals cannot reach their genetic targets in the nucleus. For the same reason, varying apoptotic stress factors cannot stimulate the apoptotic pathway in senescent cells. Thus, the operation of a functional nuclear barrier in an aging-dependent manner has been investigated. To elucidate the mechanism for this process, the housekeeping transcription factor Sp1 was identified as a general regulator of nucleocytoplasmic trafficking (NCT) genes, including various nucleoporins, importins, exportins and Ran GTPase cycle-related genes. Interestingly, the posttranslational modification of Sp1 is readily influenced by extrinsic stress, including oxidative and metabolic stress. The decrease in SP1 O-GlcNAcylation under oxidative stress or during replicative senescence makes it susceptible to proteosomal degradation, resulting in defective NCT functions and leading to nuclear barrier formation. The operation of the nuclear barrier in aging provides a fundamental mechanism for cellular protection against stress and promotes survival at the expense of growth via stress-sensitive transcriptional control.
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Swamy SM, Rajasekaran NS, Thannickal VJ. Nuclear Factor-Erythroid-2-Related Factor 2 in Aging and Lung Fibrosis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 186:1712-23. [PMID: 27338106 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Aging and age-related diseases have been associated with elevated oxidative stress, which may be related to increased production of reactive species and/or a deficiency in antioxidant defenses. The nuclear factor-erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-mediated antioxidant response pathway maintains cellular reduction-oxidation homeostasis by inducing the transcription of an array of cytoprotective genes. However, there is evidence of impaired Nrf2 response in aging contributing to age-related fibrotic diseases. Herein, we review mechanisms for the dysregulation of Nrf2 signaling in aging. This understanding will pave the way for the design of novel therapeutic strategies that restore Nrf2 signaling to reestablish cellular homeostasis in aging and age-related fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shobha M Swamy
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Namakkal S Rajasekaran
- Center of Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Victor J Thannickal
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama.
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12
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Choi OR, Ryu MS, Lim IK. Shifting p53-induced senescence to cell death by TIS21(/BTG2/Pc3) gene through posttranslational modification of p53 protein. Cell Signal 2016; 28:1172-1185. [PMID: 27208501 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2016.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cellular senescence and apoptosis can be regulated by p53 activity, although the underlying mechanism of the switch between the two events remains largely unknown. Cells exposed to cancer chemotherapy can escape to senescence phenotype rather than undergoing apoptosis. By employing adenoviral transduction of p53 or TIS21 genes, we observed shifting of p53 induced-senescence to apoptosis in EJ bladder cancer cells, which express H-RasV12 and mutant p53; transduction of p53 increased H-RasV12 expression along with senescence phenotypes, whereas coexpression with TIS21 (p53+TIS21) induced cell death rather than senescence. The TIS21-mediated switch of senescence to apoptosis was accompanied by nuclear translocation of p53 protein and its modifications on Ser-15 and Ser-46 phosphorylation and acetylations on Lys-120, -320, -373 and -382 residues. Mechanistically, TIS21(/BTG2) regulated posttranslational modification of p53 via enhancing miR34a and Bax expressions as opposed to inhibiting SIRT1 and Bcl2 expression. At the same time, TIS21 increased APAF-1 and p53AIP1 expressions, but inhibited the interaction of p53 with iASPP. In vitro tumorigenicity was significantly reduced in the p53+TIS21 expresser through inhibiting micro-colony proliferation by TIS21. Effect of TIS21 on the regulation of p53 activity was confirmed by knockdown of TIS21 expression by RNA interference. Therefore, we suggest TIS21 expression as an endogenous cell death inducer at the downstream of p53 gene, which might be useful for intractable cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ok Ran Choi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine and Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Sook Ryu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine and Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - In Kyoung Lim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine and Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea.
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Yang KE, Jang H, Hwang I, Chung Y, Choi J, Lee T, Chung Y, Lee M, Lee MY, Yeo E, Jang I. Phenyl 2-pyridyl ketoxime induces cellular senescence-like alterations via nitric oxide production in human diploid fibroblasts. Aging Cell 2016; 15:245-55. [PMID: 26696133 PMCID: PMC4783342 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenyl-2-pyridyl ketoxime (PPKO) was found to be one of the small molecules enriched in the extracellular matrix of near-senescent human diploid fibroblasts (HDFs). Treatment of young HDFs with PPKO reduced the viability of young HDFs in a dose- and time-dependent manner and resulted in senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) staining and G2/M cell cycle arrest. In addition, the levels of some senescence-associated proteins, such as phosphorylated ERK1/2, caveolin-1, p53, p16(ink4a), and p21(waf1), were elevated in PPKO-treated cells. To monitor the effect of PPKO on cell stress responses, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was examined by flow cytometry. After PPKO treatment, ROS levels transiently increased at 30 min but then returned to baseline at 60 min. The levels of some antioxidant enzymes, such as catalase, peroxiredoxin II and glutathione peroxidase I, were transiently induced by PPKO treatment. SOD II levels increased gradually, whereas the SOD I and III levels were biphasic during the experimental periods after PPKO treatment. Cellular senescence induced by PPKO was suppressed by chemical antioxidants, such as N-acetylcysteine, 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyloxy, and L-buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine. Furthermore, PPKO increased nitric oxide (NO) production via inducible NO synthase (iNOS) in HDFs. In the presence of NOS inhibitors, such as L-NG-nitroarginine methyl ester and L-NG-monomethylarginine, PPKO-induced transient NO production and SA-β-gal staining were abrogated. Taken together, these results suggest that PPKO induces cellular senescence in association with transient ROS and NO production and the subsequent induction of senescence-associated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeong Eun Yang
- Drug & Disease Target Group Division of Bioconvergence Analysis Korea Basic Science Institute Daejeon 305‐333 Korea
| | - Hyun‐Jin Jang
- Drug & Disease Target Group Division of Bioconvergence Analysis Korea Basic Science Institute Daejeon 305‐333 Korea
| | - In‐Hu Hwang
- Department of Physiology Korea University College of Medicine Seoul 02841 Korea
| | - Young‐Ho Chung
- Drug & Disease Target Group Division of Bioconvergence Analysis Korea Basic Science Institute Daejeon 305‐333 Korea
| | - Jong‐Soon Choi
- Drug & Disease Target Group Division of Bioconvergence Analysis Korea Basic Science Institute Daejeon 305‐333 Korea
| | - Tae‐Hoon Lee
- Department of Oral Biochemistry Dental Science Research Institute Chonnam National University Gwangju 500‐757 Korea
| | - Yun‐Jo Chung
- Center for University‐Wide Research Facilities Chonbuk National University Jeonju Korea
| | - Min‐Seung Lee
- Department of Biochemistry College of Medicine Gachon University Inchon 406‐799 Korea
| | - Mi Young Lee
- KM Convergence Research Division Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine Daejeon 305‐811 Korea
| | - Eui‐Ju Yeo
- Department of Biochemistry College of Medicine Gachon University Inchon 406‐799 Korea
| | - Ik‐Soon Jang
- Drug & Disease Target Group Division of Bioconvergence Analysis Korea Basic Science Institute Daejeon 305‐333 Korea
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Lee YY, Ryu MS, Kim HS, Suganuma M, Song KY, Lim IK. Regulations of Reversal of Senescence by PKC Isozymes in Response to 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-Acetate via Nuclear Translocation of pErk1/2. Mol Cells 2016; 39:266-79. [PMID: 26912086 PMCID: PMC4794609 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2016.2362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism by which 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) bypasses cellular senescence was investigated using human diploid fibroblast (HDF) cell replicative senescence as a model. Upon TPA treatment, protein kinase C (PKC) α and PKCβ1 exerted differential effects on the nuclear translocation of cytoplasmic pErk1/2, a protein which maintains senescence. PKCα accompanied pErk1/2 to the nucleus after freeing it from PEA-15pS(104) via PKCβ1 and then was rapidly ubiquitinated and degraded within the nucleus. Mitogen-activated protein kinase docking motif and kinase activity of PKCα were both required for pErk1/2 transport to the nucleus. Repetitive exposure of mouse skin to TPA downregulated PKCα expression and increased epidermal and hair follicle cell proliferation. Thus, PKCα downregulation is accompanied by in vivo cell proliferation, as evidenced in 7, 12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-TPA-mediated carcinogenesis. The ability of TPA to reverse senescence was further demonstrated in old HDF cells using RNA-sequencing analyses in which TPA-induced nuclear PKCα degradation freed nuclear pErk1/2 to induce cell proliferation and facilitated the recovery of mitochondrial energy metabolism. Our data indicate that TPA-induced senescence reversal and carcinogenesis promotion share the same molecular pathway. Loss of PKCα expression following TPA treatment reduces pErk1/2-activated SP1 biding to the p21(WAF1) gene promoter, thus preventing senescence onset and overcoming G1/S cell cycle arrest in senescent cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Yeong Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-380,
Korea
| | - Min Sook Ryu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-380,
Korea
| | | | - Masami Suganuma
- Research Institute for Clinical Oncology, Saitama Cancer Center, Saitama,
Japan
| | - Kye Yong Song
- Department of Pathology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul 156-756,
Korea
| | - In Kyoung Lim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-380,
Korea
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Tanaka M, Yamaguchi M, Shiota M, Kawamoto Y, Takahashi K, Inagaki A, Osada-Oka M, Harada A, Wanibuchi H, Izumi Y, Miura K, Iwao H, Ohkawa Y. Establishment of neutralizing rat monoclonal antibodies for fibroblast growth factor-2. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2015; 33:261-9. [PMID: 25171006 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2013.0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) plays a critical role in endothelial survival, proliferation, and angiogenesis and is localized on the cell membrane by binding to heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Here we established a neutralizing monoclonal antibody, 1B9B9, against FGF-2 using the rat medial iliac lymph node method. 1B9B9 blocked the binding of FGF-2 to its receptor, inhibiting FGF-2-induced proliferation and corresponding downstream signaling in endothelial cells. Treatment of human umbilical vein endothelial cells with 1B9B9 reduced the basal phosphorylation levels of Akt and MAPK. Furthermore, continued treatment with 1B9B9 induced cell death by apoptosis. Compared with FGF-2 knockdown, 1B9B9 significantly reduced cell survival. In addition, the combination of FGF-2 siRNA and 1B9B9 showed a synergistic effect. The data indicate that 1B9B9 established by the rat iliac lymph node method is a fully compatible neutralizing antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Tanaka
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Osaka City University Medical School , Osaka, Japan
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16
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Low-density expansion protects human synovium-derived stem cells from replicative senescence: a preliminary study. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2015; 2:363-74. [PMID: 25787175 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-012-0094-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Our hypothesis in this study is that low seeding density expansion could retain human synovium-derived stem cell (hSDSC) "stemness", defined as higher proliferation and multi-differentiation capacity; retention of "stemness" probably occurs through the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. hSDSCs were expanded in conventional plastic flasks for two consecutive passages at either low or high density (30 or 3,000 cells/cm(2)). Expanded cells were assessed for the effect of seeding density on their morphology, proliferation, apoptosis, stem cell surface markers, and multi-lineage differentiation capacity (chondrogenic, adipogenic, and osteogenic differentiation) using flow cytometry, biochemical analysis, histology, immunostaining, and real-time polymerase chain reaction. The MAPK signaling pathway (Erk1/2, p38, and JNK) and senescence-associated markers (p21 and caveolin) were also evaluated for their role in cell density-based monolayer expansion using western blot. Our data suggested that low seeding density expansion yielded hSDSCs with enhanced proliferation and multi-differentiation capacity compared to those grown at high seeding density, despite the fact that the cells expanded at both high and low density had lower osteogenic capacity. Low seeding density also down-regulated Erk1/2 and JNK expression and up-regulated p38 expression, which might be responsible for the retained "stemness" in the cells expanded at low density. Low seeding density expansion could retain hSDSC proliferation and multi-differentiation capacity and protect cells from replicative senescence.
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17
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Lee YY, Kim HS, Lim IK. Downregulation of PEA-15 reverses G1 arrest, and nuclear and chromatin changes of senescence phenotype via pErk1/2 translocation to nuclei. Cell Signal 2015; 27:1102-9. [PMID: 25725291 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2015.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We previously showed that senescent cells respond to TPA with translocation of senescence associated-pErk1/2 (SA-pErk1/2) into nuclei along with reversal of senescence morphology. Here, we describe that the reversal of senescence phenotype was manifested by knockdown of cytoplasmic PEA-15 expression, a sequestrator of cytoplasmic pErk1/2. Transfection of short-interfering RNA to PEA-15 (siPEA-15) significantly induced nuclear translocation of SA-pErk1/2, and siPEA-15 with TPA co-treatment further increased the translocation. Moreover, the reversal of senescence phenotype, such as expressions of SA-β-galactosidase, p53, p21(WAF1), PML body, 53BP1 and H3K9me2, was modified by either knockdown of PEA-15 or TPA treatment, indicating that nuclear translocation of SA-pErk1/2 might inhibit senescence progression. Indeed, knockdown of PEA-15 or TPA treatment significantly induced progression of G1 arrested cells to S-phase in human diploid fibroblast (HDF) senescent cells, examined by immunocytochemistry, FACS and immunoblot analyses. In conclusion, downregulation of PEA-15 expression reverses senescence phenotypes via nuclear translocation of SA-pErk1/2, which suggests in vivo maintenance of senescence phenotype by sequestration of pErk1/2 in cytoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Yeong Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ajou University School of Medicine, World cup-ro 164, Suwon 443-380, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, The Graduate School, Ajou University, World cup-ro 164, Suwon 443-380, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Seok Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ajou University School of Medicine, World cup-ro 164, Suwon 443-380, Republic of Korea
| | - In Kyoung Lim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ajou University School of Medicine, World cup-ro 164, Suwon 443-380, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, The Graduate School, Ajou University, World cup-ro 164, Suwon 443-380, Republic of Korea.
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Low-dose etoposide-treatment induces endoreplication and cell death accompanied by cytoskeletal alterations in A549 cells: Does the response involve senescence? The possible role of vimentin. Cancer Cell Int 2013; 13:9. [PMID: 23383739 PMCID: PMC3599314 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2867-13-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Senescence in the population of cells is often described as a program of restricted proliferative capacity, which is manifested by broad morphological and biochemical changes including a metabolic shift towards an autophagic-like response and a genotoxic-stress related induction of polyploidy. Concomitantly, the cell cycle progression of a senescent cell is believed to be irreversibly arrested. Recent reports suggest that this phenomenon may have an influence on the therapeutic outcome of anticancer treatment. The aim of this study was to verify the possible involvement of this program in the response to the treatment of the A549 cell population with low doses of etoposide, as well as to describe accompanying cytoskeletal alterations. Methods After treatment with etoposide, selected biochemical and morphological parameters were examined, including: the activity of senescence-associated ß-galactosidase, SAHF formation, cell cycle progression, the induction of p21Cip1/Waf1/Sdi1 and cyclin D1, DNA strand breaks, the disruption of cell membrane asymmetry/integrity and ultrastructural alterations. Vimentin and G-actin cytoskeleton was evaluated both cytometrically and microscopically. Results and conclusions Etoposide induced a senescence-like phenotype in the population of A549 cells. Morphological alterations were nevertheless not directly coupled with other senescence markers including a stable cell cycle arrest, SAHF formation or p21Cip1/Waf1/Sdi1 induction. Instead, a polyploid, TUNEL-positive fraction of cells visibly grew in number. Also upregulation of cyclin D1 was observed. Here we present preliminary evidence, based on microscopic analyses, that suggest a possible role of vimentin in nuclear alterations accompanying polyploidization-depolyploidization events following genotoxic insults.
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Kim SY, Kang HT, Han JA, Park SC. The transcription factor Sp1 is responsible for aging-dependent altered nucleocytoplasmic trafficking. Aging Cell 2012; 11:1102-9. [PMID: 23013401 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyporesponsiveness to external signals, such as growth factors and apoptotic stimuli, is a cardinal feature of cellular senescence. We previously reported that an aging-dependent marked reduction in nucleocytoplasmic trafficking (NCT)-related genes could be responsible for this phenomenon. In searching for the mechanism, we identified the transcription factor, Sp1, as a common regulator of NCT genes, including various nucleoporins, importins, exportins, and Ran GTPase cycle-related genes. Sp1 knockdown led to a reduction of those genes in young human diploid fibroblast cells (HDF); Sp1 overexpression induced those genes in senescent cells. In addition, epidermal growth factor stimulation-induced p-ERK1/2 nuclear translocation and Elk-1 phosphorylation were severely impaired by Sp1 depletion in young HDFs; Sp1 overexpression restored the nuclear translocation of p-ERK1/2 in senescent HDFs. Furthermore, we observed that Sp1 protein levels were decreased in senescent cells, and H(2) O(2) treatment decreased Sp1 levels in a proteasome-dependent manner. In addition, O-GlcNAcylation of Sp1 was decreased in senescent cells as well as in H(2) O(2) -treated cells. Taken together, these results suggest that Sp1 could be a key regulator in the control of NCT genes and that reactive oxygen species-mediated alteration in Sp1 stability may be responsible for the generalized repression of those genes, leading to formation of the senescence-dependent functional nuclear barrier, resulting in subsequent hyporesponsiveness to external signals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hyun T. Kang
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute; Gachon University; Incheon; 406-840; South Korea
| | - Jeong A. Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; School of Medicine; Kangwon National University; Chuncheon; 200-701; South Korea
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Kim SY, Ryu SJ, Kang HT, Choi HR, Park SC. Defective nuclear translocation of stress-activated signaling in senescent diploid human fibroblasts: a possible explanation for aging-associated apoptosis resistance. Apoptosis 2011; 16:795-807. [PMID: 21630016 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-011-0612-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In order to study the nature of aging-dependent apoptosis resistance, we compared the activation pattern of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) in response to three different stress modalities: hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), staurosporine, and thapsigargin. We observed the agonist-specific activation pattern of MAP kinases in human diploid fibroblasts (HDFs). When young HDFs were treated with PD98059, a specific inhibitor of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), H(2)O(2)-induced apoptosis was blocked, whereas staurosporine-induced apoptosis was inhibited by treatment with SB203580, a specific inhibitor of p38. In addition, the levels of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 (B-cell lymphoma protein-2) were restored by PD98059 or SB239063 in cells treated with H(2)O(2) or staurosporine, respectively. We also found that inhibition of the nuclear import of p-Erk and p-p38 using wheat germ agglutinin induced apoptosis resistance in young HDF cells in response to H(2)O(2) or staurosporine. These data indicate a potential role of the nuclear translocation of apoptotic signals in the induction of apoptosis. Moreover, the nuclear translocation of activated ERK1/2 and p38 in response to H(2)O(2) or staurosporine was significantly compromised in senescent HDFs, compared with young cells. Taken together, we propose that the apoptosis resistance of senescent HDFs might be related to the defective nuclear translocation of stress-activated signals in an agonist-specific manner, which would imply the operation of an aging-dependent functional nucleo-cytoplasmic trafficking barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Young Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Aging and Apoptosis Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, South Korea
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Choi OR, Lim IK. Loss of p21(Sdi1) expression in senescent cells after DNA damage accompanied with increase of miR-93 expression and reduced p53 interaction with p21(Sdi1) gene promoter. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 407:406-11. [PMID: 21402054 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
To answer what is a critical event for higher incidence of tumor development in old than young individuals, primary culture of human diploid fibroblasts were employed and DNA damage was induced by doxorubicin or X-ray irradiation. Response to the damage was different between young and old cells; loss of p21(sdi1) expression in spite of p53(S¹⁵) activation in old cells along with [³H]thymidine and BrdU incorporation, but not in young cells. The phenomenon was confirmed by other tissue fibroblasts obtained from different donor ages. Induction of miR-93 expression and reduced p53 binding to p21 gene promoter account for loss of p21(sdi1) expression in senescent cells after DNA damage, suggesting a mechanism of in vivo carcinogenesis in aged tissue without repair arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ok Ran Choi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-721, Republic of Korea
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Nuclear barrier hypothesis of aging as mechanism for trade-off growth to survival. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2011; 720:3-13. [PMID: 21901614 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-0254-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
When the aging-dependent cellular behaviors toward growth factors and toxic stress have been analyzed, the perinuclear accumulation of the activated signals, either mitogenic or apoptotic, has been observed, suggesting the aging-dependent inefficiency of the nucleocytoplasmic trafficking of the signals. Thereby, it would be natural to assume the operation of the functional nuclear barrier in aging-dependent manner, which would be designated as "Park and Lim's Barrier." And for the ultimate transcriptional factor for these aging-dependent changes of the functional nuclear barrier, Sp1 transcriptional factor has been suggested to be the most probable candidate. This novel mechanism of aging-dependent operation of the functional nuclear barrier is proposed as the ultimate checking mechanism for cellular protection against toxic environment and the general mechanism for the trade-off growth to survival in aging.
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Park SH, Park TJ, Lim IK. Reduction of exportin 6 activity leads to actin accumulation via failure of RanGTP restoration and NTF2 sequestration in the nuclei of senescent cells. Exp Cell Res 2010; 317:941-54. [PMID: 21195711 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2010.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2010] [Revised: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 12/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported that G-actin accumulation in nuclei is a universal phenomenon of cellular senescence. By employing primary culture of human diploid fibroblast (HDF) and stress-induced premature senescence (SIPS), we explored whether the failure of actin export to cytoplasm is responsible for actin accumulation in nuclei of senescent cells. Expression of exportin 6 (Exp6) and small G-protein, Ran, was significantly reduced in the replicative senescence, but not yet in SIPS, whereas nuclear import of actin by cofilin was already increased in SIPS. After treatment of young HDF cells with H(2)O(2), rapid reduction of nuclear RanGTP was observed along with cytoplasmic increase of RanGDP. Furthermore, significantly reduced interaction of Exp6 with RanGTP was found by GST-Exp6 pull-down analysis. Failure of RanGTP restoration was accompanied with inhibition of ATP synthesis and NTF2 sequestration in the nuclei along with accordant change of senescence morphology. Indeed, knockdown of Exp6 expression significantly increased actin molecule in the nuclei of young HDF cells. Therefore, actin accumulation in nuclei of senescent cells is most likely due to the failure of RanGTP restoration with ATP deficiency and NTF2 accumulation in nuclei, which result in the decrease of actin export via Exp6 inactivation, in addition to actin import by cofilin activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Hyun Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, BK21 Division of Cell Transformation and Restoration, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-721, Republic of Korea
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Kim SY, Kang HT, Choi HR, Park SC. Reduction of Nup107 attenuates the growth factor signaling in the senescent cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 401:131-6. [PMID: 20833136 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Accepted: 09/04/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Hypo-responsiveness to growth factors is a fundamental feature of cellular senescence. In this study, we found markedly decreased level of Nup107, a key scaffold protein in nuclear pore complex assembly, in senescent human diploid fibroblasts as well as in organs of aged mice. Depletion of Nup107 by specific siRNA in young human diploid fibroblasts prevented the effective nuclear translocation of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) following epidermal growth factor (EGF) stimulation, and decreased the expression of c-Fos in consequence. The disturbances in ERK signaling in Nup107 depleted cells closely mirror the similar changes in senescent cells. Knockdown of Nup107 in anaplastic oligodendroglioma cells caused cell death, rather than growth retardation, indicating a greater sensitivity to Nup107 depletion in cancer cells than in normal cells. These findings support the notion that Nup107 may contribute significantly to the regulation of cell fate in aged and transformed cells by modulating nuclear trafficking of signal molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Young Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Aging and Apoptosis Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
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Lim JS, Choy HE, Park SC, Han JM, Jang IS, Cho KA. Caveolae-mediated entry of Salmonella typhimurium into senescent nonphagocytotic host cells. Aging Cell 2010; 9:243-51. [PMID: 20096033 PMCID: PMC2848979 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2010.00554.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Elderly individuals have an increased susceptibility to microbial infections because of age-related anatomical, physiological, and environmental factors. However, the mechanism of aging-dependent susceptibility to infection is not fully understood. Here, we found that caveolae-dependent endocytosis is elevated in senescent cells. Thus, we focused on the implications of caveolae-dependent endocytosis using Salmonella typhimurium, which causes a variety of diseases in humans and animals by invading the eukaryotic host cell. Salmonella invasion increased in nonphagocytotic senescent host cells in which caveolin-1 was also increased. When caveolae structures were disrupted by methyl-β-cyclodextrin or siRNA of caveolin-1 in the senescent cells, Salmonellae invasion was reduced markedly compared to that in nonsenescent cells. In contrast, the over-expression of caveolin-1 led to increased Salmonellae invasion in nonsenescent cells. Moreover, in aged mice, caveolin-1 was found to be highly expressed in Peyer’s patch and spleen, which are targets for infection by Salmonellae. These results suggest that high levels of caveolae and caveolin-1 in senescent host cells might be related to the increased susceptibility of elderly individuals to microbial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Sung Lim
- Department of Biochemistry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
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Senescence-related functional nuclear barrier by down-regulation of nucleo-cytoplasmic trafficking gene expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 391:28-32. [PMID: 19903462 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.10.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2009] [Accepted: 10/29/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
One of the characteristic natures of senescent cells is the hypo- or irresponsiveness not only to growth factors but also to apoptotic stress. In the present study, we confirmed the inhibition of nuclear translocation of activated p-ERK1/2 and NF-kB p50 in response to growth stimuli or LPS in the senescent human diploid fibroblasts. In order to elucidate the underlying mechanism for the senescence-associated hypo-responsiveness, we carried out the comparison study for gene expression profiles through microarray analysis. In consequence, we observed the vast reduction in expression of nucleo-cytoplasmic trafficking genes in senescent cells, when compared with those in young cells. Expression levels of several nucleoporins, karyopherin alpha, karyopherin beta, Ran, and Ran-regulating factors were confirmed to be down-regulated in senescent HDFs by using RT-PCR and Western blot methods. Taken together, these data suggest the operation of certain senescence-associated functional nuclear barriers by down-regulation of the nucleo-cytoplasmic trafficking genes in the senescent cells.
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27
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Features of senescence and cell death induced by doxorubicin in A549 cells: organization and level of selected cytoskeletal proteins. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2009; 136:717-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-009-0711-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2009] [Accepted: 10/19/2009] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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28
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Li G, Luna C, Qiu J, Epstein DL, Gonzalez P. Alterations in microRNA expression in stress-induced cellular senescence. Mech Ageing Dev 2009; 130:731-41. [PMID: 19782699 PMCID: PMC2795064 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2009.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2009] [Revised: 08/14/2009] [Accepted: 09/16/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We investigated miRNA expression changes associated with stress-induced premature senescence (SIPS) in primary cultures of human diploid fibroblast (HDF) and human trabecular meshwork (HTM) cells. Twenty-five miRNAs were identified by miRNA microarray analysis and their changes in expression were validated by TaqMan real-time RT-PCR in three independent cell lines of HTM and HDF. SIPS in both HTM and HDF cell types was associated with significant down-regulation of four members of the miR-15 family and five miRNAs of the miR-106b family located in the oncogenic clusters miR-17-92, miR-106a-363, and miR-106b-25. SIPS was also associated with up-regulation of two miRNAs (182 and 183) from the miR-183-96-182 cluster. Transfection with miR-106a agomir inhibited the up-regulation of p21(CDKN1A) associated with SIPS while transfection with miR-106a antagomir led to increased p21(CDKN1A) expression in senescent cells. In addition, we identified retinoic acid receptor gamma (RARG) as a target of miR-182 and showed that this protein was down-regulated during SIPS in HDF and HTM cells. These results suggest that changes in miRNA expression might contribute to phenotypic alterations of senescent cells by modulating the expression of key regulatory proteins such as p21(CDKN1A) as well as by targeting genes that are down-regulated in senescent cells such as RARG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guorong Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Coralia Luna
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Jianming Qiu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - David L. Epstein
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Pedro Gonzalez
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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29
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Ksiazek K. A comprehensive review on mesenchymal stem cell growth and senescence. Rejuvenation Res 2009; 12:105-16. [PMID: 19405814 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2009.0830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have generated a great deal of excitement as an attractive alternative to embryonic stem cells (ESCs) in cell-based regenerative medicine. In contrast to cells of embryonic origin, however, the clinical application of MSCs is heavily restricted by their finite ability of self-renewal, in which they resemble the rest of the somatic cells. Yet the mechanisms controlling MSC proliferation and senescence remain unclear. This review summarizes recent advances in our understanding of the factors affecting MSC expansion in vitro and discusses the pattern of their senescence with particular emphasis on the role of telomere shortening, activation of effectory pathways, and oxidative stress. The issues associated with MSC growth and senescence will be shown in the context of other somatic cells, and all of the parallels and disparities will be delineated precisely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Ksiazek
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland.
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Rhim JH, Jang IS, Choi JS, Kwon HJ, Yeo EJ, Park SC. Time-dependent differential gene expression in lysophosphatidic acid-treated young and senescent human diploid fibroblasts. Mech Ageing Dev 2009; 130:648-51. [PMID: 19563823 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2009.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2008] [Revised: 06/09/2009] [Accepted: 06/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The gene expression profiles of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA)-treated young and senescent human diploid fibroblasts (HDFs) were examined using cDNA microarray analysis. The expression of some genes, including EGR 1/3 and MRRF, was controlled by LPA similarly in young and senescent cells, showing a typical time-dependent up-and-down expression profile. In contrast, some other genes, including DUSP6, CYR61, and F3, showed sustained upregulation in senescent HDFs later after LPA treatment. These genes might be involved in altered LPA responsiveness during the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Heon Rhim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ageing and Apoptosis Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Chongno-Gu, South Korea
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31
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Kim HS, Lim IK. Phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 phosphorylate Sp1 on serine 59 and regulate cellular senescence via transcription of p21Sdi1/Cip1/Waf1. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:15475-86. [PMID: 19318349 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m808734200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of p21(Sdi1) downstream of p53 is essential for induction of cellular senescence, although cancer cell senescence can also occur in the p53 null condition. We report herein that senescence-associated phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 (SA-pErk1/2) enhanced p21(Sdi1) transcription by phosphorylating Sp1 on Ser(59) downstream of protein kinase C (PKC) alpha. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), which was increased in cellular senescence, significantly activated both PKCalpha and PKCbetaI. However, PKCalpha, but not PKCbetaI, regulated ROS generation and cell proliferation in senescent cells along with activation of cdk2, proven by siRNAs. PKCalpha-siRNA also reduced SA-pErk1/2 expression in old human diploid fibroblast cells, accompanied with changes of senescence phenotypes to young cell-like. Regulation of SA-pErk1/2 was also confirmed by using catalytically active PKCalpha and its DN-mutant construct. These findings strongly suggest a new pathway to regulate senescence phenotypes by ROS via Sp1 phosphorylation between PKCalpha and SA-pErk1/2: employing GST-Sp1 mutants and MEK inhibitor analyses, we found that SA-pErk1/2 regulated Sp1 phosphorylation on the Ser(59) residue in vivo, but not threonine, in cellular senescence, which regulated transcription of p21(Sdi1) expression. In summary, PKCalpha, which was activated in senescent cells by ROS strongly activated Erk1/2, and the SA-pErk1/2 in turn phosphorylated Sp1 on Ser(59). Sp1-enhanced transcription of p21(Sdi1) resulted in regulation of cellular senescence in primary human diploid fibroblast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Seok Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-721, Korea
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32
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Tresini M, Lorenzini A, Torres C, Cristofalo VJ. Modulation of replicative senescence of diploid human cells by nuclear ERK signaling. J Biol Chem 2006; 282:4136-51. [PMID: 17145763 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m604955200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Normal somatic cells have a limited replicative lifespan, and serial subcultivation ultimately results in senescence. Senescent cells are irreversibly growth-arrested and show impaired responses to mitogens. Activation of the ERK signaling pathway, an absolute requirement for cell proliferation, results in nuclear relocalization of active ERKs, an event impaired in senescent fibroblasts. This impairment coincides with increased activity of the nuclear ERK phosphatase MKP2. Here we show that replicative lifespan can be altered by changes in nuclear ERK activity. Ectopic expression of MKP2 results in premature senescence. In contrast, knock-down of MKP2 expression, through transduction of MKP2 sequence-specific short hairpin RNA, or expression of the phosphatase resistant ERK2(D319N) mutant, abrogates the effects of increased endogenous MKP2 levels and senescence is postponed. Nuclear targeting of ERK2(D319N) significantly augments its effects and the transduced cultures show higher than 60% increase in replicative lifespan compared with cultures transduced with wt ERK2. Long-lived cultures senesce with altered molecular characteristics and retain the ability to express c-fos, and Rb is maintained in its inactive form. Our results support that MKP2-mediated inactivation of nuclear ERK2 represents a key event in the establishment of replicative senescence. Although it is evident that senescence can be imposed through multiple mechanisms, restoration of nuclear ERK activity can bypass a critical senescence checkpoint and, thus, extend replicative lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Tresini
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania 19096, USA.
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Brégégère F, Milner Y, Friguet B. The ubiquitin-proteasome system at the crossroads of stress-response and ageing pathways: a handle for skin care? Ageing Res Rev 2006; 5:60-90. [PMID: 16330259 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2005.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2005] [Revised: 09/22/2005] [Accepted: 09/26/2005] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of gene expression at the transcriptional level has been considered for long as the main mechanism of cellular adaptive responses. Since the turn of the century, however, it is becoming clear that higher organisms developed a complex, sensitive and maybe equally important network of regulatory pathways, relying largely on protein interactions, post-translational modifications and proteolysis. Here we review the involvement of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway of protein degradation at different levels of cellular life in relation with ageing, and with a special focus on skin. It comes out that the ubiquitin system plays a major role in signal transduction associated with stress and ageing, in skin in particular through the control of retinoid and NF-kappaB pathways. The understanding of specific proteolytic targeting by E3 ubiquitin-ligases paves the way for a new generation of active molecules that may control particular steps of normal and pathological ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Brégégère
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Biochimie Cellulaire du Vieillissement, Université Denis Diderot-Paris 7, C.C.7128, 2 Place Jussieu, 75251 Paris Cédex 05, France.
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34
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Moiseeva O, Mallette FA, Mukhopadhyay UK, Moores A, Ferbeyre G. DNA damage signaling and p53-dependent senescence after prolonged beta-interferon stimulation. Mol Biol Cell 2006; 17:1583-92. [PMID: 16436515 PMCID: PMC1415317 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e05-09-0858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferons are cytokines with potent antiviral and antiproliferative activities. We report that although a transient exposure to beta-interferon induces a reversible cell cycle arrest, a sustained treatment triggers a p53-dependent senescence program. Beta-interferon switched on p53 in two steps. First, it induced the acetylation of p53 at lysine 320 and its dephosphorylation at serine 392 but not p53 activity. Later on, it triggered a DNA signaling pathway, the phosphorylation of p53 at serine 15 and its transcriptional activity. In agreement, beta-interferon-treated cells accumulated gamma-H2AX foci and phosphorylated forms of ATM and CHK2. The DNA damage signaling pathway was activated by an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by interferon and was inhibited by the antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine. More important, RNA interference against ATM inhibited p53 phosphorylation at serine 15, p53 activity and senescence in response to beta-interferon. Beta-interferon-induced senescence was more efficient in cells expressing either, p53, or constitutive allele of ERK2 or RasV12. Hence, beta-interferon-induced senescence targets preferentially cells with premalignant changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Moiseeva
- Département de Biochimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
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35
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Herbig U, Sedivy JM. Regulation of growth arrest in senescence: Telomere damage is not the end of the story. Mech Ageing Dev 2006; 127:16-24. [PMID: 16229875 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2005.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2005] [Revised: 08/30/2005] [Accepted: 09/02/2005] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
After a limited number of divisions, most eukaryotic cells grown in culture will undergo a terminal growth arrest called cellular senescence. This growth arrest is thought to be a consequence of progressive telomere shortening that occurs due to incomplete DNA replication of the chromosome ends. In addition, cellular senescence can also be induced by a number of environmental stresses and signaling imbalances which are independent of telomere shortening. The cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors p21 and p16(INK4a) have been shown to execute and maintain the cell cycle arrest in senescence but the nature of the signals that cause upregulation of these inhibitors in senescent cells are only now starting to be discovered. Here we will review the current literature that leads us to propose a model how independent signals activate distinct signaling pathways to regulate p21 and p16(INK4a) levels in senescent cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utz Herbig
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, 70 Ship Street, Box G-E438, Providence, RI 02903, USA
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36
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Park JS, Kim HY, Kim HW, Chae GN, Oh HT, Park JY, Shim H, Seo M, Shin EY, Kim EG, Park SC, Kwak SJ. Increased caveolin-1, a cause for the declined adipogenic potential of senescent human mesenchymal stem cells. Mech Ageing Dev 2005; 126:551-9. [PMID: 15811424 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2004.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/11/2004] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) has drawn much attention in the aspect of tissue renewal and wound healing because of its multipotency. We initially observed that bone marrow-derived human MSCs (hMSCs) divided poorly and took flat and enlarged morphology after expanded in culture over a certain number of cell passage, which resembled characteristic features of senescent cells, well-studied in human diploid fibroblasts (HDFs). More interestingly, adipogenic differentiation potential of hMSCs sharply declined as they approached the end of their proliferative life span. In this study, altered hMSCs were verified to be senescent by their senescence-associated beta-galactosidase (SA-beta-gal) activity and the increased expression of cell cycle regulating proteins (p16(INK4a), p21(Waf1) and p53). Similar as in HDFs, basal phosphorylation level of ERK was also significantly increased in senescent hMSCs, implying altered signal paths commonly shared by the senescent cells. Insulin, a major component of adipogenesis inducing medium, did not phosphorylate ERK 1/2 more in senescent hMSCs after its addition whereas it did in young cells. In senescent hMSCs, we also found a significant increase of caveolin-1 expression, previously reported as a cause for the attenuated response to growth factors in senescent HDFs. When we overexpressed caveolin-1 in young hMSC, not only insulin signaling but also adipogenic differentiation was significantly suppressed with down-regulated PPARgamma2. These data indicate that loss of adipogenic differentiation potential in senescent hMSC is mediated by the over-expression of caveolin-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Soo Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, South Korea
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37
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Gaumont-Leclerc MF, Mukhopadhyay UK, Goumard S, Ferbeyre G. PEA-15 Is Inhibited by Adenovirus E1A and Plays a Role in ERK Nuclear Export and Ras-induced Senescence. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:46802-9. [PMID: 15331596 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m403893200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic ras activates multiple signaling pathways to enforce cell proliferation in tumor cells. The ERK1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway is required for the transforming effects of ras, and its activation is often sufficient to convey mitogenic stimulation. However, in some settings oncogenic ras triggers a permanent cell cycle arrest with features of cellular senescence. How the Ras/ERK1/2 pathway activates different cellular programs is not well understood. Here we show that ERK1/2 localize predominantly in the cytoplasm during ras-induced senescence. This cytoplasmic localization seems to be dependent on an active nuclear export mechanism and can be rescued by the viral oncoprotein E1A. Consistent with this hypothesis, we showed that E1A dramatically down-regulated the expression of the ERK1/2 nuclear export factor PEA-15. Also, RNA interference against PEA-15 restored the nuclear localization of phospho-ERK1/2 in Ras-expressing primary murine embryo fibroblasts and stimulated their escape from senescence. Because senescence prevents the transforming effect of oncogenic ras, our results suggest a tumor suppressor function for PEA-15 that operates by means of controlling the localization of phospho-ERK1/2.
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Cristofalo VJ, Lorenzini A, Allen RG, Torres C, Tresini M. Replicative senescence: a critical review. Mech Ageing Dev 2004; 125:827-48. [PMID: 15541776 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2004.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Human cells in culture have a limited proliferative capacity. After a period of vigorous proliferation, the rate of cell division declines and a number of changes occur in the cells including increases in size, in secondary lysosomes and residual bodies, nuclear changes and a number of changes in gene expression which provide biomarkers for senescence. Although human cells in culture have been used for over 40 years as models for understanding the cellular basis of aging, the relationship of replicative senescence to aging of the organism is still not clear. In this review, we discuss replicative senescence in the light of current information on signal transduction and mitogenesis, cell stress, apoptosis, telomere changes and finally we discuss replicative senescence as a model of aging in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent J Cristofalo
- The Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, 100 Lancaster Avenue, Wynnewood, PA 19096, USA.
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Park SC, Cho KA, Jang IS, Kim KT, Ryu SJ. Functional efficiency of the senescent cells: replace or restore? Ann N Y Acad Sci 2004; 1019:309-16. [PMID: 15247034 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1297.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
It is generally accepted that aging is a phenomenon of irreversibility, inevitability, and universality with parenchymal loss and functional decline. Consequently, the major goals of aging research are focused on the development of a replace strategy of the aged organs or cells, based on immortalizing tools, stem cells, or artificial substitutes. Recently, however, a new concept of functional recovery has been introduced on the basis of the functional restoration of the responsiveness of the senescent cells toward a variety of agonists, including growth factors. The aging phenotypes of hyporesponsiveness and morphological alteration are shown to be readily adjusted by modulation of the several membrane-associated molecules, named gatekeeper molecules, among which caveolin is one of the major determinants. Caveolin is the essential component of the caveolae, responsible for regulation of signal transduction, endocytosis and trancytosis, and cytoskeletal arrangement via its scaffolding domain. The caveolin status is associated strictly with cellular transformation, if depleted, and with senescent phenotype, if overexpressed. Therefore, simple reduction of caveolin status in senescent cells leads to restoration of the functional responsiveness to mitogenic stimuli and even of the cellular shape. These data strongly suggest that the gatekeeper molecules, represented by caveolin, may play the prime role in determination of the senescent phenotypes. From these results, it can be summarized that the replace principle would not necessarily be the essential one, but the restore principle can be somehow substituted for the betterment of the aged cells and organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Chul Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Aging and Apoptosis Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yungon Dong, Chong No Ku, Seoul 110-799, South Korea.
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40
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Herbig U, Jobling WA, Chen BPC, Chen DJ, Sedivy JM. Telomere shortening triggers senescence of human cells through a pathway involving ATM, p53, and p21(CIP1), but not p16(INK4a). Mol Cell 2004; 14:501-13. [PMID: 15149599 DOI: 10.1016/s1097-2765(04)00256-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 916] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2004] [Revised: 03/29/2004] [Accepted: 03/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cellular senescence can be triggered by telomere shortening as well as a variety of stresses and signaling imbalances. We used multiparameter single-cell detection methods to investigate upstream signaling pathways and ensuing cell cycle checkpoint responses in human fibroblasts. Telomeric foci containing multiple DNA damage response factors were assembled in a subset of senescent cells and signaled through ATM to p53, upregulating p21 and causing G1 phase arrest. Inhibition of ATM expression or activity resulted in cell cycle reentry, indicating that stable arrest requires continuous signaling. ATR kinase appears to play a minor role in normal cells but in the absence of ATM elicited a delayed G2 phase arrest. These pathways do not affect expression of p16, which was upregulated in a telomere- and DNA damage-independent manner in a subset of cells. Distinct senescence programs can thus progress in parallel, resulting in mosaic cultures as well as individual cells responding to multiple signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utz Herbig
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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41
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Kwak IH, Kim HS, Choi OR, Ryu MS, Lim IK. Nuclear Accumulation of Globular Actin as a Cellular Senescence Marker. Cancer Res 2004; 64:572-80. [PMID: 14744771 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-03-1856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the nuclear actin accumulation as a new marker of cellular senescence, using human diploid fibroblast (HDF), chondrocyte primary cultures, Mv1Lu epithelial cells, and Huh7 cancer cells. Nuclear accumulation of globular actin (G-actin) and dephosphorylated cofilin was highly significant in the senescent HDF cells, accompanied with inhibition of LIM kinase (LIMK) -1 activity. When nuclear export of the actin was induced by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate, DNA synthesis of the senescent cells increased significantly, accompanied with changes of morphologic and biochemical profiles, such as increased RB protein phosphorylation and decreased expressions of p21(WAF1), cytoplasmic p-extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, and caveolins 1 and 2. Significance of these findings was strengthened additionally by the fact that nuclear actin export of young HDF cells was inhibited by the treatment with leptomycin B and mutant cofilin transfection, whose LIMK-1 phosphorylation site was lost, and the old cell phenotypes were duplicated with nuclear actin accumulation, suggesting that nuclear actin accumulation was accompanied with G1 arrest during cellular senescence. The aforementioned changes were observed not only in the replicative senescence but also in the senescence induced by treatment of HDF cells, Mv1Lu, primary culture of human chondrocytes, or Huh7 cells with H-ras virus infection, hydroxyurea, deferoxamine, or H(2)O(2). Nuclear actin accumulation was much more sensitive and an earlier event than the well-known, senescence-associated beta-galactosidase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Hae Kwak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
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42
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Kang HT, Lee CJ, Seo EJ, Bahn YJ, Kim HJ, Hwang ES. Transition to an irreversible state of senescence in HeLa cells arrested by repression of HPV E6 and E7 genes. Mech Ageing Dev 2004; 125:31-40. [PMID: 14706235 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2003.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of human papillomavirus (HPV) E6 and E7 transcription by means of the E2 protein of bovine papillomavirus 1 (BPV1) has been shown to induce acute growth arrest in HPV-positive cervical carcinoma cells. This state of arrest is marked by the expression of senescence phenotypes including SA beta-Gal activity and lipofuscin accumulation. In this study, we examined the reversibility of these phenotypes by exogenously expressing the E6 and E7 genes into HeLa cells growth-arrested by the depletion of E6/E7. Re-expression of E7 (but not E6) in 2 days following E2 transduction induced the cells to resume growth. The proliferating cells manifested the phenotype of untreated HeLa cells, suggesting that E7 is the major factor responsible for the continued proliferation and the suppression of the senescence phenotype in cervical carcinoma cells. However, E7 in 5 days following E2 transduction did not prevent HeLa cells from entering the senescent state, indicating that the arrested state becomes irreversible. Our results suggest that, upon depletion of the viral oncoproteins, a senescent state is irreversibly induced in HeLa cells after a period of commitment. The status and cellular location of certain factors involved in signal transduction and cell cycle control was altered as well along with this irreversibility transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Tae Kang
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Dongdaemungu, Seoul, South Korea
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43
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Torres C, Francis MK, Lorenzini A, Tresini M, Cristofalo VJ. Metabolic stabilization of MAP kinase phosphatase-2 in senescence of human fibroblasts. Exp Cell Res 2003; 290:195-206. [PMID: 14567979 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-4827(03)00309-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cellular senescence is characterized by impaired cell proliferation. We have previously shown that, relative to the young counterpart, senescent WI-38 human fibroblasts display a decreased abundance of active phosphorylated ERK (p-ERK) in the nucleus. We have tested the hypothesis that this is due to elevated levels of nuclear MAP kinase phosphatase (MKP) activity in senescent cells. Our results indicate that the activity and abundance of MKP-2 is increased in senescent fibroblasts, compared to their young counterparts. Further analysis indicates that it is MKP-2 protein, but not MKP-2 mRNA level, that is increased in senescent cells. This increase is the result of the increased stability of MKP-2 protein against proteolytic degradation. The degradation of MKPs was impaired by proteasome inhibitors both in young and old WI-38 cells, indicating that proteasome activity is involved in the degradation of MKPs. Finally, our results indicate that proteasome activity, in general, is diminished in senescent fibroblasts. Taken together, these data indicate that the increased level and activity of MKP-2 in senescent WI-38 cells are the consequence of impaired proteosomal degradation, and this increase is likely to play a significant role in the decreased levels of p-ERK in the nucleus of senescent cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Torres
- The Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, 100 Lancaster Avenue, Wynnewood, PA 19096, USA
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44
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Kim HS, Song MC, Kwak IH, Park TJ, Lim IK. Constitutive induction of p-Erk1/2 accompanied by reduced activities of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A and MKP3 due to reactive oxygen species during cellular senescence. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:37497-510. [PMID: 12840032 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m211739200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of senescence-associated cytoplasmic induction of p-Erk1/2 (SA-p-Erk1/2) proteins in human diploid fibroblasts was investigated. p-Erk1/2 proteins were efficiently dephosphorylated in vitro by protein phosphatases 1 and 2A (PP1/2A) and MAPK phosphatase 3 (MKP3). Specific activity of PP1/2A and MKP3 activity significantly decreased during cellular senescence, whereas their protein expression levels did not. To investigate possible mechanism of phosphatase inactivation, we measured reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation by fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis and found it was much higher in mid-old cells than the young cells. Treating the young cells once with 1 mm H2O2 remarkably induced p-Erk1/2 expression; however, it was transient unless repeatedly treated until 72 h. Multiple treatment of the cells with 0.2 mm H2O2 significantly duplicated inactivation of PP1/2A; however, thiol-specific reagents could reverse the PP1/2A activities, suggesting the oxidation of cysteine molecule in PP1/2A by the increased ROS. When the cells were pretreated with 10 mm N-acetyl-l-cysteine for 1 h, Erk1/2 activation was completely blocked. To elucidate which cysteine residue and/or metal ion in PP1/2A was modified by H2O2, electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry analyses were performed with purified PP1C-alpha and found Cys62-SO3H and Cys105-SO3H, implicating the tertiary structure perturbation. H2O2 inhibited purified PP1C-alpha activity by both oxidation of Cys residues and metal ion(s), evidenced by dithiothreitol and ascorbate-restoration assay. In summary, SA-p-Erk1/2 was most likely due to the oxidation of PP1/2A, which resulted from the continuous exposure of the cells to vast amounts of ROS generated during cellular senescence by oxidation of Cys62 and Cys105 in PP1C-alpha and metal ion(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Seok Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 442-721, Korea
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45
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Cho KA, Ryu SJ, Park JS, Jang IS, Ahn JS, Kim KT, Park SC. Senescent phenotype can be reversed by reduction of caveolin status. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:27789-95. [PMID: 12730243 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m208105200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyporesponsiveness to growth factors is one of the fundamental characteristics of senescent cells. We previously reported that the up-regulation of caveolin attenuates the growth factor response and the subsequent downstream signal cascades in senescent human diploid fibroblasts. Therefore, in the present experiment, we investigated the modulation of caveolin status in senescent cells to determine the effect of caveolin on mitogenic signaling efficiency and cell cycling. We reduced the level of caveolin-1 in senescent human diploid fibroblasts using its antisense oligonucleotides and small interfering RNA, and this resulted in the restoration of normal growth factor responses such as the increased phosphorylation of Erk, the nuclear translocation of p-Erk, and the subsequent activation of p-Elk upon epidermal growth factor stimulation. Moreover, DNA synthesis and the re-entry of senescent cells into cell cycle were resumed upon epidermal growth factor stimulation concomitantly with decreases in p53 and p21. Taken together, we conclude that the loss of mitogenic signaling in senescent cells is strongly related to their elevated levels of caveolin-1 and that the functional recovery of senescent cells at least in the terms of growth factor responsiveness and cell cycle entry might be achieved simply by lowering the caveolin level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung A Cho
- The Aging and Apoptosis Research Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea
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46
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Gennaro G, Ménard C, Giasson E, Michaud SE, Palasis M, Meloche S, Rivard A. Role of p44/p42 MAP kinase in the age-dependent increase in vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and neointimal formation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003; 23:204-10. [PMID: 12588760 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000053182.58636.be] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Age-dependent increase in vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation is thought to contribute to the pathology of atherosclerotic diseases. In this study, we investigated the role of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) on VSMC proliferation and neointimal formation in the context of aging. METHODS AND RESULTS VSMCs were isolated from the aorta of young and old rabbits. The proliferative index after serum stimulation was significantly increased in old versus young VSMCs. This was associated with a significant and specific age-dependent increase in p44/p42 MAPK activation. Treatment with MEK inhibitor PD98059 successfully inhibited p44/p42 MAPK activities and VSMC proliferation. These results were confirmed in vivo using a model of balloon injury in rabbit iliac arteries. p44/p42 MAPK activities were rapidly induced by angioplasty in young and old animals. However, the levels of p44/p42 MAPK activities achieved in arteries of old rabbits were significantly higher than those of young rabbits. This was associated with a higher cellular proliferative index and a significant increase in neointimal formation in old animals. Local delivery of PD98059 in old rabbits successfully inhibited p44/p42 MAPK activities after angioplasty, which led to a significant reduction in cellular proliferation and neointimal formation in treated animals. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests for the first time that increased p44/p42 MAPK activation contributes to augmented VSMC proliferation and neointimal formation with aging. p44/p42 MAPK inhibition could represent a novel therapeutic avenue against atherosclerotic diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Age Factors
- Aging/drug effects
- Aging/physiology
- Animals
- Aorta/drug effects
- Aorta/enzymology
- Aorta/pathology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis/physiology
- Arteriosclerosis/enzymology
- Arteriosclerosis/pathology
- Arteriosclerosis/prevention & control
- Catheterization/adverse effects
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cell Division/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Disease Models, Animal
- Enzyme Activation/drug effects
- Enzyme Activation/physiology
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Enzyme Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Flavonoids/administration & dosage
- Flavonoids/pharmacology
- Flavonoids/therapeutic use
- Iliac Artery/drug effects
- Iliac Artery/enzymology
- Iliac Artery/injuries
- Infusions, Intralesional
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/metabolism
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/physiology
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/physiology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/enzymology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Rabbits
- Tunica Intima/drug effects
- Tunica Intima/enzymology
- Tunica Intima/metabolism
- Tunica Intima/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppa Gennaro
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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47
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Lorenzini A, Tresini M, Mawal-Dewan M, Frisoni L, Zhang H, Allen RG, Sell C, Cristofalo VJ. Role of the Raf/MEK/ERK and the PI3K/Akt(PKB) pathways in fibroblast senescence. Exp Gerontol 2002; 37:1149-56. [PMID: 12470826 DOI: 10.1016/s0531-5565(02)00133-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Replicative senescence is characterized by numerous phenotypic alterations including loss of proliferative capacity and numerous changes in gene expression such as impaired serum inducibility of the immediate early gene c-fos and increased expression of collagenase. Transcription of c-fos in response to mitogens depends on the activation of a multiprotein complex formed on the c-fos serum response element (SRE), which includes the transcription factors serum response factor (SRF) and ternary complex factor (TCF). TCF is activated after phosphorylation by the Extracellular signals Regulated Kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), two kinases of the Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathway. We have previously demonstrated that collagenase expression is under positive regulation by the transcription factor FKHRL1 and that this transcription factor is under negative regulation by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase(PI3K)/Akt(PKB) pathway. Although total activity of ERK and Akt was similar in total cell lysates from early and late passage fibroblasts our data indicate that in senescent cells neither ERK nor Akt are able to phosphorylate efficiently their nuclear targets. Our findings suggest that although they can be fully activated in the cytosol of both early and late passage cells, the Raf/MEK/ERK and the PI3K/Akt pathways, which are essential for cellular proliferation, are down regulated in the nuclei of senescent cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonello Lorenzini
- The Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, 100 Lancaster Avenue, Wynnewood, PA 19096, USA
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48
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Mawal-Dewan M, Lorenzini A, Frisoni L, Zhang H, Cristofalo VJ, Sell C. Regulation of collagenase expression during replicative senescence in human fibroblasts by Akt-forkhead signaling. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:7857-64. [PMID: 11751876 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m104515200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The expression of collagenase (matrix metalloproteinase 1) in human fibroblasts increases during aging both in vivo and in vitro. This age-associated increase in collagenase expression has been postulated to contribute to the age related decline in tissue function by increasing proteolysis of matrix components, but little is known regarding the regulation of collagenase expression. We examined the role that the serine/threonine kinase Akt plays in collagenase expression during in vitro senescence of WI-38 normal human lung fibroblast cells. Our results indicate that Akt-mediated signals, acting through the forkhead transcription factor FKHRL1, can regulate collagenase expression in WI-38 fibroblasts. Dominant negative forms of Akt increase collagenase promoter activity in early passage WI-38 fibroblasts, whereas an active form of Akt suppresses steady state levels of collagenase mRNA in senescent WI-38 fibroblasts. In addition, the activity of a synthetic promoter containing forkhead-specific binding sites, as measured by luciferase activity, is much higher in senescent cells compared with early passage WI-38 fibroblasts. These results indicate that members of the forkhead family of transcription factors play a role in the regulation of the collagenase promoter and that increased activity of forkhead transcription factors may underlie the increase in collagenase expression observed during replicative senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhu Mawal-Dewan
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania 19096, USA
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49
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Tresini M, Lorenzini A, Frisoni L, Allen RG, Cristofalo VJ. Lack of Elk-1 phosphorylation and dysregulation of the extracellular regulated kinase signaling pathway in senescent human fibroblast. Exp Cell Res 2001; 269:287-300. [PMID: 11570821 DOI: 10.1006/excr.2001.5334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Replicative senescence is characterized by numerous phenotypic alterations including the loss of proliferative capacity in response to mitogens and numerous changes in gene expression including impaired serum inducibility of the immediate-early genes c-fos and erg-1. Transcription of c-fos in response to mitogens depends on the activation of a multiprotein complex formed on the c-fos serum response element (SRE), which includes the transcription factors SRF (serum response factor) and TCF (ternary complex factor). Our data indicate that at least two defects are responsible for the decreased c-fos transcription in senescent cells, one caused by diminished DNA binding activity of the SRF and another resulting from impaired activation of the TCF, Elk-1. In nuclei isolated from serum stimulated senescent cells the activating phosphorylation of p62(TCF)/Elk-1, which is catalyzed by the members of the extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK) family was strikingly diminished and correlated with a decrease in the abundance of activated ERK proteins. In contrast, in total cell lysates ERK phosphorylation and ERK activity (normalized to total protein) reached similar levels following stimulation of early- and late-passage cells. Interestingly, senescent cells consistently exhibited higher ERK protein abundance. Thus, the proportion of phosphorylated (active) ERK molecules in stimulated senescent cells was lower than in early passage cells. The accumulation of unphosphorylated ERK molecules in senescent cells correlated with the diminished abundance of phosphorylated (active) MEK. These data indicate that in senescent cells there is a general dysregulation in the ERK signaling pathway, which results in the accumulation of inactive ERK molecules, decreased abundance of active ERK in the nucleus of senescent cells, and subsequent lack of activation of the transcription factor TCF(Elk-1). These impairments, together with the impaired DNA binding activity of SRF, could potentially account for the lack of c-fos expression in senescent cells and for multiple other molecular changes dependent upon this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tresini
- The Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, 100 Lancaster Avenue, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania 19096, USA
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50
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Wheaton K, Sampsel K, Boisvert FM, Davy A, Robbins S, Riabowol K. Loss of functional caveolae during senescence of human fibroblasts. J Cell Physiol 2001; 187:226-35. [PMID: 11268002 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Primary human fibroblasts have a finite replicative lifespan in culture that culminates in a unique state of growth arrest, termed senescence that is accompanied by distinct morphological and biochemical alterations. Senescent cell responses to extracellular stimuli are believed to be altered at a point after receptors are bound by ligand, leading to improper integration of the signals which initiate DNA replication. In this study we demonstrate that one of the key organizing membrane microdomains for receptor signaling, caveolae, are absent in senescent cells. A comparison of young and senescent cells indicated that senescent cells contained a higher total amount of caveolins 1 and 2 but had significantly less of both proteins in the caveolar fraction. Additionally, caveolar fractions from senescent cells completely lacked the tyrosine-kinase activity associated with functional caveolae. Furthermore, old cells had little caveolar protein exposed to the outer plasma membrane as estimated by using an in vivo biotinylation assay and no detectable caveolin 1 on the cell surface when processed for immunofluoresence and confocal microscopy. Together, these data suggest that a fundamental loss of signal integration at the plasma membrane of senescent cells is due to the loss of signaling competent caveolae.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Wheaton
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southern Alberta Cancer Centre, University of Calgary, Heritage Medical Research Building, Calgary Alberta, Canada
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