1
|
Baronas D, Knašienė B, Mickevičiūtė A, Jachno J, Naujalis E, Zubrienė A, Matulis D. Inhibitor binding to metal-substituted metalloenzyme: Sulfonamide affinity for carbonic anhydrase IX. J Inorg Biochem 2024; 256:112547. [PMID: 38581802 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2024.112547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Transition metal ions are structural and catalytic cofactors of many proteins including human carbonic anhydrase (CA), a Zn-dependent hydrolase. Sulfonamide inhibitors of CA recognize and form a coordination bond with the Zn ion located in the active site of the enzyme. The Zn ion may be removed or substituted with other metal ions. Such CA protein retains the structure and could serve as a tool to study metal ion role in the recognition and binding affinity of inhibitor molecules. We measured the affinities of selected divalent transition metal ions, including Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Cd, Hg, and Zn to metal-free CA isozymes CA I, CA II, and CAIX by fluorescence-based thermal shift assay, prepared metal-substituted CAs, and determined binding of diverse sulfonamide compounds. Sulfonamide inhibitor binding to metal substituted CA followed a U-shape pH dependence. The binding was dissected to contributing binding-linked reactions and the intrinsic binding reaction affinity was calculated. This value is independent of pH and protonation reactions that occur simultaneously upon binding native CA and as demonstrated here, to metal substituted CA. Sulfonamide inhibitor binding to cancer-associated isozyme CAIX diminished in the order: Zn > Co > Hg > Cu > Cd > Mn > Ni. Energetic contribution of the inhibitor-metal coordination bond was determined for all above metals. The understanding of the principles of metal influence on ligand affinity and selectivity should help design new drugs targeting metalloenzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Denis Baronas
- Department of Biothermodynamics and Drug Design, Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio 7, Vilnius LT-10257, Lithuania
| | - Birutė Knašienė
- Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Saulėtekio 3, Vilnius LT-10257, Lithuania
| | - Aurelija Mickevičiūtė
- Department of Biothermodynamics and Drug Design, Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio 7, Vilnius LT-10257, Lithuania
| | - Jelena Jachno
- Department of Biothermodynamics and Drug Design, Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio 7, Vilnius LT-10257, Lithuania
| | - Evaldas Naujalis
- Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Saulėtekio 3, Vilnius LT-10257, Lithuania
| | - Asta Zubrienė
- Department of Biothermodynamics and Drug Design, Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio 7, Vilnius LT-10257, Lithuania
| | - Daumantas Matulis
- Department of Biothermodynamics and Drug Design, Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio 7, Vilnius LT-10257, Lithuania.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sequeira L, Distinto S, Meleddu R, Gaspari M, Angeli A, Cottiglia F, Secci D, Onali A, Sanna E, Borges F, Uriarte E, Alcaro S, Supuran CT, Maccioni E. 2H-chromene and 7H-furo-chromene derivatives selectively inhibit tumour associated human carbonic anhydrase IX and XII isoforms. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2023; 38:2270183. [PMID: 37870190 PMCID: PMC11003494 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2023.2270183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumour associated carbonic anhydrases (CAs) IX and XII have been recognised as potential targets for the treatment of hypoxic tumours. Therefore, considering the high pharmacological potential of the chromene scaffold as selective ligand of the IX and XII isoforms, two libraries of compounds, namely 2H-chromene and 7H-furo-chromene derivatives, with diverse substitution patterns were designed and synthesised. The structure of the newly synthesised compounds was characterised and their inhibitory potency and selectivity towards human CA off target isoforms I, II and cancer-associated CA isoforms IX and XII were evaluated. Most of the compounds inhibit CA isoforms IX and XII with no activity against the I and II isozymes. Thus, while the potency was influenced by the substitution pattern along the chromene scaffold, the selectivity was conserved along the series, confirming the high potential of both 2H-chromene and 7H-furo-chromene scaffolds for the design of isozyme selective inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Sequeira
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, Monserrato, Italy
- CIQUP-IMS/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Simona Distinto
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Rita Meleddu
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Marco Gaspari
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Research Centre for Advanced Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, “Magna Græcia” University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Andrea Angeli
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Filippo Cottiglia
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Daniela Secci
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Alessia Onali
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Erica Sanna
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Fernanda Borges
- CIQUP-IMS/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Eugenio Uriarte
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Stefano Alcaro
- Department of Health Sciences, “Magna Græcia” University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Claudiu T. Supuran
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Elias Maccioni
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, Monserrato, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Erzurum D, Osmaniye D, Sağlık BN, Levent S, Özkay Y, Kaplancıklı ZA. Design, synthesis, and biological activity studies of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Z NATURFORSCH C 2023; 78:421-432. [PMID: 37924267 DOI: 10.1515/znc-2023-0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase (CA) enzymes are a common catalytic enzyme in many organisms. Vertebrates and invertebrates have different CA isoforms. Sixteen different isozymes of the α-CA isoform found in vertebrates have been identified so far. The main task of this enzyme is to catalyze the reversible conversion of carbon dioxide into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions in the body. It is widely distributed in many organs and tissues. They are involved in important physiological processes such as pH and CO2 homeostasis, biosynthetic reactions such as gluconeogenesis, lipogenesis, ureagenesis, bone resorption, calcification, tumorigenicity, and electrolyte secretion. As a result of the literature research, it has been determined that the most effective inhibitor of the carbonic anhydrase enzyme is sulfonamides. The R group in the general molecular structure of R-SO2-NH2 generally consists of aromatic or heteroaromatic ring systems. The sulfonamides interact strongly with the Zn2+ ions in the active site of the enzyme. In this study, 10 sulfonamide derivatives were synthesized. Analyses of the obtained compounds are evaluated by using 1H NMR, 13C NMR and HRMS spectroscopic methods. The inhibition effect of the obtained compounds on the carbonic anhydrase enzyme was investigated by means of in vitro kit method. For the selected compounds, docking studies were performed and the enzyme active sites and binding points were determined. It was revealed that the strongest interaction with CA enzymes (CA-I, CA-II, CA-IX, CA-XII) active sites was observed with the compound 2e.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Delal Erzurum
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Anadolu University, 26470 Eskişehir, Türkiye
| | - Derya Osmaniye
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Anadolu University, 26470 Eskişehir, Türkiye
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Central Analysis Laboratory, Anadolu University, 26470 Eskişehir, Türkiye
| | - Begüm Nurpelin Sağlık
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Anadolu University, 26470 Eskişehir, Türkiye
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Central Analysis Laboratory, Anadolu University, 26470 Eskişehir, Türkiye
| | - Serkan Levent
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Anadolu University, 26470 Eskişehir, Türkiye
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Central Analysis Laboratory, Anadolu University, 26470 Eskişehir, Türkiye
| | - Yusuf Özkay
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Anadolu University, 26470 Eskişehir, Türkiye
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Central Analysis Laboratory, Anadolu University, 26470 Eskişehir, Türkiye
| | - Zafer Asım Kaplancıklı
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Anadolu University, 26470 Eskişehir, Türkiye
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Huang W, He Y, Yang S, Xue X, Qin H, Sun T, Yang W. CA9 knockdown enhanced ionizing radiation-induced ferroptosis and radiosensitivity of hypoxic glioma cells. Int J Radiat Biol 2023; 99:1908-1924. [PMID: 37463506 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2023.2235433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ferroptosis is a type of regulatory cell death, caused by excessive lipid peroxidation This study aimed to explore whether ionizing radiation could induce ferroptosis in glioma cells and whether carbonic anhydrase 9 (CA9) knockdown could enhance the killing effect of ionizing radiation on hypoxic glioma cells through ferroptosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS The protein levels of Acyl-CoA Synthetase Long Chain Family Member 4 (ACSL4) were detected by Western blot in glioma cells irradiated by different doses of X-ray. The relative mRNA levels of ferroptosis markers and intracellular iron-associated proteins were detected by Real-time qPCR. Lipid peroxidation of glioma cells was detected by oxidation-sensitive probe C11-BODIPY581/591 staining. CCK-8 Assay was used to detect cell viability after X-ray irradiation. Cloning formation assay was used to assess the radiosensitivity of glioma cells. The exposure of cell surface calreticulin was measured by immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS X-ray induced lipid peroxidation and ferroptosis markers expression in U251 and GL261 glioma cells. Knockdown of CA9 in hypoxic glioma cells significantly altered the expression of iron regulation-related proteins and enhanced X-ray-induced ferroptosis and radiosensitivity. The ferroptosis inhibitor significantly improved the survival of cells irradiated by X-ray, while ferroptosis inducers (FINs) enhanced the lethal effect of X-ray on cells. Enhancing ferroptosis in glioma cells promoted the exposure and release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). CONCLUSIONS Ionizing radiation can induce ferroptosis in glioma cells. CA9 knockdown can enhance the radiosensitivity of hypoxic glioma cells and overcome the resistance of ferroptosis under hypoxia. Enhancing ferroptosis will become a new idea to improve the efficacy of radiotherapy for glioma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenpeng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuping He
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuangyu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuefei Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hualong Qin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ting Sun
- Neurosurgery and Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li G, Yang X, Li J, Zhang B. Genome-Wide Analysis of lncRNA and mRNA Expression in the Uterus of Laying Hens during Aging. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14030639. [PMID: 36980911 PMCID: PMC10048286 DOI: 10.3390/genes14030639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Eggshell plays an essential role in preventing physical damage and microbial invasions. Therefore, the analysis of genetic regulatory mechanisms of eggshell quality deterioration during aging in laying hens is important for the biosecurity and economic performance of poultry egg production worldwide. This study aimed to compare the differences in the expression profiles of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and mRNAs between old and young laying hens by the method of high-throughput RNA sequencing to identify candidate genes associated with aging in the uterus of laying hens. Overall, we detected 176 and 383 differentially expressed (DE) lncRNAs and mRNAs, respectively. Moreover, functional annotation analysis based on the Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) databases revealed that DE-lncRNAs and DE-mRNAs were significantly enriched in “phosphate-containing compound metabolic process”, “mitochondrial proton-transporting ATP synthase complex”, “inorganic anion transport”, and other terms related to eggshell calcification and cuticularization. Through integrated analysis, we found that some important genes such as FGF14, COL25A1, GPX8, and GRXCR1 and their corresponding lncRNAs were expressed differentially between two groups, and the results of quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) among these genes were also in excellent agreement with the sequencing data. In addition, our study found that TCONS_00181492, TCONS_03234147, and TCONS_03123639 in the uterus of laying hens caused deterioration of eggshell quality in the late laying period by up-regulating their corresponding target genes FGF14, COL25A1, and GRXCR1 as well as down-regulating the target gene GPX8 by TCONS_01464392. Our findings will provide a valuable reference for the development of breeding programs aimed at breeding excellent poultry with high eggshell quality or regulating dietary nutrient levels to improve eggshell quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xinyue Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Junyou Li
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 319-0206, Japan
| | - Bingkun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-010-6273-4978
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Potential Novel Role of Membrane-Associated Carbonic Anhydrases in the Kidney. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044251. [PMID: 36835660 PMCID: PMC9961601 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs), because they catalyze the interconversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) and water into bicarbonate (HCO3-) and protons (H+), thereby influencing pH, are near the core of virtually all physiological processes in the body. In the kidneys, soluble and membrane-associated CAs and their synergy with acid-base transporters play important roles in urinary acid secretion, the largest component of which is the reabsorption of HCO3- in specific nephron segments. Among these transporters are the Na+-coupled HCO3- transporters (NCBTs) and the Cl--HCO3- exchangers (AEs)-members of the "solute-linked carrier" 4 (SLC4) family. All of these transporters have traditionally been regarded as "HCO3-" transporters. However, recently our group has demonstrated that two of the NCBTs carry CO32- rather than HCO3- and has hypothesized that all NCBTs follow suit. In this review, we examine current knowledge on the role of CAs and "HCO3-" transporters of the SLC4 family in renal acid-base physiology and discuss how our recent findings impact renal acid secretion, including HCO3- reabsorption. Traditionally, investigators have associated CAs with producing or consuming solutes (CO2, HCO3-, and H+) and thus ensuring their efficient transport across cell membranes. In the case of CO32- transport by NCBTs, however, we hypothesize that the role of membrane-associated CAs is not the appreciable production or consumption of substrates but the minimization of pH changes in nanodomains near the membrane.
Collapse
|
7
|
Indisulam Reduces Viability and Regulates Apoptotic Gene Expression in Pediatric High-Grade Glioma Cells. Biomedicines 2022; 11:biomedicines11010068. [PMID: 36672576 PMCID: PMC9855339 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11010068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pediatric high-grade glioma (pHGG) is one of the most aggressive brain tumors. Treatment includes surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or combination therapy in children older than 3−5 years of age. These devastating tumors are influenced by the hypoxic microenvironment that coordinatively increases the expression of carbonic anhydrases (CA9 and CA12) that are involved in pH regulation, metabolism, cell invasion, and resistance to therapy. The synthetic sulphonamide Indisulam is a potent inhibitor of CAs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Indisulam on CA9 and CA12 enzymes in pHGG cell lines. Our results indicated that, under hypoxia, the gene and protein expression of CA9 and CA12 are increased in pHGG cells. The functional effects of Indisulam on cell proliferation, clonogenic capacity, and apoptosis were measured in vitro. CA9 and CA12 gene and protein expression were analyzed by RT-PCR and western blot. The treatment with Indisulam significantly reduced cell proliferation (dose-time-dependent) and clonogenic capacity (p < 0.05) and potentiated the effect of apoptosis (p < 0.01). Indisulam promoted an imbalance in the anti-apoptotic BCL2 and pro-apoptotic BAX protein expression. Our results demonstrate that Indisulam contributes to apoptosis via imbalance of apoptotic proteins (BAX/BCL2) and suggests a potential to overcome chemotherapy resistance caused by the regulation these proteins.
Collapse
|
8
|
Liu D, Shi H, Chen G, Zhang X, Gu T, Zhu M, Tan W. Strategies for anti-oxidative stress and anti-acid stress in bioleaching of LiCoO 2 using an acidophilic microbial consortium. Extremophiles 2022; 26:22. [PMID: 35767155 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-022-01270-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
High metal ion concentrations and low pH cause severely inhibit the activity of an acidophilic microbial consortium (AMC) in bioleaching. This work investigated the effects of exogenous spermine on biofilm formation and the bioleaching efficiency of LiCoO2 by AMC in 9K medium. After the addition of 1 mM spermine, the activities of glutathione peroxidase and catalase increased, while the amount of H2O2, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde in AMC decreased. These results indicated that the ability of AMC biofilm to resist oxidative stress introduced by 3.5 g/L Li+ and 30.1 g/L Co2+ was improved by spermine. The activity of glutamate decarboxylase was promoted to restore the intracellular pH buffering ability of AMC. Electrochemical measurements showed that the oxidation rate of pyrite was increased by exogenous spermine. As a result, high bioleaching efficiencies of 97.1% for Li+ and 96.1% for Co2+ from a 5.0% (w v-1) lithium cobalt oxide powder slurry were achieved. This work demonstrated that Tafel polarization can be used to monitor the AMC biofilm's ability of uptaking electrons from pyrite during bioleaching. The corrosion current density increased with 1 mM spermine, indicating enhanced electron uptake by the biofilm from pyrite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dehong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Hongjie Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Guanglin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Tingyue Gu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA.
| | - Minglong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Wensong Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Aspatwar A, Tolvanen MEE, Barker H, Syrjänen L, Valanne S, Purmonen S, Waheed A, Sly WS, Parkkila S. Carbonic Anhydrases in Metazoan Model Organisms: Molecules, Mechanisms, and Physiology. Physiol Rev 2022; 102:1327-1383. [PMID: 35166161 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00018.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During the past three decades, mice, zebrafish, fruit flies, and Caenorhabditis elegans have been the primary model organisms used for the study of various biological phenomena. These models have also been adopted and developed to investigate the physiological roles of carbonic anhydrases (CAs) and carbonic anhydrase-related proteins (CARPs). These proteins belong to eight CA families and are identified by Greek letters: α, β, γ, δ, ζ, η, θ, and ι. Studies using model organisms have focused on two CA families, α-CAs and β-CAs, which are expressed in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms with species-specific distribution patterns and unique functions. This review covers the biological roles of CAs and CARPs in light of investigations performed in model organisms. Functional studies demonstrate that CAs are not only linked to the regulation of pH homeostasis, the classical role of CAs but also contribute to a plethora of previously undescribed functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Aspatwar
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Harlan Barker
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Fimlab Ltd and TAYS Cancer Centre, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Leo Syrjänen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Susanna Valanne
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Sami Purmonen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Abdul Waheed
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Edward A. Doisy Research Center, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - William S Sly
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Edward A. Doisy Research Center, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Seppo Parkkila
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Fimlab Ltd and TAYS Cancer Centre, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Meleddu R, Deplano S, Maccioni E, Ortuso F, Cottiglia F, Secci D, Onali A, Sanna E, Angeli A, Angius R, Alcaro S, Supuran CT, Distinto S. Selective inhibition of carbonic anhydrase IX and XII by coumarin and psoralen derivatives. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2021; 36:685-692. [PMID: 33602041 PMCID: PMC7899656 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2021.1887171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A small library of coumarin and their psoralen analogues EMAC10157a-b-d-g and EMAC10160a-b-d-g has been designed and synthesised to investigate the effect of structural modifications on their inhibition ability and selectivity profile towards carbonic anhydrase isoforms I, II, IX, and XII. None of the new compounds exhibited activity towards hCA I and II isozymes. Conversely, both coumarin and psoralen derivatives were active against tumour associated isoforms IX and XII in the low micromolar or nanomolar range of concentration. These data further corroborate our previous findings on analogous derivatives, confirming that both coumarins and psoralens are interesting scaffolds for the design of isozyme selective hCA inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rita Meleddu
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Serenella Deplano
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Elias Maccioni
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Francesco Ortuso
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università Magna Graecia di Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Filippo Cottiglia
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Daniela Secci
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Alessia Onali
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Erica Sanna
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Andrea Angeli
- Dipartimento NEUROFARBA, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Rossella Angius
- Laboratorio NMR e Tecnologie Bioanalitiche, Sardegna Ricerche, Pula, Italy
| | - Stefano Alcaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università Magna Graecia di Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Dipartimento NEUROFARBA, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Simona Distinto
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Manzoor S, Petreni A, Raza MK, Supuran CT, Hoda N. Novel triazole-sulfonamide bearing pyrimidine moieties with carbonic anhydrase inhibitory action: Design, synthesis, computational and enzyme inhibition studies. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 48:128249. [PMID: 34237441 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.128249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A series of new triazole-sulfonamide bearing pyrimidine derivatives were designed and synthesized via click chemistry. All new compounds (SH-1 to SH-28) were validated by 1HNMR, 13CNMR, HRMS, and SH-3 was further structurally validated by X-Ray single diffraction study. These compounds (SH-1 to SH-28) were tested as inhibitors of human carbonic anhydrase (hCA) isoforms, such as hCA I, II, IX and XII, using a stopped flow CO2 hydrase assay. Most of the compounds exhibited significant inhibitory activity against hCA II and weak inhibitory activity against hCA I. The target compounds also displayed moderate to excellent inhibitory activity against tumor-related hCAs IX and XII. Some compounds, e.g., SH-20 (Ki = 9.4 nM), SH-26 (Ki = 1.8 nM) and SH-28 (Ki = 0.82 nM) exhibited excellent inhibitory activity and selectivity profile against hCAs XII over IX. SH-23 displayed promising inhibitory activity and selectivity profile against both tumor-related hCAs IX (Ki = 2.9 nM) as well as XII (Ki = 0.82 nM) over hCA I and II. To understand the molecular interactions, molecular docking study of compounds SH-20, SH-23, SH-26 and SH-28 with hCA XII and SH-23 also with hCA IX were performed. The computational study evidenced favorable interaction between the inhibitors and active residues of both proteins. Some of these derivatives are promising leads for the development of selective, anticancer agents based on CA inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shoaib Manzoor
- Drug Design and Synthesis Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India.
| | - Andrea Petreni
- University of Florence, Department of Neuroscience Psychology, Drug Research and Child's Health, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Md Kausar Raza
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- University of Florence, Department of Neuroscience Psychology, Drug Research and Child's Health, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
| | - Nasimul Hoda
- Drug Design and Synthesis Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Coumarin-Linked 4-Anilinomethyl-1,2,3-Triazoles as Potent Inhibitors of Carbonic Anhydrases IX and XIII Involved in Tumorigenesis. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11040225. [PMID: 33917033 PMCID: PMC8067737 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11040225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of coumarin-linked 4-anilinomethyl-1,2,3-triazoles (6a–t) was synthesized via a molecular hybridization approach, through carbon C-6 of the coumarin moiety. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for their inhibition of carbonic anhydrase (CA) isoforms I, II, IX and XIII. CAs IX and XIII were selectively inhibited over the off-target isoforms I and II. The best inhibitory profiles against CA IX were shown by compounds 6a, 6e and 6f (Ki < 50 nM), with compound 6e displaying the best inhibition with a Ki value of 36.3 nM. Compounds 6a, 6b, 6j, 6o and 6q exhibited the best inhibitory profiles against CA XIII (Ki < 100 nM). These compounds can be further explored for the discovery of potent and effective CA IX and CA XIII inhibitors.
Collapse
|
13
|
Ghorab MM, Soliman AM, Bua S, Supuran CT. Biological evaluation, radiosensitizing activity and structural insights of novel halogenated quinazoline-sulfonamide conjugates as selective human carbonic anhydrases IX/XII inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2021; 107:104618. [PMID: 33485104 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A library of iodoquinazolinones endowed with benzenesulfonamide moiety was designed and synthesized as human carbonic anhydrase (hCA) inhibitors. Compounds 4-17 showed generally poor activity against the cytosolic hCA I and hCA II isoforms. Contrarily they were more potent and showed a variable spectrum of selectivity against the tumor-specific isoforms hCA IX and hCA XII. The 4-iodophenyl derivative 12 and the 4-pyridinyl derivative 15 were the most active and selective in this series against hCA IX and hCA XII isoforms with KI of 18 and 9 nM, respectively. Compounds 12 and 15 were further screened for their cytotoxicity against MCF-7, HepG-2 and HCT-116 cancer cell lines besides WI38 and MCF-10A normal cell lines to determine their selectivity towards cancer cells. Compound 12 was selective towards HepG-2 and HCT-116 cell lines but less selective towards MCF-7. While compound 15 showed higher selectivity towards HepG-2 than HCT-116 and MCF-7 cell lines. The ability of compounds 12 and 15 to sensitize the cells against gamma irradiation's effect proved their potential radiosensitizing activity. Molecular docking analysis was carried out to discover the possible binding mode of the compounds within the active site of isoform hCA IX and XII. Compounds 12 and 15 revealed the probable fundamental interactions explaining the good activity and selectivity towards the tumor-specific isoforms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa M Ghorab
- Department of Drug Radiation Research, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), P.O Box 29, Nasr City, Cairo 11765, Egypt.
| | - Aiten M Soliman
- Department of Drug Radiation Research, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), P.O Box 29, Nasr City, Cairo 11765, Egypt
| | - Silvia Bua
- University of Florence, NEUROFARBA Department, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- University of Florence, NEUROFARBA Department, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Nakashima K, Iikuni S, Okada Y, Watanabe H, Shimizu Y, Nakamoto Y, Ono M. Synthesis and evaluation of 68Ga-labeled imidazothiadiazole sulfonamide derivatives for PET imaging of carbonic anhydrase-IX. Nucl Med Biol 2021; 93:46-53. [PMID: 33316738 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2020.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Carbonic anhydrase-IX (CA-IX) is markedly overexpressed in many types of solid tumors promoting tumorigenicity and tumor growth. We synthesized novel 68Ga-labeled imidazothiadiazole sulfonamide (IS) derivatives ([68Ga]Ga-DO3A-IS1 and [68Ga]Ga-DO2A-IS2), and evaluated their utility as positron emission tomography (PET) probes targeting CA-IX. METHODS [67/68Ga]Ga-DO3A-IS1 and [67/68Ga]Ga-DO2A-IS2 were synthesized from corresponding precursors by ligand substitution reaction in acetate buffer. Cell binding assays were performed using HT-29 cells, which highly express CA-IX, and MDA-MB-231 cells, which show lower-level expression of CA-IX, and a biodistribution assay with model mice bearing the HT-29 or MDA-MB-231 tumor was performed. [68Ga]Ga-DO3A-IS1 was further evaluated by PET/CT. RESULTS To evaluate their fundamental properties, [67Ga]Ga-DO3A-IS1 and [67Ga]Ga-DO2A-IS2 were synthesized by conjugation with 67Ga, which has a much longer decay half-life and can be utilized more easily than 68Ga. [67/68Ga]Ga-DO3A-IS1 and [67/68Ga]Ga-DO2A-IS2 were prepared from corresponding precursors with preferable yield and purity. [67Ga]Ga-DO3A-IS1 and [67Ga]Ga-DO2A-IS2 showed significantly greater binding to HT-29 cells than MDA-MB-231 cells in vitro and the binding of [67Ga]Ga-DO2A-IS2 to HT-29 cells was much greater than that of [67Ga]Ga-DO3A-IS1, suggesting multivalent interactions. [67Ga]Ga-DO3A-IS1 and [67Ga]Ga-DO2A-IS2 showed significant selectivity for the HT-29 tumor in vivo, while tumor uptake of [67Ga]Ga-DO3A-IS1 was greater than that of [67Ga]Ga-DO2A-IS2. PET/CT of [68Ga]Ga-DO3A-IS1 showed selectivity for the HT-29 tumor, although [68Ga]Ga-DO3A-IS1 could not be used to visualize the HT-29 tumor clearly because of its strong background signals. CONCLUSION These results indicate that 68Ga-labeled IS derivatives may be useful 68Ga-PET probes targeting CA-IX with further structural modifications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuma Nakashima
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shimpei Iikuni
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yuya Okada
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Watanabe
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yoichi Shimizu
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoinkawara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yuji Nakamoto
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoinkawara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ono
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mishra CB, Tiwari M, Supuran CT. Progress in the development of human carbonic anhydrase inhibitors and their pharmacological applications: Where are we today? Med Res Rev 2020; 40:2485-2565. [PMID: 32691504 DOI: 10.1002/med.21713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs, EC 4.2.1.1) are widely distributed metalloenzymes in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. They efficiently catalyze the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate and H+ ions and play a crucial role in regulating many physiological processes. CAs are well-studied drug target for various disorders such as glaucoma, epilepsy, sleep apnea, and high altitude sickness. In the past decades, a large category of diverse families of CA inhibitors (CAIs) have been developed and many of them showed effective inhibition toward specific isoforms, and effectiveness in pathological conditions in preclinical and clinical settings. The discovery of isoform-selective CAIs in the last decade led to diminished side effects associated with off-target isoforms inhibition. The many new classes of such compounds will be discussed in the review, together with strategies for their development. Pharmacological advances of the newly emerged CAIs in diseases not usually associated with CA inhibition (neuropathic pain, arthritis, cerebral ischemia, and cancer) will also be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chandra B Mishra
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, India.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Manisha Tiwari
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Dipartimento Neurofarba, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Investigation of the effects of the proton transfer salts of 2-aminopyridine derivatives with 5-sulfosalicylic acid and their Cu(II) complexes on cancer-related carbonic anhydrases: CA IX and CA XII. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-020-01078-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
17
|
The Expression of Carbonic Anhydrases II, IX and XII in Brain Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12071723. [PMID: 32610540 PMCID: PMC7408524 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are zinc-containing metalloenzymes that participate in the regulation of pH homeostasis in addition to many other important physiological functions. Importantly, CAs have been associated with neoplastic processes and cancer. Brain tumors represent a heterogeneous group of diseases with a frequently dismal prognosis, and new treatment options are urgently needed. In this review article, we summarize the previously published literature about CAs in brain tumors, especially on CA II and hypoxia-inducible CA IX and CA XII. We review here their role in tumorigenesis and potential value in predicting prognosis of brain tumors, including astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas, ependymomas, medulloblastomas, meningiomas, and craniopharyngiomas. We also introduce both already completed and ongoing studies focusing on CA inhibition as a potential anti-cancer strategy.
Collapse
|
18
|
Yorulmaz N, Eroğlu E. DFT based QSARs for inhibitory activity of coumarins towards tumor-associated isoform (CA XII) of carbonic anhydrases. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.127844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
19
|
Moi D, Nocentini A, Deplano A, Osman SM, AlOthman ZA, Piras V, Balboni G, Supuran CT, Onnis V. Appliance of the piperidinyl-hydrazidoureido linker to benzenesulfonamide compounds: Synthesis, in vitro and in silico evaluation of potent carbonic anhydrase II, IX and XII inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2020; 98:103728. [PMID: 32182519 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Herein we report on a new series of hydrazidoureidobenzensulfonamides investigated as inhibitors of the cytosolic human (h) hCA I and II isoforms, as well as the transmembrane, tumor-associated enzymes hCA IX and XII. The reported derivatives contain a 4-substituted piperidine fragment in which the hydrazidoureido linker has been involved as spacer between the benzenesulfonamide fragment which binds the zinc ion from the active site, and the tail of the inhibitor. Depending on the substitution pattern at the piperidine ring, low nanomolar inhibitors were detected against hCA II, hCA IX and hCA XII, making the new class of sulfonamides of interest for various pharmacologic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Moi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Unit of Pharmaceutical, Pharmacological and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Cagliari, University Campus, S.P. n° 8, Km 0.700, I-09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Alessio Nocentini
- Department NEUROFARBA - Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Firenze, via Ugo Schiff 6, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Alessandro Deplano
- Pharmacelera, Placa Pau Vila, 1, Sector 1, Edificio Palau de Mar, Barcelona 08039, Spain
| | - Sameh M Osman
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zeid A AlOthman
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Valentina Piras
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Unit of Pharmaceutical, Pharmacological and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Cagliari, University Campus, S.P. n° 8, Km 0.700, I-09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Gianfranco Balboni
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Unit of Pharmaceutical, Pharmacological and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Cagliari, University Campus, S.P. n° 8, Km 0.700, I-09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Department NEUROFARBA - Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Firenze, via Ugo Schiff 6, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy.
| | - Valentina Onnis
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Unit of Pharmaceutical, Pharmacological and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Cagliari, University Campus, S.P. n° 8, Km 0.700, I-09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Hargunani P, Tadge N, Ceruso M, Leitans J, Kazaks A, Tars K, Gratteri P, Supuran CT, Nocentini A, Toraskar MP. Aryl-4,5-dihydro-1 H-pyrazole-1-carboxamide Derivatives Bearing a Sulfonamide Moiety Show Single-digit Nanomolar-to-Subnanomolar Inhibition Constants against the Tumor-associated Human Carbonic Anhydrases IX and XII. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072621. [PMID: 32283813 PMCID: PMC7177888 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of new 3-phenyl-5-aryl-N-(4-sulfamoylphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-1-carboxamide derivatives was designed here, synthesized, and studied for carbonic anhydrase (CAs, EC 4.2.1.1) inhibitory activity against the human (h) isozymes I, II, and VII (cytosolic, off-target isoforms), and IX and XII (anticancer drug targets). Generally, CA I was not effectively inhibited, whereas effective inhibitors were identified against both CAs II (KIs in the range of 5.2–233 nM) and VII (KIs in the range of 2.3–350 nM). Nonetheless, CAs IX and XII were the most susceptible isoforms to this class of inhibitors. In particular, compounds bearing an unsubstituted phenyl ring at the pyrazoline 3 position showed 1.3–1.5 nM KIs against CA IX. In contrast, a subset of derivatives having a 4-halo-phenyl at the same position of the aromatic scaffold even reached subnanomolar KIs against CA XII (0.62–0.99 nM). Docking studies with CA IX and XII were used to shed light on the derivative binding mode driving the preferential inhibition of the tumor-associated CAs. The identified potent and selective CA IX/XII inhibitors are of interest as leads for the development of new anticancer strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priya Hargunani
- Bharati Vidyapeeth’s College of Pharmacy, Navi Mumbai 400 614, India; (P.H.); (N.T.)
| | - Nikhil Tadge
- Bharati Vidyapeeth’s College of Pharmacy, Navi Mumbai 400 614, India; (P.H.); (N.T.)
| | - Mariangela Ceruso
- Neurofarba Dept., Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, Universitá degli Studi di Firenze, Via U. Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy; (M.C.); (P.G.); (C.T.S.)
| | - Janis Leitans
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Center, Ratsupites 1, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia; (J.L.); (A.K.); (K.T.)
| | - Andris Kazaks
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Center, Ratsupites 1, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia; (J.L.); (A.K.); (K.T.)
| | - Kaspars Tars
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Center, Ratsupites 1, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia; (J.L.); (A.K.); (K.T.)
| | - Paola Gratteri
- Neurofarba Dept., Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, Universitá degli Studi di Firenze, Via U. Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy; (M.C.); (P.G.); (C.T.S.)
| | - Claudiu T. Supuran
- Neurofarba Dept., Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, Universitá degli Studi di Firenze, Via U. Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy; (M.C.); (P.G.); (C.T.S.)
| | - Alessio Nocentini
- Neurofarba Dept., Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, Universitá degli Studi di Firenze, Via U. Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy; (M.C.); (P.G.); (C.T.S.)
- Correspondence: (A.N.); (M.P.T.)
| | - Mrunmayee P. Toraskar
- Bharati Vidyapeeth’s College of Pharmacy, Navi Mumbai 400 614, India; (P.H.); (N.T.)
- Correspondence: (A.N.); (M.P.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zaraei SO, El-Gamal MI, Shafique Z, Amjad ST, Afridi S, Zaib S, Anbar HS, El-Gamal R, Iqbal J. Sulfonate and sulfamate derivatives possessing benzofuran or benzothiophene nucleus as potent carbonic anhydrase II/IX/XII inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:3889-3901. [PMID: 31345748 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In the current work, we report the discovery of new sulfonate and sulfamate derivatives of benzofuran- and benzothiophene as potent inhibitors of human carbonic anhydrases (hCAs) II, IX and XII. A set of derivatives, 1a-t, having different substituents on the fused benzofuran and benzothiophene rings (R = alkyl, cyclohexyl, aryl, NH2, NHMe, or NMe2) was designed and synthesized. Most of the derivatives exhibited higher potency than acetazolamide as inhibitors of the purified hCAII, IX and XII isoforms. The most potent inhibitors for hCAII, hCAIX and hCAXII were 1g, 1b and 1d with an IC50 ± SEM values of 0.14 ± 0.03, 0.13 ± 0.03 and 0.17 ± 0.06 µM, respectively. In addition, compounds 1d and 1n exerted preferential inhibitory effect against hCAXII isozyme with good potencies. Some selected compounds were docked within the active pocket of these isozymes and binding of the molecules revealed that sulfonate and sulfamate rings were located towards the active cavity and compounds coordinated to zinc ions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seyed-Omar Zaraei
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammed I El-Gamal
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Mansoura, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.
| | - Zainab Shafique
- Centre for Advanced Drug Research, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Sayyeda Tayyeba Amjad
- Centre for Advanced Drug Research, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Saifullah Afridi
- Centre for Advanced Drug Research, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan; Department of Biological Sciences (DBS), National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS), Secretariat c/o Military Hospital, Adjacent to Armed Force Institute of Cardiology, The Mall Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan
| | - Sumera Zaib
- Centre for Advanced Drug Research, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Hanan S Anbar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Mansoura, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Randa El-Gamal
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Mansoura, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Jamshed Iqbal
- Centre for Advanced Drug Research, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Eroğlu E. DFT-based QSAR modelling of selectivity and inhibitory activity of coumarins and sulfocoumarins against tumor-associated carbonic anhydrase isoform IX. Comput Biol Chem 2019; 80:307-313. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
23
|
Huizing FJ, Hoeben BAW, Franssen GM, Boerman OC, Heskamp S, Bussink J. Quantitative Imaging of the Hypoxia-Related Marker CAIX in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Xenograft Models. Mol Pharm 2018; 16:701-708. [PMID: 30550290 PMCID: PMC6364270 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Tumor hypoxia plays a major role
in radio- and chemotherapy resistance
in solid tumors. Carbonic Anhydrase IX (CAIX) is an endogenous hypoxia-related
protein, which is associated with poor patient outcome. The quantitative
assessment of CAIX expression of tumors may steer cancer treatment
by predicting therapy response or patient selection for antihypoxia
or CAIX-targeted treatment. Recently, the single-photon emission computerized
tomography (SPECT) tracer [111In]In-DTPA-girentuximab-F(ab′)2 was developed and validated for targeting CAIX. The aim of
this study was to optimize quantitative microSPECT/CT of CAIX expression in vivo in head and neck tumor models. Athymic mice with
subcutaneous SCCNij153 and SCCNij202 head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
xenografts were injected with [111In]In-DTPA-girentuximab-F(ab′)2. First, the protein dose, timing, and image acquisition settings
were optimized. Tracer uptake was determined by quantitative SPECT, ex vivo radioactivity counting, and by autoradiography of
tumor sections. The same tumor sections were immunohistochemically
stained for CAIX expression and hypoxia. Highest tumor-normal-tissue
contrast was obtained at 24 h after injection of the tracer. A protein
dose of 10 μg resulted in the highest tumor-to-muscle ratio
at 24 h p.i. Ex vivo biodistribution studies showed
a tumor uptake of 3.0 ± 0.6%ID/g and a tumor-to-muscle ratio
of 8.7 ± 1.4 (SCCNij153). Quantitative analysis of the SPECT
images enabled us to distinguish CAIX antigen blocked from nonblocked
tumors, fractions positive for CAIX expression: 0.22 ± 0.02 versus
0.08 ± 0.01 (p < 0.01). Immunohistochemical,
autoradiographic, and microSPECT/CT analyses showed a distinct intratumoral
spatial correlation between localization of the radiotracer and CAIX
expression. Here, we demonstrate that [111In]In-DTPA-girentuximab-F(ab′)2 specifically targets CAIX-expressing cells in head and neck
cancer xenografts. SPECT imaging with indium-labeled girentuximab-F(ab′)2 allows quantitative assessment of the fraction of CAIX positive
tissue in head and neck cancer xenografts. These results indicate
that [111In]In-DTPA-girentuximab-F(ab′)2 is a promising tracer to image hypoxia-related CAIX expression.
Collapse
|
24
|
Aspatwar A, Becker HM, Parvathaneni NK, Hammaren M, Svorjova A, Barker H, Supuran CT, Dubois L, Lambin P, Parikka M, Parkkila S, Winum JY. Nitroimidazole-based inhibitors DTP338 and DTP348 are safe for zebrafish embryos and efficiently inhibit the activity of human CA IX in Xenopus oocytes. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2018; 33:1064-1073. [PMID: 29909747 PMCID: PMC6009478 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2018.1482285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase (CA) IX is a hypoxia inducible enzyme that is highly expressed in solid tumours. Therefore, it has been considered as an anticancer target using specific chemical inhibitors. The nitroimidazoles DTP338 and DTP348 have been shown to inhibit CA IX in nanomolar range in vitro and reduce extracellular acidification in hypoxia, and impair tumour growth. We screened these compounds for toxicity using zebrafish embryos and measured their in vivo effects on human CA IX in Xenopus oocytes. In the toxicity screening, the LD50 for both compounds was 3.5 mM. Neither compound showed apparent toxicity below 300 µM concentration. Above this concentration, both compounds altered the movement of zebrafish larvae. The IC50 was 0.14 ± 0.02 µM for DTP338 and 19.26 ± 1.97 µM for DTP348, suggesting that these compounds efficiently inhibit CA IX in vivo. Our results suggest that these compounds can be developed as drugs for cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Aspatwar
- a Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences , University of Tampere , Tampere , Finland
| | - Holger M Becker
- b Department of Physiological Chemistry , University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover , Hannover , Germany
| | - Nanda Kumar Parvathaneni
- c Department of Radiotherapy, The M-Lab Group, GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology , Maastricht University Medical Centre , Maastricht , The Netherlands.,d Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM) UMR 5247 CNRS, ENSCM , Université de Montpellier , Montpellier Cedex 05 , France
| | - Milka Hammaren
- a Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences , University of Tampere , Tampere , Finland
| | - Aleksandra Svorjova
- a Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences , University of Tampere , Tampere , Finland
| | - Harlan Barker
- a Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences , University of Tampere , Tampere , Finland
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- e NEUROFARBA Department, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences , University of Florence , Polo Scientifico , Firenze , Italy
| | - Ludwig Dubois
- c Department of Radiotherapy, The M-Lab Group, GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology , Maastricht University Medical Centre , Maastricht , The Netherlands
| | - Philippe Lambin
- c Department of Radiotherapy, The M-Lab Group, GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology , Maastricht University Medical Centre , Maastricht , The Netherlands
| | - Mataleena Parikka
- a Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences , University of Tampere , Tampere , Finland
| | - Seppo Parkkila
- a Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences , University of Tampere , Tampere , Finland.,f Fimlab Ltd. and Tampere University Hospital , Tampere , Finland
| | - Jean-Yves Winum
- d Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM) UMR 5247 CNRS, ENSCM , Université de Montpellier , Montpellier Cedex 05 , France
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Singh S, Lomelino CL, Mboge MY, Frost SC, McKenna R. Cancer Drug Development of Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors beyond the Active Site. Molecules 2018; 23:E1045. [PMID: 29710858 PMCID: PMC6099549 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23051045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) catalyze the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide to produce bicarbonate and a proton. Multiple CA isoforms are implicated in a range of diseases, including cancer. In solid tumors, continuously dividing cells create hypoxic conditions that eventually lead to an acidic microenvironment. Hypoxic tumor cells have different mechanisms in place to regulate and adjust the surrounding microenvironment for survival. These mechanisms include expression of CA isoform IX (CA IX) and XII (CA XII). These enzymes help maintain a physiological intracellular pH while simultaneously contributing to an acidic extracellular pH, leading to tumor cell survival. Expression of CA IX and CA XII has also been shown to promote tumor cell invasion and metastasis. This review discusses the characteristics of CA IX and CA XII, their mechanism of action, and validates their prospective use as anticancer targets. We discuss the current status of small inhibitors that target these isoforms, both classical and non-classical, and their future design in order to obtain isoform-specificity for CA IX and CA XII. Biologics, such as monoclonal antibodies, monoclonal-radionuclide conjugated chimeric antibodies, and antibody-small molecule conjugates are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Srishti Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - Carrie L Lomelino
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - Mam Y Mboge
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - Susan C Frost
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - Robert McKenna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Fabianova A, Barathova M, Csaderova L, Simko V, Zatovicova M, Labudova M, Pastorek J. Hypoxic marker CA IX and adhesion mediator β-catenin are downregulated by lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus persistent infection. Oncotarget 2018; 9:12879-12893. [PMID: 29560117 PMCID: PMC5849181 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma is one of the most frequent cancer diseases with high resistance to radio- and chemotherapy. Mutation of VHL gene is frequent in these tumors leading to simulation of hypoxic conditions. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, belonging to RNA viruses, is a neglected human pathogen and teratogen. We have found that infection of renal cell carcinoma cells by lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus strain MX causes a decrease of carbonic anhydrase IX protein and RNA level. Lower expression of carbonic anhydrase IX on the cell surface provides less target for carbonic anhydrase IX-targeted immunotherapy. What more, reduced levels of adhesion mediating protein β-catenin as well as E-cadherin, as a consequence of infection, suggest a possible increase in metastatic potential of cells infected by lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus strain MX. These results might help elucidate differences in patients susceptibility to immunotherapy directed against carbonic anhydrase IX or in developing new therapeutical strategies. Our data indicate that presence of infection can significantly affect patient response to cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Fabianova
- Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava 845 05, Slovak Republic
| | - Monika Barathova
- Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava 845 05, Slovak Republic
| | - Lucia Csaderova
- Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava 845 05, Slovak Republic
| | - Veronika Simko
- Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava 845 05, Slovak Republic
| | - Miriam Zatovicova
- Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava 845 05, Slovak Republic
| | - Martina Labudova
- Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava 845 05, Slovak Republic
| | - Jaromir Pastorek
- Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava 845 05, Slovak Republic.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of SS. Cyril and Methodius, Trnava 917 01, Slovak Republic
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Rius B, Duran‐Güell M, Flores‐Costa R, López‐Vicario C, Lopategi A, Alcaraz‐Quiles J, Casulleras M, José Lozano J, Titos E, Clària J. The specialized proresolving lipid mediator maresin 1 protects hepatocytes from lipotoxic and hypoxia‐induced endoplasmic reticulum stress. FASEB J 2017; 31:5384-5398. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700394r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bibiana Rius
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Hospital Clínic Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) Barcelona Spain
| | - Marta Duran‐Güell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Hospital Clínic Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) Barcelona Spain
| | - Roger Flores‐Costa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Hospital Clínic Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) Barcelona Spain
| | - Cristina López‐Vicario
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd) Barcelona Spain
| | - Aritz Lopategi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Hospital Clínic Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) Barcelona Spain
| | - José Alcaraz‐Quiles
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Hospital Clínic Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) Barcelona Spain
| | - Mireia Casulleras
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Hospital Clínic Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) Barcelona Spain
| | - Juan José Lozano
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd) Barcelona Spain
| | - Esther Titos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Hospital Clínic Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) Barcelona Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd) Barcelona Spain
| | - Joan Clària
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Hospital Clínic Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) Barcelona Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd) Barcelona Spain
- European Foundation for the Study of Chronic Liver Failure (EF‐CLIF) Barcelona Spain
- Department of Biomedical Sciences University of Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Role of carbonic anhydrases in skin wound healing. Exp Mol Med 2017; 49:e334. [PMID: 28524177 PMCID: PMC5454449 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2017.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin wound closure occurs when keratinocytes migrate from the edge of the wound and re-epithelialize the epidermis. Their migration takes place primarily before any vascularization is established, that is, under hypoxia, but relatively little is known regarding the factors that stimulate this migration. Hypoxia and an acidic environment are well-established stimuli for cancer cell migration. The carbonic anhydrases (CAs) contribute to tumor cell migration by generating an acidic environment through the conversion of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate and a proton. On this basis, we explored the possible role of CAs in tissue regeneration using mouse skin wound models. We show that the expression of mRNAs encoding CA isoforms IV and IX are increased (~25 × and 4 ×, respectively) during the wound hypoxic period (days 2-5) and that cells expressing CAs form a band-like structure beneath the migrating epidermis. RNA-Seq analysis suggested that the CA IV-specific signal in the wound is mainly derived from neutrophils. Due to the high level of induction of CA IV in the wound, we treated skin wounds locally with recombinant human CA IV enzyme. Recombinant CA IV significantly accelerated wound re-epithelialization. Thus, CA IV could contribute to wound healing by providing an acidic environment in which the migrating epidermis and neutrophils can survive and may offer novel opportunities to accelerate wound healing under compromised conditions.
Collapse
|
29
|
Oudin MJ, Weaver VM. Physical and Chemical Gradients in the Tumor Microenvironment Regulate Tumor Cell Invasion, Migration, and Metastasis. COLD SPRING HARBOR SYMPOSIA ON QUANTITATIVE BIOLOGY 2017; 81:189-205. [PMID: 28424337 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.2016.81.030817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer metastasis requires the invasion of tumor cells into the stroma and the directed migration of tumor cells through the stroma toward the vasculature and lymphatics where they can disseminate and colonize secondary organs. Physical and biochemical gradients that form within the primary tumor tissue promote tumor cell invasion and drive persistent migration toward blood vessels and the lymphatics to facilitate tumor cell dissemination. These microenvironment cues include hypoxia and pH gradients, gradients of soluble cues that induce chemotaxis, and ions that facilitate galvanotaxis, as well as modifications to the concentration, organization, and stiffness of the extracellular matrix that produce haptotactic, alignotactic, and durotactic gradients. These gradients form through dynamic interactions between the tumor cells and the resident fibroblasts, adipocytes, nerves, endothelial cells, infiltrating immune cells, and mesenchymal stem cells. Malignant progression results from the integrated response of the tumor to these extrinsic physical and chemical cues. Here, we first describe how these physical and chemical gradients develop, and we discuss their role in tumor progression. We then review assays to study these gradients. We conclude with a discussion of clinical strategies used to detect and inhibit these gradients in tumors and of new intervention opportunities. Clarifying the role of these gradients in tumor evolution offers a unique approach to target metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine J Oudin
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Valerie M Weaver
- Department of Surgery, Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
- UCSF Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helen Diller Family Cancer Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
- Department of Anatomy, Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, and Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research and The Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Evaluation of CAIX and CAXII Expression in Breast Cancer at Varied O2 Levels: CAIX is the Superior Surrogate Imaging Biomarker of Tumor Hypoxia. Mol Imaging Biol 2016; 18:219-31. [PMID: 26276155 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-015-0885-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hypoxia is commonly observed in regions of primary tumors and metastases, and is associated with resistance to treatment, more aggressive tumor phenotypes and poor prognosis. Reliable and validated imaging biomarkers of hypoxia are needed for pre-clinical studies and clinical use. Expression of cell-surface carbonic anhydrases IX and XII (CAIX and CAXII) in tumor cells has been associated with tumor hypoxia. CAIX and CAXII specific antibodies conjugated to fluorescent dye were evaluated for the non-invasive detection of hypoxia in vivo. PROCEDURES Human breast cancer cell lines (MCF10A, DCIS, MCF7, ZR-75.1 and MDA-mb231) were characterized for CAIX and CAXII expression by real-time RT-PCR and immunocytochemistry (ICC) under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining of CAIX, CAXII and the commercially available exogenous hypoxia marker, pimonidazole, was performed using sections of ZR-75.1 and MDA-mb-231 orthotopic breast cancer xenograft tumors from nude mice. In vivo fluorescence imaging of ZR-75.1 tumors in animals housed at varied levels of oxygen was used to quantify the relative uptake of the CAIX and CAXII agents and a commercially available sulfonamide-based agent. Corresponding tumor sections were IHC stained for CAIX, CAXII and pimonidazole. RESULTS CAIX mRNA expression was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in hypoxia for all cell lines, which was in agreement with protein expression by ICC. CAXII expression was mixed, with a modest hypoxia-related increase in two cell lines (p < 0.05) and no change in others. Quantified IHC staining of ZR-75.1 and MDA-mb-231 tumor sections showed that CAIX and CAXII expression was elevated in regions with pimonidazole staining, but CAXII levels were lower than CAIX. Tumor uptake of the CAIX targeted agent, and IHC staining of CAIX and pimonidazole in corresponding tumor sections were correlated, and co-registered, and shown to be significantly elevated by level of oxygenation (p < 0.001): hypoxia > normoxia > hyperoxia. However, the CAXII and sulfonamide agents were not significantly correlated with hypoxia. CONCLUSION These studies suggest that the fluorescently labeled CAIX-specific agent is a more robust indicator of hypoxia in vivo compared to the CAXII-specific agent or the agent specific to the CA active site.
Collapse
|
31
|
Rutkauskas K, Zubrienė A, Tumosienė I, Kantminienė K, Mickevičius V, Matulis D. Benzenesulfonamides bearing pyrrolidinone moiety as inhibitors of carbonic anhydrase IX: synthesis and binding studies. Med Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-016-1741-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
|
32
|
Viikilä P, Kivelä AJ, Mustonen H, Koskensalo S, Waheed A, Sly WS, Pastorek J, Pastorekova S, Parkkila S, Haglund C. Carbonic anhydrase enzymes II, VII, IX and XII in colorectal carcinomas. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:8168-8177. [PMID: 27688658 PMCID: PMC5037085 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i36.8168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate expression of four alpha-carbonic anhydrases (CAs) in colorectal carcinomas (CRC) and compare the results with patients’ survival.
METHODS Colorectal carcinoma samples from 539 CRC patients and control tissues were arranged as tissue microarrays and analyzed with antibodies against CA II, CA VII, CA IX, and CA XII. Intensity and extent of staining were both scored from 0 to 3 in each sample. These enzyme expression levels were then correlated to patients’ survival and clinicopathological parameters, which were tumor differentiation grade and stage, site of tumor, patients’ age, and gender. Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox regression hazard ratio model were used to analyze survival data.
RESULTS CA II and CA XII staining intensities correlated with patients’ survival in that higher expression indicated poorer prognosis. In Cox regression analysis one unit increase in the CA II intensity increased the hazard ratio to 1.19 fold (CI: 1.04-1.37, P = 0.009). A significant correlation was also found when comparing CA XII staining intensity with survival of CRC patients (HR = 1.18, 95%CI: 1.01-1.38, P = 0.036). The extent of CA XII immunostaining did not correlate to the patients’ survival (P = 0.242, Kaplan-Meier analysis). A significant interaction between age group and extent of the CA II staining was found. Increased extent of CA II had a significant hazard ratio among patients 65 years and older (1.42, 95%CI: 1.16-1.73, P = 0.0006). No correlations were found between CA VII (intensity P = 0.566, extent P = 0.495, Kaplan-Meier analysis), or CA IX (intensity P = 0.879, extent P = 0.315, Kaplan-Meier analysis) immunostaining results and survival, or the other parameters.
CONCLUSION The present findings indicate that CA II and CA XII could be useful in predicting survival in CRC.
Collapse
|
33
|
Overexpression of Carbonic Anhydrase IX is a Dismal Prognostic Marker in Breast Carcinoma in Egyptian Patients. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2015; 24:405-13. [PMID: 26574633 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000000208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) is an enzyme whose expression is very limited in normal tissues and it is highly expressed in various cancers. Therefore, inhibition of CAIX is considered as a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of solid tumors where hypoxic environment has developed. The aim of the current work is to evaluate the immunohistochemical (IHC) expression of CAIX in breast cancer (BC) of Egyptian patients and to investigate the associations of CAIX expression with the standard clinicopathologic features, IHC subtypes of BC, and overall survival. This retrospective study was conducted on 56 archival cases of Egyptian BC patients. Fifty-one of 56 cases (91.1%) showed positive expression of CAIX with cytoplasmic localization, whereas 5 cases (8.9%) showed negative expression. CAIX IHC overexpression is significantly associated with advanced stage and presence of coagulative tumor cell necrosis (P=0.03 and 0.02, respectively). Multivariate analysis revealed Ki67 labeling index and CAIX H-score grouping (P=0.03 and 0.02, respectively) as independent prognostic factors affecting BC patients' overall survival. We concluded that CAIX could play a role in the progression of the studied BC cases. CAIX is a good candidate for target therapy.
Collapse
|
34
|
La Regina G, Coluccia A, Famiglini V, Pelliccia S, Monti L, Vullo D, Nuti E, Alterio V, De Simone G, Monti SM, Pan P, Parkkila S, Supuran CT, Rossello A, Silvestri R. Discovery of 1,1′-Biphenyl-4-sulfonamides as a New Class of Potent and Selective Carbonic Anhydrase XIV Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2015; 58:8564-72. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe La Regina
- Istituto
Pasteur Italia—Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di
Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Antonio Coluccia
- Istituto
Pasteur Italia—Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di
Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Valeria Famiglini
- Istituto
Pasteur Italia—Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di
Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Sveva Pelliccia
- Istituto
Pasteur Italia—Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di
Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Ludovica Monti
- Istituto
Pasteur Italia—Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di
Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Daniela Vullo
- Dipartimento
Neurofarba, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, Università di Firenze, Via Ugo Schiff 6, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Elisa Nuti
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano 6, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Alterio
- Istituto
di Biostrutture e Bioimmmagini, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Mezzocannone 16, I-80134 Napoli, Italy
| | - Giuseppina De Simone
- Istituto
di Biostrutture e Bioimmmagini, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Mezzocannone 16, I-80134 Napoli, Italy
| | - Simona Maria Monti
- Istituto
di Biostrutture e Bioimmmagini, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Mezzocannone 16, I-80134 Napoli, Italy
| | - Peiwen Pan
- School
of Medicine, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Seppo Parkkila
- School
of Medicine, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Claudiu T. Supuran
- Dipartimento
Neurofarba, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, Università di Firenze, Via Ugo Schiff 6, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Armando Rossello
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano 6, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Romano Silvestri
- Istituto
Pasteur Italia—Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di
Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Doss M, Kolb HC, Walsh JC, Mocharla VP, Zhu Z, Haka M, Alpaugh RK, Chen DYT, Yu JQ. Biodistribution and radiation dosimetry of the carbonic anhydrase IX imaging agent [(18) F]VM4-037 determined from PET/CT scans in healthy volunteers. Mol Imaging Biol 2015; 16:739-46. [PMID: 24696183 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-014-0730-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE [(18) F]VM4-037 has been developed as a positron emission tomography (PET) imaging marker to detect carbonic anhydrase IX (CA-IX) overexpression and is being investigated for use as a surrogate marker for tissue hypoxia. The purpose of this study was to determine the biodistribution and estimate the radiation dose from [(18) F]VM4-037 using whole-body PET/CT scans in healthy human volunteers. PROCEDURES Successive whole-body PET/CT scans were performed after intravenous injection of [(18) F]VM4-037 in four healthy humans. The radiotracer uptakes in different organs were determined from the analysis of the PET scans. Human radiation doses were estimated using OLINDA/EXM software. RESULTS High uptake of [(18) F]VM4-037 was observed in the liver and kidneys, with little clearance of activity during the study period, with mean standardized uptake values of ~35 in liver and ~22 in kidneys at ~1 h after injection. The estimated effective dose was 28 ± 1 μSv/MBq and the absorbed doses for the kidneys and liver were 273 ± 31 and 240 ± 68 μGy/MBq, respectively, for the adult male phantom. Hence, the effective dose would be 10 ± 0.5 mSv for the anticipated injected activity of 370 MBq, and the kidney and liver doses would be 101 ± 11 and 89 ± 25 mGy, respectively. CONCLUSIONS [(18) F]VM4-037 displayed very high uptake in the liver and kidneys with little clearance of activity during the study period, resulting in these organs receiving the highest radiation doses among all bodily organs. Though the effective dose and the organ doses are within the limits considered as safe, the enhanced uptake of [(18) F]VM4-037 in the kidneys and liver will make the compound unsuitable for imaging overexpression of CA-IX in those two organs. However, the tracer may be suitable for imaging overexpression of CA-IX in lesions in other regions of the body such as in the lungs or head and neck region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Doss
- Diagnostic Imaging, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA, 19111-2497, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Salmas RE, Senturk M, Yurtsever M, Durdagi S. Discovering novel carbonic anhydrase type IX (CA IX) inhibitors from seven million compounds using virtual screening and in vitro analysis. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2015; 31:425-33. [PMID: 25950196 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2015.1036049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase type IX (CA IX) enzyme is mostly over expressed in different cancer cell lines and tumor tissues. Potent CA IX inhibitors can be effective for adjusting the pH imbalance in tumor cells. In the present work, we represented the successful application of high throughput virtual screening (HTVS) of large dataset from ZINC database included of ∼7 million compounds to discover novel inhibitors of CA IX. HTVS and molecular docking were performed using consequence Glide/standard precision (SP), extra precision (XP) and induced fit docking (IFD) molecular docking protocols. For each compound, docking code calculates a set of low-energy poses and then exhaustively scans the binding pocket of the target with small compounds. Novel CA IX inhibitor candidates were suggested based on molecular modeling studies and a few of them were tested using in vitro analysis. These compounds were determined as good inhibitors against human CA IX target with Ki in the range of 0.85-1.58 μM. In order to predict the pharmaceutical properties of the selected compounds, ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion) analysis was also carried out.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Murat Senturk
- b Department of Chemistry , Ağrı Ibrahim Çeçen University , Ağrı , Turkey , and
| | - Mine Yurtsever
- a Department of Chemistry , İstanbul Technical University , İstanbul , Turkey
| | - Serdar Durdagi
- c Department of Biophysics , School of Medicine, Bahçeşehir University , Istanbul , Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Yang GZ, Hu L, Cai J, Chen HY, Zhang Y, Feng D, Qi CY, Zhai YX, Gong H, Fu H, Cai QP, Gao CF. Prognostic value of carbonic anhydrase VII expression in colorectal carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:209. [PMID: 25885898 PMCID: PMC4406128 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1216-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of human cancers. Carbonic anhydrase VII (CA7), a member of the CA gene family, was recently demonstrated to be expressed in several human tissues including colon. Nevertheless, the expression and clinical relevance of CA7 in colorectal carcinoma (CRC) has not been investigated. METHODS Real-time PCR, western blot, and immunohistochemistry analyses were used to determine CA7 expression in CRC clinical samples. The correlation of CA7 expression with clinicopathologic features was assessed in 228 patients from Luoyang, China (training cohort) and validated in 151 patients from Shanghai, China (validation cohort). Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional regression analyses were used to estimate the association between CA7 expression and patients' survival. RESULTS CA7 expression was frequently downregulated in CRC tissues at both the mRNA and protein levels. Reduced expression of CA7 was significantly correlated with poor differentiation, positive lymph node metastasis, advanced TNM stage and unfavorable clinical outcome not only in the training cohort but also in the validation set. Survival analysis indicated that patients with lower CA7 expression had a significantly shorter disease-specific survival (DSS) than those with higher CA7 expression. Importantly, further stage-based analyses revealed that decreased CA7 expression significantly predicted poor DSS and was an independent adverse prognostic indicator for patients with early stage tumors in both cohorts. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that decreased expression of CA7 correlates with disease progression and predicts poor prognosis in CRC, especially for patients with early stage tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Zhen Yang
- Anal-Colorectal Surgery Institute, 150th Hospital of PLA, Luoyang, China. .,Department of Clinical Laboratory, 150th Hospital of PLA, Luoyang, China.
| | - Liang Hu
- Anal-Colorectal Surgery Institute, 150th Hospital of PLA, Luoyang, China.
| | - Jian Cai
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, 150th Hospital of PLA, Luoyang, China.
| | - Hai-Yang Chen
- Department of Oncology, 150th Hospital of PLA, Luoyang, China.
| | - Yu Zhang
- Anal-Colorectal Surgery Institute, 150th Hospital of PLA, Luoyang, China.
| | - Dan Feng
- Department of Oncology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Chen-Ye Qi
- Anal-Colorectal Surgery Institute, 150th Hospital of PLA, Luoyang, China.
| | - Yan-Xia Zhai
- Anal-Colorectal Surgery Institute, 150th Hospital of PLA, Luoyang, China.
| | - Hui Gong
- Anal-Colorectal Surgery Institute, 150th Hospital of PLA, Luoyang, China.
| | - Hao Fu
- Anal-Colorectal Surgery Institute, 150th Hospital of PLA, Luoyang, China.
| | - Qing-Ping Cai
- Department of Gastrointestine Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Chun-Fang Gao
- Anal-Colorectal Surgery Institute, 150th Hospital of PLA, Luoyang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Righi A, Sarotto I, Casorzo L, Cavalchini S, Frangipane E, Risio M. Tumour budding is associated with hypoxia at the advancing front of colorectal cancer. Histopathology 2015; 66:982-90. [PMID: 25381897 DOI: 10.1111/his.12602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The tumour budding ability to predict cancer progression is felt to be worthy of investigation with regard to its biological properties. This study was aimed at evaluating the role of hypoxia and microvascularization in the morphogenesis of tumour budding in colorectal carcinoma. METHODS AND RESULTS The immunohistochemical expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and carbonic anhydrase IX in cancer cells and CD105 in carcinoma-induced microvascularization were assessed in 479 colorectal cancers. Furthermore, MET proto-oncogene, receptor tyrosine kinase (MET) gene amplification was searched using fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH). Carbonic anhydrase IX and HIF-1α overall scores differed significantly in low- compared to high-grade tumour budding cancers (P < 0.001), both in pT1 and in pT2-4 tumours. Intratumour analysis of budding foci showed a striking absence of carbonic anhydrase IX immunostain in detaching cells with respect to the surrounding microsectors. The mean microvessel density values were significantly higher in the low- compared to the high-grade tumour budding groups (P < 0.001). A similar copy number of MET gene was detected in the two groups. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that tumour budding is associated with hypoxia induced by hypovascularization at the advancing front of colorectal cancer and that budding cells express a HIF-1α-mediated hypoxic tumour phenotype. MET gene amplification is not related to tumour budding morphogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Righi
- Unit of Pathology, Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO, IRCCS, Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | - Ivana Sarotto
- Unit of Pathology, Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO, IRCCS, Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | - Laura Casorzo
- Unit of Pathology, Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO, IRCCS, Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | - Silvia Cavalchini
- Unit of Pathology, Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO, IRCCS, Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | - Elena Frangipane
- Unit of Pathology, Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO, IRCCS, Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | - Mauro Risio
- Unit of Pathology, Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO, IRCCS, Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Kišonaitė M, Zubrienė A, Čapkauskaitė E, Smirnov A, Smirnovienė J, Kairys V, Michailovienė V, Manakova E, Gražulis S, Matulis D. Intrinsic Thermodynamics and Structure Correlation of Benzenesulfonamides with a Pyrimidine Moiety Binding to Carbonic Anhydrases I, II, VII, XII, and XIII. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114106. [PMID: 25493428 PMCID: PMC4262373 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The early stage of drug discovery is often based on selecting the highest affinity lead compound. To this end the structural and energetic characterization of the binding reaction is important. The binding energetics can be resolved into enthalpic and entropic contributions to the binding Gibbs free energy. Most compound binding reactions are coupled to the absorption or release of protons by the protein or the compound. A distinction between the observed and intrinsic parameters of the binding energetics requires the dissection of the protonation/deprotonation processes. Since only the intrinsic parameters can be correlated with molecular structural perturbations associated with complex formation, it is these parameters that are required for rational drug design. Carbonic anhydrase (CA) isoforms are important therapeutic targets to treat a range of disorders including glaucoma, obesity, epilepsy, and cancer. For effective treatment isoform-specific inhibitors are needed. In this work we investigated the binding and protonation energetics of sixteen [(2-pyrimidinylthio)acetyl]benzenesulfonamide CA inhibitors using isothermal titration calorimetry and fluorescent thermal shift assay. The compounds were built by combining four sulfonamide headgroups with four tailgroups yielding 16 compounds. Their intrinsic binding thermodynamics showed the limitations of the functional group energetic additivity approach used in fragment-based drug design, especially at the level of enthalpies and entropies of binding. Combined with high resolution crystal structural data correlations were drawn between the chemical functional groups on selected inhibitors and intrinsic thermodynamic parameters of CA-inhibitor complex formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miglė Kišonaitė
- Department of Biothermodynamics and Drug Design, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, Graičiūno 8, Vilnius, LT-02241, Lithuania
| | - Asta Zubrienė
- Department of Biothermodynamics and Drug Design, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, Graičiūno 8, Vilnius, LT-02241, Lithuania
| | - Edita Čapkauskaitė
- Department of Biothermodynamics and Drug Design, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, Graičiūno 8, Vilnius, LT-02241, Lithuania
| | - Alexey Smirnov
- Department of Biothermodynamics and Drug Design, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, Graičiūno 8, Vilnius, LT-02241, Lithuania
| | - Joana Smirnovienė
- Department of Biothermodynamics and Drug Design, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, Graičiūno 8, Vilnius, LT-02241, Lithuania
| | - Visvaldas Kairys
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, Graičiūno 8, Vilnius, LT-02241, Lithuania
| | - Vilma Michailovienė
- Department of Biothermodynamics and Drug Design, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, Graičiūno 8, Vilnius, LT-02241, Lithuania
| | - Elena Manakova
- Department of Protein – DNA Interactions, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, Graičiūno 8, Vilnius, LT-02241, Lithuania
| | - Saulius Gražulis
- Department of Protein – DNA Interactions, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, Graičiūno 8, Vilnius, LT-02241, Lithuania
| | - Daumantas Matulis
- Department of Biothermodynamics and Drug Design, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, Graičiūno 8, Vilnius, LT-02241, Lithuania
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
ZATOVICOVA MIRIAM, JELENSKA LENKA, HULIKOVA ALZBETA, DITTE PETER, DITTE ZUZANA, CSADEROVA LUCIA, SVASTOVA ELISKA, SCHMALIX WOLFGANG, BOETTGER VOLKER, BEVAN PAUL, PASTOREK JAROMIR, PASTOREKOVA SILVIA. Monoclonal antibody G250 targeting CA IX: Binding specificity, internalization and therapeutic effects in a non-renal cancer model. Int J Oncol 2014; 45:2455-67. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
|
41
|
Sławiński J, Pogorzelska A, Żołnowska B, Brożewicz K, Vullo D, Supuran CT. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Synthesis of a novel series of 5-substituted 2,4-dichlorobenzenesulfonamides and their inhibition of human cytosolic isozymes I and II and the transmembrane tumor-associated isozymes IX and XII. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 82:47-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
42
|
The structural comparison between membrane-associated human carbonic anhydrases provides insights into drug design of selective inhibitors. Biopolymers 2014; 101:769-78. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.22456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
43
|
Syrjänen L, Luukkaala T, Leppilampi M, Kallioinen M, Pastorekova S, Pastorek J, Waheed A, Sly WS, Parkkila S, Karttunen T. Expression of cancer-related carbonic anhydrases IX and XII in normal skin and skin neoplasms. APMIS 2014; 122:880-9. [PMID: 24698175 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of the study was to evaluate the presence of hypoxia-inducible, tumour-associated carbonic anhydrases IX and XII in normal skin and a series of cutaneous tumours. Human tumour samples were taken during surgical operations performed on 245 patients and were immunohistochemically stained. A histological score value was calculated for statistical analyses which were performed using SPSS for Windows, versions 17.0 and 20.0. In normal skin, the highest expression of CA IX was detected in hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and basal parts of epidermis. CA XII was detected in all epithelial components of skin. Both CA IX and CA XII expression levels were significantly different in epidermal, appendigeal, and melanocytic tumour categories. Both CA IX and XII showed the most intense immunostaining in epidermal tumours, whereas virtually all melanocytic tumours were devoid of CA IX and XII immunostaining. In premalignant lesions, CA IX expression significantly increased when the tumours progressed to more severe dysplasia forms. Both CA IX and XII are highly expressed in different epithelial components of skin. They are also highly expressed in epidermal tumours, in which CA IX expression levels also correlate with the dysplasia grade. Interestingly, both isozymes are absent in melanocytic tumours.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leo Syrjänen
- Institute of Biomedical Technology and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Swietach P, Vaughan-Jones RD, Harris AL, Hulikova A. The chemistry, physiology and pathology of pH in cancer. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2014; 369:20130099. [PMID: 24493747 PMCID: PMC3917353 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell survival is conditional on the maintenance of a favourable acid-base balance (pH). Owing to intensive respiratory CO2 and lactic acid production, cancer cells are exposed continuously to large acid-base fluxes, which would disturb pH if uncorrected. The large cellular reservoir of H(+)-binding sites can buffer pH changes but, on its own, is inadequate to regulate intracellular pH. To stabilize intracellular pH at a favourable level, cells control trans-membrane traffic of H(+)-ions (or their chemical equivalents, e.g. ) using specialized transporter proteins sensitive to pH. In poorly perfused tumours, additional diffusion-reaction mechanisms, involving carbonic anhydrase (CA) enzymes, fine-tune control extracellular pH. The ability of H(+)-ions to change the ionization state of proteins underlies the exquisite pH sensitivity of cellular behaviour, including key processes in cancer formation and metastasis (proliferation, cell cycle, transformation, migration). Elevated metabolism, weakened cell-to-capillary diffusive coupling, and adaptations involving H(+)/H(+)-equivalent transporters and extracellular-facing CAs give cancer cells the means to manipulate micro-environmental acidity, a cancer hallmark. Through genetic instability, the cellular apparatus for regulating and sensing pH is able to adapt to extracellular acidity, driving disease progression. The therapeutic potential of disturbing this sequence by targeting H(+)/H(+)-equivalent transporters, buffering or CAs is being investigated, using monoclonal antibodies and small-molecule inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Swietach
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Adrian L. Harris
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alzbeta Hulikova
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Translational regulator eIF2α in tumor. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:6255-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-1789-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
|
46
|
Takacova M, Bullova P, Simko V, Skvarkova L, Poturnajova M, Feketeova L, Babal P, Kivela AJ, Kuopio T, Kopacek J, Pastorek J, Parkkila S, Pastorekova S. Expression pattern of carbonic anhydrase IX in Medullary thyroid carcinoma supports a role for RET-mediated activation of the HIF pathway. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 184:953-965. [PMID: 24518567 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Medullary thyroid carcinoma is a relatively rare tumor with poor prognosis and therapy response. Its phenotype is determined by both genetic alterations (activating RET oncoprotein) and physiological stresses, namely hypoxia [activating hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)]. Here, we investigated the cooperation between these two mechanisms. The idea emerged from the immunohistochemical analysis of carbonic anhydrases (CA) IX and XII expression in thyroid cancer. Although CAXII was present in all types of thyroid carcinomas, CAIX, a direct HIF target implicated in tumor progression, was associated with aggressive medullary and anaplastic carcinomas, and its expression pattern in medullary thyroid carcinomas suggested contribution of both hypoxic and oncogenic signaling. Therefore, we analyzed the CA9 promoter activity in transfected tumor cells expressing RET and/or the HIF-α subunit. We showed that overexpression of both wild-type and mutant RET can increase the CA9 promoter activity induced by HIF-1 (but not HIF-2) in hypoxia. Similar results were obtained with another HIF-1-regulated promoter derived from the lactate dehydrogenase A gene. Moreover, inhibition of the major kinase pathways, which transmit signals from RET and regulate HIF-1, abrogated their cooperative effect on the CA9 promoter. Thus, we brought the first experimental evidence for the crosstalk between RET and HIF-1 that can explain the increased expression of CAIX in medullary thyroid carcinoma and provide a rationale for therapy simultaneously targeting both pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Takacova
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia; Center for Molecular Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Petra Bullova
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Veronika Simko
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lucia Skvarkova
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Martina Poturnajova
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lucia Feketeova
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Pavel Babal
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Antti J Kivela
- Department of Surgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Teijo Kuopio
- Department of Pathology, Jyväskylä Central Hospital, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Juraj Kopacek
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jaromir Pastorek
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Seppo Parkkila
- Institute of Medical Technology and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Silvia Pastorekova
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Zubrienė A, Čapkauskaitė E, Gylytė J, Kišonaitė M, Tumkevičius S, Matulis D. Benzenesulfonamides with benzimidazole moieties as inhibitors of carbonic anhydrases I, II, VII, XII and XIII. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2014; 29:124-31. [PMID: 23356363 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2012.757223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of benzenesulfonamide derivatives, bearing benzimidazole moieties, were designed and synthesized as inhibitors of carbonic anhydrases (CAs). Their binding affinities to recombinant human CA isozymes I, II, VII, XII and XIII were determined by the thermal shift assay. A group of compounds containing a benzimidazole substituent in the para position of the benzenesulfonamide ring was found to exhibit higher binding potency toward tested CAs than meta-substituted benzenesulfonamides. Some of these compounds exhibited nanomolar affinities and selectivity toward the CA isozymes tested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asta Zubrienė
- Department of Biothermodynamics and Drug Design, Institute of Biotechnology , and
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Zerati M, Leite KRM, Pontes-Junior J, Segre CC, Reis ST, Srougi M, Dall'Oglio MF. Carbonic Anhydrase IX is not a predictor of outcomes in non-metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma - a digital analysis of tissue microarray. Int Braz J Urol 2014; 39:484-92. [PMID: 24054396 DOI: 10.1590/s1677-5538.ibju.2013.04.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The knowledge about the molecular biology of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is evolving, and Carbonic Anhydrase type IX (CA-IX) has emerged as a potential prognostic marker in this challenging disease. However, most of the literature about CA-IX on ccRCC comes from series on metastatic cancer, with a lack of series on non-metastatic cancer. The objective is to evaluate the expression of CA-IX in a cohort of non-metastatic ccRCC, correlating with 1) overall survival, and 2) with established prognostic parameters (T stage, tumor size, Fuhrman nuclear grade, microvascular invasion and peri-renal fat invasion). MATERIALS AND METHODS This is a retrospective cohort study. We evaluated 95 patients with non-metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma, as to the expression of CA-IX. The analyzed parameters where: overall survival (OS), TNM stage, tumor size (TS), Fuhrman nuclear grade (FNG), microvascular invasion (MVI), peri-renal fat invasion (PFI). We utilized a custom built tissue microarray, and the immunoexpression was digitally quantified using the Photoshop ® software. RESULTS The mean follow-up time was 7.9 years (range 1.9 to 19.5 years). The analysis of CA-IX expression against the selected prognostic parameters showed no correlation. The results are as follows: Overall survival (p = 0.790); T stage (p = 0.179); tumor size (p = 0.143); grouped Fuhrman nuclear grade (p = 0.598); microvascular invasion (p = 0.685), and peri-renal fat invasion (p = 0.104). CONCLUSION Carbonic anhydrase type IX expression does not correlate with overall survival and conventional prognostic parameters in non-metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Zerati
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation (LIM55), Urology Department, University of Sao Paulo Medical School and Uro-Oncology Group, Urology Department, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Dekaminaviciute D, Kairys V, Zilnyte M, Petrikaite V, Jogaite V, Matuliene J, Gudleviciene Z, Vullo D, Supuran CT, Zvirbliene A. Monoclonal antibodies raised against 167-180 aa sequence of human carbonic anhydrase XII inhibit its enzymatic activity. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2014; 29:804-10. [PMID: 24400872 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2013.856424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Human carbonic anhydrase XII (CA XII) is a single-pass transmembrane protein with an extracellular catalytic domain. This enzyme is being recognized as a potential biomarker for different tumours. The current study was aimed to generate monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) neutralizing the enzymatic activity of CA XII. Bioinformatics analysis of CA XII structure revealed surface-exposed sequences located in a proximity of its catalytic centre. Two MAbs against the selected antigenic peptide spanning 167-180 aa sequence of CA XII were generated. The MAbs were reactive with recombinant catalytic domain of CA XII expressed either in E. coli or mammalian cells. Inhibitory activity of the MAbs was demonstrated by a stopped flow CO2 hydration assay. The study provides new data on the surface-exposed linear CA XII epitope that may serve as a target for inhibitory antibodies with a potential immunotherapeutic application.
Collapse
|
50
|
Furjelová M, Kovalská M, Jurková K, Horáček J, Carbolová T, Adamkov M. Carbonic anhydrase IX: a promising diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in breast carcinoma. Acta Histochem 2014; 116:89-93. [PMID: 23816158 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2013.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
We examined the expression of carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX) by immunohistochemical staining using monoclonal antibody M75 (Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava) in a group of 38 fibroadenomas and 55 carcinomas of the breast. In each case, the intensity of staining, percentage of labeled cells and subcellular localization of CA IX were assessed. CA IX was detected in 11/38 fibroadenomas (28.9%). Weak cytoplasmic positivity was dominant in these positive cases. Immunohistochemical analysis of 55 carcinomas showed CA IX expression in 34 cases (61.8%). Membrane staining alone was observed in 27/55 carcinomas (49.1%), while cytoplasmic positivity was found in 4/55 cases (7.3%). Combined membrane and cytoplasmic immunostaining of CA IX was detected in 3/55 carcinomas (5.4%). The intensity of immunoreactivity varied from weak to strong. Under 50% of reactive cells were found in 9/38 fibroadenomas (23.6%) and in 29/55 carcinomas (52.7%). More than 50% of reactive cells were found in 2/38 fibroadenomas (5.3%) and in 5/55 carcinomas (9.1%). Statistical analysis confirmed significant differences in the subcellular localization, intensity of immunoreactivity and percentage of labeled cells in fibroadenomas and carcinomas (p<0.05). Our results confirmed the hypothesis that expression of CA IX may represent a valuable tumor biomarker as well as a promising diagnostic and prognostic parameter in breast cancer.
Collapse
|