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James SN, Sengar A, Vijayanandan A. Investigating the biodegradability of iodinated X-ray contrast media in simultaneous nitrification and denitrification system. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 452:131196. [PMID: 36940530 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the biodegradation of three iodinated X-ray contrast media (ICM), namely, iopamidol, iohexol, and iopromide, in simultaneous nitrification-denitrification (SND) system maintained in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR). The results showed that variable aeration patterns (anoxic-aerobic-anoxic) and micro-aerobic condition were most effective in the biotransformation of ICM while achieving organic carbon and nitrogen removal. The highest removal efficiencies of iopamidol, iohexol, and iopromide were 48.24%, 47.75%, and 57.46%, respectively, in micro-aerobic condition. Iopamidol was highly resistant to biodegradation and possessed the lowest Kbio value, followed by iohexol and iopromide, regardless of operating conditions. The removal of iopamidol and iopromide was affected by the inhibition of nitrifiers. The transformation products after hydroxylation, dehydrogenation, and deiodination of ICM were detected in the treated effluent. Due to the addition of ICM, the abundance of denitrifier genera Rhodobacter and Unclassified Comamonadaceae increased, and the abundance of class TM7-3 decreased. The presence of ICM affected the microbial dynamics, and the diversity of microbes in SND resulted in improving the biodegradability of the compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan N James
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Ashish Sengar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Arya Vijayanandan
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India.
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2
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Bartels Y, Jekel M, Putschew A. Can reductive deiodination improve the sorption of iodinated X-ray contrast media to aquifer material during bank filtration? CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 326:138438. [PMID: 36940829 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Iodinated X-ray contrast media (ICM) as well as their aerobic transformation products (TPs), are highly polar triiodobenzoic acid derivatives, ubiquitously found in the urban water cycle. Based on their polarity, their sorption affinity to sediment and soil is negligible. However, we hypothesize that the iodine atoms bound to the benzene ring play a decisive role for sorption, due to their large atom radius, high electron number and symmetrical positioning within the aromatic system. The aim of this study is to investigate, if the (partial) deiodination, occurring during anoxic/anaerobic bank filtration, improves the sorption to aquifer material. Tri, di, mono and deiodinated structures of two ICMs (iopromide and diatrizoate) and one precursor/TP of ICM (5-amino-2,4,6-triiodoisophtalic acid) were tested in batch experiments, using two aquifer sands and a loam soil with and without organic matter. The di, mono and deiodinated structures were produced by (partial) deiodination of the triiodinated initial compounds. The results demonstrated that the (partial) deiodination increases the sorption to all tested sorbents, even though the theoretical polarity increases with decreasing number of iodine atoms. Whereas lignite particles positively affected the sorption, mineral components decreased it. Kinetics tests show biphasic sorption for the deiodinated derivatives. We have concluded that iodine affects the sorption by sterical hindrance, repulsive forces, resonance and inductive effects, depending on the number and position of iodine, side chain characteristics and composition of the sorbent material. Our study has revealed an increased sorption potential of ICMs and their iodinated TPs to aquifer material during anoxic/anaerobic bank filtration as a result of (partial) deiodination, whereby a complete deiodination is not necessary for efficient removal by sorption. Furthermore, it suggests that the combination of an initial aerobic (side chain transformations) and a subsequent anoxic/anaerobic (deiodination) redox milieu supports the sorption potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Bartels
- Technische Universität Berlin, Faculty III Process Sciences, Institute of Environmental Technology, Chair Water Quality Engineering, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Jekel
- Technische Universität Berlin, Faculty III Process Sciences, Institute of Environmental Technology, Chair Water Quality Engineering, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anke Putschew
- Technische Universität Berlin, Faculty III Process Sciences, Institute of Environmental Technology, Chair Water Quality Engineering, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany.
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3
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Zhang W, Fourcade F, Amrane A, Geneste F. Removal of Iodine-Containing X-ray Contrast Media from Environment: The Challenge of a Total Mineralization. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 28:molecules28010341. [PMID: 36615536 PMCID: PMC9822505 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Iodinated X-ray contrast media (ICM) as emerging micropollutants have attracted considerable attention in recent years due to their high detected concentration in water systems. It results in environmental issues partly due to the formation of toxic by-products during the disinfection process in water treatment. Consequently, various approaches have been investigated by researchers in order to achieve ICM total mineralization. This review discusses the different methods that have been used to degrade them, with special attention to the mineralization yield and to the nature of formed by-products. The problem of pollution by ICM is discussed in the first part dedicated to the presence of ICM in the environment and its consequences. In the second part, the processes for ICM treatment including biological treatment, advanced oxidation/reductive processes, and coupled processes are reviewed in detail. The main results and mechanisms involved in each approach are described, and by-products identified during the different treatments are listed. Moreover, based on their efficiency and their cost-effectiveness, the prospects and process developments of ICM treatment are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226, Univ Rennes, 35000 Rennes, France
- CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226, Univ Rennes, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Florence Fourcade
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226, Univ Rennes, 35000 Rennes, France
- Correspondence: (F.F.); (F.G.)
| | - Abdeltif Amrane
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226, Univ Rennes, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Florence Geneste
- CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226, Univ Rennes, 35000 Rennes, France
- Correspondence: (F.F.); (F.G.)
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4
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Hou M, Li X, Fu Y, Wang L, Lin D, Wang Z. Degradation of iodinated X-ray contrast media by advanced oxidation processes: A literature review with a focus on degradation pathways. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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5
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Zhang W, Soutrel I, Amrane A, Fourcade F, Geneste F. Improvement of the biodegradability of diatrizoate by electroreduction of its amido groups. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.120317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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6
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Álvarez-Ruiz R, Hawker DW, Mueller JF, Gallen M, Kaserzon S, Picó Y, McLachlan MS. Postflood Monitoring in a Subtropical Estuary and Benchmarking with PFASs Allows Measurement of Chemical Persistence on the Scale of Months. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:14607-14616. [PMID: 34664504 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c02263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Measurements of chemical persistence in natural environments can provide insight into behavior not easily replicated in laboratory studies. However, it is difficult to find environmental situations suitable for such measurements, particularly for substances with half-lives exceeding several weeks. The objective of this study was to demonstrate that a strategic postflood monitoring campaign can be used to quantify transformation half-lives on the scale of months in a real aquatic system. Water samples were collected in the upper Brisbane River estuary on 36 occasions over 37 weeks and analyzed for 127 pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), pesticides, and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). High quality time trend data were obtained for 41 substances. For many of these, data on the input of a wastewater treatment plant to the upper estuary were also obtained. A mass balance model of the estuary stretch was formulated and parametrized using PFASs as persistent benchmarking chemicals. Transformation half-life estimates were obtained for 10 PPCPs and 7 pesticides ranging from 18 to 260 days. Furthermore, insight was obtained into dominant transformation processes as well as the magnitude of chemical inputs to the estuary and their sources. The approach developed shows that under certain conditions, estuaries can be used to quantify the persistence of organic contaminants with half-lives of the order of several months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Álvarez-Ruiz
- Food and Environmental Safety Research Group (SAMA-UV), Desertification Research Centre (CIDE-UV, GV, CSIC), Moncada-Naquera Road km 4.5, 46113 Moncada, Valencia Spain
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Darryl W Hawker
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
- Griffith School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Michael Gallen
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Sarit Kaserzon
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Yolanda Picó
- Food and Environmental Safety Research Group (SAMA-UV), Desertification Research Centre (CIDE-UV, GV, CSIC), Moncada-Naquera Road km 4.5, 46113 Moncada, Valencia Spain
| | - Michael S McLachlan
- Department of Environmental Science (ACES), Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
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7
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Kawamura Y, Mori K, Amachi S. Reductive deiodination of 2,4,6-triiodophenol by Vallitalea sp. strain TIP-1 isolated from the marine sponge. J Biosci Bioeng 2021; 132:154-160. [PMID: 34024749 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2021.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An anaerobic microbial consortium capable of reductively dehalogenating 2,4,6-triiodophenol (2,4,6-TIP) was enriched from the marine sponge Hymeniacidon sinapium. The enrichment reductively deiodinated 100 μM of 2,4,6-TIP to 4-iodophenol (4-IP) and 2-iodophenol (2-IP) in the presence of sterile sponge tissue as the sole carbon source and electron donor. PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that bacteria closely related with Vallitalea guaymasensis and Oceanirhabdus sediminicola, both of which are members of the order Clostridiales, were predominant in the enrichment. When glucose was added to the enrichment as alternative carbon source, one of these bacteria grew predominantly, which was subsequently isolated as a pure culture. The strain, designated as TIP-1, showed 99.7% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with V. guaymasensis. In the presence of glucose, strain TIP-1 reductively deiodinated 2,4,6-TIP to 2-IP and 4-IP at a molar ratio of 3:1, during which 2,4-diiodophenol (2,4-DIP) and 2,6-diiodophenol (2,6-DIP) were observed as deiodinated intermediates. Glucose was required for 2,4,6-TIP deiodination, but 2,4,6-TIP was not essential for growth of strain TIP-1. The strain also deiodinated 2,4-DIP to 2-IP and 4-IP at a molar ratio of 1:1, and 2,6-DIP to 2-IP, but further deiodination of the monoiodophenols was not observed. These results suggest that strain TIP-1 removed both ortho- and para-substituted iodines equally. Such deiodinating bacteria could be applied to the mineralization or dehalogenation of triiodobenzene derivatives, which are widely used as X-ray contrast media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kawamura
- Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, 648 Matsudo, Matsudo-city, Chiba 271-8510, Japan
| | - Koji Mori
- NITE Biological Resource Center (NBRC), National Institute of Technology and Evaluation (NITE), 2-5-8 Kazusakamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
| | - Seigo Amachi
- Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, 648 Matsudo, Matsudo-city, Chiba 271-8510, Japan.
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8
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Sengar A, Vijayanandan A. Comprehensive review on iodinated X-ray contrast media: Complete fate, occurrence, and formation of disinfection byproducts. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 769:144846. [PMID: 33736235 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Iodinated contrast media (ICM) are drugs which are used in medical examinations for organ imaging purposes. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have shown incapability to remove ICM, and as a consequence, ICM and their transformation products (TPs) have been detected in environmental waters. ICM show limited biotransformation and low sorption potential. ICM can act as iodine source and can react with commonly used disinfectants such as chlorine in presence of organic matter to yield iodinated disinfection byproducts (IDBPs) which are more cytotoxic and genotoxic than conventionally known disinfection byproducts (DBPs). Even highly efficient advanced treatment systems have failed to completely mineralize ICM, and TPs that are more toxic than parent ICM are produced. This raises issues regarding the efficacy of existing treatment technologies and serious concern over disinfection of ICM containing waters. Realizing this, the current review aims to capture the attention of scientific community on areas of less focus. The review features in depth knowledge regarding complete environmental fate of ICM along with their existing treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Sengar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Arya Vijayanandan
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India.
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9
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Aslan N, Ceylan B, Koç MM, Findik F. Metallic nanoparticles as X-Ray computed tomography (CT) contrast agents: A review. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.128599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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10
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Ag2O/TiO2 nanostructures for the photocatalytic mineralization of the highly recalcitrant pollutant iopromide in pure and tap water. Catal Today 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2019.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Müller J, Jewell KS, Schulz M, Hermes N, Ternes TA, Drewes JE, Hübner U. Capturing the oxic transformation of iopromide - A useful tool for an improved characterization of predominant redox conditions and the removal of trace organic compounds in biofiltration systems? WATER RESEARCH 2019; 152:274-284. [PMID: 30682571 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.12.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The biological degradation of many trace organic compounds has been reported to be strongly redox dependent. The traditional characterization of redox conditions using the succession of inorganic electron acceptors such as dissolved oxygen and nitrate falls short in accurately describing the critical transition state between oxic and suboxic conditions. Novel monitoring strategies using intrinsic redox tracers might be suitable to close that gap. This study investigated the potential use of the successive biological transformation of the iodinated contrast medium iopromide as an intrinsic tracer of prevailing redox conditions in biofiltration systems. Iopromide degradation in biofiltration systems was monitored by quantifying twelve known biological transformation products formed under oxic conditions. A novel dimensionless parameter (TIOP) was introduced as a measure for the successive transformation of iopromide. A strong correlation between the consumption of dissolved oxygen and iopromide transformation emphasized the importance of general microbial activity on iopromide degradation. However, results disproved a direct correlation between oxic (>1 mg/L O2) and suboxic (<1 mg/L O2) conditions and the degree of iopromide transformation. Results indicated that besides redox conditions also the availability of biodegradable organic substrate affects the degree of iopromide transformation. Similar behavior was found for the compounds gabapentin and benzotriazole, while the oxic degradation of metoprolol remained stable under varying substrate conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann Müller
- Technical University of Munich, Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Am Coulombwall 3, 85748, Garching, Germany.
| | - Kevin S Jewell
- Federal Institute of Hydrology, Mainzer Tor 1, 56068, Koblenz, Germany.
| | - Manoj Schulz
- Federal Institute of Hydrology, Mainzer Tor 1, 56068, Koblenz, Germany.
| | - Nina Hermes
- Federal Institute of Hydrology, Mainzer Tor 1, 56068, Koblenz, Germany.
| | - Thomas A Ternes
- Federal Institute of Hydrology, Mainzer Tor 1, 56068, Koblenz, Germany.
| | - Jörg E Drewes
- Technical University of Munich, Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Am Coulombwall 3, 85748, Garching, Germany.
| | - Uwe Hübner
- Technical University of Munich, Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Am Coulombwall 3, 85748, Garching, Germany.
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12
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Koç MM, Aslan N, Kao AP, Barber AH. Evaluation of X-ray tomography contrast agents: A review of production, protocols, and biological applications. Microsc Res Tech 2019; 82:812-848. [PMID: 30786098 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
X-ray computed tomography is a strong tool that finds many applications both in medical applications and in the investigation of biological and nonbiological samples. In the clinics, X-ray tomography is widely used for diagnostic purposes whose three-dimensional imaging in high resolution helps physicians to obtain detailed image of investigated regions. Researchers in biological sciences and engineering use X-ray tomography because it is a nondestructive method to assess the structure of their samples. In both medical and biological applications, visualization of soft tissues and structures requires special treatment, in which special contrast agents are used. In this detailed report, molecule-based and nanoparticle-based contrast agents used in biological applications to enhance the image quality were compiled and reported. Special contrast agent applications and protocols to enhance the contrast for the biological applications and works to develop nanoparticle contrast agents to enhance the contrast for targeted drug delivery and general imaging applications were also assessed and listed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mümin Mehmet Koç
- School of Engineering, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom.,Department of Physics, Kirklareli University, Kirklareli, Turkey
| | - Naim Aslan
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Munzur University, Tunceli, Turkey
| | - Alexander P Kao
- School of Engineering, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Asa H Barber
- School of Engineering, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom
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13
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Redeker M, Wick A, Meermann B, Ternes TA. Anaerobic Transformation of the Iodinated X-ray Contrast Medium Iopromide, Its Aerobic Transformation Products, and Transfer to Further Iodinated X-ray Contrast Media. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:8309-8320. [PMID: 29998733 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b01140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The iodinated X-ray contrast medium (ICM) iopromide and its aerobic transformation products (TPs) are frequently detected in the effluents of wastewater treatment plants and in different compartments of the aquatic environment. In this study, the anaerobic transformation of iopromide and its aerobic TPs was investigated in water-sediment systems. Iopromide, its final aerobic TP didespropanediol iopromide (DDPI), and its primary aniline desmethoxyacetyl iopromide (DAMI) were used as model substances. Five biologically formed anaerobic TPs of iopromide and DAMI and six of DDPI, and the respective transformation pathways, were identified. The TPs were formed by successive deiodination and hydrolysis of amide moieties. Quantification of the iodinated TPs was achieved by further development of a complementary liquid chromatography (LC)-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (Q-ToF-MS) and LC-inductively coupled plasma - mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) strategy without needing authentic standards, despite several TPs coeluting with others. A database with predicted anaerobic TPs of ICMs was derived by applying the transformation rules found for the anaerobic transformation pathways of iopromide and diatrizoate to further ICMs (iomeprol and iopamidol) and their aerobic TPs already reported in the literature. The environmental relevance of the identified transformation pathways was confirmed by identifying an experimental TP and two predicted TPs using suspect screening of water taken from anaerobic bank filtration zones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Redeker
- Federal Institute of Hydrology , Am Mainzer Tor 1 , D-56068 Koblenz , Germany
| | - Arne Wick
- Federal Institute of Hydrology , Am Mainzer Tor 1 , D-56068 Koblenz , Germany
| | - Björn Meermann
- Federal Institute of Hydrology , Am Mainzer Tor 1 , D-56068 Koblenz , Germany
| | - Thomas A Ternes
- Federal Institute of Hydrology , Am Mainzer Tor 1 , D-56068 Koblenz , Germany
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14
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Toral-Sánchez E, Rangel-Mendez JR, Hurt RH, Ascacio Valdés JA, Aguilar CN, Cervantes FJ. Novel application of magnetic nano-carbon composite as redox mediator in the reductive biodegradation of iopromide in anaerobic continuous systems. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:8951-8961. [PMID: 30058007 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9250-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The redox-mediating capacity of magnetic reduced graphene oxide nanosacks (MNS) to promote the reductive biodegradation of the halogenated pollutant, iopromide (IOP), was tested. Experiments were performed using glucose as electron donor in an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor under methanogenic conditions. Higher removal efficiency of IOP in the UASB reactor supplied with MNS as redox mediator was observed as compared with the control reactor lacking MNS. Results showed 82% of IOP removal efficiency under steady state conditions in the UASB reactor enriched with MNS, while the reactor control showed IOP removal efficiency of 51%. The precise microbial transformation pathway of IOP was elucidated by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectroscopy (HPLC-MS) analysis. Biotransformation by-products with lower molecular weight than IOP molecule were identified in the reactor supplied with MNS, which were not detected in the reactor control, indicating the contribution of these magnetic nano-carbon composites in the redox conversion of this halogenated pollutant. Reductive reactions of IOP favored by MNS led to complete dehalogenation of the benzene ring and partial rupture of side chains of this pollutant, which is the first step towards its complete biodegradation. Possible reductive mechanisms that took place in the biodegradation of IOP were stated. Finally, the novel and successful application of magnetic graphene composites in a continuous bioreactor to enhance the microbial transformation of IOP was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Toral-Sánchez
- IPICYT/División de Ciencias Ambientales, Camino a la Presa San José 2055, Col. Lomas 4a. Sección, C.P. 78216, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
| | - J R Rangel-Mendez
- IPICYT/División de Ciencias Ambientales, Camino a la Presa San José 2055, Col. Lomas 4a. Sección, C.P. 78216, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
| | - Robert H Hurt
- School of Engineering/Institute for Molecular and Nanoscale Innovation (IMNI), Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Juan A Ascacio Valdés
- Food Research Department, School of Chemistry (DIA-UAdeC), Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, 25280, Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico
| | - Cristóbal N Aguilar
- Food Research Department, School of Chemistry (DIA-UAdeC), Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, 25280, Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico
| | - F J Cervantes
- IPICYT/División de Ciencias Ambientales, Camino a la Presa San José 2055, Col. Lomas 4a. Sección, C.P. 78216, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico.
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15
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Yan M, Chen Z, Li N, Zhou Y, Zhang C, Korshin G. Electrochemical reductive dehalogenation of iodine-containing contrast agent pharmaceuticals: Examination of reactions of diatrizoate and iopamidol using the method of rotating ring-disc electrode (RRDE). WATER RESEARCH 2018; 136:104-111. [PMID: 29500971 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the electrochemical (EC) reduction of iodinated contrast media (ICM) exemplified by iopamidol and diatrizoate. The method of rotating ring-disc electrode (RRDE) was used to elucidate rates and mechanisms of the EC reactions of the selected ICMs. Experiments were carried at varying hydrodynamic conditions, concentrations of iopamidol, diatrizoate, natural organic matter (NOM) and model compounds (resorcinol, catechol, guaiacol) which were used to examine interactions between products of the EC reduction of ICMs and halogenation-active species. The data showed that iopamidol and diatrizoate were EC-reduced at potentials < -0.45 V vs. s.c.e. In the range of potentials -0.65 to -0.85 V their reduction was mass transfer-controlled. The presence of NOM and model compounds did not affect the EC reduction of iopamidol and diatrizoate but active iodine species formed as a result of the EC-induced transformations of these ICMs reacted readily with NOM and model compounds. These data provide more insight into the nature of generation of iodine-containing by-products in the case of reductive degradation of ICMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingquan Yan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Peking University, The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Zhanghao Chen
- School of Resources and Materials, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, No. 143, Taishan Road, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, 066004, China
| | - Na Li
- School of Resources and Materials, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, No. 143, Taishan Road, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, 066004, China
| | - Yuxuan Zhou
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Peking University, The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Chenyang Zhang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Peking University, The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Gregory Korshin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Box 352700, Seattle, WA, 98195-2700, United States
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16
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Kong X, Jiang J, Ma J, Yang Y, Pang S. Comparative investigation of X-ray contrast medium degradation by UV/chlorine and UV/H 2O 2. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 193:655-663. [PMID: 29172156 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.11.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The degradation of iopamidol and diatrizoate sodium (DTZ) by UV/chlorine was carried out according to efficiency, mechanism, and oxidation products, and compared to that by UV/H2O2. The pseudo-first order rate (k') of iopamidol and DTZ was accelerated by UV/chlorine compared to that by UV and chlorine alone. k' of iopamidol and DTZ by UV/chlorine increased with increasing chlorine dosage. Both of iopamidol and DTZ could not be effectively removed by UV/H2O2 compared to that by UV/chlorine. Secondary radicals (Cl2- and ClO) rather than primary radicals (HO and Cl) were demonstrated to be mainly responsible for the enhanced removal of iopamidol and DTZ by UV/chlorine. The oxidation products of iopamidol and DTZ resulting from UV/chlorine and UV/H2O2 process were identified, and differences existed in the two systems. IO3- (the desired sink of I-) was the major inorganic product in the UV/chlorine process whereas I- was the predominant inorganic product in the UV/H2O2 process. The formation of chlorine-containing products during the degradation of iopamidol and DTZ by UV/chlorine was also observed. H-abstraction, additions, de-iodination were shared during the degradation of iopamidol by UV/chlorine and UV/H2O2. Neutral pH condition was preferred for the removal of iopamidol and DTZ by UV/chlorine. UV/chlorine could also be applied in real waters for the removal of iopamidol and DTZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujuan Kong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Jin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Jun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Yi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Suyan Pang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering and Technology of College of Heilongjiang Province, College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150040, China
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17
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Yoon Y, Oh H, Ahn YT, Kwon M, Jung Y, Park W, Hwang TM, Yang W, Kang JW. Evaluation of the O3/graphene-based materials catalytic process: pH effect and iopromide removal. Catal Today 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2016.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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18
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Duan X, He X, Wang D, Mezyk SP, Otto SC, Marfil-Vega R, Mills MA, Dionysiou DD. Decomposition of Iodinated Pharmaceuticals by UV-254 nm-assisted Advanced Oxidation Processes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 323:489-499. [PMID: 27267651 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Iodinated pharmaceuticals, thyroxine (a thyroid hormone) and diatrizoate (an iodinated X-ray contrast medium), are among the most prescribed active pharmaceutical ingredients. Both of them have been reported to potentially disrupt thyroid homeostasis even at very low concentrations. In this study, UV-254 nm-based photolysis and photochemical processes, i.e., UV only, UV/H2O2, and UV/S2O82-, were evaluated for the destruction of these two pharmaceuticals. Approximately 40% of 0.5μM thyroxine or diatrizoate was degraded through direct photolysis at UV fluence of 160mJcm-2, probably resulting from the photosensitive cleavage of C-I bonds. While the addition of H2O2 only accelerated the degradation efficiency to a low degree, the destruction rates of both chemicals were significantly enhanced in the UV/S2O82- system, suggesting the potential vulnerability of the iodinated chemicals toward UV/S2O82- treatment. Such efficient destruction also occurred in the presence of radical scavengers when biologically treated wastewater samples were used as reaction matrices. The effects of initial oxidant concentrations, solution pH, as well as the presence of natural organic matter (humic acid or fulvic acid) and alkalinity were also investigated in this study. These results provide insights for the removal of iodinated pharmaceuticals in water and/or wastewater using UV-based photochemical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodi Duan
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, United States
| | - Xuexiang He
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, United States
| | - Dong Wang
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, United States
| | - Stephen P Mezyk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Long Beach, 1250 Bellflower Blvd., California State University, Long Beach, CA 90840, United States
| | - Shauna C Otto
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Long Beach, 1250 Bellflower Blvd., California State University, Long Beach, CA 90840, United States
| | - Ruth Marfil-Vega
- Innovation and Environmental Stewardship, American Water, Belleville, IL 62220, United States
| | - Marc A Mills
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States
| | - Dionysios D Dionysiou
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, United States; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Nireas-International Water Research Centre, School of Engineering, University of Cyprus, PO Box 20537, Nicosia 1678, Cyprus.
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19
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Review on the Stability of Ferrate (VI) Species in Aqueous Medium and Oxidation of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) by Ferrate (VI): Identification of Transformation By-Products. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2016-1238.ch012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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20
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Fabbri D, Calza P, Dalmasso D, Chiarelli P, Santoro V, Medana C. Iodinated X-ray contrast agents: Photoinduced transformation and monitoring in surface water. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 572:340-351. [PMID: 27509072 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Conventional wastewater treatment methods have shown to be unsuitable for a complete elimination of iodinated X-ray contrast agents (ICMs), which have thus been found in wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent and in surface water. Once in the surface water, they could be transformed through different processes and form several transformation products that may need to be monitored as well. To this end, we studied the abatement and transformation of ICMs by combining laboratory experiments with in field analyses. We irradiated different aqueous solutions of the selected pollutants in the presence of TiO2 as photocatalyst, aimed to promote ICMs degradation and to generate photoinduced transformation products (TPs) similar to those occurring in the environment and effluent wastewater. This experimental strategy has been applied to the study of three ICMs, namely iopromide, iopamidol and diatrizoate. A total of twenty-four, ten, and ten TPs were detected from iopamidol, diatrizoate and iopromide, respectively. The analyses were performed using a liquid chromatography-LTQ-FT-Orbitrap mass spectrometer. The mineralization process and acute toxicity evolution were assessed as well over time and revealed a lack of mineralization for all ICMs and the formation of harmful byproducts. After characterizing these transformation products, WWTP effluent and surface water taken from several branches of the Chicago River were analyzed for ICMs and their TPs. HRMS with MS/MS fragmentation was used as a confirmatory step for proper identification of compounds in water and wastewater samples. All three of ICM were detected in the effluent and surface water samples, while no significant amount of TPs were detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Fabbri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - P Calza
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy.
| | - D Dalmasso
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy; Department of Chemistry, Loyola University, Chicago, IL 60660, United States
| | - P Chiarelli
- Department of Chemistry, Loyola University, Chicago, IL 60660, United States
| | - V Santoro
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - C Medana
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
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21
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Azerrad SP, Lütke Eversloh C, Gilboa M, Schulz M, Ternes T, Dosoretz CG. Identification of transformation products during advanced oxidation of diatrizoate: Effect of water matrix and oxidation process. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 103:424-434. [PMID: 27494698 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.07.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Removal of micropollutants from reverse osmosis (RO) brines of wastewater desalination by oxidation processes is influenced by the scavenging capacity of brines components, resulting in the accumulation of transformation products (TPs) rather than complete mineralization. In this work the iodinated contrast media diatrizoate (DTZ) was used as model compound due to its relative resistance to oxidation. Identification of TPs was performed in ultrapure water (UPW) and RO brines applying nonthermal plasma (NTP) and UVA-TiO2 as oxidation techniques. The influence of main RO brines components in the formation and accumulation of TPs, such as chloride, bicarbonate alkalinity and humic acid, was also studied during UVA-TiO2. DTZ oxidation pattern in UPW resulted similar in both UVA-TiO2 and NTP achieving 66 and 61% transformation, respectively. However, DTZ transformation in RO brines was markedly lower in UVA-TiO2 (9%) than in NTP (27%). These differences can be attributed to the synergic effect of RO brines components during NTP. Moreover, reactive species other than hydroxyl radical contributed to DTZ transformation, i.e., direct photolysis in UVA-TiO2 and direct photolysis + O3 in NTP accounted for 16 and 23%, respectively. DTZ transformation led to iodide formation in both oxidation techniques but it further oxidized to iodate by ozone in NTP. In total 14 transformation products were identified in UPW of which 3 were present only in UVA-TiO2 and 2 were present exclusively in NTP; 5 of the 14 TPs were absent in RO brines. Five of them were new and were denoted as TP-474A/B, TP-522, TP-586, TP-602, TP-628. TP-522 (mono-chlorinated) was elucidated only in presence of high chloride titer-synthetic water matrix in NTP, most probably formed by active chlorine species generated in situ. TPs accumulation in RO brines was markedly different in comparison to UPW. This denotes the influence of RO brines components in the formation of reactive species that could further attack DTZ/TPs and/or scavenging performed by these brine components that could limit further TPs degradation. Five plausible degradation pathways are proposed for DTZ transformation in UPW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara P Azerrad
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Maayan Gilboa
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Manoj Schulz
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), Koblenz, Germany
| | - Thomas Ternes
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), Koblenz, Germany
| | - Carlos G Dosoretz
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
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22
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Paganini MC, Dalmasso D, Gionco C, Polliotto V, Mantilleri L, Calza P. Beyond TiO2: Cerium-Doped Zinc Oxide as a New Photocatalyst for the Photodegradation of Persistent Pollutants. ChemistrySelect 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201600645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniele Dalmasso
- Department of Chemistry; University of Turin; Via P. Giuria 5-10125 Torino- Italy
| | - Chiara Gionco
- Department of Chemistry; University of Turin; Via P. Giuria 5-10125 Torino- Italy
| | - Valeria Polliotto
- Department of Chemistry; University of Turin; Via P. Giuria 5-10125 Torino- Italy
| | - Lorenzo Mantilleri
- Department of Chemistry; University of Turin; Via P. Giuria 5-10125 Torino- Italy
| | - Paola Calza
- Department of Chemistry; University of Turin; Via P. Giuria 5-10125 Torino- Italy
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23
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Watanabe Y, Bach LT, Van Dinh P, Prudente M, Aguja S, Phay N, Nakata H. Ubiquitous Detection of Artificial Sweeteners and Iodinated X-ray Contrast Media in Aquatic Environmental and Wastewater Treatment Plant Samples from Vietnam, The Philippines, and Myanmar. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2016; 70:671-681. [PMID: 26304512 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-015-0220-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Water samples from Vietnam, The Philippines, and Myanmar were analyzed for artificial sweeteners (ASs) and iodinated X-ray contrast media (ICMs). High concentrations (low micrograms per liter) of ASs, including aspartame, saccharin, and sucralose, were found in wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) influents from Vietnam. Three ICMs, iohexol, iopamidol, and iopromide were detected in Vietnamese WWTP influents and effluents, suggesting that these ICMs are frequently used in Vietnam. ASs and ICMs were found in river water from downtown Hanoi at concentrations comparable to or lower than the concentrations in WWTP influents. The ASs and ICMs concentrations in WWTP influents and adjacent surface water significantly correlated (r (2) = 0.99, p < 0.001), suggesting that household wastewater is discharged directly into rivers in Vietnam. Acesulfame was frequently detected in northern Vietnamese groundwater, but the concentrations varied spatially by one order of magnitude even though the sampling points were very close together. This implies that poorly performing domestic septic tanks sporadically leak household wastewater into groundwater. High acesulfame, cyclamate, saccharin, and sucralose concentrations were found in surface water from Manila, The Philippines. The sucralose concentrations were one order of magnitude higher in the Manila samples than in the Vietnamese samples, indicating that more sucralose is used in The Philippines than in Vietnam. Acesulfame and cyclamate were found in surface water from Pathein (rural) and Yangon (urban) in Myanmar, but no ICMs were found in the samples. The ASs concentrations were two-three orders of magnitude lower in the samples from Myanmar than in the samples from Vietnam and The Philippines, suggesting that different amounts of ASs are used in these countries. We believe this is the first report of persistent ASs and ICMs having ubiquitous distributions in economically emerging South Asian countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Watanabe
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan
| | - Leu Tho Bach
- Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering, National University of Civil Engineering (NUCE), 55 Giai Phong, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Pham Van Dinh
- Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering, National University of Civil Engineering (NUCE), 55 Giai Phong, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Maricar Prudente
- Science Education Department, De La Salle University, 2401 Taft Ave, Malate, Manila, 1004, Metro Manila, The Philippines
| | - Socorro Aguja
- De La Salle-Araneta University, Victoneta Compound, Malabon, Metro Manila, The Philippines
| | - Nyunt Phay
- Pathein University, Ayeyarwady Region, Pathein, Myanmar
| | - Haruhiko Nakata
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan.
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24
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Flores-Cano JV, Sánchez-Polo M, Messoud J, Velo-Gala I, Ocampo-Pérez R, Rivera-Utrilla J. Overall adsorption rate of metronidazole, dimetridazole and diatrizoate on activated carbons prepared from coffee residues and almond shells. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2016; 169:116-125. [PMID: 26731310 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study analyzed the overall adsorption rate of metronidazole, dimetridazole, and diatrizoate on activated carbons prepared from coffee residues and almond shells. It was also elucidated whether the overall adsorption rate was controlled by reaction on the adsorbent surface or by intraparticle diffusion. Experimental data of the pollutant concentration decay curves as a function of contact time were interpreted by kinetics (first- and second-order) and diffusion models, considering external mass transfer, surface and/or pore volume diffusion, and adsorption on an active site. The experimental data were better interpreted by a first-order than second-order kinetic model, and the first-order adsorption rate constant varied linearly with respect to the surface area and total pore volume of the adsorbents. According to the diffusion model, the overall adsorption rate is governed by intraparticle diffusion, and surface diffusion is the main mechanism controlling the intraparticle diffusion, representing >90% of total intraparticle diffusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- J V Flores-Cano
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - M Sánchez-Polo
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - J Messoud
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - I Velo-Gala
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - R Ocampo-Pérez
- Center of Postgraduate Research and Studies, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, San Luis Potosí Autonomous University, Av. Dr. M. Nava No. 6, San Luis Potosí SLP 78210, Mexico
| | - J Rivera-Utrilla
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
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25
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Keen OS, Love NG, Aga DS, Linden KG. Biodegradability of iopromide products after UV/H₂O₂ advanced oxidation. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 144:989-994. [PMID: 26433937 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.09.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Iopromide is an X-ray and MRI contrast agent that is virtually non-biodegradable and persistent through typical wastewater treatment processes. This study determined whether molecular transformation of iopromide in a UV/H2O2 advanced oxidation process (AOP) can result in biodegradable products. The experiments used iopromide labeled with carbon-14 on the aromatic ring to trace degradation of iopromide through UV/H2O2 advanced oxidation and subsequent biodegradation. The biotransformation assay tracked the formation of radiolabeled (14)CO2 which indicated full mineralization of the molecule. The results indicated that AOP formed biodegradable iopromide products. There was no (14)C released from the pre-AOP samples, but up to 20% of all radiolabeled carbon transformed into (14)CO2 over the course of 42 days of biodegradation after iopromide was exposed to advanced oxidation (compared to 10% transformation in inactivated post-AOP controls). In addition, the quantum yield of photolysis of iopromide was determined using low pressure (LP) and medium pressure (MP) mercury lamps as 0.069 ± 0.005 and 0.080 ± 0.007 respectively. The difference in the quantum yields for the two UV sources was not statistically significant at the 95% confidence interval (p = 0.08), which indicates the equivalency of using LP or MP UV sources for iopromide treatment. The reaction rate between iopromide and hydroxyl radicals was measured to be (2.5 ± 0.2) × 10(9) M(-1) s(-1). These results indicate that direct photolysis is a dominant degradation pathway in UV/H2O2 AOP treatment of iopromide. Other iodinated contrast media may also become biodegradable after exposure to UV or UV/H2O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olya S Keen
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado, UCB 428, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of North Carolina, 9201 University City Blvd, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA.
| | - Nancy G Love
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Diana S Aga
- Chemistry Department, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Karl G Linden
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado, UCB 428, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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26
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Hack N, Reinwand C, Abbt-Braun G, Horn H, Frimmel FH. Biodegradation of phenol, salicylic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, and iomeprol by Pseudomonas fluorescens in the capillary fringe. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2015; 183:40-54. [PMID: 26529301 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Mass transfer and biological transformation phenomena in the capillary fringe were studied using phenol, salicylic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, and the iodinated X-ray contrast agent iomeprol as model organic compounds and the microorganism strain Pseudomonas fluorescens. Three experimental approaches were used: Batch experiments (uniform water saturation and transport by diffusion), in static columns (with a gradient of water saturation and advective transport in the capillaries) and in a flow-through cell (with a gradient of water saturation and transport by horizontal and vertical flow: 2-dimension flow-through microcosm). The reactors employed for the experiments were filled with quartz sand of defined particle size distribution (dp=200...600 μm, porosity ε=0.42). Batch experiments showed that phenol and salicylic acid have a high, whereas benzenesulfonic acid and iomeprol have a quite low potential for biodegradation under aerobic conditions and in a matrix nearly close to water saturation. Batch experiments under anoxic conditions with nitrate as electron acceptor revealed that the biodegradation of the model compounds was lower than under aerobic conditions. Nevertheless, the experiments showed that the moisture content was also responsible for an optimized transport in the liquid phase of a porous medium. Biodegradation in the capillary fringe was found to be influenced by both the moisture content and availability of the dissolved substrate, as seen in static column experiments. The gas-liquid mass transfer of oxygen also played an important role for the biological activity. In static column experiments under aerobic conditions, the highest biodegradation was found in the capillary fringe (e.g. βt/β0 (phenol)=0 after t=6 d) relative to the zone below the water table and unsaturated zone. The highest biodegradation occurred in the flow-through cell experiment where the height of the capillary fringe was largest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman Hack
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engler-Bunte-Institute, Chair of Water Chemistry and Water Technology, Engler-Bunte-Ring 9, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Christian Reinwand
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engler-Bunte-Institute, Chair of Water Chemistry and Water Technology, Engler-Bunte-Ring 9, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Gudrun Abbt-Braun
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engler-Bunte-Institute, Chair of Water Chemistry and Water Technology, Engler-Bunte-Ring 9, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Harald Horn
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engler-Bunte-Institute, Chair of Water Chemistry and Water Technology, Engler-Bunte-Ring 9, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Fritz H Frimmel
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engler-Bunte-Institute, Chair of Water Chemistry and Water Technology, Engler-Bunte-Ring 9, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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27
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Immobilization of biogenic Pd(0) in anaerobic granular sludge for the biotransformation of recalcitrant halogenated pollutants in UASB reactors. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 100:1427-1436. [PMID: 26481621 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-7055-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The capacity of anaerobic granular sludge to reduce Pd(II), using ethanol as electron donor, in an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor was demonstrated. Results confirmed complete reduction of Pd(II) and immobilization as Pd(0) in the granular sludge. The Pd-enriched sludge was further evaluated regarding biotransformation of two recalcitrant halogenated pollutants: 3-chloro-nitrobenzene (3-CNB) and iopromide (IOP) in batch and continuous operation in UASB reactors. The superior removal capacity of the Pd-enriched biomass when compared with the control (not exposed to Pd) was demonstrated in both cases. Results revealed 80 % of IOP removal efficiency after 100 h of incubation in batch experiments performed with Pd-enriched biomass whereas only 28 % of removal efficiency was achieved in incubations with biomass lacking Pd. The UASB reactor operated with the Pd-enriched biomass achieved 81 ± 9.5 % removal efficiency of IOP and only 61 ± 8.3 % occurred in the control reactor lacking Pd. Regarding 3-CNB, it was demonstrated that biogenic Pd(0) promoted both nitro-reduction and dehalogenation resulting in the complete conversion of 3-CNB to aniline while in the control experiment only nitro-reduction was documented. The complete biotransformation pathway of both contaminants was proposed by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) analysis evidencing a higher degree of nitro-reduction and dehalogenation of both contaminants in the experiments with Pd-enriched anaerobic sludge as compared with the control. A biotechnological process is proposed to recover Pd(II) from industrial streams and to immobilize it in anaerobic granular sludge. The Pd-enriched biomass is also proposed as a biocatalyst to achieve the biotransformation of recalcitrant compounds in UASB reactors.
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28
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Voulvoulis N, Barceló D, Verlicchi P. Pharmaceutical Residues in Sewage Treatment Works and their Fate in the Receiving Environment. PHARMACEUTICALS IN THE ENVIRONMENT 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/9781782622345-00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals are increasingly used in large amounts in human (and veterinary) medicine around the world. They reach the aquatic environment mainly through sewage treatment systems and can reach μg l−1 levels. The continual input of pharmaceuticals to the aquatic environment, via sewage, can also impart a persistent quality to compounds that otherwise possess no inherent environmental stability. While the literature contains increasing numbers of studies detailing fate, effects and behaviour in the environment, the subject is still not fully understood for all the different therapeutic classes. The toxicological significance for non-target (especially aquatic) organisms is poorly understood. The use/release of antibiotics and natural/synthetic steroids to the environment has generated most of the concern to date, but a plethora of other drugs are increasingly attracting attention, as their biological activity alone may support ecotoxicity assessments of those compounds with high production volumes (or toxicity), especially in view of the increasing importance of freshwater resources. Pharmaceuticals display a variety of removal efficiencies during wastewater treatment and their fate and behaviour are not determined by their physicochemical properties alone. Despite the fact that many drugs have high sorption potentials, partitioning to the solid phase was determined to be an unlikely removal pathway for the majority of compounds. The partitioning behaviour of these compounds both in sewage treatment and the aquatic environment is likely to be dictated by a number of physicochemical parameters. Findings also indicate that the costs of using tertiary treatment options (mainly based on drinking water treatment) to remove drugs from wastewater effluent are likely to be prohibitively expensive, and potentially undesirable, due sustainability implications. While adjusting existing treatment parameters may increase the removal efficiencies of pharmaceuticals, any changes to sewage treatment parameters would need to be offset against the economic and environmental costs. Likewise, any regulations on drug use must be balanced against health benefits. If receiving waters are used for potable supplies, the presence of these compounds may (although it is unlikely) represent a potential hazard to human health, especially in areas without advanced water treatment. The focus for future research should therefore be on proper and sufficient science for establishing the occurrence, exposure and effects of pharmaceuticals in the environment, so that sound decisions can be made regarding human and ecological health.
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Singh RR, Lester Y, Linden KG, Love NG, Atilla-Gokcumen GE, Aga DS. Application of metabolite profiling tools and time-of-flight mass spectrometry in the identification of transformation products of iopromide and iopamidol during advanced oxidation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:2983-2990. [PMID: 25651339 DOI: 10.1021/es505469h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The efficiency of wastewater treatment systems in removing pharmaceuticals is often assessed on the basis of the decrease in the concentration of the parent compound. However, what is perceived as "removal" during treatment may not necessarily mean mineralization of the pharmaceutical compound but simply conversion into different transformation products (TPs). Using liquid chromatography coupled to a quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer (LC-QToF-MS), we demonstrated conversion of iopromide in wastewater to at least 14 TPs after an advanced oxidation process (AOP) using UV (fluence = 1500 mJ/cm(2)) and H2O2 (10 mg/L). Due to the complexity of the wastewater matrix, the initial experiments were performed using a high concentration (10 mg/L) of iopromide in order to facilitate the identification of TPs. Despite the high concentration of iopromide used, cursory inspection of UV and mass spectra only revealed four TPs in the chromatograms of the post-AOP samples. However, the use of METLIN database and statistics-based profiling tools commonly used in metabolomics proved effective in discriminating between background signals and TPs derived from iopromide. High-resolution mass data allowed one to predict molecular formulas of putative TPs with errors below 5 ppm relative to the observed m/z. Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) data and isotope pattern comparisons provided necessary information that allowed one to elucidate the structure of iopromide TPs. The presence of the proposed iopromide TPs was determined in unspiked wastewater from a municipal wastewater treatment plant, but no iopromide and TPs were detected. Using analogous structural modifications and oxidation that results from the AOP treatment of iopromide, the potential TPs of iopamidol (a structurally similar compound to iopromide) were predicted. The same mass fragmentation pattern observed in iopromide TPs was applied to the predicted iopamidol TPs. LC-QToF-MS revealed the presence of two iopamidol TPs in unspiked AOP-treated wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randolph R Singh
- Department of Chemistry, The State University of New York at Buffalo , Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
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Zemann M, Wolf L, Grimmeisen F, Tiehm A, Klinger J, Hötzl H, Goldscheider N. Tracking changing X-ray contrast media application to an urban-influenced karst aquifer in the Wadi Shueib, Jordan. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 198:133-43. [PMID: 25594842 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Sewage input into a karst aquifer via leaking sewers and cesspits was investigated over five years in an urbanized catchment. Of 66 samples, analyzed for 25 pharmaceuticals, 91% indicated detectable concentrations. The former standard iodinated X-ray contrast medium (ICM) diatrizoic acid was detected most frequently. Remarkably, it was found more frequently in groundwater (79%, median: 54 ng/l) than in wastewater (21%, 120 ng/l), which is supposed to be the only source in this area. In contrast, iopamidol, a possible substitute, spread over the aquifer during the investigation period whereas concentrations were two orders of magnitude higher in wastewater than in groundwater. Knowledge about changing application of pharmaceuticals thus is essential to assess urban impacts on aquifers, especially when applying mass balances. Since correlated concentrations provide conclusive evidence that, for this catchment, nitrate in groundwater rather comes from urban than from rural sources, ICM are considered useful tracers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Zemann
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Applied Geosciences, Kaiserstraße 12, 76133, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Leif Wolf
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Applied Geosciences, Kaiserstraße 12, 76133, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Felix Grimmeisen
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Applied Geosciences, Kaiserstraße 12, 76133, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Andreas Tiehm
- Water Technology Center (TZW), 76139, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jochen Klinger
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Applied Geosciences, Kaiserstraße 12, 76133, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Heinz Hötzl
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Applied Geosciences, Kaiserstraße 12, 76133, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Nico Goldscheider
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Applied Geosciences, Kaiserstraße 12, 76133, Karlsruhe, Germany
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Redeker M, Wick A, Meermann B, Ternes TA. Removal of the iodinated X-ray contrast medium diatrizoate by anaerobic transformation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:10145-10154. [PMID: 25140788 DOI: 10.1021/es5014714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The iodinated X-ray contrast medium diatrizoate is known to be very persistent in current wastewater treatment as well as in environmental compartments. In this study, the potential of anaerobic processes in soils, sediments, and during wastewater treatment to remove and transform diatrizoate was investigated. In anaerobic batch experiments with soil and sediment seven biologically formed transformation products (TPs) as well as the corresponding transformation pathway were identified. The TPs resulted from successive deiodinations and deacetylations. The final TP 3,5-diaminobenzoic acid (DABA) was stable under anaerobic conditions. However, DABA was further transformed under air atmosphere, indicating the potential for the mineralization of diatrizoate by combining anaerobic and aerobic conditions. With the development of a methodology using complementary liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry techniques, all identified TPs were quantified and the mass balance could be closed without having authentic standards for four of the TPs available. The detection and quantification of diatrizoate TPs in groundwater, in technical wetlands with anaerobic zones, and in a pilot wastewater treatment plant established for anaerobic treatment highlights the transferability and up-scaling of the results attained by laboratory experiments to environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Redeker
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG) , Am Mainzer Tor 1, D-56068, Koblenz, Germany
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Echeverría S, Borrull F, Pocurull E, Fontanals N. Pressurized liquid extraction and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry applied to determine iodinated X-ray contrast media in sewage sludge. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 844:75-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.05.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Zemann M, Wolf L, Pöschko A, Schmidt N, Sawarieh A, Seder N, Tiehm A, Hötzl H, Goldscheider N. Sources and processes affecting the spatio-temporal distribution of pharmaceuticals and X-ray contrast media in the water resources of the Lower Jordan Valley, Jordan. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 488-489:100-114. [PMID: 24821436 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The closed basin of the Lower Jordan Valley with the Dead Sea as final sink features high evapotranspiration rates and almost complete reuse of treated wastewater for irrigation farming. This study focuses on the water transfer schemes and the presence, spreading, and potential accumulation of pharmaceutical residues in the local water resources based on findings of a five-year monitoring program. Overall 16 pharmaceuticals and 9 iodinated X-ray contrast media were monitored in groundwater, surface water, and treated wastewater. A total of 95 samples were taken to cover all geographical settings and flow paths from origin (wastewater) to target (groundwater). Nine substances were detected in groundwater, with concentrations ranging between 11 ng/L and 33,000 ng/L. Sometimes, detection rates were higher than in comparable studies: Diatrizoic acid 75%, iopamidol 42%, iopromide 19%, iomeprol 11%, carbamazepine and iohexol 8%, ibuprofen 6%, and fenofibrate and iothalamic acid 3%. Concentrations in groundwater generally increase from north to south depending on the application of treated wastewater for irrigation. Almost all substances occurred most frequently and with highest concentrations in treated wastewater, followed by surface water and groundwater. As exception, diatrizoic acid was found more frequently in groundwater than in treated wastewater, with concentrations being similar. This indicates the persistence of diatrizoic acid with long residence times in local groundwater systems, but may also reflect changing prescription patterns, which would be in accordance with increasing iopamidol findings and surveys at local hospitals. Trend analyses confirm this finding and indicate a high probability of increasing iopamidol concentrations, while other substances did not reveal any trends. However, no proof of evaporative enrichment could be found. The high spatial and temporal variability of the concentrations measured calls for further systematic studies to assess the long-term evolution of organic trace substances in this reuse setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Zemann
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Applied Geosciences, Kaiserstraße 12, 76133 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Leif Wolf
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Applied Geosciences, Kaiserstraße 12, 76133 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Antje Pöschko
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Applied Geosciences, Kaiserstraße 12, 76133 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Andreas Tiehm
- Water Technology Center (TZW), 76139 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Heinz Hötzl
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Applied Geosciences, Kaiserstraße 12, 76133 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Nico Goldscheider
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Applied Geosciences, Kaiserstraße 12, 76133 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Rastogi T, Leder C, Kümmerer K. Qualitative environmental risk assessment of photolytic transformation products of iodinated X-ray contrast agent diatrizoic acid. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 482-483:378-388. [PMID: 24662206 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.02.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have confirmed that the aquatic ecosystem is being polluted with an unknown cocktail of pharmaceuticals, their metabolites and/or their transformation products (TPs). Although individual chemicals are typically present at low concentrations, they can interact with each other resulting in additive or potentially even synergistic mixture effects. Therefore it is necessary to assess the environmental risk caused by these chemicals. Data on exposure is required for quantitative risk assessment of TPs and/or metabolites. Such data are mostly missing because of the non-availability of TPs and very often metabolites for experimental testing. This study demonstrates the application of different in silico tools for qualitative risk assessment using the example of photodegradation TPs (photo-TPs) of diatrizoic acid (DIAT), which itself is not readily biodegradable. Its photolytic transformation was studied and the photodegradation pathway was established. The aerobic biodegradability of photo-TPs under the conditions of an aquatic environment was assessed using standardized OECD tests. The qualitative risk assessment of DIAT and selected photo-TPs was performed by the PBT approach (i.e. Persistence, Bioaccumulation and Toxicity), using experimental biodegradation test assays, applying different QSAR models with several different toxicological endpoints and in silico read-across approaches. The qualitative risk assessment pointed out that the photo-TPs were less persistent compared to DIAT and none of them possessed any bioaccumulation threat. However, a few photo-TPs were predicted to be active for mutagenicity and genotoxicity, which indicate the need for further testing to confirm these predictions. The present study demonstrates that in silico qualitative risk assessment analysis can increase the knowledge space about the environmental fate of TPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tushar Rastogi
- Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, C13, DE-21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
| | - Christoph Leder
- Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, C13, DE-21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
| | - Klaus Kümmerer
- Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, C13, DE-21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
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Radke M, Maier MP. Lessons learned from water/sediment-testing of pharmaceuticals. WATER RESEARCH 2014; 55:63-73. [PMID: 24602861 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies revealed large differences in the transformation of pharmaceuticals in rivers with similar characteristics. The present work aimed at answering the question whether these differences are related to the transformation capacity of the specific river sediments. More generally, we also aimed at evaluating the overall diagnostic power of water/sediment tests. Incubation experiments with 9 pharmaceuticals were carried out with sediments sampled from three rivers. All compounds expect carbamazepine were removed at dissipation half-lives between 2.5 and 56 days; biotransformation was identified as the major removal process. Interestingly, sediment from river Roter Main was more efficient in removing pharmaceuticals than sediment from river Gründlach, while the opposite pattern was observed in previous field studies. Obviously, the physical boundary conditions are governing the actual elimination of pharmaceuticals and not the transformation potential of the specific sediments. In a separate experiment, an immediate onset of transformation was observed after introducing oxygen to an anoxic water/sediment system. Transformation rates in sediments sampled from several sites within one river varied up to a factor of 2.5. This considerable in-stream variability is a critical factor for environmental risk assessment where single cutoff values are being used for evaluating a compound's persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Radke
- Department of Applied Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Svante-Arrhenius-Väg 8, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Michael P Maier
- Department of Hydrology, BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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Radjenovic J, Flexer V, Donose BC, Sedlak DL, Keller J. Removal of the X-ray contrast media diatrizoate by electrochemical reduction and oxidation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:13686-13694. [PMID: 24261992 DOI: 10.1021/es403410p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Due to their resistance to biological wastewater treatment, iodinated X-ray contrast media (ICM) have been detected in municipal wastewater effluents at relatively high concentrations (i.e., up to 100 μg L(-1)), with hospitals serving as their main source. To provide a new approach for reducing the concentrations of ICMs in wastewater, electrochemical reduction at three-dimensional graphite felt and graphite felt doped with palladium nanoparticles was examined as a means for deiodination of the common ICM diatrizoate. The presence of palladium nanoparticles significantly enhanced the removal of diatrizoate and enabled its complete deiodination to 3,5-diacetamidobenzoic acid. When the system was employed in the treatment of hospital wastewater, diatrizoate was reduced, but the extent of electrochemical reduction decreased as a result of competing reactions with solutes in the matrix. Following electrochemical reduction of diatrizoate to 3,5-diacetamidobenzoic acid, electrochemical oxidation with boron-doped diamond (BDD) anodes was employed. 3,5-Diacetamidobenzoic acid disappeared from solution at a rate that was similar to that of diatrizoate, but it was more readily mineralized than the parent compound. When electrochemical reduction and oxidation were coupled in a three-compartment reactor operated in a continuous mode, complete deiodination of diatrizoate was achieved at an applied cathode potential of -1.7 V vs SHE, with the released iodide ions electrodialyzed in a central compartment with 80% efficiency. The resulting BDD anode potential (i.e., +3.4-3.5 V vs SHE) enabled efficient oxidation of the products of the reductive step. The presence of other anions (e.g., chloride) was likely responsible for a decrease in I(-) separation efficiency when hospital wastewater was treated. Reductive deiodination combined with oxidative degradation provides benefits over oxidative treatment methods because it does not produce stable iodinated intermediates. Nevertheless, the process must be further optimized for the conditions encountered in hospital wastewater to improve the separation efficiency of halide ions prior to the electrooxidation step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Radjenovic
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland , Queensland 4072, Australia
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37
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Echeverría S, Borrull F, Fontanals N, Pocurull E. Determination of iodinated X-ray contrast media in sewage by solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta 2013; 116:931-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.07.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Hapeshi E, Lambrianides A, Koutsoftas P, Kastanos E, Michael C, Fatta-Kassinos D. Investigating the fate of iodinated X-ray contrast media iohexol and diatrizoate during microbial degradation in an MBBR system treating urban wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:3592-3606. [PMID: 23532532 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-1605-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The capability of a moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) to remove the iodinated contrast media (ICM) iohexol (IOX) and diatrizoate (DTZ) from municipal wastewater was studied. A selected number of clones of microorganisms present in the biofilm were identified. Biotransformation products were tentatively identified and the toxicity of the treated effluent was assessed. Microbial samples were DNA-sequenced and subjected to phylogenetic analysis in order to confirm the identity of the microorganisms present and determine the microbial diversity. The analysis demonstrated that the wastewater was populated by a bacterial consortium related to different members of Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Nitrisporae. The optimum removal values of the ICM achieved were 79 % for IOX and 73 % for DTZ, whereas 13 biotransformation products for IOX and 14 for DTZ were identified. Their determination was performed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The toxicity of the treated effluent tested to Daphnia magna showed no statistical difference compared to that without the addition of the two ICM. The MBBR was proven to be a technology able to remove a significant percentage of the two ICM from urban wastewater without the formation of toxic biodegradation products. A large number of biotransformation products was found to be formed. Even though the amount of clones sequenced in this study does not reveal the entire bacterial diversity present, it provides an indication of the predominating phylotypes inhabiting the study site.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Hapeshi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Cyprus, P.O Box 20537, 1678, Nicosia, Cyprus
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Lim SJ, Fox P. Estimating the persistence of organic contaminants in indirect potable reuse systems using quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 433:1-7. [PMID: 22766422 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Revised: 05/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Predictions from the quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) model EPI Suite were modified to estimate the persistence of organic contaminants in indirect potable reuse systems. The modified prediction included the effects of sorption, biodegradation, and oxidation that may occur during sub-surface transport. A retardation factor was used to simulate the mobility of adsorbed compounds during sub-surface transport to a recovery well. A set of compounds with measured persistent properties during sub-surface transport was used to validate the results of the modifications to the predictions of EPI Suite. A comparison of the predicted values and measured values was done and the residual sum of the squares showed the importance of including oxidation and sorption. Sorption was the most important factor to include in predicting the fates of organic chemicals in the sub-surface environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Joo Lim
- Research Division for Industry & Environment, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, 1266 Sinjeong, Jeongeup, 580-185, Republic of Korea.
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Kwon M, Yoon Y, Cho E, Jung Y, Lee BC, Paeng KJ, Kang JW. Removal of iopromide and degradation characteristics in electron beam irradiation process. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2012; 227-228:126-34. [PMID: 22647234 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Revised: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to evaluate the removal efficiency of iopromide using electron beam (E-beam) irradiation technology, and its degradation characteristics with hydroxyl radical (OH) and hydrated electron (e(aq)(-)). Studies are conducted with different initial concentrations of iopromide in pure water and in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, bicarbonate ion, or sulfite ion. E-beam absorbed dose of 19.6 kGy was required to achieve 90% degradation of 100 μM iopromide and the E-beam/H(2)O(2) system increased the removal efficiency by an amount of OH· generation. In the presence of OH scavengers (10 mM sulfite ion), the required dose for 90% removal of 100 μM iopromide was only 0.9 kGy. This greatly enhanced removal was achieved in the presence of OH· scavengers, which was rather unexpected and unlike the results obtained from most advanced oxidation process (AOP) experiments. The reasons for this enhancement can be explained by a kinetic study using the bimolecular rate constants of each reaction species. To explore the reaction scheme of iopromide with OH· or e(aq)(-) and the percent of mineralization for the two reaction paths, the total organic carbon (TOC), released iodide, and intermediates were analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhwan Kwon
- Department of Environmental Engineering (YIEST), Yonsei University, Heungup, Wonju, Republic of Korea
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Kormos JL, Schulz M, Ternes TA. Occurrence of iodinated X-ray contrast media and their biotransformation products in the urban water cycle. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:8723-32. [PMID: 21877755 DOI: 10.1021/es2018187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A LC tandem MS method was developed for the simultaneous determination of four iodinated X-ray contrast media (ICM) and 46 ICM biotransformation products (TPs) in raw and treated wastewater, surface water, groundwater, and drinking water. Recoveries ranged from 70% to 130%, and limits of quantification (LOQ) varied between 1 ng/L and 3 ng/L for surface water, groundwater and drinking water, and between 10 ng/L and 30 ng/L for wastewater. In a conventional wastewater treatment plant, iohexol, iomeprol, and iopromide were transformed to >80%, while iopamidol was transformed to 35%. In total, 26 TPs were detected above their LOQ in WWTP effluents. A significant change in the pattern of ICM TPs was observed after bank filtration and groundwater infiltration under aerobic conditions. Predominately, these TPs are formed at the end of the microbial transformation pathways in batch experiments with soil and sediment. These polar ICM TPs, such as iohexol TP599, iomeprol TP643, iopromide TP701A, and iopromide TP643, were not or only partially removed during drinking water treatment. As a consequence, several ICM TPs were detected in drinking water, at concentration levels exceeding 100 ng/L, with a maximum of 500 ng/L for iomeprol TP687.
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Lewandowski J, Putschew A, Schwesig D, Neumann C, Radke M. Fate of organic micropollutants in the hyporheic zone of a eutrophic lowland stream: results of a preliminary field study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2011; 409:1824-35. [PMID: 21349571 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2010] [Revised: 01/16/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Many rivers and streams worldwide are impacted by pharmaceuticals originating from sewage. The hyporheic zone underlying streams is often regarded as reactive bioreactor with the potential for eliminating such sewage-born micropollutants. The present study aims at checking the elimination potential and analyzing the coupling of hydrodynamics, biogeochemistry and micropollutant processing. To this end, two sites at the lowland stream Erpe, which receives a high sewage burden, were equipped and sampled with nested piezometers. From temperature depth profiles we determined that at one of the sites infiltration of surface water into the aquifer occurs while exfiltration dominates at the other site. Biogeochemical data reveal intense mineralization processes and strictly anoxic conditions in the streambed sediments at both sites. Concentrations of the pharmaceuticals indomethacin, diclofenac, ibuprofen, bezafibrate, ketoprofen, naproxen and clofibric acid were high in the surface water and also in the subsurface at the infiltrating site. The evaluation of the depth profiles indicates some attenuation but due to varying surface water composition the evaluation of subsurface processes is quite complex. Borate and non-geogenic gadolinium were measured as conservative wastewater indicators. To eliminate the influence of fluctuating sewage proportions in the surface water, micropollutant concentrations are related to these indicators. The indicators can cope with different dilutions of the sewage but not with temporally varying sewage composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Lewandowski
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Department Ecohydrology, Müggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany.
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Anquandah G, Ray MB, Ray AK, Al-Abduly AJ, Sharma VK. Oxidation of X-ray compound ditrizoic acid by ferrate(VI). ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2011; 32:261-267. [PMID: 21780694 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2010.496467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Iodinated X-ray contrast media (ICM) such as diatrizoic acid (DTZA) is used in large amounts in hospitals to enhance imaging of organs and blood vessels during radiography. Due to its persistence and non-biodegradability, it is found in treated water, sewage effluent, surface waters, and aquatic environments. This paper presents the kinetics of the oxidation of DTZA by ferrate(VI) (Fe(VI)O4(2-), Fe(VI)) as a function of pH (7.1-9.6) at 25 degrees C in order to determine the effectiveness of Fe(VI) to remove DTZA from water. The reaction was determined to be first-order with respect to concentrations of Fe(VI) and DTZA. The rate of the reaction was found to be pH dependent and the rate decreased nonlinearly as the pH increase from 7.1 to 9.6. The speciation of Fe(VI) (HFeO4(-) and FeO4(2-)) was used to explain the rate dependence on pH. The calculated rate constant of Fe(VI) with DTZA at pH 7.0 was compared with nitrogen-containing pollutants and is briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Anquandah
- Chemistry Department, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 West University Boulevard, Melbourne, Florida 32901, USA
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Yu Y, Huang Q, Wang Z, Zhang K, Tang C, Cui J, Feng J, Peng X. Occurrence and behavior of pharmaceuticals, steroid hormones, and endocrine-disrupting personal care products in wastewater and the recipient river water of the Pearl River Delta, South China. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 13:871-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c0em00602e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Chan TW, Graham NJD, Chu W. Degradation of iopromide by combined UV irradiation and peroxydisulfate. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2010; 181:508-13. [PMID: 20561746 PMCID: PMC7116998 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Revised: 05/10/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The aqueous degradation of iopromide, an iodinated X-ray contrast media (ICM) compound, by the combination of UV(254) irradiation and potassium peroxydisulfate (K(2)S(2)O(8)) has been studied in laboratory scale experiments. The influence of various parameters on the performance of the treatment process has been considered, namely the UV irradiation light intensity, the initial concentrations of iopromide and peroxydisulfate, and the initial solution pH. Iopromide degradation increased with UV light intensity and peroxydisulfate concentration, but decreased with initial pH. Under specific conditions complete removal of iopromide was achieved within 30 min, and near-complete mineralisation (loss of solution TOC) within 80 min. Degradation was believed to be caused by a combination of direct photolysis, sulphate radical attack, and, to a minor degree, direct oxidation by peroxydisulfate. Approximate values for the reaction rate constants have been determined and found to be equal to 1-2x10(4) M(-1) s(-1) for sulfate radicals, and 1-2 M(-2) s(-1) for S(2)O(8)(2-). Overall compound degradation was observed to follow first-order kinetics where the rate constant decreased with initial solution pH. During the reaction, the solution pH decreased as a consequence of sulfate radical scavenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting W Chan
- Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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Jones OAH, Voulvoulis N, Lester JN. Potential Ecological and Human Health Risks Associated With the Presence of Pharmaceutically Active Compounds in the Aquatic Environment. Crit Rev Toxicol 2010; 34:335-50. [PMID: 15328767 DOI: 10.1080/10408440490464697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Recently, considerable interest has developed regarding the presence of pharmaceuticals in the environment, but as yet the potential ecological effects associated with the presence of these compounds have been largely ignored. In this review, laboratory-based acute and chronic toxicity data, as well as studies concerned with the effects of pharmaceuticals on a variety of different organisms, are examined, along with the reported environmental concentrations of pharmaceuticals in aquatic systems. The possible sources and pathways of these compounds to the environment and the effects of a variety of medicines on a range of organisms are also highlighted, and recommendations are made for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- O A H Jones
- Environmental Processes and Water Technology Group, Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
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Kormos JL, Schulz M, Kohler HPE, Ternes TA. Biotransformation of selected iodinated X-ray contrast media and characterization of microbial transformation pathways. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 44:4998-5007. [PMID: 20509647 DOI: 10.1021/es1007214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Iodinated X-ray contrast media (ICM) are commonly detected in the aquatic environment at concentrations up to the low microgram per liter range. In this study, the biotransformation of selected ICM (diatrizoate, iohexol, iomeprol, and iopamidol) in aerobic soil-water and river sediment-water batch systems was investigated. In addition, microbial transformation pathways were proposed. Diatrizoate, an ionic ICM, was not biotransformed, while three nonionic ICM were transformed into several biotransformation products (TPs) at neutral pH. Iohexol and iomeprol were biotransformed to eleven TPs and fifteen TPs, respectively, while eight TPs were detected for iopamidol. Since seven of the TPs detected during biotransformation had not been previously identified, mass fragmentation experiments were completed to elucidate the chemical structures. Oxidation of primary alcoholic moieties, cleavage of the N-C bonds (i.e., deacetylation and removal of hydroxylated propanoic acids), and decarboxylation are potential reactions that can explain the formation of the identified TPs. Iohexol and iomeprol had similar biotransformation rates, while iopamidol was biotransformed slower and to a lesser extent. A LC tandem MS method confirmed the presence of ICM TPs in aqueous environmental samples. Fifteen of the ICM TPs were even detected in drinking water with concentrations up to 120 ng/L.
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Busetti F, Linge KL, Rodriguez C, Heitz A. Occurrence of iodinated X-ray contrast media in indirect potable reuse systems. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2010; 45:542-548. [PMID: 20390901 DOI: 10.1080/10934521003595100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A lack of knowledge of the health and environmental risks associated with chemicals of concern (COCs) and also of their removal by advanced treatment processes, such as micro-filtration (MF) and reverse osmosis (RO), have been major barriers preventing establishment of large water recycling schemes. As part of a larger project monitoring over 300 COCs, iodinated X-ray contrast media compounds (ICM) were analysed in treated secondary wastewater intended for drinking purposes. ICM are the most widely administered intravascular pharmaceuticals and are known to persist in the aquatic environment. A direct injection liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (DI-LC-MS/MS) method was used to monitor secondary treated wastewater from three major wastewater treatment plants in Perth, Western Australia. In addition, tertiary water treated with MF and RO was analysed from a pilot plant that has been built as a first step in trialling the aquifer recharge. Results collected during 2007 demonstrate that MF/RO treatment is capable of removing ICM to below the analytical limits of detection, with average RO rejection calculated to be greater than 92%. A screening health risk assessment indicated negligible human risk at the concentrations observed in wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Busetti
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre (CWQRC), Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Kormos JL, Schulz M, Wagner M, Ternes TA. Multistep Approach for the Structural Identification of Biotransformation Products of Iodinated X-ray Contrast Media by Liquid Chromatography/Hybrid Triple Quadrupole Linear Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry and 1H and 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. Anal Chem 2009; 81:9216-24. [DOI: 10.1021/ac9011717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Lynne Kormos
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), Am Mainzer Tor 1, D-56068, Koblenz, Germany, and Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Manoj Schulz
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), Am Mainzer Tor 1, D-56068, Koblenz, Germany, and Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Manfred Wagner
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), Am Mainzer Tor 1, D-56068, Koblenz, Germany, and Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas A. Ternes
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), Am Mainzer Tor 1, D-56068, Koblenz, Germany, and Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128, Mainz, Germany
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Weissbrodt D, Kovalova L, Ort C, Pazhepurackel V, Moser R, Hollender J, Siegrist H, Mcardell CS. Mass flows of X-ray contrast media and cytostatics in hospital wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2009; 43:4810-7. [PMID: 19673269 DOI: 10.1021/es8036725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the significance of hospitals as point sources for emission of organic micropollutants into the aquatic environment. A mass flow analysis of pharmaceuticals and diagnostics used in hospitals was performed on the site of a representative Swiss cantonal hospital. Specifically, we analyzed the consumption of iodinated X-ray contrast media (ICM) and cytostatics in their corresponding medical applications of radiology and oncology, respectively, and their discharge into hospital wastewater and eventually into the wastewater of the municipal wastewater treatment plant. Emission levels within one day and over several days were found to correlate with the pharmacokinetic excretion pattern and the consumed amounts in the hospital during these days. ICM total emissions vary substantially from day to day from 255 to 1259 g/d, with a maximum on the day when the highest radiology treatment occurred. Parent cytostatic compounds reach maximal emissions of 8-10 mg/d. A total of 1.1%, 1.4%, and 3.7% of the excreted amounts of the cytostatics 5-fluorouracil, gemcitabine, and 2',2'-difluorodeoxyuridine (main metabolite of gemcitabine), respectively, were found in the hospital wastewater, whereas 49% of the total ICM was detected, showing a high variability among the compounds. These recoveries can essentially be explained by the high amount administered to out-patients (70% for cytostatics and 50% for ICM); therefore, only part of this dose is expected to be excreted on-site. In addition, this study emphasizes critical issues to consider when sampling in hospital sewer systems. Flow proportional sampling over a longer period is crucial to compute robust hospital mass flows.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Weissbrodt
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
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