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Linge KL, Gruchlik Y, Busetti F, Ryan U, Joll CA. Use of micropollutant indicator ratios to characterize wastewater treatment plant efficiency and to identify wastewater impact on groundwater. J Environ Manage 2024; 358:120822. [PMID: 38599088 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Contamination by wastewater has been traditionally assessed by measuring faecal coliforms, such as E. coli and entereococci. However, using micropollutants to track wastewater input is gaining interest. In this study, we identified nine micropollutant indicators that could be used to characterize water quality and wastewater treatment efficiency in pond-based wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) of varying configuration. Of 232 micropollutants tested, nine micropollutants were detected in treated wastewater at concentrations and frequencies suitable to be considered as indicators for treated wastewater. The nine indicators were then classified as stable (carbamazepine, sucralose, benzotriazole, 4+5-methylbenzotriazole), labile (atorvastatin, naproxen, galaxolide) or intermediate/uncertain (gemfibrozil, tris(chloropropyl)phosphate isomers) based on observed removals in the pond-based WWTPs and correlations between micropollutant and dissolved organic carbon removal. The utility of the selected indicators was evaluated by assessing the wastewater quality in different stages of wastewater treatment in three pond-based WWTPs, as well as selected groundwater bores near one WWTP, where treated wastewater was used to irrigate a nearby golf course. Ratios of labile to stable indicators provided insight into the treatment efficiency of different facultative and maturation ponds and highlighted the seasonal variability in treatment efficiency for some pond-based WWTPs. Additionally, indicator ratios of labile to stable indicators identified potential unintended release of untreated wastewater to groundwater, even with the presence of micropollutants in other groundwater bores related to approved reuse of treated wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn L Linge
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Australia; ChemCentre, PO Box 1250, Perth, Australia.
| | - Yolanta Gruchlik
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Australia
| | - Francesco Busetti
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Australia; ChemCentre, PO Box 1250, Perth, Australia
| | - Una Ryan
- Harry Butler Institute, College of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, Perth, Australia
| | - Cynthia A Joll
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Australia
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Restrepo-Vieira LH, Busetti F, Linge KL, Joll CA. Development and validation of a direct injection liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the analysis of illicit drugs and psychopharmaceuticals in wastewater. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1685:463562. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Caraene ID, Gruchlik Y, Busetti F, Linge KL, Joll CA. Degradation of selected pharmaceuticals detected in wastewater systems using an enzyme-mediator system and identification of resulting transformation products. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10242422.2021.2003344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ionut Daniel Caraene
- Curtin Water Quality Research Group, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Yolanta Gruchlik
- Curtin Water Quality Research Group, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | | | - Kathryn L. Linge
- Curtin Water Quality Research Group, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
- ChemCentre, Perth, Australia
| | - Cynthia A. Joll
- Curtin Water Quality Research Group, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
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Lohr MT, Hampton JO, Cherriman S, Busetti F, Lohr C. Corrigendum to "Completing a worldwide picture: Preliminary evidence of lead exposure in a scavenging bird from mainland Australia" [Sci. Total Environ. 715 (2020) 135913]. Sci Total Environ 2020; 742:141548. [PMID: 32829953 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M T Lohr
- School of Science, Edith Cowan University, 100 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, Western Australia 6027, Australia
| | - J O Hampton
- Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia.
| | - S Cherriman
- Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - F Busetti
- School of Science, Edith Cowan University, 100 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, Western Australia 6027, Australia
| | - C Lohr
- Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, 37 Wildlife Place, Woodvale, Western Australia 6026, Australia
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Lettoof DC, Lohr MT, Busetti F, Bateman PW, Davis RA. Toxic time bombs: Frequent detection of anticoagulant rodenticides in urban reptiles at multiple trophic levels. Sci Total Environ 2020; 724:138218. [PMID: 32247128 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) are regularly used around the world to control pest mammals. Second-generation anticoagulant rodenticides (SGARs) are highly persistent in biological tissue and have a high potential for bioaccumulation and biomagnification. Consequently, exposure and poisoning of non-target organisms has been frequently documented, especially in countries with unregulated AR sales and usage. Most of this research has focussed on rodent-predators, usually raptors and predatory mammals, although exposure has also been documented in invertebrates and insectivorous fauna. Few studies have explored non-target exposure in reptiles, despite species sharing similar trophic positions and dietary preferences to other exposed fauna. We tested three abundant urban reptile species in Perth, Western Australia that differ in diet and trophic tiers for multiple AR exposure, the dugite Pseudonaja affinis (rodent-predator), the bobtail Tiliqua rugosa (omnivore) and the tiger snake Notechis scutatus occidentalis (frog-predator). We found frequent exposure in all three species (91% in dugites, 60% in bobtails and 45% in tiger snakes). Mean combined liver concentrations of ARs of exposed individuals were 0.178 mg/kg in dugites, 0.040 mg/kg in bobtails and 0.009 mg/kg in tiger snakes. High exposure frequency and liver concentration was expected for the dugite. Exposure in the other species is more surprising and implies widespread AR contamination of the food web. We discuss the likelihood of global AR exposure of urban reptiles, highlight the potential for reptiles to be important vectors of ARs in the food web and highlight implications for humans consuming wild reptiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Lettoof
- Behavioural Ecology Lab, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Brand Drive, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia.
| | - M T Lohr
- School of Science, Edith Cowan University, 100 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia; Phoenix Environmental Sciences, 1/511 Wanneroo Road, Balcatta, WA 6021, Australia
| | - F Busetti
- School of Science, Edith Cowan University, 100 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia
| | - P W Bateman
- Behavioural Ecology Lab, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Brand Drive, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - R A Davis
- School of Science, Edith Cowan University, 100 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia
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Lohr MT, Hampton JO, Cherriman S, Busetti F, Lohr C. Completing a worldwide picture: preliminary evidence of lead exposure in a scavenging bird from mainland Australia. Sci Total Environ 2020; 715:135913. [PMID: 31837857 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Lead toxicity from ammunition has been shown to be a threat to scavenging birds across the globe. Despite decades of research in Europe, North and South America, Asia and Africa, there have been no studies to investigate this phenomenon in Australia despite that continent having many species of scavenging birds and widespread shooting practices. We present preliminary evidence of lead exposure in Australia's largest bird of prey, the wedge-tailed eagles (Aquila audax) through analysis of bone and eggshell samples from south-western Australia. From 11 bone samples, three birds (27%) had lead levels exceeding literature thresholds for elevated levels (>6.75 ppm). From 36 eggshell samples, no samples had lead levels >0.5 ppm, suggesting some limitations for this matrix as an indicator of lead exposure. Isotope ratios suggested ammunition as a likely source of the lead found in bone samples with elevated lead levels but other potential sources of lead require further investigation. Our preliminary results demonstrate that lead exposure is occurring in scavenging birds in Australia, and like the rest of the world, is likely to be derived from ammunition. This study supports an urgent call for further research into this worldwide phenomenon in Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Lohr
- School of Science, Edith Cowan University, 100 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, Western Australia 6027, Australia
| | - Jordan O Hampton
- Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia.
| | - Simon Cherriman
- Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - Francesco Busetti
- School of Science, Edith Cowan University, 100 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, Western Australia 6027, Australia
| | - Cheryl Lohr
- Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, 37 Wildlife Place, Woodvale, Western Australia 6026, Australia
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Dorakumbura BN, Busetti F, Lewis SW. Analysis of squalene and its transformation by-products in latent fingermarks by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution accurate mass Orbitrap™ mass spectrometry. Forensic Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2019.100193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Nguyen DD, Solah VA, Johnson SK, Nguyen HA, Nguyen TLD, Tran TLH, Mai TK, Busetti F. Identification and quantification of beta-casomorphin peptides naturally yielded in raw milk by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2019.05.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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9
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Ofori H, Hettiarachchi D, Sostaric T, Busetti F, Boyce MC. High-performance thin-layer chromatographic fingerprinting of sandalwood essential oils. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2019. [DOI: 10.1556/1006.2019.32.3.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hayford Ofori
- Centre for Ecosystem Management, School of Science, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, 6027, Australia
- CSIR-Food Research Institute, Box M20, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Tomislav Sostaric
- Chromatech Scientific Pty Ltd, Yangebup, Western Australia, 6164, Australia
| | - Francesco Busetti
- Centre for Ecosystem Management, School of Science, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, 6027, Australia
| | - Mary C. Boyce
- Centre for Ecosystem Management, School of Science, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, 6027, Australia
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Leusch FDL, Neale PA, Busetti F, Card M, Humpage A, Orbell JD, Ridgway HF, Stewart MB, van de Merwe JP, Escher BI. Transformation of endocrine disrupting chemicals, pharmaceutical and personal care products during drinking water disinfection. Sci Total Environ 2019; 657:1480-1490. [PMID: 30677914 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) and endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) are frequently detected in drinking water sources. This raises concerns about the formation of potentially more toxic transformation products (TPs) after drinking water disinfection. This study applied a combination of computational and experimental methods to investigate the biological activity of eight EDCs and PPCPs commonly detected in source waters (acetaminophen, bisphenol A, carbamazepine, estrone, 17α-ethinylestradiol, gemfibrozil, naproxen and triclosan) before and after disinfection. Using a Stepped Forced Molecular Dynamics (SFMD) method, we detected 911 unique TPs, 36% of which have been previously reported in the scientific literature. We calculated the likelihood that TPs would cause damage to biomolecules or DNA relative to the parent compound based on lipophilicity and the occurrence of structural alerts, and applied two Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) tools to predict toxicity via receptor-mediated effects. In parallel, batch experiments were performed with three disinfectants, chlorine, chlorine dioxide and chloramine. After solid-phase extraction, the resulting TP mixtures were analyzed by chemical analysis and a battery of eleven in vitro bioassays covering a variety of endpoints. The laboratory results were in good agreement with the predictions. Overall, the combination of computational and experimental chemistry and toxicity methods used in this study suggest that disinfection of the studied EDCs and PPCPs will produce a large number of TPs, which are unlikely to increase specific toxicity (e.g., endocrine activity), but may result in increased reactive and non-specific toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic D L Leusch
- Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Southport, Qld 4222, Australia.
| | - Peta A Neale
- Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Southport, Qld 4222, Australia
| | - Francesco Busetti
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia; School of Science, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia
| | - Marcella Card
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), Woolloongabba, Qld 4102, Australia
| | - Andrew Humpage
- Australian Water Quality Centre, SA Water, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - John D Orbell
- Institute for Sustainable Industries & Livable Cities (ISILC), College of Engineering & Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | | | - Matthew B Stewart
- Institute for Sustainable Industries & Livable Cities (ISILC), College of Engineering & Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Jason P van de Merwe
- Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Southport, Qld 4222, Australia
| | - Beate I Escher
- Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Southport, Qld 4222, Australia; The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), Woolloongabba, Qld 4102, Australia; UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Cell Toxicology, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
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12
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How ZT, Linge KL, Busetti F, Joll CA. Formation of odorous and hazardous by-products from the chlorination of amino acids. Water Res 2018; 146:10-18. [PMID: 30223107 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.08.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The formation of odorous aldehydes and N-chloraldimines, and also nitriles, which are potentially hazardous to human health, was investigated in studies of the chlorination of amino acids (AAs) in both operational drinking water treatment plants and laboratory-based experiments. In the drinking water treatment plants studied, the concentration of total free AAs did not significantly change after treatment, even though good removal of DOC was observed. However, free AAs still contributed less than 3% of total nitrogen in the treated drinking waters, and no aldehydes, N-chloraldimines or nitriles of interest were detected in the treated waters, presumably due to the low concentrations of the precursor AAs in these water samples. Laboratory formation potential experiments showed that carboxylic acids can form from the degradation of aldehydes and nitriles. Volatile carboxylic acids could result in odour issues and some carboxylic acids may be of potential health concern. Therefore, carboxylic acids should also be considered as potential by-products of interest in distribution systems with long contact times of ≥ 7days. A higher proportion of nitrile formation, and promotion of carboxylic acid formation, was observed when the chlorine to AA ratio was greater than 4 compared to when this ratio was 2.8, indicating that the Cl:AA ratio is an important factor in DBP formation pathways. This suggests that results from laboratory formation studies undertaken at these low Cl:AA ratios cannot be directly applied to 'real' water systems, which typically have Cl:AA ratios that are orders of magnitude higher than 4. Laboratory formation potential experiments also showed that the short-term rate of formation of aldehydes and N-chloraldimines was reduced in the presence of ammonia, although formation over longer timescales (e.g. 7 days) was not significantly different between chlorination and chloramination experiments. Therefore, the use of chloramination instead of chlorination does not appear to reduce the formation of these by-products from AAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuo Tong How
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia, 6845, Australia; Department of Material Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119077, Singapore
| | - Kathryn L Linge
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia, 6845, Australia; ChemCentre, PO Box 1250, Perth, Western Australia, 6983, Australia
| | - Francesco Busetti
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia, 6845, Australia; School of Science, Edith Cowan University, Western Australia, 6027, Australia
| | - Cynthia A Joll
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia, 6845, Australia.
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Nguyen DD, Busetti F, Johnson SK, Solah VA. Degradation of β-casomorphins and identification of degradation products during yoghurt processing using liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry. Food Res Int 2018; 106:98-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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How ZT, Kristiana I, Busetti F, Linge KL, Joll CA. Organic chloramines in chlorine-based disinfected water systems: A critical review. J Environ Sci (China) 2017; 58:2-18. [PMID: 28774610 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2017.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This paper is a critical review of current knowledge of organic chloramines in water systems, including their formation, stability, toxicity, analytical methods for detection, and their impact on drinking water treatment and quality. The term organic chloramines may refer to any halogenated organic compounds measured as part of combined chlorine (the difference between the measured free and total chlorine concentrations), and may include N-chloramines, N-chloramino acids, N-chloraldimines and N-chloramides. Organic chloramines can form when dissolved organic nitrogen or dissolved organic carbon react with either free chlorine or inorganic chloramines. They are potentially harmful to humans and may exist as an intermediate for other disinfection by-products. However, little information is available on the formation or occurrence of organic chloramines in water due to a number of challenges. One of the biggest challenges for the identification and quantification of organic chloramines in water systems is the lack of appropriate analytical methods. In addition, many of the organic chloramines that form during disinfection are unstable, which results in difficulties in sampling and detection. To date research has focussed on the study of organic monochloramines. However, given that breakpoint chlorination is commonly undertaken in water treatment systems, the formation of organic dichloramines should also be considered. Organic chloramines can be formed from many different precursors and pathways. Therefore, studying the occurrence of their precursors in water systems would enable better prediction and management of their formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuo Tong How
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Ina Kristiana
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Francesco Busetti
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Kathryn L Linge
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia.
| | - Cynthia A Joll
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia
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Abstract
Chlorination of amino acids can result in the formation of organic monochloramines or organic dichloramines, depending on the chlorine to amino acid ratio (Cl:AA). After formation, organic chloramines degrade into aldehydes, nitriles and N-chloraldimines. In this paper, the formation of organic chloramines from chlorination of lysine, tyrosine and valine were investigated. Chlorination of tyrosine and lysine demonstrated that the presence of a reactive secondary group can increase the Cl:AA ratio required for the formation of N,N-dichloramines, and potentially alter the reaction pathways between chlorine and amino acids, resulting in the formation of unexpected byproducts. In a detailed investigation, we report rate constants for all reactions in the chlorination of valine, for the first time, using experimental results and modeling. At Cl:AA = 2.8, the chlorine was found to first react quickly with valine (5.4 × 104 M-1 s-1) to form N-monochlorovaline, with a slower subsequent reaction with N-monochlorovaline to form N,N-dichlorovaline (4.9 × 102 M-1 s-1), although some N-monochlorovaline degraded into isobutyraldehyde (1.0 × 10-4 s-1). The N,N-dichlorovaline then competitively degraded into isobutyronitrile (1.3 × 10-4 s-1) and N-chloroisobutyraldimine (1.2 × 10-4 s-1). In conventional drinking water disinfection, N-chloroisobutyraldimine can potentially be formed in concentrations higher than its odor threshold concentration, resulting in aesthetic challenges and an unknown health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuo Tong How
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University , GPO Box U1987 Perth, Western Australia Australia 6845
| | - Kathryn L Linge
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University , GPO Box U1987 Perth, Western Australia Australia 6845
| | - Francesco Busetti
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University , GPO Box U1987 Perth, Western Australia Australia 6845
| | - Cynthia A Joll
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University , GPO Box U1987 Perth, Western Australia Australia 6845
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de Eulate EA, Busetti F, Arrigan DW. Evaluation of interfacial sulfate complexation by a bis-thiourea ionophore at water-organic interfaces using microelectrochemistry and high resolution mass spectrometry. Microchem J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2016.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Niu XZ, Busetti F, Langsa M, Croué JP. Roles of singlet oxygen and dissolved organic matter in self-sensitized photo-oxidation of antibiotic norfloxacin under sunlight irradiation. Water Res 2016; 106:214-222. [PMID: 27723479 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Many fluoroquinolone (FLQ) antibiotics undergo rapid photodegradation in sunlit waters and form multifaceted photo-products. The high photodegradation rate is primarily ascribed to their photosensitizing properties. Though widely studied, the photo-reaction pathways are not completely revealed; photo-products mediated by different reactive oxygen species are not identified. In our study, photo-degradation of fluoroquinolone norfloxacin was investigated. A rapid degradation in buffered water was observed with a first-order rate constant of 2.45/hr and a quantum yield of 0.039. After light screening correction, selected DOMs (5 mg C/L) slightly enhanced the photodegradation rate with the exception of Suwannee river hydrophobic organic matter (SR-HPO). Three major photo-products were identified using high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). With 1O2 dark formation and competitor experiments, norfloxacin self-sensitized 1O2 was found to oxidize norfloxacin by inducing its piperazine chain cleavage. DOMs exhibited a dual role by inhibiting the 1O2-mediated reaction while enhancing the heterolytic defluorination pathway. DOMs were proposed to enhance heterolytic defluorination by donating electron to triplet state FLQ, this proposal was supported with specific UV absorbance (SUVA) as an indicator for the abundance of π bonds. Fluoride formation indicated a 79% elimination ratio of fluorine, an important functional group for antimicrobial activity. This work provides important new insights into the photochemical fate of fluoroquinolone antibiotics in natural water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Zhi Niu
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
| | - Francesco Busetti
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
| | - Markus Langsa
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
| | - Jean-Philippe Croué
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia.
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Česen M, Kosjek T, Busetti F, Kompare B, Heath E. Human metabolites and transformation products of cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide: analysis, occurrence and formation during abiotic treatments. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2016; 23:11209-11223. [PMID: 26920534 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6321-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study describes a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analytical method for the analysis of cytostatic cyclophosphamide (CP), ifosfamide (IF) and their selected metabolites/transformation products (TPs): carboxy-cyclophosphamide (carboxy-CP), keto-cyclophosphamide (keto-CP) and 3-dechloroethyl-ifosfamide/N-dechloroethyl-cyclophosphamide (N-decl-CP) in wastewater (WW). Keto-cyclophosphamide, CP and IF were extracted with Oasis HLB and N-decl-CP and carboxy-CP with Isolute ENV+ cartridges. Analyte derivatization was performed by silylation (metabolites/TPs) and acetylation (CP and IF). The recoveries and LOQs of the developed method were 58, 87 and 103 % and 77.7, 43.7 and 6.7 ng L(-1) for carboxy-CP, keto-CP and N-decl-CP, respectively. After validation, the analytical method was applied to hospital WW and influent and effluent samples of a receiving WW treatment plant. In hospital WW, levels up to 2690, 47.0, 13,200, 2100 and 178 ng L(-1) were detected for CP, IF, carboxy-CP, N-decl-CP and keto-CP, respectively, while in influent and effluent samples concentrations were below LOQs. The formation of TPs during abiotic treatments was also studied. Liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry was used to identify CP and IF TPs in ultrapure water, treated with UV and UV/H2O2. UV treatment produced four CP TPs and four IF TPs, while UV/H2O2 resulted in five CPs and four IF TPs. Besides already known TPs, three novel TPs (CP-TP138a, imino-ifosfamide and IF-TP138) have been tentatively identified. In hospital WW treated by UV/O3/H2O2, none of the target metabolites/TPs resulted above LOQs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjeta Česen
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova cesta 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tina Kosjek
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova cesta 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Francesco Busetti
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre (CWQRC), Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia
| | - Boris Kompare
- Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Hajdrihova 28, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ester Heath
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova cesta 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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How ZT, Linge KL, Busetti F, Joll CA. Organic chloramines in drinking water: An assessment of formation, stability, reactivity and risk. Water Res 2016; 93:65-73. [PMID: 26896824 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Although organic chloramines are known to form during the disinfection of drinking water with chlorine, little information is currently available on their occurrence or toxicity. In a recent in vitro study, some organic chloramines (e.g. N-chloroglycine) were found to be cytotoxic and genotoxic even at micromolar concentrations. In this paper, the formation and stability of 21 different organic chloramines, from chlorination of simple amines and amino acids, were studied, and the competition between 20 amino acids during chlorination was also investigated. For comparison, chlorination of two amides was also conducted. The formation and degradation of selected organic chloramines were measured using either direct UV spectroscopic or colorimetric detection. Although cysteine, methionine and tryptophan were the most reactive amino acids towards chlorination, they did not form organic chloramines at the chlorine to precursor molar ratios that were tested. Only 6 out of the 21 organic chloramines formed had a half-life of more than 3 h, although this group included all organic chloramines formed from amines. A health risk assessment relating stability and reactivity data from this study to toxicity and precursor abundance data from the literature indicated that only N-chloroglycine is likely to be of concern due to its stability, toxicity and abundance in water. However, given the stability of organic chloramines formed from amines, more information about the toxicity and precursor abundance for these chloramines is desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuo Tong How
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia, 6845, Australia
| | - Kathryn L Linge
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia, 6845, Australia.
| | - Francesco Busetti
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia, 6845, Australia
| | - Cynthia A Joll
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia, 6845, Australia
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20
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Abstract
Milk proteins including casein are sources of peptides with bioactivity. One of these peptides is beta-casomorphin (BCM) which belongs to a group of opioid peptides formed from β-casein variants. Beta-casomorphin 7 (BCM7) has been demonstrated to be enzymatically released from the A1 or B β-casein variant. Epidemiological evidence suggests the peptide BCM 7 is a risk factor for development of human diseases, including increased risk of type 1 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases but this has not been thoroughly substantiated by research studies. High performance liquid chromatography coupled to UV-Vis and mass spectrometry detection as well as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been used to analyze BCMs in dairy products. BCMs have been detected in raw cow's milk and human milk and a variety of commercial cheeses, but their presence has yet to be confirmed in commercial yoghurts. The finding that BCMs are present in cheese suggests they could also form in yoghurt, but be degraded during yoghurt processing. Whether BCMs do form in yoghurt and the amount of BCM forming or degrading at different processing steps needs further investigation and possibly will depend on the heat treatment and fermentation process used, but it remains an intriguing unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duc Doan Nguyen
- a Food Science and Technology Program, School of Public Health, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University , Perth , Western Australia , Australia
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21
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Nguyen D, Busetti F, Johnson S, Solah V. Identification and quantification of native beta-casomorphins in Australian milk by LC–MS/MS and LC–HRMS. J Food Compost Anal 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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22
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How ZT, Busetti F, Linge KL, Kristiana I, Joll CA, Charrois JWA. Analysis of free amino acids in natural waters by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1370:135-46. [PMID: 25454138 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports a new analytical method for the analysis of 18 amino acids in natural waters using solid-phase extraction (SPE) followed by liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) operated in multiple reaction monitoring mode. Two different preconcentration methods, solid-phase extraction and concentration under reduced pressure, were tested in development of this method. Although concentration under reduced pressure provided better recoveries and method limits of detection for amino acids in ultrapure water, SPE was a more suitable extraction method for real samples due to the lower matrix effects for this method. Even though the strong cation exchange resin used in SPE method introduced exogenous matrix interferences into the sample extracts (inorganic salt originating from the acid-base reaction during the elution step), the SPE method still incorporates a broad sample clean-up and minimised endogenous matrix effects by reducing interferences originating from real water samples. The method limits of quantification (MLQ) for the SPE LC-MS/MS method in ultrapure water ranged from 0.1 to 100 μg L(-1) as N for the different amino acids. The MLQs of the early eluting amino acids were limited by the presence of matrix interfering species, such as inorganic salts in natural water samples. The SPE LC-MS/MS method was successfully applied to the analysis of amino acids in 3 different drinking water source waters: the average total free amino acid content in these waters was found to be 19 μg L(-1) as N, while among the 18 amino acids analysed, the most abundant amino acids were found to be tyrosine, leucine and isoleucine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuo Tong How
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987 Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
| | - Francesco Busetti
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987 Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
| | - Kathryn L Linge
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987 Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia.
| | - Ina Kristiana
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987 Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
| | - Cynthia A Joll
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987 Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
| | - Jeffrey W A Charrois
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987 Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
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23
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Tang JYM, Busetti F, Charrois JWA, Escher BI. Which chemicals drive biological effects in wastewater and recycled water? Water Res 2014; 60:289-299. [PMID: 24874944 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Removal of organic micropollutants from wastewater during secondary treatment followed by reverse osmosis and UV disinfection was evaluated by a combination of four in-vitro cell-based bioassays and chemical analysis of 299 organic compounds. Concentrations detected in recycled water were below the Australian Guidelines for Water Recycling. Thus the detected chemicals were considered not to pose any health risk. The detected pesticides in the wastewater treatment plant effluent and partially advanced treated water explained all observed effects on photosynthesis inhibition. In contrast, mixture toxicity experiments with designed mixtures containing all detected chemicals at their measured concentrations demonstrated that the known chemicals explained less than 3% of the observed cytotoxicity and less than 1% of the oxidative stress response. Pesticides followed by pharmaceuticals and personal care products dominated the observed mixture effects. The detected chemicals were not related to the observed genotoxicity. The large proportion of unknown toxicity calls for effect monitoring complementary to chemical monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Y M Tang
- The University of Queensland, National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), 39 Kessels Rd, Brisbane, QLD 4108, Australia
| | - Francesco Busetti
- Curtin University, Curtin Water Quality Research Centre (CWQRC), GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
| | - Jeffrey W A Charrois
- Curtin University, Curtin Water Quality Research Centre (CWQRC), GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
| | - Beate I Escher
- The University of Queensland, National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), 39 Kessels Rd, Brisbane, QLD 4108, Australia.
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24
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Busetti F, Berwick L, McDonald S, Heitz A, Joll CA, Loh J, Power G. Physicochemical Characterization of Organic Matter in Bayer Liquor. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ie4028268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Joanne Loh
- CSIRO
Light Metals Flagship (CSIRO Process Science and Engineering), Parker Centre, P.O.
Box 7229, Karawara, Perth, Western Australia 6152, Australia
| | - Greg Power
- CSIRO
Light Metals Flagship (CSIRO Process Science and Engineering), Parker Centre, P.O.
Box 7229, Karawara, Perth, Western Australia 6152, Australia
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25
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Nguyen D, Solah V, Johnson S, Charrois J, Busetti F. Isotope dilution liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry for simultaneous identification and quantification of beta-casomorphin 5 and beta-casomorphin 7 in yoghurt. Food Chem 2014; 146:345-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.09.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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26
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Frick AA, Busetti F, Cross A, Lewis SW. Aqueous Nile blue: a simple, versatile and safe reagent for the detection of latent fingermarks. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:3341-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc49577a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous Nile blue A provides a simple approach to the detection of latent fingermarks on porous and non-porous surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrew Cross
- Australian Federal Police Forensics
- Canberra, Australia
| | - Simon W. Lewis
- Department of Chemistry
- Curtin University
- Perth, Australia
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27
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Loi CH, Busetti F, Linge KL, Joll CA. Development of a solid-phase extraction liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for benzotriazoles and benzothiazoles in wastewater and recycled water. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1299:48-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.04.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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28
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Costine A, Loh JSC, Busetti F, Joll CA, Heitz A. Understanding Hydrogen in Bayer Process Emissions. 3. Hydrogen Production during the Degradation of Polyols in Sodium Hydroxide Solutions. Ind Eng Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ie400435k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Allan Costine
- CSIRO Process Science and Engineering, CSIRO Minerals Down Under Flagship, P.O. Box 7229, Karawara, Western
Australia 6152, Australia
| | - Joanne S. C. Loh
- CSIRO Process Science and Engineering, CSIRO Minerals Down Under Flagship, P.O. Box 7229, Karawara, Western
Australia 6152, Australia
| | - Francesco Busetti
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, G.P.O. Box U1987, Perth, Western
Australia 6845, Australia
| | - Cynthia A. Joll
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, G.P.O. Box U1987, Perth, Western
Australia 6845, Australia
| | - Anna Heitz
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, G.P.O. Box U1987, Perth, Western
Australia 6845, Australia
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29
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Linge KL, Blythe JW, Busetti F, Blair P, Rodriguez C, Heitz A. Formation of halogenated disinfection by-products during microfiltration and reverse osmosis treatment: Implications for water recycling. Sep Purif Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2012.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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30
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Rodriguez C, Linge K, Blair P, Busetti F, Devine B, Van Buynder P, Weinstein P, Cook A. Recycled water: potential health risks from volatile organic compounds and use of 1,4-dichlorobenzene as treatment performance indicator. Water Res 2012; 46:93-106. [PMID: 22078226 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Revised: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Characterisation of the concentrations and potential health risks of chemicals in recycled water is important if this source of water is to be safely used to supplement drinking water sources. This research was conducted to: (i) determine the concentration of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in secondary treated effluent (STE) and, post-reverse osmosis (RO) treatment and to; (ii) assess the health risk associated with VOCs for indirect potable reuse (IPR). Samples were examined pre and post-RO in one full-scale and one pilot plant in Perth, Western Australia. Risk quotients (RQ) were estimated by expressing the maximum and median concentration as a function of the health value. Of 61 VOCs analysed over a period of three years, twenty one (21) were detected in STE, with 1,4-dichlorobenzene (94%); tetrachloroethene (88%); carbon disulfide (81%) and; chloromethane (58%) most commonly detected. Median concentrations for these compounds in STE ranged from 0.81 μg/L for 1,4-dichlorobenzene to 0.02 μg/L for carbon disulphide. After RO, twenty six (26) VOCs were detected, of which 1,4-dichlorobenzene (89%); acrylonitrile (83%) chloromethane (63%) and carbon disulfide (40%) were the more frequently detected. RQ(max) were all below health values in the STE and after RO. Median removal efficiency for RO was variable, ranging from -77% (dichlorodifluoromethane) to 91.2% (tetrachloroethene). The results indicate that despite the detection of VOCs in STE and after RO, their human health impact in IPR is negligible due to the low concentrations detected. The results indicate that 1,4-dichlorobenzene is a potential treatment chemical indicator for assessment of VOCs in IPR using RO treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemencia Rodriguez
- School of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, (M431) Crawley 6009 Western Australia, Australia.
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31
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Patterson BM, Shackleton M, Furness AJ, Bekele E, Pearce J, Linge KL, Busetti F, Spadek T, Toze S. Behaviour and fate of nine recycled water trace organics during managed aquifer recharge in an aerobic aquifer. J Contam Hydrol 2011; 122:53-62. [PMID: 21186066 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2010.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Revised: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The fate of nine trace organic compounds was evaluated during a 12month large-scale laboratory column experiment. The columns were packed with aquifer sediment and evaluated under natural aerobic and artificial anaerobic geochemical conditions, to assess the potential for natural attenuation of these compounds during aquifer passage associated with managed aquifer recharge (MAR). The nine trace organic compounds were bisphenol A (BPA), 17β-estradiol (E2), 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2), N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), N-nitrosomorpholine (NMOR), carbamazepine, oxazepam, iohexol and iodipamide. In the low organic carbon content Spearwood sediment, all trace organics were non-retarded with retardation coefficients between 1.0 and 1.2, indicating that these compounds would travel at near groundwater velocities within the aquifer. The natural aerobic geochemical conditions provided a suitable environment for the rapid degradation for BPA, E2, iohexol (half life <1day). Lag-times for the start of degradation of these compounds ranged from <15 to 30days. While iodipamide was persistent under aerobic conditions, artificial reductive geochemical conditions promoted via the addition of ethanol, resulted in rapid degradation (half life <1days). Pharmaceuticals (carbamazepine and oxazepam) and disinfection by-products (NDMA and NMOR) did not degrade under either aerobic or anaerobic aquifer geochemical conditions (half life >50days). Field-based validation experiments with carbamazepine and oxazepam also showed no degradation. If persistent trace organics are present in recycled waters at concentrations in excess of their intended use, natural attenuation during aquifer passage alone may not result in extracted water meeting regulatory requirements. Additional pre treatment of the recycled water would therefore be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Patterson
- CSIRO Land and Water, Private Bag 5, Wembley WA 6913, Australia.
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32
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Patterson BM, Shackleton M, Furness AJ, Pearce J, Descourvieres C, Linge KL, Busetti F, Spadek T. Fate of nine recycled water trace organic contaminants and metal(loid)s during managed aquifer recharge into a anaerobic aquifer: Column studies. Water Res 2010; 44:1471-1481. [PMID: 19939429 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2009.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2009] [Revised: 10/28/2009] [Accepted: 10/29/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Water quality changes associated with the passage of aerobic reverse osmosis (RO) treated recycled water through a deep anaerobic pyritic aquifer system was evaluated in sediment-filled laboratory columns as part of a managed aquifer recharge (MAR) strategy. The fate of nine recycled water trace organic compounds along with potential negative water quality changes such as the release of metal(loid)s were investigated in large-scale columns over a period of 12 months. The anaerobic geochemical conditions provided a suitable environment for denitrification, and rapid (half-life <1-25 days) degradation of the endocrine disrupting compounds (bisphenol A, 17beta-estradiol, 17alpha-ethynylestradiol), and iodipamide. However, pharmaceuticals (carbamazepine and oxazepam), disinfection by-products (N-nitrosodimethylamine, N-nitrosomorpholine) and iohexol did not degrade rapidly (half-life > 100 days). High retardation coefficients (R) determined for many of the trace organics (R 13 to 67) would increase aquifer residence time and be beneficial for many of the slow degrading compounds. However, for the trace organics with low R values (1.1-2.6) and slow degradation rates (half-life > 100 days), such as N-nitrosodimethylamine, N-nitrosomorpholine and iohexol, substantial biodegradation during aquifer passage may not occur and additional investigations are required. Only minor transient increases in some metal(loid) concentrations were observed, as a result of either pyrite oxidation, mineral dissolution or pH induced metal desorption, followed by metal re-sorption downgradient in the oxygen depleted zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Patterson
- CSIRO Land and Water, Private Bag 5, Wembley, WA 6913, Australia.
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33
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Busetti F, Linge KL, Rodriguez C, Heitz A. Occurrence of iodinated X-ray contrast media in indirect potable reuse systems. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng 2010; 45:542-548. [PMID: 20390901 DOI: 10.1080/10934521003595100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A lack of knowledge of the health and environmental risks associated with chemicals of concern (COCs) and also of their removal by advanced treatment processes, such as micro-filtration (MF) and reverse osmosis (RO), have been major barriers preventing establishment of large water recycling schemes. As part of a larger project monitoring over 300 COCs, iodinated X-ray contrast media compounds (ICM) were analysed in treated secondary wastewater intended for drinking purposes. ICM are the most widely administered intravascular pharmaceuticals and are known to persist in the aquatic environment. A direct injection liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (DI-LC-MS/MS) method was used to monitor secondary treated wastewater from three major wastewater treatment plants in Perth, Western Australia. In addition, tertiary water treated with MF and RO was analysed from a pilot plant that has been built as a first step in trialling the aquifer recharge. Results collected during 2007 demonstrate that MF/RO treatment is capable of removing ICM to below the analytical limits of detection, with average RO rejection calculated to be greater than 92%. A screening health risk assessment indicated negligible human risk at the concentrations observed in wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Busetti
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre (CWQRC), Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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34
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Busetti F, Linge KL, Blythe JW, Heitz A. Rapid analysis of iodinated X-ray contrast media in secondary and tertiary treated wastewater by direct injection liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1213:200-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2008] [Revised: 09/30/2008] [Accepted: 10/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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35
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Gray SR, Ritchie CB, Tran T, Bolto BA, Greenwood P, Busetti F, Allpike B. Effect of membrane character and solution chemistry on microfiltration performance. Water Res 2008; 42:743-53. [PMID: 17720212 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2007.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2007] [Revised: 08/02/2007] [Accepted: 08/07/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
To help understand and predict the role of natural organic matter (NOM) in the fouling of low-pressure membranes, experiments were carried out with an apparatus that incorporates automatic backwashing and long filtration runs. Three hollow fibre membranes of varying character were included in the study, and the filtration of two different surface waters was compared. The hydrophilic membrane had greater flux recovery after backwashing than the hydrophobic membranes, but the efficiency of backwashing decreased at extended filtration times. NOM concentration of these waters (7.9 and 9.1mg/L) had little effect on the flux of the membranes at extended filtration times, as backwashing of the membrane restored the flux to similar values regardless of the NOM concentration. The solution pH also had little effect at extended filtration times. The backwashing efficiency of the hydrophilic membrane was dramatically different for the two waters, and the presence of colloid NOM alone could not explain these differences. It is proposed that colloidal NOM forms a filter cake on the surface of the membranes and that small molecular weight organics that have an adsorption peak at 220nm but not 254nm were responsible for "gluing" the colloids to the membrane surface. Alum coagulation improved membrane performance in all instances, and this was suggested to be because coagulation reduced the concentration of "glue" that holds the organic colloids to the membrane surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Gray
- Institute of Sustainability and Innovation, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, Victoria 8001, Australia.
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Busetti F, Heitz A, Cuomo M, Badoer S, Traverso P. Determination of sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in aqueous and solid samples from an Italian wastewater treatment plant. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1102:104-15. [PMID: 16256127 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2005] [Revised: 09/26/2005] [Accepted: 10/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A robust procedure for the determination of 16 US EPA PAHs in both aqueous (e.g. wastewaters, industrial discharges, treated effluents) and solid samples (e.g. suspended solids and sludge) from a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) is presented. Recovery experiments using different percentages of organic modifier, sorbents and eluting solvent mixtures were carried out in Milli-Q water (1000 mL) spiked with a mixture of the PAH analytes (100 ng/L of each analyte). The solid phase extraction (SPE) procedures applied to spiked waste water samples (1000 mL; 100 ng/L spiking level) permitted simultaneous recovery of all the 16PAHs with yields >70% (6-13% RSD). SPE clean up procedures applied to sewage and stabilized sludge extracts, showed percent recoveries in the range 73-92% (7-13% RSD) and 71-89% (7-12% RSD), respectively. The methods were used for the determination of PAHs in aqueous and solid samples from the WWTP of Fusina (Venice, Italy). Mean concentrations, as the sum of the 16PAHs in aqueous and suspended solid samples, were found to be approx. in the 1.12-4.62 microg/L range. Sewage and stabilized sludge samples contained mean PAH concentrations, as sum of 16 compounds, in the concentration range of 1.44-1.26 mg/kg, respectively. Extraction and clean up procedures for sludge samples were validated using EPA certified reference material IRM-104 (CRM No. 912). Instrumental analyses were performed by coupling HPLC with UV-diode array detection (UV-DAD) and fluorescence detection (FLD).
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Affiliation(s)
- F Busetti
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987 Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia.
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Busetti F, Badoer S, Cuomo M, Rubino B, Traverso P. Occurrence and Removal of Potentially Toxic Metals and Heavy Metals in the Wastewater Treatment Plant of Fusina (Venice, Italy). Ind Eng Chem Res 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/ie0506466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Busetti
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University Ca'Foscari of Venice Calle Larga S. Marta 2137, I-30123 Venice, Italy, and VESTA SpA Cannaregio 462, I-30121 Venice, Italy
| | - S. Badoer
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University Ca'Foscari of Venice Calle Larga S. Marta 2137, I-30123 Venice, Italy, and VESTA SpA Cannaregio 462, I-30121 Venice, Italy
| | - M. Cuomo
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University Ca'Foscari of Venice Calle Larga S. Marta 2137, I-30123 Venice, Italy, and VESTA SpA Cannaregio 462, I-30121 Venice, Italy
| | - B. Rubino
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University Ca'Foscari of Venice Calle Larga S. Marta 2137, I-30123 Venice, Italy, and VESTA SpA Cannaregio 462, I-30121 Venice, Italy
| | - P. Traverso
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University Ca'Foscari of Venice Calle Larga S. Marta 2137, I-30123 Venice, Italy, and VESTA SpA Cannaregio 462, I-30121 Venice, Italy
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Pojana G, Bonfà A, Busetti F, Collarin A, Marcomini A. Estrogenic potential of the Venice, Italy, lagoon waters. Environ Toxicol Chem 2004; 23:1874-1880. [PMID: 15352475 DOI: 10.1897/03-222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The exposure of the Venice lagoon (Italy) to endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) from different sources was investigated. Spatial and time distribution of EDC concentrations were determined in four sampling sessions (December 2001-May 2002) by solid phase extraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography separation coupled with mass spectrometry detection via electrospray interface (SPE-HPLC-ESI-MS), which allowed identification of natural (estradiol, estrone) and synthetic estrogenic compounds, both steroidal (ethinylestradiol, mestranol) and nonsteroidal (benzophenone, bisphenol-A, nonylphenol, nonylphenol monoethoxylate carboxylate). No significant differences in the EDC distribution were observed between stations located near selected sources (raw sewage from the historical center of Venice, treated municipal and industrial effluents from sewage treatment plants, and areas undergoing the inflow of rivers). While synthetic nonsteroidal analytes were recorded in the 1 to 1040 ng/L range (average concentration: 34 ng/L), steroidal EDC (estradiol, ethinylestradiol) concentrations were lower (1-125 ng/L; average concentration: 8 ng/L). The estrogenic activity of lagoon waters was estimated in terms of estradiol equivalent concentration (EEQ) by applying the estradiol equivalency factors (EEFs). Steroidal EDCs (estradiol, ethinylestradiol) contributed >97% to the total potential estrogenicity of the waters, which accounted for 4 to 172 ng/L (average: 25 ng/L), as total EEQs. These levels are likely to pose adverse effects on the Venice lagoon aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Pojana
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Venice, Calle Larga S. Marta, 2137, I-30123 Venice, Italy
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Pojana G, Critto A, Micheletti C, Carlon C, Busetti F, Marcomini A. Analytical and Environmental Chemistry in the Framework of Risk Assessment and Management: The Lagoon of Venice as a Case Study. Chimia (Aarau) 2003. [DOI: 10.2533/000942903777678939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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