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Schlosser N, Espino-Martínez J, Kloss F, Meyer F, Bardl B, Rosenbaum MA, Regestein L. Host nutrition-based approach for biotechnological production of the antifungal cyclic lipopeptide jagaricin. J Biotechnol 2021; 336:1-9. [PMID: 34118330 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2021.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In today's, society multi-resistant pathogens have become an emerging threat, which makes the search for novel anti-infectives more urgent than ever. A promising class of substances are cyclic lipopeptides like the antifungal jagaricin. Jagaricin is formed by the bacterial mushroom pathogen Janthinobacterium agaricidamnosum. It has shown antifungal activity against human pathogenic fungi like Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus. In addition, jagaricin is nearly non-toxic for plants, which makes it a promising agent for agricultural applications. Cyclic lipopeptides formed by microorganisms originate from their secondary metabolism. This makes it very challenging to determine the inducing factor for product formation, especially for unknown microbial systems like J. agaricidamnosum. In the presented study, a biotechnological process for jagaricin formation was developed, investigating impact factors like the medium, oxygen availability, and phosphate. For this reason, experiments were conducted on microtiter plate, shake flask, and stirred tank bioreactor level. Ultimately, a final maximum jagaricin concentration of 251 mg L-1 (15.5 mgJagaricin∙gCDW-1) could be achieved, which is an increase of approximately 458 % in comparison to previous results in standard glucose medium. This concentration allows the production of significantly higher amounts of jagaricin and enables further experiments to investigate the potential of this substance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Schlosser
- Bio Pilot Plant, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 23, 07745, Jena, Germany; Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Jordi Espino-Martínez
- Bio Pilot Plant, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 23, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Florian Kloss
- Transfer Group Anti-Infectives, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 23, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Florian Meyer
- Transfer Group Anti-Infectives, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 23, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Bettina Bardl
- Bio Pilot Plant, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 23, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Miriam A Rosenbaum
- Bio Pilot Plant, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 23, 07745, Jena, Germany; Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Lars Regestein
- Bio Pilot Plant, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 23, 07745, Jena, Germany.
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Mahmoud GAE, Ibrahim ABM, Mayer P. Zn(II) and Cd(II) thiosemicarbazones for stimulation/inhibition of kojic acid biosynthesis from Aspergillus flavus and the fungal defense behavior against the metal complexes' excesses. J Biol Inorg Chem 2020; 25:797-809. [PMID: 32661783 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-020-01802-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The complexes {[ZnL1Cl] C1, [ZnL2Cl].0.5H2O C2, [CdL1Cl] C3, and [CdL2Cl] C4} were prepared from tridentate thiosemicarbazones {HL1 = 4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1-((pyridin-2-yl)methylene) thiosemicarbazide and HL2 = 4-(2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-((pyridin-2-yl)methylene)thiosemicarbazide} and identified by elemental CHNS, spectroscopic {IR and UV-Vis.}, thermal and DMF solution electrical conductivity data. On another hand, kojic acid (KA) which represents important secondary metabolite with numerous hot spot applications was successfully biosynthesized from Aspergillus flavus and structurally analyzed by single crystal analysis. The Zn(II) complexes C1&C2 (0.3 mM) enhanced the KA biosynthesis by 70.87% and 42.26%, while 76.09% of C1 and 72.78% of C2 were absorbed by the fungal cells. The Cd(II) complexes C3&C4 at 0.3 mM inhibited KA production by 87.95% and 97.03% with Cd(II) consumption reaching to 40.09% & 37.3%, while 0.4 mM of C3&C4 resulted in 100% inhibition of kojic acid biosynthesis. Light microscopic analysis showed the fungal structural abnormalities and the cell antioxidant behavior was detected. These complexes could be highly applicable as new stimulators and inhibitors of kojic acid production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmed B M Ibrahim
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, 71516, Egypt
| | - Peter Mayer
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, Haus, 81377, Munich, Germany
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Sharma D, Gupta S, Gupta M, Summuna B. Exploration of Secondary Metabolites for Management of Chickpea Diseases. Fungal Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-35947-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Achieving Maximal Production of Fusaricidins from Paenibacillus kribbensis CU01 via Continuous Fermentation. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2019; 190:712-720. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-019-03121-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Ryu J, Kim JM, Lee CW, Kim SW. Structural analysis and enhanced production of fusaricidin fromPaenibacillus kribbensisCU01 isolated from yellow loess. J Basic Microbiol 2017; 57:525-535. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201600692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaewon Ryu
- Department of Energy Convergence; Chosun University; Gwangju Republic of Korea
| | - Jong M. Kim
- Department of Energy Convergence; Chosun University; Gwangju Republic of Korea
| | - Chul W. Lee
- Department of Chemistry; Chonnam National University; Gwangju Republic of Korea
| | - Si W. Kim
- Department of Energy Convergence; Chosun University; Gwangju Republic of Korea
- Department of Environmental Engineering; Chosun University; Gwangju Republic of Korea
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Enhancement of cordyceps polysaccharide production via biosynthetic pathway analysis in Hirsutella sinensis. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 92:872-880. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Revised: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Wetzel K, Cao J, Kothe E, Köhler JM. Changing growth behavior of heavy-metal tolerant bacteria: Media optimization using droplet-based microfluidics. Eng Life Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201400230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Wetzel
- Institute for Micro and Nanotechnologies; Institute for Chemistry and Biotechnology, Technical University Ilmenau; Ilmenau Germany
| | - Jialan Cao
- Institute for Micro and Nanotechnologies; Institute for Chemistry and Biotechnology, Technical University Ilmenau; Ilmenau Germany
| | - Erika Kothe
- Institute of Microbiology; Friedrich Schiller University; Jena Germany
| | - J. Michael Köhler
- Institute for Micro and Nanotechnologies; Institute for Chemistry and Biotechnology, Technical University Ilmenau; Ilmenau Germany
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Cai M, Sun X, Zhou X, Zhang Y. Roles of cobalt in biosynthesis stimulation of a cytotoxic compound from marine-derived Aspergillus glaucus. Process Biochem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Fan DD, Wang W, Zhong JJ. Enhancement of cordycepin production in submerged cultures of Cordyceps militaris by addition of ferrous sulfate. Biochem Eng J 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2011.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Khare E, Arora NK. Dual activity of pyocyanin from Pseudomonas aeruginosa--antibiotic against phytopathogen and signal molecule for biofilm development by rhizobia. Can J Microbiol 2011; 57:708-13. [PMID: 21851321 DOI: 10.1139/w11-055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The purified pyocyanin from Pseudomonas aeruginosa TO3 was investigated for its antagonistic activity against Macrophomina phaseolina and as a signaling molecule for development of biofilm by rhizobial strain Ca2. The antagonistic activity of purified pyocyanin, as determined by a dry mass method, showed inhibition of M. phaseolina. Biofilm formation by strain Ca2 was performed by crystal violet assay. There was an increase in biofilm development by Ca2 with an increase in pyocyanin concentration up to 0.12 nmol·L(-1), followed by a reduction. Using a well-diffusion method, we determined the effect of pyocyanin on disease suppression and biofilm formation by strain Ca2 on radicles of groundnut ( Arachis hypogaea L. ) placed in three concentric whorls on water agar plates. Pyocyanin suppressed disease better at high concentration; however, at lower concentrations increased colony-forming units of Ca2 on radicles of seedlings was observed. A field study in soil infested with M. phaseolina showed that a coinoculant of P. aeruginosa TO3 and rhizobial strain Ca2 enhanced nodule mass and nitrogenase activity by 264.38% and 269.06%, respectively, over that of the control. This study reports that application of pyocyanin-producing pseudomonads together with rhizobia contributes to the enhancement of nodulation ability and better sustains the growth and productivity of groundnut even in the presence of M. phaseolina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekta Khare
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University, Kanpur 208024, UP, India.
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Raza W, Yang X, Wu H, Huang Q, Xu Y, Shen Q. Evaluation of metal ions (Zn(2+), Fe(3+) and Mg(2+)) effect on the production of fusaricidin-type antifungal compounds by Paenibacillus polymyxa SQR-21. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2010; 101:9264-9271. [PMID: 20685115 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2010] [Revised: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Effect of metal ions (Mg(2+), Zn(2+) and Fe(3+)) on the production of fusaricidin-type antifungal compounds by Paenibacillus polymyxa SQR-21 was studied in liquid culture. First, one-factor; three-level experiments were conducted to find out optimal concentrations of each metal ion for maximum production of fusaricidins. Later, three-factor; five-level experiments were performed and a quadratic predictive model was developed using response surface methodology (RSM). The results indicated that Fe(3+) and Mg(2+) positively affected the growth of P. polymyxa as determined by measuring the OD(600) of the liquid culture. The production of fusaricidin-type antifungal compounds was significantly inhibited by Zn(2+) (P=0.0114) and increased by Mg(2+) (P=0.0051) but the effect of Fe(3+) (P=0.2157) was non-significant. However, a synergistic positive effect of Mg(2+) and Fe(3+) on the production of antifungal compounds was observed. This study sheds lights on the pertinent effects of the individual and combined metal ions on the production of fusaricidins in P. polymyxa. It provides the key information for optimization of the metal ions in the fermentation media to achieve the maximum antibiotic production in this strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waseem Raza
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Slid Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
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Abstract
Citric acid is a commodity chemical produced and consumed throughout The World. It is used mainly in the food and beverage industry, primarily as an acidulant. Although it is one of the oldest industrial fermentations, its World production is still in rapid increasing. Global production of citric acid in 2007 was over 1.6 million tones. Biochemistry of citric acid fermentation, various microbial strains, as well as various substrates, technological processes and product recovery are presented. World production and economics aspects of this strategically product of bulk biotechnology are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marin Berovic
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Ecology Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Askerceva 5, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Pandey MK, Singh DP, Singh UP. Phenolic Acid Changes in Mycelia of Sclerotium rolfsii After Garlic and Onion Supplementation in a Broth Medium. MYCOBIOLOGY 2005; 33:137-141. [PMID: 24049489 PMCID: PMC3774873 DOI: 10.4489/myco.2005.33.3.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2005] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
High performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) analysis of mycelia of Sclerotium rolfsii grown in broth medium supplemented with garlic (Allium sativum) and onion (Allium cepa) was carried out to estimate qualitative and quantitative changes in phenolic acids. Several phenolic acids, such as gallic, chlorogenic, ferulic, o-coumaric and cinnamic acids were detected in varied amounts in mycelia grown on such media as compared to control. Phenolic acids represents a wide range of secondary metabolite found in the cells of plants and microbes including fungi. The growth characters of S. rolfsii in various supplements also varied from thin and transparent to thick and opaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Pandey
- Department of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India
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Ozkan M, Dilek FB, Yetis U, Ozcengiz G. Nutritional and cultural parameters influencing antidipteran delta-endotoxin production. Res Microbiol 2003; 154:49-53. [PMID: 12576159 DOI: 10.1016/s0923-2508(02)00006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study, various nutritional and cultural parameters influencing diptera-specific delta-endotoxin synthesis by Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis HD500 were investigated. Of various inorganic nitrogen sources, the highest yields of Cry11Aa and Cry4Ba proteins were obtained on (NH(4))(2)HPO(4). Among carbon sources, inulin, dextrin, maltose, lactose, sucrose, whey and glycerol were all stimulatory, while glucose, starch and molasses were suppressive. High concentrations of inorganic phosphate (50 to 100 mM K(2)HPO(4)) were required for an effective synthesis of Cry4Ba. Mn was the most critical element for the biosynthesis of both toxins at 10(-6) M concentration. Mg and Ca favored production when provided at 8 x 10(-3) M and 5.5 x 10(-4) M concentrations, respectively, while Fe, Zn and Cu negatively influenced biosynthesis. Cry4-toxin synthesis was best at neutral pH and also when the organism was grown at 25 degrees C. Throughout the study, the extent of growth and sporulation of the producer organism was also monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melek Ozkan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, 06531 Ankara, Turkey
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Içgen Y, Içgen B, Ozcengiz G. Regulation of crystal protein biosynthesis by Bacillus thuringiensis: I. Effects of mineral elements and pH. Res Microbiol 2002; 153:599-604. [PMID: 12455708 DOI: 10.1016/s0923-2508(02)01367-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Crystal protein synthesis by a local isolate of Bacillus thuringiensis was monitored and compared in association with growth and sporulation in media differing in mineral element content. Mg and Cu were the most important metals for the biosynthesis of 135 kDa and 65 kDa toxin components in that the former was essential and the latter was greatly stimulatory at 10(-6) to 10(-7) M concentration. Also the inclusion of Mn favored toxin production at concentrations ranging from 3 x 10(-4) to 10(-5) M. The omission of Zn and Ca had no effect on toxin formation. Crystal protein synthesis and sporulation did not generally seem to be co-regulated by the minerals as these processes responded differently to mineral levels. There was no evidence for suppression of biosynthesis by inorganic phosphate over a range of 3 to 100 mM. Crystal protein production was more efficient in buffered medium, especially when the initial pH was adjusted to 6.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasemin Içgen
- Middle East Technical University, Department of Biology, Ankara, 06531, Turkey
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Abstract
Cultures of filamentous fungi that secrete significant amounts of exopolysaccharides are among the most difficult of fermentation fluids, presenting difficulties in the areas of aeration, agitation, mixing, and control that may in turn impact the physiology of the microorganism in an undesirable manner. The fungus Sclerotium glucanicum, which produces a potentially useful exopolysaccharide known as scleroglucan, illustrates many such difficulties. This review discusses in detail the range of physiological studies on the producing microorganism itself, including those concerning formation of "undesirable" byproducts, principally oxalate, but also, under certain conditions, other TCA cycle acids. In addition, the bioreactor technology in use for production of this type of biopolymer is discussed in relation to the difficulties such fluid types present. The potential of pneumatically agitated reactors for such production is evaluated, and the lack of fundamental studies on such reactors and on the hydrodynamics and mixing behavior of such complex fluids is pointed out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wang
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Abstract
This review highlights the important roles played by magnesium in the growth and metabolic functions of microbial and animal cells, and therefore assigns a key role for magnesium ions in biotechnology. The fundamental biochemical and physiological actions of magnesium as a regulatory cation are outlined. Such actions are deemed to be relevant in an applied sense, because Mg2+ availability in cell culture and fermentation media can dramatically influence growth and metabolism of cells. Manipulation of extracellular and intracellular magnesium ions can thus be envisaged as a relatively simplistic, but nevertheless versatile, means of physiological cell engineering. In addition, biological antagonism between calcium and magnesium at the molecular level may have profound consequences for the optimization of biotechnological processes that exploit cells. In fermentation, for example, it is argued that the efficiency of microbial conversion of substrate to product may be improved by altering Mg:Ca concentration ratios in industrial feedstocks in a way that makes more magnesium available to the cells. With particular respect to yeast-based biotechnologies, magnesium availability is seen as being crucially important in governing central pathways of carbohydrate catabolism, especially ethanolic fermentation. It is proposed that such influences of magnesium ions are expressed at the combined levels of key enzyme activation and cell membrane stabilization. The former ensures optimum flow of substrate to ethanol and the latter acts to protect yeasts from physical and chemical stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Walker
- Department of Molecular and Life Sciences, University of Abertay Dundee, Scotland
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Schuster G, Hampel WA. Determination of trace levels of transition metal ions in fermentation broth by ion-pair chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0003-2670(92)85102-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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20
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Kumar P, Lonsane B. Microbial Production of Gibberellins: State of the Art. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(08)70317-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Failla LJ, Niehaus WG. Regulation of Zn2+ uptake and versicolorin A synthesis in a mutant strain ofAspergillus parasiticus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0147-5975(86)90028-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Turner JM, Messenger AJ. Occurrence, biochemistry and physiology of phenazine pigment production. Adv Microb Physiol 1986; 27:211-75. [PMID: 3532716 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2911(08)60306-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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23
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Malik VS. Genetics and Biochemistry of Secondary Metabolism. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(08)70233-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
Normal and neoplastic cells have similar needs for iron, but the latter may exhibit altered mechanisms of iron acquisition that permit continued multiplication in host iron-restricted tissues. For example, neoplastic cells may form low molecular weight siderophores as well as increase the number of transferrin binding glycoproteins on their cell surfaces. The hosts attempt to withhold iron from neoplastic cells by preventing the return of the metal to plasma and diverting it to storage, by increasing the synthesis of ferritin to accommodate the added stores, and by surrounding tumor cells with macrophages that can ingest lactoferrin-bound iron, but these mechanisms are often not effective against the iron-accumulating mechanisms of the tumor. Persons or animals with iron overload (via ingestion, inhalation, injection, or pathophysiologic process) tend to be at greater risk than normal hosts in the development of neoplasms. The tumors are often associated with the site(s) of deposition of the metal. In addition to its neoplastic cell nutrient function, excess iron might suppress tumorcidal action of macrophages and interfere with lymphocyte traffic. Severe iron deficiency can interfere with the ability of the host to detoxify potential carcinogens as well as with its ability to activate antitumor lymphocytes.
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Tyagi JS, Tyagi AK, Venkitasubramanian TA. Some factors regulating [1-14C] acetate incorporation into aflatoxins by spheroplasts and spheroplast lysates from Aspergillus. Toxicon 1981; 19:445-54. [PMID: 6800068 DOI: 10.1016/0041-0101(81)90002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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McGrath RM, Nourse PN, Neethling DC, Ferreira NP. The diversion of dimethylailylpyrophosphate from polyisoprenoid to cyclopiazonic acid biosynthesis in Penicillium cyclopium westling. Bioorg Chem 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/0045-2068(77)90008-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Martin JF, McDaniel LE. Production of polyene macrolide antibiotics. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 1977; 21:1-52. [PMID: 322452 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(08)70037-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Kurylo-Borowska Z, Szer W. Inactive form of edeine in the edeine-producing Bacillus brevis Vm 4 cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1976; 418:63-72. [PMID: 1244852 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(76)90327-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
1. Exogenous edeine inhibits the synthesis of DNA and protein, but not that of RNA, in extracts of edeine-producing Bacillus brevis Vm 4 cells. This is analogous to the effect of edeine on extracts obtained from edeine-sensitive cells. 2. Producer cells, in contrast to sensitive ones, are not permeable to exogenous edeine. DNA synthesis in producer cells rendered permeable by toluene treatment becomes sensitive to edeine. 3. No free edeine could be detected in post-log producer cells during maximal synthesis of edeine. Nascent edeine exists in the cell in a biologically inactive form, bound to a fast-sedimenting fraction. Edeine B, identical to the antibiotic present in the medium, is released from this fraction by mild treatment with alkali.
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Coleman G, Brown S, Stormonth DA. A model for the regulation of bacterial extracellular enzyme and toxin biosynthesis. J Theor Biol 1975; 52:143-8. [PMID: 1152477 DOI: 10.1016/0022-5193(75)90045-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Crandall M, Caulton JH. Induction of glycoprotein mating factors in diploid yeast of Hansenula wingei by vanadium salts or chelating agents. Exp Cell Res 1973; 82:159-67. [PMID: 4201662 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(73)90258-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Coleman PL, Weiner H. Growth, isolation, and characterization of a yeast manganese alcohol dehydrogenase. Biochemistry 1973; 12:3466-72. [PMID: 4199893 DOI: 10.1021/bi00742a017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Abstract
The metabolism of glucose during enterotoxin B synthesis in Staphylococcus aureus S-6 was examined under anaerobic conditions in the presence and absence of nitrate. The repression of enterotoxin synthesis which occurs during the oxidative metabolism of glucose was relieved after a shift to anaerobic conditions; glucose was then converted primarily to lactic acid and was metabolized more rapidly, presumably to obtain the equivalent amount of energy available aerobically. A greater proportion of oxidized end products and evidently more energy per glucose molecule was produced in the presence of oxygen. Thus, available energy as judged by a change in the type and proportion of end products appears to be related to the degree of toxin repression. As expected, the addition of nitrate during anaerobic glucose metabolism prevented derepression of toxin synthesis.
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36
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Demain AL. Mutation and the production of secondary metabolites. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 1973; 16:177-202. [PMID: 4584678 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(08)70027-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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37
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Dietrich GG, Watson RJ, Silverman GJ. Effect of shaking speed on the secretion of enterotoxin B by Staphylococcus aureus. Appl Microbiol 1972; 24:561-6. [PMID: 4628794 PMCID: PMC380613 DOI: 10.1128/am.24.4.561-566.1972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The concentration of enterotoxin B secreted by four strains of Staphylococcus aureus was dependent upon the shaking speed. For the conditions established, each strain demonstrated an optimal shaking speed, and speeds in excess of the optimum resulted in decreased secretion of toxin. At the optimal shaking speed, maximum secretion occurred at 37 C. At 45 C, both growth and toxin secretion were absent. By using agar containing antienterotoxin B sera, studies with strain S-6 at optimal and suboptimal shaking speeds demonstrated that individual cells vary in their toxin-synthesizing ability and that the relative numbers of high and low producers change during the growth cycle. Although most of the toxin was secreted during the first 12 hr of growth, a portion was secreted during the subsequent 6 hr, even though growth as measured by colony-forming units per milliliter decreased and Klett units increased.
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38
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Abstract
Media and an analytical scheme have been developed which allow both a qualitative and quantitative estimation of the formation of pyocyanine, related phenazines, pyorubrin, and a blue and a yellow-green fluorescent pigment by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Use of the defined pyocyanine medium of Frank and DeMoss with sulfate or various organic sulfur sources allowed formation of pyocyanine, related phenazines, and pyorubrin. When sulfite was the sulfur source with or without iron, P. aeruginosa formed either a yellow-green or a blue fluorescent pigment. Formation of fluorescent pigments of P. aeruginosa is related to the ability of sulfite to act as a specific sulfur source. In an investigation of the role of both added iron and sulfur sources, complex patterns of pigment formation were observed. In addition to the fluorescent pigments, sulfite also supported the formation of slime by P. aeruginosa.
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39
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Abstract
During the transition between the exponential and stationary phases of growth, there was a rapid accumulation of both cell-associated and extracellular enterotoxin B. Extracellular enterotoxin was synthesized until the cells entered the stationary phase during which cell-bound toxin was not detected. The differential rate of toxin synthesis relative to that of total protein synthesis was greater at pH 7.7 than at 6.0. Addition of glucose decreased the differential rate of toxin synthesis. This decrease was greater at pH 7.7 than at 6.0. Addition of pyruvate decreased the differential rate at pH 7.7 but not at 6.0. Analysis of the nongaseous end products of glucose and pyruvate metabolism showed that conditions which favor the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate also favor the repression of toxin synthesis. Elimination of thiamine from the medium prevented the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate by Staphylococcus aureus S-6 and partially or completely reversed the repression of toxin synthesis by glucose and pyruvate. In the absence of an added energy source, thiamine starvation caused a decrease in protein synthesis but an increased differential rate of toxin synthesis which was greater at pH 7.7 than at 6.0. In the absence of thiamine, pyruvate was not metabolized but caused a decrease in the rate of protein synthesis. This resulted in a twofold increase in the differential rate of toxin synthesis. Thus, conditions which altered the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate or decreased the rate of protein synthesis increased the rate of enterotoxin B synthesis.
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Weinberg ED, Goodnight SA. Iron requirement for longevity of Pseudomonas cultures. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 1970; 36:73-80. [PMID: 4912190 DOI: 10.1007/bf02069010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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