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Zhou C, Li W, Liang Z, Wu X, Cheng S, Peng J, Zeng K, Li W, Lan P, Yang X, Xiong L, Zeng Z, Zheng X, Huang L, Fan W, Liu Z, Xing Y, Kang L, Liu H. Mutant KRAS-activated circATXN7 fosters tumor immunoescape by sensitizing tumor-specific T cells to activation-induced cell death. Nat Commun 2024; 15:499. [PMID: 38216551 PMCID: PMC10786880 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44779-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Mutant KRAS (KRASMUT) is often exploited by cancers to shape tumor immunity, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Here we report that tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) from KRASMUT cancers are sensitive to activation-induced cell death (AICD). circATXN7, an NF-κB-interacting circular RNA, governs T cell sensitivity to AICD by inactivating NF-κB. Mechanistically, histone lactylation derived from KRASMUT tumor cell-produced lactic acid directly activates transcription of circATXN7, which binds to NF-κB p65 subunit and masks the p65 nuclear localization signal motif, thereby sequestering it in the cytoplasm. Clinically, circATXN7 upregulation in tumor-specific CTLs correlates with adverse clinical outcomes and immunotherapeutic resistance. Genetic ablation of circAtxn7 in CD8+ T cells leads to mutant-selective tumor inhibition, while also increases anti-PD1 efficacy in multiple tumor models in female mice. Furthermore, targeting circATXN7 in adoptively transferred tumor-reactive CTLs improves their antitumor activities. These findings provide insight into how lymphocyte-expressed circRNAs contribute to T-cell fate decisions and anticancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhou
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenxin Li
- Department of General Surgery (Colorectal Surgery), The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Biomedical Innovation Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhenxing Liang
- Department of General Surgery (Colorectal Surgery), The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Biomedical Innovation Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xianrui Wu
- Department of General Surgery (Colorectal Surgery), The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Biomedical Innovation Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Sijing Cheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianhong Peng
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kaixuan Zeng
- Precision Medical Research Institute, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi' an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Weihao Li
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping Lan
- Department of General Surgery (Colorectal Surgery), The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Biomedical Innovation Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Department of General Surgery (Colorectal Surgery), The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Biomedical Innovation Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Li Xiong
- Department of General Surgery (Colorectal Surgery), The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Biomedical Innovation Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ziwei Zeng
- Department of General Surgery (Colorectal Surgery), The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Biomedical Innovation Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaobin Zheng
- Department of General Surgery (Colorectal Surgery), The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Biomedical Innovation Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Liang Huang
- Department of General Surgery (Colorectal Surgery), The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Biomedical Innovation Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenhua Fan
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhanzhen Liu
- Department of General Surgery (Colorectal Surgery), The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Biomedical Innovation Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yue Xing
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
- Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Liang Kang
- Department of General Surgery (Colorectal Surgery), The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
- Biomedical Innovation Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Huashan Liu
- Department of General Surgery (Colorectal Surgery), The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
- Biomedical Innovation Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, the Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
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2
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Crosstalk between apoptosis and cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTLs) in the course of Lagovirus europaeus GI.1a infection in rabbits. J Vet Res 2023; 67:41-47. [PMID: 37008759 PMCID: PMC10062044 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2023-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
Lagovirus europaeus is a single-stranded RNA virus causing an acute fatal disease in wild and domestic rabbits around the world. Studies have shown that the pivotal process impacting the immune response against the disease is apoptosis, registered mainly in hepatocytes and in peripheral blood, together with an increased number of cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTLs). It is known that cytotoxic lymphocytes can induce target cells to undergo apoptosis on the pseudoreceptor pathway, such apoptosis having been found in several acute and chronic viral infections. The study aimed to assess the crosstalk between the apoptosis of peripheral blood lymphocytes and CD8+ T lymphocytes (as CTLs) in rabbits infected with 6 Lagovirus europaeus GI.1a viruses.
Material and Methods
Sixty rabbits of Polish hybrid breed comprising both sexes and weighing 3.2–4.2 kg were the experimental group, and an identical group was the control. Each of the six GI.1a Lagovirus europaeus viruses was inoculated into ten experimental rabbits. Control rabbits received glycerol as a placebo. Flow cytometric analysis was performed on blood from the study and control group animals for peripheral blood lymphocyte apoptosis and CTL percentage determination.
Results
The activation of apoptosis in peripheral blood lymphocytes was recorded from 4 h post inoculation (p.i.) up to 36 h p.i. The percentage of CTLs in the total blood pool decreased from 8 to 36 h p.i. A negative correlation between apoptosis of lymphocytes and the number of CTLs was proven.
Conclusion
This may be the first evidence of virus-induced CTL apoptosis in Lagovirus europaeus GI.1a infection.
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Apoptosis Enhances the Replication of Human Coronavirus OC43. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112199. [PMID: 34835005 PMCID: PMC8619903 DOI: 10.3390/v13112199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43) is one of the coronaviruses causing a mild common cold, but few studies have been made on this strain. Here, we identified the molecular mechanisms involved in HCoV-OC43-induced apoptosis and its implications for viral reproduction in Vero cells and MRC-5 cells. HCoV-OC43 infection induced apoptosis that was accompanied by cleavage of caspase-3 and PARP, degradation of cyclin D1, and cell cycle arrest at S and G2M phases. Dephosphorylation of STAT1 and STAT3, induced by HCoV-OC43 infection, was also associated with HCoV-OC43-mediated apoptosis. The pan-caspase inhibitor effectively prevented HCoV-OC43-induced apoptosis and reduced viral replication, suggesting that apoptosis contributes to viral replication. Collectively our results indicate that HCoV-OC43 induces caspase-dependent apoptosis to promote viral replication in Vero cells and MRC-5 cells.
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Ferreira HCC, de Araújo EN, Rosado NCL, Fietto JLR, Santos MR, Gomes LL, Silva LMN, Bressan GC, Martins GF, Sreevatsan S, Silva-Júnior A. Apoptosis in the late replication phase of Bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 in experimentally infected calves. Braz J Microbiol 2021; 52:2529-2534. [PMID: 34355356 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-021-00546-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) is a pathogen causing respiratory and reproductive clinical signs in cattle. Infected animals may develop rhinotracheitis, vulvovaginitis, balanoposthitis, and abortion. Viral latency is generally established in neuronal ganglia simultaneously to a decrease in both genes or genome expression and viral replication. Under stressful conditions, infection is reactivated leading to viral replication and the manifestation of clinical signs. In this study, we evaluated both viral reactivation and apoptosis in trigeminal ganglia cells as BoHV-1 progressed from the latent to the acute phase of infection after dexamethasone administration in experimentally infected calves. To test ganglia cell death as a consequence of BoHV-1 infection, we stained the BoHV-1 samples with TUNEL after the viral shedding by the calves. RT-qPCR of apoptotic genes was also performed, showing the upregulation of the caspase 8 gene in the trigeminal ganglia from cattle experimentally infected with BoHV-1. These results showed the occurrence of apoptosis in ganglion cells of calves infected by BoHV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Carolina Campos Ferreira
- Laboratório de Imunobiológicos e Virologia Animal, Departamento de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG, 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Elaine Nery de Araújo
- Laboratório de Imunobiológicos e Virologia Animal, Departamento de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG, 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Nívia Carolina Lopes Rosado
- Laboratório de Imunobiológicos e Virologia Animal, Departamento de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG, 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Juliana Lopes Rangel Fietto
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG, 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Marcus Rebouças Santos
- Laboratório de Imunobiológicos e Virologia Animal, Departamento de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG, 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Lidiany Lopes Gomes
- Laboratório de Imunobiológicos e Virologia Animal, Departamento de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG, 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Laura Morais Nascimento Silva
- Laboratório de Imunobiológicos e Virologia Animal, Departamento de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG, 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Costa Bressan
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG, 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Ferreira Martins
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG, 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Srinand Sreevatsan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, F130G Veterinary Medical Center, 784 Wilson RD, Room 784 Wilson Road, Room F130G, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Abelardo Silva-Júnior
- Laboratório de Imunobiológicos e Virologia Animal, Departamento de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG, 36570-000, Brazil.
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5
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Adomati T, Cham LB, Hamdan TA, Bhat H, Duhan V, Li F, Ali M, Lang E, Huang A, Naser E, Khairnar V, Friedrich SK, Lang J, Friebus-Kardash J, Bergerhausen M, Schiller M, Machlah YM, Lang F, Häussinger D, Ferencik S, Hardt C, Lang PA, Lang KS. Dead Cells Induce Innate Anergy via Mertk after Acute Viral Infection. Cell Rep 2021; 30:3671-3681.e5. [PMID: 32187540 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.02.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections can result in a temporarily restricted unresponsiveness of the innate immune response, thereby limiting pathogen control. Mechanisms of such unresponsiveness are well studied in lipopolysaccharide tolerance; however, whether mechanisms of tolerance limit innate immunity during virus infection remains unknown. Here, we find that infection with the highly cytopathic vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) leads to innate anergy for several days. Innate anergy is associated with induction of apoptotic cells, which activates the Tyro3, Axl, and Mertk (TAM) receptor Mertk and induces high levels of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β). Lack of Mertk in Mertk-/- mice prevents induction of IL-10 and TGF-β, resulting in abrogation of innate anergy. Innate anergy is associated with enhanced VSV replication and poor survival after infection. Mechanistically, Mertk signaling upregulates suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1) and SOCS3. Dexamethasone treatment upregulates Mertk and enhances innate anergy in a Mertk-dependent manner. In conclusion, we identify Mertk as one major regulator of innate tolerance during infection with VSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Adomati
- Institute of Immunology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
| | - Lamin B Cham
- Institute of Immunology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Thamer A Hamdan
- Institute of Immunology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Hilal Bhat
- Institute of Immunology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Vikas Duhan
- Institute of Immunology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Fanghui Li
- Institute of Immunology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Murtaza Ali
- Institute of Immunology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Lang
- University Psychiatric Clinics Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anfei Huang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Eyad Naser
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Vishal Khairnar
- Institute of Immunology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Department of Systems Biology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Monrovia, CA, USA
| | | | - Judith Lang
- Institute of Immunology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Florian Lang
- Department of Physiology I, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dieter Häussinger
- Clinic of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Cornelia Hardt
- Institute of Immunology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Philipp A Lang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Karl S Lang
- Institute of Immunology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
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Zhang J, Han Y, Shi H, Chen J, Zhang X, Wang X, Zhou L, Liu J, Zhang J, Ji Z, Jing Z, Ma J, Shi D, Feng L. Swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus-induced apoptosis is caspase- and cyclophilin D- dependent. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 9:439-456. [PMID: 32090691 PMCID: PMC7054944 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1722758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV), a newly discovered enteric coronavirus, is the aetiological agent that causes severe clinical diarrhea and intestinal pathological damage in piglets. To understand the effect of SADS-CoV on host cells, we characterized the apoptotic pathways and elucidated mechanisms underlying the process of apoptotic cell death after SADS-CoV infection. SADS-CoV-infected cells showed evidence of apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. The use of a pan-caspase inhibitor resulted in the inhibition of SADS-CoV-induced apoptosis and reduction in SADS-CoV replication, suggestive of the association of a caspase-dependent pathway. Furthermore, SADS-CoV infection activated the initiators caspase-8 and -9 and upregulated FasL and Bid cleavage, demonstrating a crosstalk between the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways. However, the proapoptotic proteins Bax and Cytochrome c (Cyt c) relocalized to the mitochondria and cytoplasm, respectively, after infection by SADS-CoV. Moreover, Vero E6 and IPI-2I cells treated with cyclosporin A (CsA), an inhibitor of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) opening, were completely protected from SADS-CoV-induced apoptosis and viral replication, suggesting the involvement of cyclophilin D (CypD) in these processes. Altogether, our results indicate that caspase-dependent FasL (extrinsic)- and mitochondria (intrinsic)- mediated apoptotic pathways play a central role in SADS-CoV-induced apoptosis that facilitates viral replication. In summary, these findings demonstrate mechanisms by which SADS-CoV induces apoptosis and improve our understanding of SADS-CoV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yuru Han
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Hongyan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jianfei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Ling Zhou
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianbo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jialin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Zhaoyang Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Zhaoyang Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jingyun Ma
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Da Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Li Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
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7
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George S, Viswanathan R, Sapkal GN. Molecular aspects of the teratogenesis of rubella virus. Biol Res 2019; 52:47. [PMID: 31455418 PMCID: PMC6712747 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-019-0254-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Rubella or German measles is an infection caused by rubella virus (RV). Infection of children and adults is usually characterized by a mild exanthematous febrile illness. However, RV is a major cause of birth defects and fetal death following infection in pregnant women. RV is a teratogen and is a major cause of public health concern as there are more than 100,000 cases of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) estimated to occur every year. Several lines of evidence in the field of molecular biology of RV have provided deeper insights into the teratogenesis process. The damage to the growing fetus in infected mothers is multifactorial, arising from a combination of cellular damage, as well as its effect on the dividing cells. This review focuses on the findings in the molecular biology of RV, with special emphasis on the mitochondrial, cytoskeleton and the gene expression changes. Further, the review addresses in detail, the role of apoptosis in the teratogenesis process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suji George
- Diagnostic Virology Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, 20-A, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411001 India
| | - Rajlakshmi Viswanathan
- Diagnostic Virology Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, 20-A, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411001 India
| | - Gajanan N. Sapkal
- Diagnostic Virology Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, 20-A, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411001 India
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8
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Díaz-Delgado J, Groch KR, Ressio R, Riskallah IPJ, Sierra E, Sacchini S, Quesada-Canales Ó, Arbelo M, Fernández A, Santos-Neto E, Ikeda J, de Carvalho RR, Azevedo ADF, Lailson-Brito J, Flach L, Kanamura CT, Fernandes NCCA, Cogliati B, Centelleghe C, Mazzariol S, Di Renzo L, Di Francesco G, Di Guardo G, Catão-Dias JL. Comparative Immunopathology of Cetacean morbillivirus Infection in Free-Ranging Dolphins From Western Mediterranean, Northeast-Central, and Southwestern Atlantic. Front Immunol 2019; 10:485. [PMID: 30936878 PMCID: PMC6431672 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cetacean morbillivirus (CeMV; Paramyxoviridae) causes epizootic and interepizootic fatalities in odontocetes and mysticetes worldwide. Studies suggest there is different species-specific susceptibility to CeMV infection, with striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba), bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus), and Guiana dolphins (Sotalia guianensis) ranking among the most susceptible cetacean hosts. The pathogenesis of CeMV infection is not fully resolved. Since no previous studies have evaluated the organ-specific immunopathogenetic features of CeMV infection in tissues from infected dolphins, this study was aimed at characterizing and comparing immunophenotypic profiles of local immune responses in lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, spleen), lung and CNS in CeMV-molecularly (RT-PCR)-positive cetaceans from Western Mediterranean, Northeast-Central, and Southwestern Atlantic. Immunohistochemical (IHC) analyses targeted molecules of immunologic interest: caspase 3, CD3, CD20, CD57, CD68, FoxP3, MHCII, Iba1, IFNγ, IgG, IL4, IL10, lysozyme, TGFβ, and PAX5. We detected consistent CeMV-associated inflammatory response patterns. Within CNS, inflammation was dominated by CD3+ (T cells), and CD20+ and PAX5+ (B cells) lymphocytes, accompanied by fewer Iba1+, CD68+, and lysozyme+ histiocytes, mainly in striped dolphins and bottlenose dolphins. Multicentric lymphoid depletion was characterized by reduced numbers of T cells and B cells, more pronounced in Guiana dolphins. Striped dolphins and bottlenose dolphins often had hyperplastic (regenerative) phenomena involving the aforementioned cell populations, particularly chronically infected animals. In the lung, there was mild to moderate increase in T cells, B cells, and histiocytes. Additionally, there was a generalized increased expression of caspase 3 in lymphoid, lung, and CNS tissues. Apoptosis, therefore, is believed to play a major role in generalized lymphoid depletion and likely overt immunosuppression during CeMV infection. No differences were detected regarding cytokine immunoreactivity in lymph nodes, spleen, and lung from infected and non-infected dolphins by semiquantitative analysis; however, there was striking immunoreactivity for IFNγ in the CNS of infected dolphins. These novel results set the basis for tissue-specific immunophenotypic responses during CeMV infection in three highly susceptible delphinid species. They also suggest a complex interplay between viral and host's immune factors, thereby contributing to gain valuable insights into similarities, and differences of CeMV infection's immunopathogenesis in relation to body tissues, CeMV strains, and cetacean hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josué Díaz-Delgado
- Laboratory of Wildlife Comparative Pathology, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kátia R Groch
- Laboratory of Wildlife Comparative Pathology, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Ressio
- Pathology Center, Adolfo Lutz Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isis P J Riskallah
- Pathology Center, Adolfo Lutz Institute, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Morphologic and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eva Sierra
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Animal Health and Food Safety, University of Las Palmas of Gran Canaria, Arucas, Spain
| | - Simona Sacchini
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Animal Health and Food Safety, University of Las Palmas of Gran Canaria, Arucas, Spain
| | - Óscar Quesada-Canales
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Animal Health and Food Safety, University of Las Palmas of Gran Canaria, Arucas, Spain
| | - Manuel Arbelo
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Animal Health and Food Safety, University of Las Palmas of Gran Canaria, Arucas, Spain
| | - Antonio Fernández
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Animal Health and Food Safety, University of Las Palmas of Gran Canaria, Arucas, Spain
| | - Elitieri Santos-Neto
- Laboratory of Aquatic Mammals and Bioindicators: Profa Izabel M. G. do N. Gurgel' (MAQUA), Faculty of Oceanography, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Joana Ikeda
- Laboratory of Aquatic Mammals and Bioindicators: Profa Izabel M. G. do N. Gurgel' (MAQUA), Faculty of Oceanography, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rafael Ramos de Carvalho
- Laboratory of Aquatic Mammals and Bioindicators: Profa Izabel M. G. do N. Gurgel' (MAQUA), Faculty of Oceanography, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alexandre de Freitas Azevedo
- Laboratory of Aquatic Mammals and Bioindicators: Profa Izabel M. G. do N. Gurgel' (MAQUA), Faculty of Oceanography, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jose Lailson-Brito
- Laboratory of Aquatic Mammals and Bioindicators: Profa Izabel M. G. do N. Gurgel' (MAQUA), Faculty of Oceanography, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Flach
- Instituto Boto Cinza, Mangaratiba, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Bruno Cogliati
- Laboratory of Morphologic and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cinzia Centelleghe
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Hygiene (BCA), University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Sandro Mazzariol
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Hygiene (BCA), University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Ludovica Di Renzo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
| | - Gabriella Di Francesco
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
| | | | - José Luiz Catão-Dias
- Laboratory of Wildlife Comparative Pathology, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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9
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Li W, Chen H, Deng H, Kuang Z, Long M, Chen D, Liao X, Li M, Rock DL, Luo S, Hao W. Orf Virus Encoded Protein ORFV119 Induces Cell Apoptosis Through the Extrinsic and Intrinsic Pathways. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1056. [PMID: 29896166 PMCID: PMC5986898 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis, a significant form of cell death, has a leading role in the host cell defense against virus infection. Viruses have evolved a series of strategies that block apoptosis during the early stage of viral infection to enhance viral replication, and induce apoptosis in the late stages to facilitate viral particle release from the cells. Here we show that orf virus (ORFV), the causative agent of orf, encodes an apoptosis-inducing protein ORFV119. ORFV119 targets the mitochondria in host cells, inhibits cell proliferation, and induces cell apoptosis. Protein array data indicated that ORFV119 could induce apoptosis via up-regulation of Smac, Bak, and Bax and down-regulation of anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and cIAP-2. Activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3, and consequent PARP cleavage, ultimately lead to apoptosis. ORFV119 could also directly activate caspase-8 and induce Bid, involved in the extrinsic pathway, to achieve cell death. Furthermore, sequence analysis and experiments with mutants of ORFV119 introduced revealed that ORFV119 contains a key N-terminal domain that is necessary and sufficient to direct the protein to the mitochondria. Together, we report, for the first time, the identification of the novel apoptosis-inducing protein ORFV119 encoded by a parapoxvirus. This provides an important reference for the study of pathogenesis, identification of immunomodulation mechanisms of ORFV, and may lead to new strategies for orf disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huiqin Chen
- Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Deng
- Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenzhan Kuang
- Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingjian Long
- Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Daxiang Chen
- Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqing Liao
- Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming Li
- Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Daniel L Rock
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Champaign-Urbana, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Shuhong Luo
- Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Stomatology and Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Wenbo Hao
- Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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10
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Invertebrate Iridoviruses: A Glance over the Last Decade. Viruses 2018; 10:v10040161. [PMID: 29601483 PMCID: PMC5923455 DOI: 10.3390/v10040161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the family Iridoviridae (iridovirids) are large dsDNA viruses that infect both invertebrate and vertebrate ectotherms and whose symptoms range in severity from minor reductions in host fitness to systemic disease and large-scale mortality. Several characteristics have been useful for classifying iridoviruses; however, novel strains are continuously being discovered and, in many cases, reliable classification has been challenging. Further impeding classification, invertebrate iridoviruses (IIVs) can occasionally infect vertebrates; thus, host range is often not a useful criterion for classification. In this review, we discuss the current classification of iridovirids, focusing on genomic and structural features that distinguish vertebrate and invertebrate iridovirids and viral factors linked to host interactions in IIV6 (Invertebrate iridescent virus 6). In addition, we show for the first time how complete genome sequences of viral isolates can be leveraged to improve classification of new iridovirid isolates and resolve ambiguous relations. Improved classification of the iridoviruses may facilitate the identification of genus-specific virulence factors linked with diverse host phenotypes and host interactions.
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11
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Othumpangat S, Noti JD, Beezhold DH. Lung epithelial cells resist influenza A infection by inducing the expression of cytochrome c oxidase VIc which is modulated by miRNA 4276. Virology 2014; 468-470:256-264. [PMID: 25203353 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Influenza virus infection induces several changes in host miRNA profile, host cell death and tissue damage. Cytochrome c is a regulator of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway and is altered during viral infections. Within the first 3h of infection with influenza virus, significant down-regulation of hsa-miRNA-4276 (miRNA-4276) is followed by a 2-fold increase in cytochrome c oxidase VIC (COX6C) mRNA was found to occur in human alveolar and bronchial epithelial cells. Expression of caspase-9 also increased within the first 3h of infection, but subsequently decreased. Modulation of miR-4276 using mimic and inhibitor oligonucleotides showed significant down-regulation or up-regulation, respectively, of COX6C expression. Our data suggests that on initial exposure to influenza virus, host cells upregulate COX6C mRNA expression through silencing miR-4276 and repressed viral replication by inducing the apoptotic protein caspase-9. Taken together, these data suggest that miR-4276 may be an important regulator of the early stages of infection by influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreekumar Othumpangat
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, USA.
| | - John D Noti
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Donald H Beezhold
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, USA
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12
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Song L, Lu Y, He J, Yu Y, Zuo T, Li Y, Zhu H, Duan Q. Multi-organ lesions in suckling mice infected with SARS-associated mammalian reovirus linked with apoptosis induced by viral proteins μ1 and σ1. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92678. [PMID: 24664247 PMCID: PMC3963933 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We reported the isolation and characterization of a novel mammalian reassortant reovirus BYD1 that may have played an accomplice role with SARS-coronavirus during the 2003 SARS pandemic. The pathogenic mechanism of this novel reovirus is unknown. Reovirus pathogenicity has been associated with virus-induced apoptosis in cultured cells and in vivo. The reovirus outer capsid protein μ1 is recognized as the primary determinant of reovirus-induced apoptosis. Here, we investigated the apoptosis induced by BYD1, its outer capsid protein μ1, and its cell-attachment protein σ1 to understand the pathogenesis of BYD1. We also investigated BYD1 caused systemic complications in suckling mice. Under electron microscopy, BYD1-infected cells showed characteristics typical of apoptosis. Notably, ectopically expressed μ1 and σ1 induced similar pathological apoptosis, independent of BYD1 infection, in host cells in which they were expressed, which suggests that μ1 and σ1 are both apoptotic virulence factors. Consistent with previous reports of reovirus pathogenicity, suckling mice intracranially inoculated with BYD1 developed central nerve damage, myocarditis, and pneumonia. Collectively, our data suggest that BYD1 μ1- and σ1-induced apoptosis is involved in the multi-organ lesions in a suckling mouse BYD1 infection model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Song
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Yongfeng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Jun He
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Yonghui Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Tingting Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Yanwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
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13
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Jones C. Bovine Herpes Virus 1 (BHV-1) and Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 (HSV-1) Promote Survival of Latently Infected Sensory Neurons, in Part by Inhibiting Apoptosis. J Cell Death 2013; 6:1-16. [PMID: 25278776 PMCID: PMC4147773 DOI: 10.4137/jcd.s10803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Herpesvirinae subfamily members, including herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and bovine herpes virus 1 (BHV-1), initiate infection in mucosal surfaces. BHV-1 and HSV-1 enter sensory neurons by cell-cell spread where a burst of viral gene expression occurs. When compared to non-neuronal cells, viral gene expression is quickly extinguished in sensory neurons resulting in neuronal survival and latency. The HSV-1 latency associated transcript (LAT), which is abundantly expressed in latently infected neurons, inhibits apoptosis, viral transcription, and productive infection, and directly or indirectly enhances reactivation from latency in small animal models. Three anti-apoptosis genes can be substituted for LAT, which will restore wild type levels of reactivation from latency to a LAT null mutant virus. Two small non-coding RNAs encoded by LAT possess anti-apoptosis functions in transfected cells. The BHV-1 latency related RNA (LR-RNA), like LAT, is abundantly expressed during latency. The LR-RNA encodes a protein (ORF2) and two microRNAs that are expressed in certain latently infected neurons. Wild-type expression of LR gene products is required for stress-induced reactivation from latency in cattle. ORF2 has anti-apoptosis functions and interacts with certain cellular transcription factors that stimulate viral transcription and productive infection. ORF2 is predicted to promote survival of infected neurons by inhibiting apoptosis and sequestering cellular transcription factors which stimulate productive infection. In addition, the LR encoded microRNAs inhibit viral transcription and apoptosis. In summary, the ability of BHV-1 and HSV-1 to interfere with apoptosis and productive infection in sensory neurons is crucial for the life-long latency-reactivation cycle in their respective hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clinton Jones
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska, Morrison Life Science Center, Lincoln, NE
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14
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Brinton MR, Tagge CA, Stewart RJ, Cheung AK, Shiu YTE, Christensen DA. Thermal sensitivity of endothelial cells on synthetic vascular graft material. Int J Hyperthermia 2012; 28:163-74. [DOI: 10.3109/02656736.2011.638963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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15
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Suja MS, Mahadevan A, Madhusudana SN, Shankar SK. Role of apoptosis in rabies viral encephalitis: a comparative study in mice, canine, and human brain with a review of literature. PATHOLOGY RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2011; 2011:374286. [PMID: 21876844 PMCID: PMC3163028 DOI: 10.4061/2011/374286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2010] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the role of apoptosis in rabies encephalitis in humans and canines infected with wild-type street virus, in comparison with rodent model infected with street and laboratory passaged CVS strain, we studied postmortem brain tissue from nine humans, six canines infected with street rabies virus, and Swiss albino mice inoculated intramuscularly (IM) and intracerebrally (IC) with street and CVS strains. Encephalitis and high rabies antigen load were prominent in canine and human brains compared to rodents inoculated with street virus. Neuronal apoptosis was detectable only in sucking mice inoculated with CVS strain and minimal in street virus inoculated mice. In a time point study in suckling mice, DNA laddering was noted only terminally (7 days p.i.) following IC inoculation with CVS strain but not with street virus. In weanling and adult mice, apoptosis was restricted to inflammatory cells and absent in neurons similar to human and canine rabies-infected brains. Absence of neuronal apoptosis in wild-type rabies may facilitate intraneuronal survival and replication while apoptosis in inflammatory cells prevents elimination of the virus by abrogation of host inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. S. Suja
- Department of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore 560 029, India
| | - Anita Mahadevan
- Department of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore 560 029, India
| | - S. N. Madhusudana
- Department Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore 560 029, India
| | - S. K. Shankar
- Department of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore 560 029, India
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16
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Gupta N, Bhaskar ASB, Lakshmana Rao PV. Transcriptional regulation and activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway after Japanese encephalitis virus infection in neuroblastoma cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 62:110-21. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2011.00792.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Thirukkumaran CM, Nodwell MJ, Hirasawa K, Shi ZQ, Diaz R, Luider J, Johnston RN, Forsyth PA, Magliocco AM, Lee P, Nishikawa S, Donnelly B, Coffey M, Trpkov K, Fonseca K, Spurrell J, Morris DG. Oncolytic viral therapy for prostate cancer: efficacy of reovirus as a biological therapeutic. Cancer Res 2010; 70:2435-44. [PMID: 20215509 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-2408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Reovirus is a nonattenuated double-stranded RNA virus that exploits aberrant signaling pathways allowing selective cytotoxicity against multiple cancer histologies. The use of reovirus as a potential treatment modality for prostate cancer has not previously been described, and in this study evidence of in vitro and in vivo activity against prostate cancer was seen both in preclinical models and in six patients. The human prostate carcinoma cell lines PC-3, LN-CaP, and DU-145 exposed to replication-competent reovirus showed evidence of infection as illustrated by viral protein synthesis, cytopathic effect, and release of viral progeny. This oncolytic effect was found to be manifested through apoptosis, as DNA fragmentation, Apo 2.7 expression, Annexin V binding, and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage were observed in live reovirus-infected cells, but not in uninfected or dead virus-treated cells. In vivo, hind flank severe combined immunodeficient/nonobese diabetic murine xenograft showed reduction in tumor size when treated with even a single intratumoral injection of reovirus. Finally, intralesional reovirus injections into a cohort of six patients with clinically organ-confined prostate cancer resulted in minimal side effects and evidence of antitumor activity. Histologic analysis after prostatectomy found a significant CD8 T-cell infiltration within the reovirus-injected areas as well as evidence of increased caspase-3 activity. These findings suggest that reovirus therapy may provide a promising novel treatment for prostate cancer and also imply a possible role for viral immune targeting of tumor.
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18
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Towards an understanding of the herpes simplex virus type 1 latency-reactivation cycle. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis 2010; 2010:262415. [PMID: 20169002 PMCID: PMC2822239 DOI: 10.1155/2010/262415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2009] [Accepted: 11/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) can cause clinical symptoms in the peripheral and central nervous system. Recurrent ocular shedding can lead to corneal scarring and vision loss making HSV-1 a leading cause of corneal blindness due to an infectious agent. The primary site of HSV-1 latency is sensory neurons within trigeminal ganglia. Periodically, reactivation from latency occurs resulting in virus transmission and recurrent disease. During latency, the latency-associated transcript (LAT) is abundantly expressed. LAT expression is important for the latency-reactivation cycle in animal models, in part, because it inhibits apoptosis, viral gene expression, and productive infection. A novel transcript within LAT coding sequences (AL3) and small nonprotein coding RNAs are also expressed in trigeminal ganglia of latently infected mice. In this review, an update of viral factors that are expressed during latency and their potential roles in regulating the latency-reactivation cycle is discussed.
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19
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Lu X, Masic A, Li Y, Shin Y, Liu Q, Zhou Y. The PI3K/Akt pathway inhibits influenza A virus-induced Bax-mediated apoptosis by negatively regulating the JNK pathway via ASK1. J Gen Virol 2010; 91:1439-49. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.018465-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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20
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Planz O, Pleschka S, Wolff T. Borna disease virus: a unique pathogen and its interaction with intracellular signalling pathways. Cell Microbiol 2009; 11:872-9. [PMID: 19290912 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2009.01310.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Borna disease virus (BDV) is a neurotropic RNA virus that establishes non-cytolytic persistent infection in the central nervous system of warm-blooded animals. Depending on the host species and the route of infection, BDV persistence can modulate neuronal plasticity and animal behaviour and/or may provoke a T cell-mediated immunopathological reaction with high mortality. Therefore, BDV functions as a model pathogen to study persistent virus infection in the central nervous system. Here, we review recent evidence showing that BDV interferes with a spectrum of intracellular signalling pathways, which may be involved in viral spread, maintenance of persistence and modulation of neurotransmitter pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Planz
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute (FLI), 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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21
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İnce İA, Westenberg M, Vlak JM, Demirbağ Z, Nalçacıoğlu R, van Oers MM. Open reading frame 193R of Chilo iridescent virus encodes a functional inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP). Virology 2008; 376:124-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2008.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2008] [Revised: 02/08/2008] [Accepted: 03/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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22
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Ping-Yuan L, Hung-Jen L, Meng-Jiun L, Feng-Ling Y, Hsue-Yin H, Jeng-Woei L, Wen-Ling S. Avian Reovirus activates a novel proapoptotic signal by linking Src to p53. Apoptosis 2006; 11:2179-93. [PMID: 17051326 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-006-0291-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that avian reovirus (ARV) S1133 and its structural protein sigmaC cause apoptosis in cultured Vero cells through an unknown intracellular signaling pathway. This work investigates how ARV S1133 induces proapoptotic signals. Upon ARV S1133 infection and subsequent apoptosis, levels of p53 mRNA and protein, and p53 serine-46 and serine-392 phosphorylation increased. In addition, p53-driven reporter activity and levels of the p53-induced apoptotic protein bax were increased, and Src tyrosine-418 phosphorylation was elevated. UV-inactivated virus failed to activate Src, p53 or induce apoptosis. Over-expression of dominant negative p53, or treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein protected cells from ARV S1133-induced apoptosis. Inhibition of Src by over-expression of C-terminal Src kinase (Csk) or treatment with Src family tyrosine kinase inhibitor SU-6656 diminished the ARV S1133-induced p53 expression, activation, and apoptosis. Over-expression of sigmaC resulted in the upregulation of p53, p53 serine-46 phosphorylation, p53-driven reporter activity and accumulation of bax. sigmaC expression during ARV S1133 infection was concomitant with the onset of apoptosis. These studies provide strong evidence that the viral gene expression is required for ARV S1133 to initiate a proapoptotic signal via Src to p53. In addition, sigmaC was able to utilize a p53-dependent pathway to elicit apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Ping-Yuan
- Graduate Institute and Department of Life Science, Tzu-Chi University, 701, Sec. 3, Chung-Yang Rd., Hualien, Taiwan, 970
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23
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Lu YW, Tan TL, Chan V, Chen WN. The HBSP gene is expressed during HBV replication, and its coded BH3-containing spliced viral protein induces apoptosis in HepG2 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 351:64-70. [PMID: 17049490 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2006] [Accepted: 10/01/2006] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms of liver injury in hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection are defined to be due not to the direct cytopathic effects of viruses, but to the host immune response to viral proteins expressed by infected hepatocytes. We showed here that transfection of mammalian cells with a replicative HBV genome causes extensive cytopathic effects, leading to the death of infected cells. While either necrosis or apoptosis or both may contribute to the death of infected cells, results from flow cytometry suggest that apoptosis plays a major role in HBV-induced cell death. Data mining of the four HBV protein sequences reveals the presence of a Bcl-2 homology domain 3 (BH3) in HBSP, a spliced viral protein previously shown to be able to induce apoptosis and associated with HBV pathogenesis. HBSP is expressed at early stage of our cell-based HBV replication. When transfected into HepG2 cells, HBSP causes apoptosis in a caspase dependent manner. Taken together, our results suggested a direct involvement of HBV viral proteins in cellular apoptosis, which may contribute to liver pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wei Lu
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637722, Singapore
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24
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Luo K, Pang Y. Spodoptera litura multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus inhibits Microplitis bicoloratus polydnavirus-induced host granulocytes apoptosis. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2006; 52:795-806. [PMID: 16764883 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2006.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2006] [Revised: 04/10/2006] [Accepted: 04/10/2006] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Baculoviruses and parasitoids are critically important biological control agents in integrated pest management (IPM). They have been simultaneously and sequentially used to target insect pests. In this study, we examined the impacts of both baculovirus and polydnavirus (PDV) infection on the host cellular immune response. Larvae of the lepidopteran Spodoptera litura were infected by Spodoptera litura multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (SpltMNPV) and then the animals were parasitized by the braconid wasp Microplitis bicoloratus. The fate of the parasitoids in the dually infected hosts was followed and encapsulation of M. bicoloratus first instar larvae was observed. Hemocytes of S. litura larvae underwent apoptosis in naturally parasitized hosts and in non-parasitized larvae after injection of M. bicoloratus ovarian calyx fluid (containing MbPDV) plus venom (CFPV). However, assessments of the percentages of cells undergoing apoptosis under different treatments indicated that SpltMNPV could inhibit MbPDV-induced apoptosis in hemocytes when hosts were first injected with SpltMNPV budded virus (BV) followed by injection with M. bicoloratus CFPV. As the time of injection with SpltMNPV BV increased, the percentages of apoptosis in hemocytes population declined. Furthermore, in vitro, the percentages of apoptosis showed that SpltMNPV BV could inhibit MbPDV-induced granulocytes apoptosis. The occurrence of MbPDV-induced host granulocytes apoptosis was inhibited in the dually infected hosts. As hemocytes apoptosis causes host immunosuppression, the parasitoids are normally protected from the host immune system. However, in larvae infected with both baculovirus and PDV, the parasitoids underwent encapsulation in the host hemocoel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaijun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Institute of Entomology, Sun Yat-Sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou 510275, P.R. China
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25
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Ludwig S, Pleschka S, Planz O, Wolff T. Ringing the alarm bells: signalling and apoptosis in influenza virus infected cells. Cell Microbiol 2006; 8:375-86. [PMID: 16469051 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2005.00678.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Small RNA viruses such as influenza viruses extensively manipulate host-cell functions to support their replication. At the same time the infected cell induces an array of defence mechanisms to fight the invader. These processes are mediated by a variety of intracellular signalling cascades. Here we will review the current knowledge of functional kinase signalling and apoptotic events in influenza virus infected cells and how these viruses have learned to misuse these cellular responses for efficient replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Ludwig
- Institute of Molecular Virology (IMV) Westfaelische-Wilhelms-University, Von-Esmarch Str. 56, D-48161 Muenster, Germany.
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26
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Ren L, Yang R, Guo L, Qu J, Wang J, Hung T. Apoptosis induced by the SARS-associated coronavirus in Vero cells is replication-dependent and involves caspase. DNA Cell Biol 2005; 24:496-502. [PMID: 16101347 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2005.24.496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), a newly emerging life-threatening disease in humans, remains unknown. It is believed that the modulation of apoptosis is relevant to diseases that are caused by various viruses. To examine potential apoptotic mechanisms related to SARS, we investigated features of apoptosis induced by the SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in host cells. The results indicated that the SARS-CoV-induced apoptosis in Vero cells in a virus replication-dependent manner. Additionally, the downregulation of Bcl-2, the activation of casapse 3, as well as the upregulation of Bax were detected, suggesting the involvement of the caspase family and the activation of the mitochondrial signaling pathway. Although there is a positive correlation between apoptosis and virus replication, the latter is not significantly blocked by treatment with the caspase inhibitor z-DEVD-FMK. These preliminary data provide important information on both the pathogenesis and potential antiviral targets of SARS-CoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Ren
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republicof China
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27
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Turpin E, Luke K, Jones J, Tumpey T, Konan K, Schultz-Cherry S. Influenza virus infection increases p53 activity: role of p53 in cell death and viral replication. J Virol 2005; 79:8802-11. [PMID: 15994774 PMCID: PMC1168730 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.14.8802-8811.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2005] [Accepted: 03/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The induction of apoptotic cell death is a hallmark of influenza virus infection. Although a variety of cellular and viral proteins have been implicated in this process, to date no conserved cellular pathway has been identified. In this study, we report that the tumor suppressor protein p53 is essential for the induction of cell death in influenza virus-infected cells. In primary human lung cells, influenza virus increased p53 protein levels. This was also noted in the human lung cell line A549, along with the up-regulation of p53-dependent gene transcription. Reduction of p53 activity in A549 cells inhibited influenza virus-induced cell death as measured by trypan blue exclusion and caspase activity. These findings were not cell type specific. Influenza virus-induced cell death was absent in mouse embryo fibroblasts isolated from p53 knockout mice, which was not the case in wild-type mouse embryo fibroblasts, suggesting that p53 is a common cellular pathway leading to influenza virus-induced cell death. Surprisingly, inhibiting p53 activity led to elevated virus replication. Mechanistically, this may be due to the decrease in interferon signaling in p53-deficient cells, suggesting that functional p53 is involved in the interferon response to influenza infection. To our knowledge, these are the first studies demonstrating that p53 is involved in influenza virus-induced cell death and that inhibiting p53 leads to increased viral titers, potentially through modulation of the interferon response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Turpin
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706, USA
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28
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Kim O, Yi SJ. The replication of canine herpesvirus (CHV) induces apoptosis in canine kidney cell line: short communication. Acta Vet Hung 2005; 53:147-51. [PMID: 15782667 DOI: 10.1556/avet.53.2005.1.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The alphaherpesvirus canine herpesvirus (CHV) was tested in order to determine whether or not it has apoptotic potential. We have demonstrated that lytic replication of CHV resulted in induction of apoptosis. This phenomenon was confirmed using different techniques including in situ TUNEL assay and DNA laddering. The apoptotic activity of CHV might influence the pathobiology of this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Kim
- College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Republic of Korea.
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29
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Pagnini U, Montagnaro S, Sanfelice di Monteforte E, Pacelli F, De Martino L, Roperto S, Florio S, Iovane G. Caprine herpesvirus-1 (CapHV-1) induces apoptosis in goat peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2005; 103:283-93. [PMID: 15621313 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2004.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2003] [Revised: 09/16/2004] [Accepted: 10/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD), or apoptosis, is initiated in response to various stimuli, including virus infection. A number of studies have shown that deregulation of apoptosis is an important feature of virus-induced immunosuppression for various viral diseases. In the present study, CapHV-1 was found to cause apoptosis in mitogen-stimulated as well as nonstimulated caprine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Apoptotic index, as quantified by fluorescent dyes, revealed a significant increase in the percentage of apoptotic cells at 24 and 48 h postinfection as compared to their respective noninfected controls. Apoptosis specific internucleosomal laddering in DNA from CapHV-1 infected PBMC was seen in agarose gel electrophoresis. No DNA fragmentation was observed in control noninfected PBMC. Virus-induced apoptosis was reduced by Z-VAD-FMK, an aspecific caspase inhibitor, by AC-DEVD-CHO (caspase-3-specific) and AC-VEID-CHO (caspase-6-specific) treatment. PCD in CapHV-1 infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells occurs at the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle. However, penetration of virus particles and infection was not required for PCD, as UV-inactivated CapHV-1 induced apoptosis of mitogen-stimulated bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Pagnini
- Department of Pathology and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Via Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy.
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30
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Imajoh M, Hirayama T, Oshima SI. Frequent occurrence of apoptosis is not associated with pathogenic infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) during persistent infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 18:163-177. [PMID: 15475312 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2004.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2004] [Accepted: 07/01/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV), a member of the genus Aquabirnavirus and family Birnaviridae, is an unenveloped icosahedral virus with two segments of double-stranded RNA. IPNV causes acute infection in salmonid fry and fingerlings with high mortality. However, this mortality is low as the age increases and survivors become IPNV-carrier fish. In this study, IPNV persistent infection was established in rainbow trout with no clinical signs or mortality. TUNEL staining and immunohistochemistry showed that IPNV antigen-positive cells did not have an apoptotic nucleus in almost all tissue sections and leucocyte smears, indicating that apoptosis was not induced in IPNV antigen-positive cells. The IPNV genome detected by in situ RT-PCR was more frequent than detection of the IPNV antigen by immunohistochemistry in the kidney, spleen, and liver. This result implies that the successive replication would not occur in many IPNV-infected cells. Further, apoptotic cells were predominant in the tissue sections where the signal-positive cells were frequently detected. Therefore, the presence of apoptosis in this study might be associated with host defense mechanisms, which eliminates IPNV-infected cells by the recognition of IPNV genome at the early stage of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Imajoh
- Laboratory of Cell Structure and Function, Division of Marine Bioresource Science, Graduate School of Kuroshio Science, Kochi University, Nankoku Kochi 783-8502, Japan
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31
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Yazici Z, Baskin Y, Baskin H, Gecer O, Bahar IH, Ozkul A. Study of programmed cell death in bovine herpesvirus 1 infected MDBK cells and the possible role of nitric oxide in this process. Acta Vet Hung 2004; 52:287-97. [PMID: 15379444 DOI: 10.1556/avet.52.2004.3.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) is the aetiological agent of many disease types and may predispose infected animals, possibly through immunosuppression, to secondary bacterial infections. Immunosuppression may directly be associated with the induction of programmed cell death (PCD) in some virus-infected cells. Nitric oxide (NO) has an important mediating role against fungal, bacterial, protozoal, viral pathogens and tumours. BHV-1 induced apoptosis between 0.5-3 h postinfection (PI) in MDBK cells; however, between 3 and 6 h PI the PCD response was found to be decreased. It was interesting to see that BHV-I inhibited staurosporin-induced PCD after 1 h. These results showed similarities with those obtained from herpes simplex type I infections in human epithelial cells. PCD response decreased 1 h following caspase-3 inhibitor applications, whereas NO response increased 3 h following infection in the presence of caspase-8 and -9 inhibitory peptides. In conclusion, BHV-1 inhibited the staurosporin-induced apoptotic response and also the NO response. We propose that this inhibition is caspase-3 dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Yazici
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Kurupelit, Samsun, Turkey
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32
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Clarke P, Meintzer SM, Wang Y, Moffitt LA, Richardson-Burns SM, Johnson GL, Tyler KL. JNK regulates the release of proapoptotic mitochondrial factors in reovirus-infected cells. J Virol 2004; 78:13132-8. [PMID: 15542665 PMCID: PMC524973 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.23.13132-13138.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Reovirus-induced apoptosis is associated with activation of the proapoptotic mitogen-activated protein kinase c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and the JNK-associated transcription factor c-Jun. Here we show that reovirus-induced apoptosis and activation of caspase 3 are inhibited in cells deficient in MEK kinase 1, an upstream activator of JNK in reovirus-infected cells. Inhibition of JNK activity following reovirus infection delays the release of proapoptotic mitochondrial factors and the subsequent onset of apoptosis. In contrast, reovirus-induced apoptosis is not blocked by infection with adenovirus expressing dominant-negative c-Jun, and c-Jun activation does not correlate with apoptosis in reovirus-infected cells. This is the first report demonstrating that JNK is associated with regulation of mitochondrial pathways of apoptosis following viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penny Clarke
- Dept. of Neurology (B 182), University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 4200 East 9th Ave., Denver, CO 80262, USA.
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33
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Lin Y, Roberts TJ, Spence PM, Brutkiewicz RR. Reduction in CD1d expression on dendritic cells and macrophages by an acute virus infection. J Leukoc Biol 2004; 77:151-8. [PMID: 15548574 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0704399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Mice were infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) to determine if changes in CD1d expression occurred during an acute virus infection. It is interesting that a decrease in CD1d expression on splenic dendritic cells (DC) and macrophages (MPhi) was observed for at least 3 months post-LCMV infection, and vaccinia virus and vesicular stomatitis virus induced similar changes in CD1d upon infection with those viruses. The reduction of CD1d cell-surface expression on DC and MPhi was independent of interferon-gamma and interleukin-12 expression but partially recovered in transporter associated with antigen processing-1-deficient mice, suggesting that CD8+ T cells may play a role. Thus, one consequence of the induction of a cellular immune response is a change in CD1d expression, which may constitute a key element in regulating antiviral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinling Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, The Walther Oncology Center, and The Walther Cancer Institute, Indianapolis, IN 46202-5181, USA
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34
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Stanziale SF, Petrowsky H, Adusumilli PS, Ben-Porat L, Gonen M, Fong Y. Infection with oncolytic herpes simplex virus-1 induces apoptosis in neighboring human cancer cells: a potential target to increase anticancer activity. Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10:3225-32. [PMID: 15131064 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-1083-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The antitumor efficacy of a herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 oncolytic virus depends on the cytotoxic effect of the virus, but also on viral replication and spread within the tumor. Apoptosis is considered a defense mechanism of infected cells that minimizes the spread of viral progeny by limiting cellular production of virus. We sought to determine whether oncolytic HSV-1 infection induces apoptosis in neighboring, uninfected cells and whether manipulation of apoptosis can increase viral replication and cytotoxicity. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN NV1066 is an oncolytic HSV-1 mutant that contains the marker gene for enhanced green fluorescent protein. OCUM human gastric cancer cells were infected with NV1066 in vitro and inspected for apoptosis by Hoechst and terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated nick end labeling staining and for infection by expression of green fluorescence. RESULTS A significant increase in apoptosis was seen in cells infected by NV1066. More interestingly, a significant percentage (10%) of uninfected cells also proceeded to apoptosis. After NV1066 infection, cells were also treated with N-acetylcysteine (NAC), an inhibitor of apoptosis. By day 4 after infection, 2.7x more NV1066 was produced in cells exposed to NAC than in those not exposed to NV1066 (P = 0.04). NAC also increased tumor kill when administered with virus. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that NV1066 induces apoptosis in uninfected cocultured cells, potentially hindering propagation of viral progeny and concomitant tumor kill. Inhibition of apoptosis may improve the efficacy of oncolytic HSV-1 therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen F Stanziale
- Department of Surgery, Hepatobiliary Division, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA
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35
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Hu GB, Cong RS, Fan TJ, Mei XG. Induction of apoptosis in a flounder gill cell line by lymphocystis disease virus infection. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2004; 27:657-662. [PMID: 15509260 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2004.00588.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Lymphocystis disease virus (LCDV), a large icosahedral DNA virus classified to the iridovirus family, is the causative agent of lymphocystis, a disease which occurs in marine and freshwater fish species and is characterized by formation of papilloma-like lesions on the surface of the skin. In vitro, LCDV infection causes flounder gill cells, an adherent cell line, to exhibit an obvious cytopathic effect (CPE). In order to test whether apoptosis is responsible for the observed CPE, cells infected with LCDV at a multiplicity of infection (m.o.i.) of 5 PFU per cell were examined at various time intervals for the appearance of apoptotic signs. Nuclear fragmentation, DNA laddering and caspase activation were observed in the infected cells at the time (i.e. 10 days post-infection) when an intensive CPE was observed. These findings demonstrate that LCDV is capable of inducing apoptosis in vitro, which is different from the result of LCDV infection in vivo, and consequently suggest an intricate LCDV-host interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- G-B Hu
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.
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36
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Meyer-Olson D, Shoukry NH, Brady KW, Kim H, Olson DP, Hartman K, Shintani AK, Walker CM, Kalams SA. Limited T cell receptor diversity of HCV-specific T cell responses is associated with CTL escape. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 200:307-19. [PMID: 15289502 PMCID: PMC2211982 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20040638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Escape mutations are believed to be important contributors to immune evasion by rapidly evolving viruses such as hepatitis C virus (HCV). We show that the majority of HCV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses directed against viral epitopes that escaped immune recognition in HCV-infected chimpanzees displayed a reduced CDR3 amino acid diversity when compared with responses in which no CTL epitope variation was detected during chronic infection or with those associated with protective immunity. Decreased T cell receptor (TCR) CDR3 amino acid diversity in chronic infection could be detected long before the appearance of viral escape mutations in the plasma. In both chronic and resolved infection, identical T cell receptor clonotypes were present in liver and peripheral blood. These findings provide a deeper understanding of the evolution of CTL epitope variations in chronic viral infections and highlight the importance of the generation and maintenance of a diverse TCR repertoire directed against individual epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Meyer-Olson
- Partners AIDS Research Center, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA
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37
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Shih WL, Hsu HW, Liao MH, Lee LH, Liu HJ. Avian reovirus sigmaC protein induces apoptosis in cultured cells. Virology 2004; 321:65-74. [PMID: 15033566 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2003.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2003] [Revised: 12/03/2003] [Accepted: 12/03/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The avian reovirus (ARV) infection is associated with various disease conditions in poultry. However, the pathogenesis mechanisms are poorly characterized. In the present study, we clearly demonstrated that the sigmaC of ARV S1133 strain induced apoptosis in both BHK-21 and Vero cells. Five kinds of assays for apoptosis were used in analyzing ARV-infected BHK-21 and Vero cells: (1) assay for DNA ladders, (2) ELISA detection of cytoplasmic histone-associated DNA fragments, (3) nuclear staining with acridine orange, (4) Western blot, Northern blot, and immunofluorescent assay (IFA), and (5) flow cytometric analysis. The sigmaC protein of ARV could elicit apoptosis occurring in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The current results further our understanding of the function of sigmaC in cultured cells and suggest that sigmaC is a viral-encoded apoptin and possesses apoptosis-inducing ability. Furthermore, deletion analysis of the ARV sigmaC protein suggests that the carboxyl-terminus of sigmaC is important in mediating sigmaC-induced apoptosis because its deletion abolished the induction of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen L Shih
- Department of Life Science, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
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38
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Wurzer WJ, Ehrhardt C, Pleschka S, Berberich-Siebelt F, Wolff T, Walczak H, Planz O, Ludwig S. NF-kappaB-dependent induction of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and Fas/FasL is crucial for efficient influenza virus propagation. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:30931-7. [PMID: 15143063 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m403258200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB is a hallmark of infections by viral pathogens including influenza viruses. Because gene expression of many proinflammatory and antiviral cytokines is controlled by this factor, the concept emerged that NF-kappaB and its upstream regulator IkappaB kinase are essential components of the innate antiviral immune response to infectious pathogens. In contrast to this common view we report here that NF-kappaB activity promotes efficient influenza virus production. On a molecular level this is due to NF-kappaB-dependent viral induction of the proapoptotic factors tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and FasL, which enhance virus propagation in an autocrine and paracrine fashion. Thus, NF-kappaB acts both proapoptotically and provirally in the context of an influenza virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter J Wurzer
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Heinrich-Heine Universität, Universitätsstrasse 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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39
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Ikeda M, Yanagimoto K, Kobayashi M. Identification and functional analysis of Hyphantria cunea nucleopolyhedrovirus iap genes. Virology 2004; 321:359-71. [PMID: 15051395 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2004.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2003] [Revised: 11/06/2003] [Accepted: 01/06/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Hyphantria cunea nucleopolyhedrovirus (HycuNPV) infection protected SpIm cells from actinomycin D (ActD)-induced apoptosis as early as 4 h postinfection. Analysis by Southern hybridization revealed that the HycuNPV genome possessed three members of inhibitor of apoptosis genes (iaps) that were designated as hycu-iap1, hycu-iap2, and hycu-iap3 because of their amino acid sequence homology with iaps identified in other baculoviruses. Functional analysis of Hycu-IAPs by transient expression assay in Sf9 cells revealed that Hycu-IAP3 blocked apoptosis induced by actinomycin D and rescued replication of p35 deficient-mutant AcMNPV, while Hycu-IAP1 and Hycu-IAP2 did not show any anti-apoptotic functions. Knockdown of hycu-iap3 expression by RNAi during HycuNPV infection in SpIm cells induced apoptosis. These results indicate that Hycu-IAP3 is essential for blockage of apoptosis during HycuNPV infection of permissive SpIm cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoko Ikeda
- Laboratory of Sericulture and Entomoresources, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
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40
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Wu JL, Muroga K. Apoptosis does not play an important role in the resistance of 'immune' Penaeus japonicus against white spot syndrome virus. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2004; 27:15-21. [PMID: 14986935 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2761.2003.00491.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that kuruma shrimp, Penaeus japonicus, exposed to white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) became resistant ('immune' shrimp) to subsequent challenge with the virus. The present study investigated the role of apoptosis in the 'immune' shrimp during a secondary challenge with WSSV. When naive kuruma shrimp were intramuscularly injected with WSSV at a high or low dose, apoptosis was often detected by TUNEL assay in the lymphoid organ (LO), mainly in the early stage of the infection. A significantly higher incidence of apoptosis was observed in the LO of the shrimp injected with the high dose of WSSV (cumulative mortality: 100%) than in the shrimp injected with the low dose (cumulative mortality: 0%). When 'immune' and naive shrimp were injected with an equal dose of WSSV, the incidence of apoptosis was significantly lower in the 'immune' shrimp than in the naive shrimp. This difference is assumed to result from a substantial reduction of the virus by humoral neutralizing factor in the 'immune' shrimp. These results suggest that apoptosis is not a principal protective factor in 'immune' shrimp.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Wu
- Laboratory of Fish Pathology, Graduate School of Biosphere Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Japan.
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41
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Singh P, Tripathy DN. Fowlpox virus infection causes a lymphoproliferative response in chickens. Viral Immunol 2003; 16:223-7. [PMID: 12828873 DOI: 10.1089/088282403322017956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While attenuated fowlpox virus (FPV) strains are widely used for vaccination of chickens and turkeys for prevention of fowlpox, recombinant FPV expressing various foreign genes have been evaluated for their ability to offer protection against various diseases in poultry as well as mammals. Little is known regarding the cell-mediated immune responses to FPV infection. In this study, immune response in chickens infected with a virulent and a vaccine strain of FPV were compared by a lymphoproliferation assay. Interestingly, a lymphoproliferative response was seen during 2-4 weeks post-infection irrespective of the FPV strain used in this study. Analyses of the buffy coat cultures with (35)S-methionine pulse labeling revealed an elevated protein of approximately 48-50 kDa in the culture supernatants. Furthermore, those supernatants could stimulate naive, non-adherent cells of the buffy coat cultures, in a dose dependant manner, suggestive of stimulatory cytokines. FPV, a complex virus presumably stimulates a variety of cytokines in vivo causing a proliferative cellular response. Knowledge of those cytokines or a better understanding of the proliferative responses is pivotal in evaluation of FPV vaccines and in the design of FPV-based recombinant vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik Singh
- Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
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42
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Abstract
Viral-induced apoptosis is recognized as a common method utilized by viruses to overcome the host. Recent evidence indicates that infection by rhabdoviruses such as vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV), and rabies virus results in apoptotic cell death. Similar morphological changes and host cell proteins are induced in cells infected with these different viruses; however, the viral proteins responsible for these changes vary. In addition, the molecular mechanism(s) utilized by these viruses to induce apoptosis are on the brink of discovery. This article serves to summarize our current understanding of the apoptotic process during rhabdovirus infection and to illustrate forthcoming areas of study in the field
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian M Licata
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6049, USA
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43
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Wurzer WJ, Planz O, Ehrhardt C, Giner M, Silberzahn T, Pleschka S, Ludwig S. Caspase 3 activation is essential for efficient influenza virus propagation. EMBO J 2003; 22:2717-28. [PMID: 12773387 PMCID: PMC158404 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/cdg279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2002] [Revised: 04/14/2003] [Accepted: 04/15/2003] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is a hallmark event observed upon infection with many viral pathogens, including influenza A virus. The apoptotic process is executed by a proteolytic system consisting of a family of cysteinyl proteases, termed caspases. Since the consequences of apoptosis induction and caspase activation for the outcome of an influenza virus infection are not clear, we have addressed this issue by interfering with expression or function of a major virus-induced apoptosis effector, caspase 3. Surprisingly, influenza virus propagation was strongly impaired in the presence of an inhibitor that blocks caspase 3 and in cells where caspase 3 was partially knocked down by small interfering RNAs. Consistent with these findings, poor replication efficiencies of influenza A viruses in cells deficient for caspase 3 could be boosted 30-fold by ectopic expression of the protein. Mechanistically, the block in virus propagation appeared to be due to retention of the viral RNP complexes in the nucleus, preventing formation of progeny virus particles. Our findings indicate that caspase 3 activation during the onset of apoptosis is a crucial event for efficient influenza virus propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter J Wurzer
- Institute of Molecular Medicine (IMM), Heinrich-Heine Universität, Universitätsstrasse 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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44
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De Martino L, Marfé G, Di Stefano C, Pagnini U, Florio S, Crispino L, Iovane G, Macaluso M, Giordano A. Interference of bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) in sorbitol-Induced apoptosis. J Cell Biochem 2003; 89:373-80. [PMID: 12704800 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.10518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In order to determine the ability of bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1) to suppress apoptosis, we examined the effects of BHV-1 infection on sorbitol-induced apoptosis on Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells. BHV-1 suppresses sorbitol-induced apoptosis in a manner similar to that of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), indicating that BHV-1 has one or more anti-apoptotic genes. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms of apoptosis, expression of some genes encoding apoptosis-inhibiting and -promoting factors were analyzed on BHV-1 infected cells during the process of sorbitol-induced apoptosis. Our results revealed that the expression of bcl-2 and bcl-x(L) decreased after 5 and 3 h p.i., respectively; while bax and procaspase-3 expression increased with respect to control as a function of p.i. times and at 7 h p.i. they were not observed. We further show that the expression of p53 gene was also enhanced, suggesting that this apoptotic mechanism is p53 dependent. From these results, we propose that BHV-1 has one or more genes encoding apoptosis-inhibiting factors which interfere with the involvement of bcl-2 gene family members and apoptotic pathway, depending upon caspase-3, triggered by sorbitol.
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Affiliation(s)
- L De Martino
- Department of Pathology and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy
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45
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Chinchar VG, Bryan L, Wang J, Long S, Chinchar GD. Induction of apoptosis in frog virus 3-infected cells. Virology 2003; 306:303-12. [PMID: 12642103 DOI: 10.1016/s0042-6822(02)00039-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The ability of frog virus 3 (FV3), the type species of the family Iridoviridae, to induce apoptosis was examined by monitoring DNA cleavage, chromatin condensation, and cell-surface expression of phosphotidylserine (PS) in fathead minnow (FHM) and baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells. In productively infected FHM cells, DNA fragmentation was first noted at 6-7 h postinfection and was clearly seen by 17 h postinfection, while chromatin condensation was detected at 8.5 h postinfection. As with some other viruses, FV3-induced apoptosis did not require de novo viral gene expression as both heat-inactivated and UV-inactivated virus readily triggered DNA fragmentation in FHM cells. Moreover, FV3-induced apoptosis was blocked in FHM cells by the pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK, suggesting that virus infection triggers programmed cell death through activation of the caspase cascade. FV3 infection also triggered apoptosis in BHK cells as monitored by TUNEL and annexin V binding assays. To determine whether FV3, similar to other large DNA viruses, encoded proteins that block or delay apoptosis, mock- and FV3-infected FHM cells were osmotically shocked and assayed for DNA fragmentation 3 hours later. DNA fragmentation was clearly seen whether or not shocked cells were previously infected with FV3, indicating that infection with FV3 did not block apoptosis induced by osmotic shock in FHM cells. The above results demonstrate that iridoviruses triggered apoptosis and that the induction of programmed cell death did not require viral gene expression. However, it remains to be determined if virion attachment to target cells is sufficient to induce cell death, or if apoptosis is triggered directly or indirectly by one or more virion-associated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- V G Chinchar
- Department of Microbiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.
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46
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Abstract
Primary infection by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) can cause clinical symptoms in the peripheral and central nervous system, upper respiratory tract, and gastrointestinal tract. Recurrent ocular shedding leads to corneal scarring that can progress to vision loss. Consequently, HSV-1 is the leading cause of corneal blindness due to an infectious agent. Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) has similar biological properties to HSV-1 and is a significant health concern to the cattle industry. Latency of BHV-1 and HSV-1 is established in sensory neurons of trigeminal ganglia, but latency can be interrupted periodically, leading to reactivation from latency and spread of infectious virus. The ability of HSV-1 and BHV-1 to reactivate from latency leads to virus transmission and can lead to recurrent disease in individuals latently infected with HSV-1. During latency, the only abundant HSV-1 RNA expressed is the latency-associated transcript (LAT). In latently infected cattle, the latency-related (LR) RNA is the only abundant transcript that is expressed. LAT and LR RNA are antisense to ICP0 or bICP0, viral genes that are crucial for productive infection, suggesting that LAT and LR RNA interfere with productive infection by inhibiting ICP0 or bICP0 expression. Numerous studies have concluded that LAT expression is important for the latency-reactivation cycle in animal models. The LR gene has recently been demonstrated to be required for the latency-reactivation cycle in cattle. Several recent studies have demonstrated that LAT and the LR gene inhibit apoptosis (programmed cell death) in trigeminal ganglia of infected animals and transiently transfected cells. The antiapoptotic properties of LAT map to the same sequences that are necessary for promoting reactivation from latency. This review summarizes our current knowledge of factors regulating the latency-reactivation cycle of HSV-1 and BHV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clinton Jones
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583-0905, USA.
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47
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Abstract
Apoptosis is an active process of cellular self-destruction, which can be initiated in response to several stimuli such as toxic substances, hormones, cytokines, trophic or osmotic modifications and viral infections. In this study, we demonstrate that in vitro rubella-virus (RV) induced cell death exhibited properties of apoptosis, characterized by condensation and segmentation of nuclei and internucleosomal cleavage of nuclear DNA. Apoptosis was not seen in the cells absorbed with UV-inactivated virus, indicating that the viral replication is required for the induction of apoptosis. Our results suggest that most of the cells undergoing apoptosis are non-infected neighboring cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Dora Martinez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Instituto de Virología Dr J.M. Vanella, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Agencia 4, Ciudad Universitaria, Argentina.
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48
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Zhang P, Yang K, Dai X, Pang Y, Su D. Infection of wild-type Autographa californica multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus induces in vivo apoptosis of Spodoptera litura larvae. J Gen Virol 2002; 83:3003-3011. [PMID: 12466477 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-83-12-3003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct evidence of in vivo apoptosis of Spodoptera litura larvae was demonstrated by haemocoel inoculation with wild-type Autographa californica multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) budded virus (BV). In sharp contrast to natural infection, cadavers did not melt, liquefy and melanize. Typical morphological changes of apoptosis in insect haemocytes post-infection, including blebbing of the cell surface, chromatin margination and condensation, vacuolization of the cytoplasm and formation of apoptotic bodies, were observed by light and electron microscopy. Total DNAs extracted from virus-infected haemocytes showed DNA ladders. Cleavage of chromatin DNA by endogenous endonucleases were detected in the cells of most tissues cells, including epithelial cells and fat body cells, using terminal dUTP nick end labelling assays. Virogenic stroma and viral nucleocapsids could be seen in the nuclei of a few haemocytes. Yields of BV and OV (occluded virus) produced from the infected S. litura larvae were much lower than from the infected S. exigua larvae. These data suggest that host apoptotic responses to virus infection reduce AcMNPV spread at the level of the organism and that apoptosis could be a host-range limiting factor for baculovirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol and Institute of Entomology, Zhongshan (Sun Yat-sen) University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China1
| | - Kai Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol and Institute of Entomology, Zhongshan (Sun Yat-sen) University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China1
| | - Xiaojiang Dai
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol and Institute of Entomology, Zhongshan (Sun Yat-sen) University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China1
| | - Yi Pang
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol and Institute of Entomology, Zhongshan (Sun Yat-sen) University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China1
| | - Deming Su
- Virology Research Unit, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China2
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49
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Abstract
CD8+ T-cell response is thought to be important for the control of hepatitis C virus (HCV) as well as for the liver cell injury caused by HCV infection. Studies on antigen-specific CD8+ T cells had long been hampered by lack of suitable techniques. Recently developed single-cell based assays, including peptide major histocompatibility complex (MHC) tetramer staining and intracellular cytokine staining, have greatly enhanced the opportunities for directly studying HCV-specific CD8+ T cells. Thanks to these novel assays the quantitative and qualitative nature of HCV-specific CD8+ T cells, including their number, phenotype, and effector functions, are starting to be revealed. However, much important information remains missing, including the signals for differentiation and migration of HCV-specific CD8+ T cells and the precise functions of antigen-specific effector cells in the virus-infected liver. The urgent need for effective immunotherapy and vaccines can not be met without a better understanding of the CD8+ T-cell response in HCV infection, which calls for a comprehensive strategy to study such cells directly using sensitive and quantitative assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Song He
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 94305-5187, USA.
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50
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Kominsky DJ, Bickel RJ, Tyler KL. Reovirus-induced apoptosis requires both death receptor- and mitochondrial-mediated caspase-dependent pathways of cell death. Cell Death Differ 2002; 9:926-33. [PMID: 12181743 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2001] [Revised: 01/14/2002] [Accepted: 02/06/2002] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis plays an important role in the pathogenesis of many viral infections. Despite this fact, the apoptotic pathways triggered during viral infections are incompletely understood. We now provide the first detailed characterization of the pattern of caspase activation following infection with a cytoplasmically replicating RNA virus. Reovirus infection of HEK293 cells results in the activation of caspase-8 followed by cleavage of the pro-apoptotic protein Bid. This initiates the activation of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway leading to release of cytochrome c and activation of caspase-9. Combined activation of death receptor and mitochondrial pathways results in downstream activation of effector caspases including caspase-3 and caspase-7 and cleavage of cellular substrates including PARP. Apoptosis is initiated by death receptor pathways but requires mitochondrial amplification producing a biphasic pattern of caspase-8, Bid, and caspase-3 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Kominsky
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Health Science Center, Denver, Colorado 80262, USA
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