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Chen YC, Wang YC, Lee MC, Chen YH, Su W, Ko PS, Chen CJ, Su SL. Decisive gene strategy on osteoarthritis: a comprehensive whole-literature based approach for conclusive gene targets. Aging (Albany NY) 2024; 16:12346-12378. [PMID: 39248710 PMCID: PMC11424587 DOI: 10.18632/aging.206094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous meta-analyses only examined the association between single or several gene polymorphisms and osteoarthritis (OA), whereas no studies have concluded that there are existing all gene loci that associate with OA. OBJECTIVE To assess whether a definite conclusion of the association between the gene loci and OA can be drawn. METHODS Decisive gene strategy (DGS), a literature-based approach, was used to search PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases for all meta-analyses that associated gene polymorphisms and OA. Trial Sequential Analysis (TSA) examined the sufficiency of the cumulative sample size. Finally, we assessed the importance of gene loci in OA based on whether there were enough sample sizes and the heterogeneity of the literatures with I2 value. RESULTS After excluding 179 irrelevant publications, 80 meta-analysis papers were recruited. Among Caucasians, SMAD3 rs12901499 (OR = 1.20, 95% CI: 1.12-1.29) was a risk factor with validation of sufficient sample sizes through TSA model. Among Asians, there were 3 gene loci risk factors with validation of sufficient sample sizes through TSA model: ESR1 rs2228480, SMAD3 rs12901499, and MMP-1 rs1799750 (OR = 1.35, 95% CI: 1.08-1.69; OR = 1.34, 95% CI: 1.07-1.69; OR = 1.43, 95% CI: 1.18-1.74, respectively). Besides, 3 gene loci, DVWA rs7639618, GDF5 rs143383, and VDR rs7975232 (OR = 0.78, 95% CI: 0.67-0.90; OR = 0.74, 95% CI: 0.67-0.81; OR = 0.56, 95% CI: 0.35-0.90, respectively) were identified as protective factors through TSA model. CONCLUSIONS We used DGS to identify conclusive gene loci associated with OA. These findings provide implications of precision medicine in OA and may potentially advance genetic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chou Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114201, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Department of Orthopedics, Taoyuan General Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taoyuan 330, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yu-Chiao Wang
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114201, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Meng-Chang Lee
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114201, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yu-Hsuan Chen
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114201, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Wen Su
- Graduate Institute of Aerospace and Undersea Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114201, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Pi-Shao Ko
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114201, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Cheng-Jung Chen
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114202, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, Chiayi Branch, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Chiayi City 60090, Taiwan
| | - Sui-Lung Su
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114201, Taiwan, R.O.C
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114201, Taiwan, R.O.C
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Miao MZ, Lee JS, Yamada KM, Loeser RF. Integrin signalling in joint development, homeostasis and osteoarthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2024; 20:492-509. [PMID: 39014254 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-024-01130-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Integrins are key regulators of cell-matrix interactions during joint development and joint tissue homeostasis, as well as in the development of osteoarthritis (OA). The signalling cascades initiated by the interactions of integrins with a complex network of extracellular matrix (ECM) components and intracellular adaptor proteins orchestrate cellular responses necessary for maintaining joint tissue integrity. Dysregulated integrin signalling, triggered by matrix degradation products such as matrikines, disrupts this delicate balance, tipping the scales towards an environment conducive to OA pathogenesis. The interplay between integrin signalling and growth factor pathways further underscores the multifaceted nature of OA. Moreover, emerging insights into the role of endocytic trafficking in regulating integrin signalling add a new layer of complexity to the understanding of OA development. To harness the therapeutic potential of targeting integrins for mitigation of OA, comprehensive understanding of their molecular mechanisms across joint tissues is imperative. Ultimately, deciphering the complexities of integrin signalling will advance the ability to treat OA and alleviate its global burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Z Miao
- Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Craniofacial Anomalies and Regeneration Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology and the Thurston Arthritis Research Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Janice S Lee
- Craniofacial Anomalies and Regeneration Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kenneth M Yamada
- Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Richard F Loeser
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology and the Thurston Arthritis Research Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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3
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Scrofani R, De Simone M, Migliorini F, Amoroso E, Maffulli N, Narciso N, Iaconetta G. Spontaneous Resolution of Symptomatic Synovial Cysts of the Lumbar Spine: A Comprehensive Review with Two Illustrative Cases. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2024; 60:1115. [PMID: 39064544 PMCID: PMC11278635 DOI: 10.3390/medicina60071115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Although lumbar synovial cysts (LSCs) are frequently described in the literature, they are a relatively uncommon cause of low back and radicular leg pain. Furthermore, their spontaneous resolution is an even rarer event. The standard treatment of the lumbar synovial cyst is surgical excision. Spontaneous resolution in the literature is a sporadic event. In our experience, we have had two cases where the lumbar synovial cyst disappeared spontaneously. To date, only nine cases of spontaneous resolution of synovial cysts have been documented in the literature. In this discussion, we highlight a pathology that typically suggests surgical intervention, yet conservative treatment can be a viable alternative. We present two cases of large synovial cysts that were initially scheduled for surgery but ultimately resolved spontaneously without any treatment. While the spontaneous resolution of lumbar synovial cysts is extremely rare, conservative strategies are an option that should not be overlooked. Our cases contribute to the growing body of evidence on the spontaneous regression of symptomatic LSC, potentially enhancing the understanding of the disease's natural progression in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Scrofani
- Department of Clinical Neurosurgery, AOU San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D′Aragona, University of Salerno, Via San Leonardo 1, 84131 Salerno, Italy; (R.S.); (E.A.); (N.N.)
| | - Matteo De Simone
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy
- BrainLab s.r.l., Mercato San Severino, 84085 Salerno, Italy
| | - Filippo Migliorini
- Department of Orthopaedic, Trauma, and Reconstructive Surgery, RWTH University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany;
| | - Ettore Amoroso
- Department of Clinical Neurosurgery, AOU San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D′Aragona, University of Salerno, Via San Leonardo 1, 84131 Salerno, Italy; (R.S.); (E.A.); (N.N.)
| | - Nicola Maffulli
- Department of Orthopaedics, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, 00185 Rome, Italy;
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University School of Medicine, Thornburrow Drive, Stoke on Trent ST5 5BG, UK
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Hospital, 275 Bancroft Road, London E1 4DG, UK
| | - Nicola Narciso
- Department of Clinical Neurosurgery, AOU San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D′Aragona, University of Salerno, Via San Leonardo 1, 84131 Salerno, Italy; (R.S.); (E.A.); (N.N.)
| | - Giorgio Iaconetta
- Department of Clinical Neurosurgery, AOU San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D′Aragona, University of Salerno, Via San Leonardo 1, 84131 Salerno, Italy; (R.S.); (E.A.); (N.N.)
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy
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4
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Tarantino R, Jensen HM, Waldman SD. Elevated nutrient availability enhances chondrocyte metabolism and biosynthesis in tissue-engineered cartilage. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2024; 32:895-906. [PMID: 38615973 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2024.03.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chondrocytes, which typically rely on anaerobic metabolism, exhibit upregulated biosynthetic activity when subjected to conditions that elicit mixed aerobic-anaerobic metabolism. Previously, we observed that increasing media volume resulted in the transition from anaerobic to mixed aerobic-anaerobic metabolism. Maximal extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation occurred at this transition as a result of changes in hypoxia-inducible factor 1α signaling and associated hypoxic gene expression. This study aimed to explore the effect of further increases in media availability on ECM synthesis and chondrocyte metabolism. METHODS Primary bovine chondrocytes were grown in 3D high-density tissue culture under varying levels of media availability (4-16 mL/106 cells). Changes in ECM accumulation and metabolism were determined through biochemical assays and 13C-metabolic flux analysis (13C-MFA). RESULTS Increasing media volumes resulted in higher accumulation of cartilaginous ECM (collagen and proteoglycans) and cellularity. Extracellular metabolite measurements revealed that elevated media availability led to increased glucose and glutamine metabolism, along with increased anaerobic activity. 13C-MFA utilizing [U-13C] glucose demonstrated that increased media availability significantly impacted central carbon metabolism, upregulating all glucose-related metabolic pathways (glycolysis, lactate fermentation, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, hexosamine biosynthetic pathway, and the malate-aspartate shuttle). Furthermore, 13C-MFA indicated that glutamine was donating carbons to the TCA cycle, and additional studies involving [U-13C] glutamine tracing supported this notion. CONCLUSIONS Elevated media availability upregulates ECM synthesis and leads to significant changes in metabolic phenotype. Glutamine plays an important role in chondrocyte metabolism and increases in glutamine metabolism correlate with increases in ECM accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Tarantino
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), Unity Health and Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Halie Mei Jensen
- Department of Electrical, Computer, and Biomedical Engineering, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), Unity Health and Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen D Waldman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), Unity Health and Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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She Y, Ren R, Jiang N. Mechanical stress can regulate temporomandibular joint cavitation via signalling pathways. Dev Biol 2024; 507:1-8. [PMID: 38114053 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2023.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The temporomandibular joint (TMJ), composed of temporal fossa, mandibular condyle and a fibrocartilage disc with upper and lower cavities, is the biggest synovial joint and biomechanical hinge of the craniomaxillofacial musculoskeletal system. The initial events that give rise to TMJ cavities across diverse species are not fully understood. Most studies focus on the pivotal role of molecules such as Indian hedgehog (Ihh) and hyaluronic acid (HA) in TMJ cavitation. Although biologists have observed that mechanical stress plays an irreplaceable role in the development of biological tissues and organs, few studies have been concerned with how mechanical stress regulates TMJ cavitation. Based on the evidence from human or other animal embryos today, it is implicated that mechanical stress plays an essential role in TMJ cavitation. In this review, we discuss the relationship between mechanical stress and TMJ cavitation from evo-devo perspectives and review the clinical features and potential pathogenesis of TMJ dysplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin She
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease and West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease and West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease and West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Nooreen Z, Wal P, Summaiyya F. A Systemic Review on Nutraceutical Supplements used in the Management of Osteoarthritis. RECENT ADVANCES IN FOOD, NUTRITION & AGRICULTURE 2024; 15:33-45. [PMID: 38258782 DOI: 10.2174/012772574x270405231102054920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a progressive degenerative joint disease. It basically impairs the structural integrity of articulate cartilage and imbalances the catabolic and anabolic signals in the joint. A degenerative disease is characterized by swelling, pain, and joint stiffness. The treatment and management of osteoarthritis are based on analgesic and anti-inflammatory agents, whereas the exact cause of OA is not known yet. The negative effects of synthetic medications have led to a daily rise in the usage of nutraceuticals and dietary supplements. Clinicians are aware of these treatments, and they also recommend nutraceuticals in addition to the currently preferred therapy. Many in-vitro and in-vivo experiments have been performed in past years to evaluate the function of these on osteoarthritis. The collection of articles was published on search engines like PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, ResearchGate, and ScienceDirect. The evaluation covers every potential nutraceutical utilized in osteoarthritis, together with its supporting data and mode of action. The present review discusses nutraceuticals, including devil's claw, vitamin D, boswellic acid, capsaicin, ginger, curcumin, krill oil, ginger, and avocado/soybean unsaponifiable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zulfa Nooreen
- Department of Pharmacy, PSIT - Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology (Pharmacy) Bhauti, Kanpur Uttar Pradesh 209305, India
| | - Pranay Wal
- Department of Pharmacy, PSIT - Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology (Pharmacy) Bhauti, Kanpur Uttar Pradesh 209305, India
| | - Fariha Summaiyya
- Department of Biotechnology, Integral Informatic and Research Center-1 (IIRC-1) Intergral University Lucknow Uttar Pradesh-226026, India
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7
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Yang B, Li X, Fu C, Cai W, Meng B, Qu Y, Kou X, Zhang Q. Extracellular vesicles in osteoarthritis of peripheral joint and temporomandibular joint. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1158744. [PMID: 36950682 PMCID: PMC10025484 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1158744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a disabling disease with significant morbidity worldwide. OA attacks the large synovial joint, including the peripheral joints and temporomandibular joint (TMJ). As a representative of peripheral joint OA, knee OA shares similar symptoms with TMJ OA. However, these two joints also display differences based on their distinct development, anatomy, and physiology. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are phospholipid bilayer nanoparticles, including exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies. EVs contain proteins, lipids, DNA, micro-RNA, and mRNA that regulate tissue homeostasis and cell-to-cell communication, which play an essential role in the progression and treatment of OA. They are likely to partake in mechanical response, extracellular matrix degradation, and inflammatory regulation during OA. More evidence has shown that synovial fluid and synovium-derived EVs may serve as OA biomarkers. More importantly, mesenchymal stem cell-derived EV shows a therapeutic effect on OA. However, the different function of EVs in these two joints is largely unknown based on their distinct biological characteristic. Here, we reviewed the effects of EVs in OA progression and compared the difference between the knee joint and TMJ, and summarized their potential therapeutic role in the treatment of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benyi Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, South China Center of Craniofacial Stem Cell Research, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Temporomandibular Joint, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chaoran Fu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, South China Center of Craniofacial Stem Cell Research, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenyi Cai
- Department of Temporomandibular Joint, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bowen Meng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, South China Center of Craniofacial Stem Cell Research, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Qu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, South China Center of Craniofacial Stem Cell Research, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxing Kou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, South China Center of Craniofacial Stem Cell Research, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Qingbin Zhang, ; Xiaoxing Kou,
| | - Qingbin Zhang
- Department of Temporomandibular Joint, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Qingbin Zhang, ; Xiaoxing Kou,
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Xu W, Zhu J, Hu J, Xiao L. Engineering the biomechanical microenvironment of chondrocytes towards articular cartilage tissue engineering. Life Sci 2022; 309:121043. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Synovial fluid mesenchymal progenitor cells from patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis demonstrate limited self-renewal and chondrogenesis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16530. [PMID: 36192450 PMCID: PMC9530167 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20880-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is a heterogeneous group of inflammatory diseases affecting joints with a prevalence of one in a thousand children. There is a growing body of literature examining the use of mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells (MPCs) for the treatment of adult and childhood arthritis, however, we still lack a clear understanding of how these MPC populations are impacted by arthritic disease states and how this could influence treatment efficacy. In the current study we examined the immunophenotyping, self-renewal ability and chondrogenic capacity (in vitro and in vivo) of synovial derived MPCs from normal, JIA and RA joints. Synovial MPCs from JIA patients demonstrated reduced self-renewal ability and chondrogenic differentiation capacity. Furthermore, they did not induce cartilage regeneration when xenotransplanted in a mouse cartilage injury model. Synovial MPCs from JIA patients are functionally compromised compared to MPCs from normal and/or RA joints. The molecular mechanisms behind this loss of function remain elusive. Further study is required to see if these cells can be re-functionalized and used in cell therapy strategies for these JIA patients, or if allogenic approaches should be considered.
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Identification of candidate enhancers controlling the transcriptome during the formation of interphalangeal joints. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12835. [PMID: 35896673 PMCID: PMC9329285 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16951-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of the synovial joint begins with the visible emergence of a stripe of densely packed mesenchymal cells located between distal ends of the developing skeletal anlagen called the interzone. Recently the transcriptome of the early synovial joint was reported. Knowledge about enhancers would complement these data and lead to a better understanding of the control of gene transcription at the onset of joint development. Using ChIP-sequencing we have mapped the H3-signatures H3K27ac and H3K4me1 to locate regulatory elements specific for the interzone and adjacent phalange, respectively. This one-stage atlas of candidate enhancers (CEs) was used to map the association between these respective joint tissue specific CEs and biological processes. Subsequently, integrative analysis of transcriptomic data and CEs identified new putative regulatory elements of genes expressed in interzone (e.g., GDF5, BMP2 and DACT2) and phalange (e.g., MATN1, HAPLN1 and SNAI1). We also linked such CEs to genes known as crucial in synovial joint hypermobility and osteoarthritis, as well as phalange malformations. These analyses show that the CE atlas can serve as resource for identifying, and as starting point for experimentally validating, putative disease-causing genomic regulatory regions in patients with synovial joint dysfunctions and/or phalange disorders, and enhancer-controlled synovial joint and phalange formation.
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Comellas E, Farkas JE, Kleinberg G, Lloyd K, Mueller T, Duerr TJ, Muñoz JJ, Monaghan JR, Shefelbine SJ. Local mechanical stimuli correlate with tissue growth in axolotl salamander joint morphogenesis. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20220621. [PMID: 35582804 PMCID: PMC9114971 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.0621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Movement-induced forces are critical to correct joint formation, but it is unclear how cells sense and respond to these mechanical cues. To study the role of mechanical stimuli in the shaping of the joint, we combined experiments on regenerating axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) forelimbs with a poroelastic model of bone rudiment growth. Animals either regrew forelimbs normally (control) or were injected with a transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) agonist during joint morphogenesis. We quantified growth and shape in regrown humeri from whole-mount light sheet fluorescence images of the regenerated limbs. Results revealed significant differences in morphology and cell proliferation between groups, indicating that TRPV4 desensitization has an effect on joint shape. To link TRPV4 desensitization with impaired mechanosensitivity, we developed a finite element model of a regenerating humerus. Local tissue growth was the sum of a biological contribution proportional to chondrocyte density, which was constant, and a mechanical contribution proportional to fluid pressure. Computational predictions of growth agreed with experimental outcomes of joint shape, suggesting that interstitial pressure driven from cyclic mechanical stimuli promotes local tissue growth. Predictive computational models informed by experimental findings allow us to explore potential physical mechanisms involved in tissue growth to advance our understanding of the mechanobiology of joint morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Comellas
- Serra Húnter Fellow, Department of Physics, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA USA
| | | | - Giona Kleinberg
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA USA
| | - Katlyn Lloyd
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA USA
| | - Thomas Mueller
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA USA
| | | | - Jose J. Muñoz
- Department of Mathematics, Laboratori de Càlcul Numeric (LaCàN), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Barcelona, Spain
- Centre Internacional de Mètodes Numèrics en Enginyeria (CIMNE), Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Matemàtiques de la UPC-BarcelonaTech (IMTech), Barcelona, Spain
| | - James R. Monaghan
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA USA
- Institute for Chemical Imaging of Living Systems, Northeastern University, Boston, MA USA
| | - Sandra J. Shefelbine
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA USA
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12
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Smith MM, Hayes AJ, Melrose J. Pentosan Polysulphate (PPS), a Semi-Synthetic Heparinoid DMOAD With Roles in Intervertebral Disc Repair Biology emulating The Stem Cell Instructive and Tissue Reparative Properties of Heparan Sulphate. Stem Cells Dev 2022; 31:406-430. [PMID: 35102748 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2022.0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This review highlights the attributes of pentosan polysulphate (PPS) in the promotion of intervertebral disc (IVD) repair processes. PPS has been classified as a disease modifying osteoarthritic drug (DMOAD) and many studies have demonstrated its positive attributes in the countering of degenerative changes occurring in cartilaginous tissues during the development of osteoarthritis (OA). Degenerative changes in the IVD also involve inflammatory cytokines, degradative proteases and cell signalling pathways similar to those operative in the development of OA in articular cartilage. PPS acts as a heparan sulphate (HS) mimetic to effect its beneficial effects in cartilage. The IVD contains small cell membrane HS-proteoglycans (HSPGs) such as syndecan, and glypican and a large multifunctional HS/chondroitin sulphate (CS) hybrid proteoglycan (HSPG2/perlecan) that have important matrix stabilising properties and sequester, control and present growth factors from the FGF, VEGF, PDGF and BMP families to cellular receptors to promote cell proliferation, differentiation and matrix synthesis. HSPG2 also has chondrogenic properties and stimulates the synthesis of extracellular matrix (ECM) components, expansion of cartilaginous rudiments and has roles in matrix stabilisation and repair. Perlecan is a perinuclear and nuclear proteoglycan in IVD cells with roles in chromatin organisation and control of transcription factor activity, immunolocalises to stem cell niches in cartilage, promotes escape of stem cells from quiescent recycling, differentiation and attainment of pluripotency and migratory properties. These participate in tissue development and morphogenesis, ECM remodelling and repair. PPS also localises in the nucleus of stromal stem cells, promotes development of chondroprogenitor cell lineages, ECM synthesis and repair and discal repair by resident disc cells. The availability of recombinant perlecan and PPS offer new opportunities in repair biology. These multifunctional agents offer welcome new developments in repair strategies for the IVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret M Smith
- The University of Sydney Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratories, 247198, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia;
| | - Anthony J Hayes
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, University of Cardiff, UK, Bioimaging Unit, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland;
| | - James Melrose
- Kolling Institute, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, Raymond Purves Lab, Sydney Medical School Northern, Level 10, Kolling Institute B6, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, New South Wales, Australia, 2065.,University of New South Wales, 7800, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of NSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, 2052;
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13
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Dou Z, Muder D, Baroncelli M, Bendre A, Gkourogianni A, Ottosson L, Vedung T, Nilsson O. Rat perichondrium transplanted to articular cartilage defects forms articular-like, hyaline cartilage. Bone 2021; 151:116035. [PMID: 34111644 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.116035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Perichondrium autotransplants have been used to reconstruct articular surfaces destroyed by infection or trauma. However, the role of the transplanted perichondrium in the healing of resurfaced joints has not been investigated. DESIGN Perichondrial and periosteal tissues were harvested from rats hemizygous for a ubiquitously expressed enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) transgene and transplanted into full-thickness articular cartilage defects at the trochlear groove of distal femur in wild-type littermates. As an additional control, cartilage defects were left without a transplant (no transplant control). Distal femurs were collected 3, 14, 56, 112 days after surgery. RESULTS Tracing of transplanted cells showed that both perichondrium and periosteum transplant-derived cells made up the large majority of the cells in the regenerated joint surfaces. Perichondrium transplants contained SOX9 positive cells and with time differentiated into a hyaline cartilage that expanded and filled out the defects with Col2a1-positive and Col1a1-negative chondrocytes and a matrix rich in proteoglycans. At later timepoints the cartilaginous perichondrium transplants were actively remodeled into bone at the transplant-bone interface and at post-surgery day 112 EGFP-positive perichondrium cells at the articular surface were positive for Prg4. Periosteum transplants initially lacked SOX9 expression and despite a transient increase in SOX9 expression and chondrogenic differentiation, remained Col1a1 positive, and were continuously thinning as periosteum-derived cells were incorporated into the subchondral compartment. CONCLUSIONS Perichondrium and periosteum transplanted to articular cartilage defects did not just stimulate regeneration but were themselves transformed into cartilaginous articular surfaces. Perichondrium transplants developed into an articular-like, hyaline cartilage, whereas periosteum transplants appeared to produce a less resilient fibro-cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelong Dou
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Center for Molecular Medicine, L8:01, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel Muder
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Orthopedics, Falu Lasarett, Lasarettsvägen 10, 791 82, Falun, Sweden
| | - Marta Baroncelli
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Center for Molecular Medicine, L8:01, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ameya Bendre
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Center for Molecular Medicine, L8:01, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexandra Gkourogianni
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Center for Molecular Medicine, L8:01, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Ottosson
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Center for Molecular Medicine, L8:01, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Torbjörn Vedung
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Elisabeth Hospital, Aleris Healthcare, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ola Nilsson
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Center for Molecular Medicine, L8:01, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University and University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden.
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14
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The use of LED therapy to treat synovial joints disorders: scoping review. Lasers Med Sci 2021; 37:701-721. [PMID: 34258669 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-021-03372-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this scoping review was to assess the extent of the literature on the use of LED therapy to treat synovial joint disorders. The JBI methodology for scoping reviews was followed. The databases used were PUBMED, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, LILACS, PEDro, Cochrane Database, Google Scholar and ProQuest. To be included, studies should have used LED as therapy, and include at least one measure related to the structures of any synovial joint. The search strategy included all keywords and indexed terms identified in the articles. Studies in any language and in any year, whether published or not, were included. The analysis of the studies was carried out by two independent reviewers. Data were extracted from articles using a data extraction tool developed by the reviewers. After carrying out the definitive search and selection, 47 publications were included: 15 clinical trials, 8 clinical protocols, 12 animal studies, 4 in vitro studies and 8 reviews on the topic. Studies have shown great variability from the device and number of diodes used, to the parameters and dosimetry chosen. Some positive effects were observed: on cell proliferation (in vitro); on anti-inflammatory biomarkers (murine models) and on pain scale (clinical trials - TMD). Although, the cause of non-significant results in clinical trials was rarely discussed: depth of penetration, dosimetry, follow-up time? Thus, future studies should focus on answering more elementary aspects about the LED effect when used alone in different synovial joints.
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15
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Zhou H. Embryonic movement stimulates joint formation and development: Implications in arthrogryposis multiplex congenita. Bioessays 2021; 43:e2000319. [PMID: 33634512 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202000319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita (AMC) is a heterogeneous syndrome where multiple joints have reduced range of motion due to contracture formation prior to birth. A common cause of AMC is reduced embryonic movement in utero. This reduction in embryonic movement can perturb molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways involved in the formation of joints during development. The absence of mechanical stimuli can impair joint cavitation, resulting in joint fusion, and ultimately eliminate function. In turn, mechanical stimuli are critical for proper joint formation during development and for mitigating AMC. Studies in experimental animal models have provided a greater understanding on the molecular pathophysiology of congenital contracture formation as a consequence of embryonic immobilization. Elucidation of how the mechanical signaling environment is transduced to initiate a biological response will be necessary to gain a deeper understanding of how mechanical stimuli are intertwined in the molecular regulation of joint development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haodong Zhou
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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16
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Hawkins MB, Henke K, Harris MP. Latent developmental potential to form limb-like skeletal structures in zebrafish. Cell 2021; 184:899-911.e13. [PMID: 33545089 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Changes in appendage structure underlie key transitions in vertebrate evolution. Addition of skeletal elements along the proximal-distal axis facilitated critical transformations, including the fin-to-limb transition that permitted generation of diverse modes of locomotion. Here, we identify zebrafish mutants that form supernumerary long bones in their pectoral fins. These new bones integrate into musculature, form joints, and articulate with neighboring elements. This phenotype is caused by activating mutations in previously unrecognized regulators of appendage patterning, vav2 and waslb, that function in a common pathway. This pathway is required for appendage development across vertebrates, and loss of Wasl in mice causes defects similar to those seen in murine Hox mutants. Concordantly, formation of supernumerary bones requires Hox11 function, and mutations in the vav2/wasl pathway drive enhanced expression of hoxa11b, indicating developmental homology with the forearm. Our findings reveal a latent, limb-like pattern ability in fins that is activated by simple genetic perturbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Brent Hawkins
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Orthopedic Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Katrin Henke
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Orthopedic Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Matthew P Harris
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Orthopedic Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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17
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Yang Z, Li H, Yuan Z, Fu L, Jiang S, Gao C, Wang F, Zha K, Tian G, Sun Z, Huang B, Wei F, Cao F, Sui X, Peng J, Lu S, Guo W, Liu S, Guo Q. Endogenous cell recruitment strategy for articular cartilage regeneration. Acta Biomater 2020; 114:31-52. [PMID: 32652223 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the absence of timely and proper treatments, injuries to articular cartilage (AC) can lead to cartilage degeneration and ultimately result in osteoarthritis. Regenerative medicine and tissue engineering techniques are emerging as promising approaches for AC regeneration and repair. Although the use of cell-seeded scaffolds prior to implantation can regenerate and repair cartilage lesions to some extent, these approaches are still restricted by limited cell sources, excessive costs, risks of disease transmission and complex manufacturing practices. Recently developed acellular scaffold approaches that rely on the recruitment of endogenous cells to the injured sites avoid these drawbacks and offer great promise for in situ AC regeneration. Multiple endogenous stem/progenitor cells (ESPCs) are found in joint-resident niches and have the capability to migrate to sites of injury to participate in AC regeneration. However, the natural recruitment of ESPCs is insufficient, and the local microenvironment is hostile after injury. Hence, an endogenous cell recruitment strategy based on the combination of chemoattractants and acellular scaffolds to effectively and specifically recruit ESPCs and improve local microenvironment may provide new insights into in situ AC regeneration. This review provides a brief overview of: (1) the status of endogenous cell recruitment strategy; (2) the subpopulations, potential migration routes (PMRs) of joint-resident ESPCs and their immunomodulatory and reparative effects; (3) chemoattractants and their potential adverse effects; (4) scaffold-based drug delivery systems (SDDSs) that are utilized for in situ AC regeneration; and (5) the challenges and future perspectives of endogenous cell recruitment strategy for AC regeneration. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Although the endogenous cell recruitment strategy for articular cartilage (AC) regeneration has been investigated for several decades, much work remains to be performed in this field. Future studies should have the following aims: (1) reporting the up-to-date progress in the endogenous cell recruitment strategies; (2) determining the subpopulations of ESPCs, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the migration of these cells and their anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and reparative effects; (3) elucidating the chemoattractants that enhance ESPC recruitment and their potential adverse effects; and (4) developing advanced SDDSs for chemoattractant dispatch. Herein, we present a systematic overview of the aforementioned issues to provide a better understanding of endogenous cell recruitment strategies for AC regeneration and repair.
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18
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Campos Y, Almirall A, Fuentes G, Bloem HL, Kaijzel EL, Cruz LJ. Tissue Engineering: An Alternative to Repair Cartilage. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2020; 25:357-373. [PMID: 30913997 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2018.0330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Herein we review the state-of-the-art in tissue engineering for repair of articular cartilage. First, we describe the molecular, cellular, and histologic structure and function of endogenous cartilage, focusing on chondrocytes, collagens, extracellular matrix, and proteoglycans. We then explore in vitro cell culture on scaffolds, discussing the difficulties involved in maintaining or obtaining a chondrocytic phenotype. Next, we discuss the diverse compounds and designs used for these scaffolds, including natural and synthetic biomaterials and porous, fibrous, and multilayer architectures. We then report on the mechanical properties of different cell-loaded scaffolds, and the success of these scaffolds following in vivo implantation in small animals, in terms of generating tissue that structurally and functionally resembles native tissue. Last, we highlight future trends in this field. We conclude that despite major technical advances made over the past 15 years, and continually improving results in cartilage repair experiments in animals, the development of clinically useful implants for regeneration of articular cartilage remains a challenge
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaima Campos
- 1Biomaterials Center, Havana University, LA Habana, Cuba.,2Translational Nanobiomaterials and Imaging, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Gastón Fuentes
- 1Biomaterials Center, Havana University, LA Habana, Cuba.,2Translational Nanobiomaterials and Imaging, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hans L Bloem
- 2Translational Nanobiomaterials and Imaging, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Eric L Kaijzel
- 2Translational Nanobiomaterials and Imaging, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Luis J Cruz
- 2Translational Nanobiomaterials and Imaging, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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19
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Dragicevich CJ, Jones JC, Bridges W, Dunn H. Computed Tomographic Measures of Funnel-Shaped Lumbar Vertebral Canal and Articular Process Dysplasia Malformations Differ Between German Shepherd and Belgian Malinois Military Working Dogs. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:275. [PMID: 32528984 PMCID: PMC7266950 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Researchers who study the selection and breeding program criteria for military working dogs aim to help maximize the years of active duty service. Computed tomographic (CT) quantitative phenotyping has been previously described as a method for supporting these research studies. Funnel-shaped lumbar vertebral foramen malformations have been previously described in Labrador retriever military working dogs and proposed to be risk factors for impaired arterial perfusion of nerve tissues during exercise. Articular process dysplasia malformations have been previously described in varying dog breeds and proposed to be risk factors for articular process degenerative joint disease and vertebral foramen stenosis. Aims of this retrospective, cross-sectional study were to describe quantitative CT phenotyping methods for characterizing funnel-shaped lumbar vertebral foramina and articular process dysplasia malformations and to apply these methods in a comparison between groups of German shepherd and Belgian Malinois military working dogs. A military working dog hospital's database was searched for German shepherd and Belgian Malinois dogs aged <6 years that had CT scans of the lumbosacral region during the period of 2008–2016. Observers unaware of CT findings recorded available clinical data for each of the dogs. An observer unaware of clinical data recorded CT measures of funnel-shaped lumbar vertebral foramina and articular process dysplasia malformations for each of dogs and each of the lumbar vertebrae that were available in the scans. A total of 59 dogs were sampled: 41 German shepherd and 18 Belgian Malinois. Articular process dysplasia and funnel-shaped vertebral foramen phenotypic traits were present in both breeds in this sample, with the frequency and quantitative measure of these traits being greater in German shepherd dogs and heavier dogs. Lower weight dogs had a lesser degree of a funnel-shaped foramen at all sampled vertebral locations. A consistent relationship between articular process dysplasia measures and body weight was not seen. Computed tomography measures of funnel shaped vertebral foramina were greater in German shepherd vs. Belgian Malinois dogs at the L7 vertebra (P < 0.01). The CT measures of cranial articular process dysplasia were greater in German shepherd vs. Belgian Malinois dogs at the L4 (P < 0.01) and L5 (P < 0.05) vertebrae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constance J Dragicevich
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States
| | - Jeryl C Jones
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States.,South Carolina Translational Research Improving Musculoskeletal Heath Center, Clemson, SC, United States
| | - William Bridges
- School of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States
| | - Heather Dunn
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States
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20
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Choi YR, Collins KH, Lee JW, Kang HJ, Guilak F. Genome Engineering for Osteoarthritis: From Designer Cells to Disease-Modifying Drugs. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2019; 16:335-343. [PMID: 31413938 PMCID: PMC6675820 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-018-0172-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteoarthritis (OA) is a highly prevalent degenerative joint disease involving joint cartilage and its surrounding tissues. OA is the leading cause of pain and disability worldwide. At present, there are no disease-modifying OA drugs, and the primary therapies include exercise and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs until total joint replacement at the end-stage of the disease. METHODS In this review, we summarized the current state of knowledge in genetic and epigenetic associations and risk factors for OA and their potential diagnostic and therapeutic applications. RESULTS Genome-wide association studies and analysis of epigenetic modifications (such as miRNA expression, DNA methylation and histone modifications) conducted across various populations support the notion that there is a genetic basis for certain subsets of OA pathogenesis. CONCLUSION With recent advances in the development of genome editing technologies such as the CRISPR-Cas9 system, these genetic and epigenetic alternations in OA can be used as platforms from which potential biomarkers for the diagnosis, prognosis, drug response, and development of potential personalized therapeutic targets for OA can be approached. Furthermore, genome editing has allowed the development of "designer" cells, whereby the receptors, gene regulatory networks, or transgenes can be modified as a basis for new cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Rak Choi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Dr, St. Louis, MO 63130 USA
- Shriners Hospitals for Children – St. Louis, 4400 Clayton Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Kelsey H. Collins
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Dr, St. Louis, MO 63130 USA
- Shriners Hospitals for Children – St. Louis, 4400 Clayton Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Jin-Woo Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Jung Kang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Farshid Guilak
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Dr, St. Louis, MO 63130 USA
- Shriners Hospitals for Children – St. Louis, 4400 Clayton Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Campus Box 8233, McKinley Research Bldg, Room 3121, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
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21
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Cai JY, Zhang L, Chen J, Chen SY. Kartogenin and Its Application in Regenerative Medicine. Curr Med Sci 2019; 39:16-20. [PMID: 30868486 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-019-1994-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Regenerative medicine refers to the possibility of replacing aged/damaged cells with genetically similar young and functional cells to restore or establish normal function. Kartogenin (KGN), a small heterocyclic, drug-like compound was discovered in 2012, which is strongly associated with regenerative medicine. KGN has been applied in many regenerative fields, including cartilage regeneration and protection, tendon-bone healing, wound healing, and limb development. KGN could facilitate cartilage repair, promote formation of cartilage-like transition zone in tendon-bone junctions, stimulate collagen synthesis for wound healing, and regulate limb development in a coordinated manner. Considering the related mechanism, filamin A/CBFβ/RUNX1, Ihh, and TGFβ/Smad pathways have been reported to involve KGN. Therefore, KGN is proven a promising agent in regenerative medicine; however, studies conducted on the effect of KGN are limited to date and not convictive for long-term use. Further studies are recommended to explore the long-term effect and potential molecular mechanisms of KGN. Our investigations may motivate researchers to expand its applications in different forms and fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Yu Cai
- Department of Sports Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Shi-Yi Chen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China.
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22
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Márquez-Flórez KM, Monaghan JR, Shefelbine SJ, Ramirez-Martínez A, Garzón-Alvarado DA. A computational model for the joint onset and development. J Theor Biol 2018; 454:345-356. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2018.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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23
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Tesařová M, Mancini L, Simon A, Adameyko I, Kaucká M, Elewa A, Lanzafame G, Zhang Y, Kalasová D, Szarowská B, Zikmund T, Novotná M, Kaiser J. A quantitative analysis of 3D-cell distribution in regenerating muscle-skeletal system with synchrotron X-ray computed microtomography. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14145. [PMID: 30237460 PMCID: PMC6148031 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32459-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the greatest enigmas of modern biology is how the geometry of muscular and skeletal structures are created and how their development is controlled during growth and regeneration. Scaling and shaping of vertebrate muscles and skeletal elements has always been enigmatic and required an advanced technical level in order to analyse the cell distribution in 3D. In this work, synchrotron X-ray computed microtomography (µCT) and chemical contrasting has been exploited for a quantitative analysis of the 3D-cell distribution in tissues of a developing salamander (Pleurodeles waltl) limb – a key model organism for vertebrate regeneration studies. We mapped the limb muscles, their size and shape as well as the number and density of cells within the extracellular matrix of the developing cartilage. By using tomographic approach, we explored the polarity of the cells in 3D, in relation to the structure of developing joints. We found that the polarity of chondrocytes correlates with the planes in joint surfaces and also changes along the length of the cartilaginous elements. Our approach generates data for the precise computer simulations of muscle-skeletal regeneration using cell dynamics models, which is necessary for the understanding how anisotropic growth results in the precise shapes of skeletal structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markéta Tesařová
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lucia Mancini
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Andras Simon
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, 171777, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Igor Adameyko
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, 171777, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markéta Kaucká
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, 171777, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ahmed Elewa
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, 171777, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, 171777, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Dominika Kalasová
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Bára Szarowská
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, 171777, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomáš Zikmund
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Novotná
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jozef Kaiser
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic.
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24
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Raman S, FitzGerald U, Murphy JM. Interplay of Inflammatory Mediators with Epigenetics and Cartilage Modifications in Osteoarthritis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2018; 6:22. [PMID: 29594113 PMCID: PMC5861204 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2018.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA), a degenerative disease of diarthrodial joints, is influenced by mechanical and inflammatory factors with aging, obesity, chronic injuries, and secondary diseases thought to be major factors driving the process of articular cartilage degeneration. Chondrocytes, the cellular component of cartilage, reside in an avascular environment and normally have limited potential to replicate. However, extrinsic factors such as injury to the joint or intrinsic alterations to the chondrocytes themselves can lead to an altered phenotype and development of OA. Synovial inflammation is also a pivotal element of the osteoarthritic, degenerative process: influx of pro-inflammatory cytokines and production of matrix metalloproteinases accelerate advanced cellular processes such as synovitis and cartilage damage. As well as a genetic input, recent data have highlighted epigenetic factors as contributing to disease. Studies conducted over the last decade have focused on three key aspects in OA; inflammation and the immune response, genome-wide association studies that have identified important genes undergoing epigenetic modifications, and finally how chondrocytes transform in their function during development and disease. Data highlighted here have identified critical inflammatory genes involved in OA and how these factors impact chondrocyte hypertrophy in the disease. This review also addresses key inflammatory factors in synovial inflammation, epigenetics, and chondrocyte fate, and how agents that inhibit epigenetic mechanisms like DNA methylation and histone modifications could aid in development of long-term treatment strategies for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swarna Raman
- Orthobiology, Regenerative Medicine Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Una FitzGerald
- School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - J Mary Murphy
- Orthobiology, Regenerative Medicine Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
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25
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Abd El Raouf M, Wang X, Miusi S, Chai J, Mohamed AbdEl-Aal AB, Nefissa Helmy MM, Ghanaati S, Choukroun J, Choukroun E, Zhang Y, Miron RJ. Injectable-platelet rich fibrin using the low speed centrifugation concept improves cartilage regeneration when compared to platelet-rich plasma. Platelets 2017; 30:213-221. [DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2017.1401058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Abd El Raouf
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - Xuzhu Wang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Si Miusi
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jihua Chai
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | | | | | - Shahram Ghanaati
- FORM, Frankfurt Oral Regenerative Medicine, Clinic for Maxillofacial and Plastic Surgery, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Joseph Choukroun
- FORM, Frankfurt Oral Regenerative Medicine, Clinic for Maxillofacial and Plastic Surgery, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Elisa Choukroun
- College of Dental Medicine, University of Nice, Nice, France
| | - Yufeng Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Richard J Miron
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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26
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Gamer LW, Xiang L, Rosen V. Formation and maturation of the murine meniscus. J Orthop Res 2017; 35:1683-1689. [PMID: 27664939 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Meniscal injuries are commonplace, but current surgical repair procedures do not prevent degenerative joint changes that occur after meniscal injury and often lead to osteoarthritis. Successful tissue regeneration in adults often recapitulates events that occur during embryogenesis, suggesting that understanding the regulatory pathways controlling these early processes may provide clues for developing strategies for tissue repair. While the mouse is now widely used to study joint diseases, detailed knowledge of the basic biology of murine meniscus is not readily available. Here, we examine meniscal morphogenesis in mice from embryonic day 13.5 (E13.5) to 6 months of age using histology, in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemistry. We find that the meniscus is a morphologically distinct structure at E16 when it begins to regionalize. At birth, the meniscus has a distinguishable inner, avascular, round chondrocyte cell region, an outer, vascularized, fibroblast cell region, and a surface superficial zone. Maturation begins at 2 weeks of age when the meniscus expresses type I collagen, type II collagen, type X collagen, and MMP-13 in specific patterns. By 4 weeks of age, small areas of ossification are detected in the anterior meniscal horn, a common feature seen in rodents. Maturation appears complete at 8 weeks of age, when the meniscus resembles the adult structure complete with ossifying tissue that contains bone marrow like areas. Our results provide, the first systematic study of mouse meniscal development and will be a valuable tool for analyzing murine models of knee joint formation and disease. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:1683-1689, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura W Gamer
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Ave, Boston, 02115, Massachusetts
| | - Lin Xiang
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Ave, Boston, 02115, Massachusetts
| | - Vicki Rosen
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Ave, Boston, 02115, Massachusetts
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27
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Somoza RA, Correa D, Labat I, Sternberg H, Forrest ME, Khalil AM, West MD, Tesar P, Caplan AI. Transcriptome-Wide Analyses of Human Neonatal Articular Cartilage and Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Cartilage Provide a New Molecular Target for Evaluating Engineered Cartilage. Tissue Eng Part A 2017; 24:335-350. [PMID: 28602122 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2016.0559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular differentiation comprises a progressive, multistep program that drives cells to fabricate a tissue with specific and site distinctive structural and functional properties. Cartilage constitutes one of the potential differentiation lineages that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can follow under the guidance of specific bioactive agents. Single agents such as transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and bone morphogenetic protein 2 in unchanging culture conditions have been historically used to induce in vitro chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs. Despite the expression of traditional chondrogenic biomarkers such as type II collagen and aggrecan, the resulting tissue represents a transient cartilage rather than an in vivo articular cartilage (AC), differing significantly in structure, chemical composition, cellular phenotypes, and mechanical properties. Moreover, there have been no comprehensive, multicomponent parameters to define high-quality and functional engineered hyaline AC. To address these issues, we have taken an innovative approach based on the molecular interrogation of human neonatal articular cartilage (hNAC), dissected from the knees of 1-month-old cadaveric specimens. Subsequently, we compared hNAC-specific transcriptional regulatory elements and differentially expressed genes with adult human bone marrow (hBM) MSC-derived three-dimensional cartilage structures formed in vitro. Using microarray analysis, the transcriptome of hNAC was found to be globally distinct from the transient, cartilage-like tissue formed by hBM-MSCs in vitro. Specifically, over 500 genes that are highly expressed in hNAC were not expressed at any time point during in vitro human MSC chondrogenesis. The analysis also showed that the differences were less variant during the initial stages (first 7 days) of the in vitro chondrogenic differentiation program. These observations suggest that the endochondral fate of hBM-MSC-derived cartilage may be rerouted at earlier stages of the TGF-β-stimulated chondrogenic differentiation program. Based on these analyses, several key molecular differences (transcription factors and coded cartilage-related proteins) were identified in hNAC that will be useful as molecular inductors and identifiers of the in vivo AC phenotype. Our findings provide a new gold standard of a molecularly defined AC phenotype that will serve as a platform to generate novel approaches for AC tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo A Somoza
- 1 Department of Biology, Skeletal Research Center, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio.,2 CWRU Center for Multimodal Evaluation of Engineered Cartilage, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Diego Correa
- 1 Department of Biology, Skeletal Research Center, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio.,3 Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics, Diabetes Research Institute and Cell Transplant Center, University of Miami , Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | | | | | - Megan E Forrest
- 5 Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Ahmad M Khalil
- 2 CWRU Center for Multimodal Evaluation of Engineered Cartilage, Cleveland, Ohio.,5 Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - Paul Tesar
- 5 Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Arnold I Caplan
- 1 Department of Biology, Skeletal Research Center, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio.,2 CWRU Center for Multimodal Evaluation of Engineered Cartilage, Cleveland, Ohio
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28
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Hasegawa A, Yonezawa T, Taniguchi N, Otabe K, Akasaki Y, Matsukawa T, Saito M, Neo M, Marmorstein LY, Lotz MK. Role of Fibulin 3 in Aging-Related Joint Changes and Osteoarthritis Pathogenesis in Human and Mouse Knee Cartilage. Arthritis Rheumatol 2017; 69:576-585. [PMID: 27780308 DOI: 10.1002/art.39963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The EFEMP1 gene encoding fibulin 3 is specifically expressed in the superficial zone (SZ) of articular cartilage. The aims of this study were to examine the expression patterns of fibulin 3 in the knee joints during aging and during osteoarthritis (OA) and to determine the role of fibulin 3 in the pathogenesis of OA. METHODS Immunohistochemical analysis was performed on normal and OA knee cartilage samples from humans and mice. Experimental OA was induced in wild-type and fibulin 3-/- mice, and the severity of OA was evaluated by histologic scoring. To examine fibulin 3 function, human chondrocyte monolayer cultures were transfected with small interfering RNA (siRNA), followed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analyses. Human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) were transduced with an EFEMP1 lentivirus and analyzed for markers of chondrogenesis. RESULTS Fibulin 3 was specifically expressed in the SZ of normal knee joint cartilage from humans and mice, and the expression levels declined with aging. Both aging-related OA and experimental OA were significantly more severe in fibulin 3-/- mice compared with wild-type mice. Fibulin 3 expression was high in undifferentiated human BM-MSCs and decreased during chondrogenesis. Suppression of fibulin 3 by siRNA significantly increased the expression of SOX9, type II collagen, and aggrecan in human articular chondrocytes, while overexpression of fibulin 3 inhibited chondrogenesis in BM-MSCs. CONCLUSION Fibulin 3 is specifically expressed in the SZ of articular cartilage and its expression is reduced in aging and OA. Fibulin 3 regulates differentiation of adult progenitor cells, and its aging-related decline is an early event in the pathogenesis of OA. Preventing aging-associated loss of fibulin 3 or restoring it to normal levels in SZ chondrocytes has the potential to delay or prevent the onset of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Hasegawa
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, and Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomo Yonezawa
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | | | - Koji Otabe
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Yukio Akasaki
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | | | | | | | | | - Martin K Lotz
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
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29
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Bailleul AM, Witmer LM, Holliday CM. Cranial joint histology in the mallard duck (Anas platyrhynchos): new insights on avian cranial kinesis. J Anat 2017; 230:444-460. [PMID: 27921292 PMCID: PMC5314395 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolution of avian cranial kinesis is a phenomenon in part responsible for the remarkable diversity of avian feeding adaptations observable today. Although osteological, developmental and behavioral features of the feeding system are frequently studied, comparatively little is known about cranial joint skeletal tissue composition and morphology from a microscopic perspective. These data are key to understanding the developmental, biomechanical and evolutionary underpinnings of kinesis. Therefore, here we investigated joint microstructure in juvenile and adult mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos; Anseriformes). Ducks belong to a diverse clade of galloanseriform birds, have derived adaptations for herbivory and kinesis, and are model organisms in developmental biology. Thus, new insights into their cranial functional morphology will refine our understanding of avian cranial evolution. A total of five specimens (two ducklings and three adults) were histologically sampled, and two additional specimens (a duckling and an adult) were subjected to micro-computed tomographic scanning. Five intracranial joints were sampled: the jaw joint (quadrate-articular); otic joint (quadrate-squamosal); palatobasal joint (parasphenoid-pterygoid); the mandibular symphysis (dentary-dentary); and the craniofacial hinge (a complex flexion zone involving four different pairs of skeletal elements). In both the ducklings and adults, the jaw, otic and palatobasal joints are all synovial, with a synovial cavity and articular cartilage on each surface (i.e. bichondral joints) ensheathed in a fibrous capsule. The craniofacial hinge begins as an ensemble of patent sutures in the duckling, but in the adult it becomes more complex: laterally it is synovial; whereas medially, it is synostosed by a bridge of chondroid bone. We hypothesize that it is chondroid bone that provides some of the flexible properties of this joint. The heavily innervated mandibular symphysis is already fused in the ducklings and remains as such in the adult. The results of this study will serve as reference for documenting avian cranial kinesis from a microanatomical perspective. The formation of: (i) secondary articular cartilage on the membrane bones of extant birds; and (ii) their unique ability to form movable synovial joints within two or more membrane bones (i.e. within their dermatocranium) might have played a role in the origin and evolution of modern avian cranial kinesis during dinosaur evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alida M. Bailleul
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical SciencesUniversity of Missouri‐School of MedicineColumbiaMOUSA
| | - Lawrence M. Witmer
- Department of Biomedical SciencesHeritage College of Osteopathic MedicineOhio UniversityAthensOHUSA
| | - Casey M. Holliday
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical SciencesUniversity of Missouri‐School of MedicineColumbiaMOUSA
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30
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Xia Y, Momot KI, Chen Z, Chen CT, Kahn D, Badar F. Introduction to Cartilage. BIOPHYSICS AND BIOCHEMISTRY OF CARTILAGE BY NMR AND MRI 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/9781782623663-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Cartilage is a supporting connective tissue that, together with the bone, forms the framework supporting the body as a whole. There are many distinct types of cartilage, which exhibit numerous similarities as well as differences. Among them, articular cartilage is the best known and the most studied type. Articular cartilage is the thin layer of connective tissue that covers the articulating ends of bones in synovial (diarthrodial) joints. It provides a smooth surface for joint movement and acts as a load-bearing medium that protects the bone and distributes stress. The intense interest in articular cartilage is motivated by the critical role its degradation plays in arthritis and related joint diseases, which are the number one cause of disability in humans. This chapter discusses the physical, chemical and cellular properties of cartilage that give the tissue its extraordinary load-bearing characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xia
- Department of Physics and Center for Biomedical Research, Oakland University Rochester MI 48309 USA
| | - Konstantin I. Momot
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) Brisbane Qld 4001 Australia
| | - Zhe Chen
- Department of Physics and Center for Biomedical Research, Oakland University Rochester MI 48309 USA
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine Shanghai 200025 China
| | - Christopher T. Chen
- Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research / Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX 75390 USA
| | - David Kahn
- Department of Physics and Center for Biomedical Research, Oakland University Rochester MI 48309 USA
| | - Farid Badar
- Department of Physics and Center for Biomedical Research, Oakland University Rochester MI 48309 USA
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31
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Askary A, Smeeton J, Paul S, Schindler S, Braasch I, Ellis NA, Postlethwait J, Miller CT, Crump JG. Ancient origin of lubricated joints in bony vertebrates. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27434666 PMCID: PMC4951194 DOI: 10.7554/elife.16415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Synovial joints are the lubricated connections between the bones of our body that are commonly affected in arthritis. It is assumed that synovial joints first evolved as vertebrates came to land, with ray-finned fishes lacking lubricated joints. Here, we examine the expression and function of a critical lubricating protein of mammalian synovial joints, Prg4/Lubricin, in diverse ray-finned fishes. We find that Prg4 homologs are specifically enriched at the jaw and pectoral fin joints of zebrafish, stickleback, and gar, with genetic deletion of the zebrafish prg4b gene resulting in the same age-related degeneration of joints as seen in lubricin-deficient mice and humans. Our data support lubricated synovial joints evolving much earlier than currently accepted, at least in the common ancestor of all bony vertebrates. Establishment of the first arthritis model in the highly regenerative zebrafish will offer unique opportunities to understand the aetiology and possible treatment of synovial joint disease. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.16415.001 We owe our flexibility to the lubricated joints that connect the bones of our body. Unfortunately, these joints tend to deteriorate over time, leading to a condition called osteoarthritis that affects millions of people. Scientists had thought that lubricated joints first evolved when backboned animals started walking on land, with fish lacking these types of joints. However, by studying zebrafish, Askary, Smeeton et al. now show that fish do have lubricated joints; in fact, the joints in the jaw and fins of zebrafish have a similar structure to those in humans. These zebrafish joints make an important protein called Lubricin that is known to lubricate joints in mice and humans. Furthermore, analyzing two other fish species – a stickleback and a primitive fish called a spotted gar – revealed that fish joints in general produce Lubricin. This pushes back the evolutionary origins of lubricated joints millions of years, to at least the common ancestor of all backboned animals. Next, Askary, Smeeton et al. used a new type of molecular scissors to eliminate the ability of zebrafish to produce Lubricin. These mutant fish developed the same early onset arthritis as mice and humans that lack Lubricin. Studying such fish should allow new approaches to be developed that will help us to understand how debilitating joint diseases progress. As zebrafish are highly regenerative, future studies could also explore whether they can regenerate damaged joints, which could spur new strategies for treating and reversing arthritis. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.16415.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad Askary
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States.,Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Joanna Smeeton
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States.,Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Sandeep Paul
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States.,Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Simone Schindler
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States.,Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Ingo Braasch
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, United States.,Department of Integrative Biology and Program in Ecology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States.,Department of Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States
| | - Nicholas A Ellis
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - John Postlethwait
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, United States
| | - Craig T Miller
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - J Gage Crump
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States.,Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
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32
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Wnt signaling in cartilage development and diseases: lessons from animal studies. J Transl Med 2016; 96:186-96. [PMID: 26641070 PMCID: PMC4838282 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2015.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cartilage not only plays essential roles in skeletal development and growth during pre- and postnatal stages but also serves to provide smooth movement of skeletons throughout life. Thus, dysfunction of cartilage causes a variety of skeletal disorders. Results from animal studies reveal that β-catenin-dependent canonical and independent non-canonical Wnt signaling pathways have multiple roles in regulation of cartilage development, growth, and maintenance. β-Catenin-dependent signaling is required for progression of endochondral ossification and growth of axial and appendicular skeletons, while excessive activation of this signaling can cause severe inhibition of initial cartilage formation and growth plate organization and function in mice. In contrast, non-canonical Wnt signaling is important in columnar organization of growth plate chondrocytes. Manipulation of Wnt signaling causes or ameliorates articular cartilage degeneration in rodent osteoarthritis models. Human genetic studies indicate that Wnt/β-catenin signaling is a risk factor for osteoarthritis. Accumulative findings from analysis of expression of Wnt signaling molecules and in vivo and in vitro functional experiments suggest that Wnt signaling is a therapeutic target for osteoarthritis. The target tissues of Wnt signaling may be not only articular cartilage but also synovium and subchondral bone.
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33
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A comprehensive mRNA expression analysis of developing chicken articular cartilage. Gene Expr Patterns 2016; 20:22-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Revised: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Abstract
Chemokines are essential mediators of leukocyte movement in vivo. In vitro assays of leukocyte migration cannot mimic the complex interactions with other cell types and matrix needed for cells to extravasate and migrate into tissues. Therefore, in vivo strategies to study the effects and potential relevance of chemokines for the migration of particular leukocyte subsets are necessary. Here, we describe methods to study the effects and endogenous role of chemokine in mice. Advantages and pitfalls of particular models are discussed and we focus on description in model's joint and pleural cavity inflammation and the effects and relevance of CXCR2 and CCR2 ligands on cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Amaral
- Immunopharmacology, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - D Boff
- Immunopharmacology, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - M M Teixeira
- Immunopharmacology, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
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35
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Howard M, Tuan RS, Wallis GA. The function and interrelationship between GDF5 and ERG-010 during chondrogenesis in vitro. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2015; 52:182-92. [PMID: 26542169 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-015-9960-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Joint formation begins with the establishment of an interzone within the cartilaginous anlagen of the future skeleton. Both GDF5 and ERG are proposed as regulators of chondrocyte differentiation during and post interzone formation. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between Gdf5 and Erg expression and downstream effects on chondrocyte gene expression. Erg expression was identified in mouse knee joints at E13.5. Expression analyses were performed using micromass cultures of murine C3H10T1/2 mesenchymal cells undergoing induced chondrogenesis in the presence and absence of GDF5 and ERG. At E13.5, Erg expression was found to surround epiphyseal chondrocytes and span the interzone up to the intermediate zone. Erg splice forms were expressed in micromass cultures, and their expression profile was altered by the addition of recombinant GDF5 depending on the stage of differentiation. Overexpression of Erg-010 resulted in a downregulation of Col2a1 and Col10a1. Microarray analysis following Erg-010 overexpression identified two potential downstream targets, Ube2b and Osr2, which were also differentially regulated by GDF5. Erg regulation by GDF5 in induced mesenchymal cells in vitro is dependent on the stage of chondrogenesis, and its expression in vivo demarcates chondrocytes that are not destined to be consumed by endochondral ossification. Functionally, Erg expression causes downregulation of Col2a1 and Col10a1 expression and this effect is potentially mediated by Osr2 and/or Ube2b. Combined, these data suggest a possible pathway linking GDF5, ERG and downstream factors in the processes of chondrocyte differentiation during articular joint formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Howard
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK. .,Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive, Room 221, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA. .,Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK.
| | - Rocky S Tuan
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive, Room 221, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA.
| | - Gillian A Wallis
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
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36
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Musumeci G, Aiello FC, Szychlinska MA, Di Rosa M, Castrogiovanni P, Mobasheri A. Osteoarthritis in the XXIst century: risk factors and behaviours that influence disease onset and progression. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:6093-112. [PMID: 25785564 PMCID: PMC4394521 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16036093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a growing public health problem across the globe, affecting more than half of the over 65 population. In the past, OA was considered a wear and tear disease, leading to the loss of articular cartilage and joint disability. Nowadays, thanks to advancements in molecular biology, OA is believed to be a very complex multifactorial disease. OA is a degenerative disease characterized by “low-grade inflammation” in cartilage and synovium, resulting in the loss of joint structure and progressive deterioration of cartilage. Although the disease can be dependent on genetic and epigenetic factors, sex, ethnicity, and age (cellular senescence, apoptosis and lubricin), it is also associated with obesity and overweight, dietary factors, sedentary lifestyle and sport injuries. The aim of this review is to highlight how certain behaviors, habits and lifestyles may be involved in the onset and progression of OA and to summarize the principal risk factors involved in the development of this complicated joint disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Musumeci
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 87, 95123 Catania, Italy.
| | - Flavia Concetta Aiello
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 87, 95123 Catania, Italy.
| | - Marta Anna Szychlinska
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 87, 95123 Catania, Italy.
| | - Michelino Di Rosa
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Pathology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy.
| | - Paola Castrogiovanni
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 87, 95123 Catania, Italy.
| | - Ali Mobasheri
- The D-BOARD European Consortium for Biomarker Discovery, Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK.
- Arthritis Research UK Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis, Arthritis Research UK Pain Centre, Medical Research Council and Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR), King Fahd Medical Research Center (KFMRC), King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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37
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Longobardi L, Li T, Tagliafierro L, Temple JD, Willcockson HH, Ye P, Esposito A, Xu F, Spagnoli A. Synovial joints: from development to homeostasis. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2015; 13:41-51. [PMID: 25431159 PMCID: PMC4306636 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-014-0247-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Synovial joint morphogenesis occurs through the condensation of mesenchymal cells into a non-cartilaginous region known as the interzone and the specification of progenitor cells that commit to the articular fate. Although several signaling molecules are expressed by the interzone, the mechanism is poorly understood. For treatments of cartilage injuries, it is critical to discover the presence of joint progenitor cells in adult tissues and their expression gene pattern. Potential stem cell niches have been found in different joint regions, such as the surface zone of articular cartilage, synovium, and groove of Ranvier. Inherited joint malformations as well as joint-degenerating conditions are often associated with other skeletal defects and may be seen as the failure of morphogenic factors to establish the correct microenvironment in cartilage and bone. Therefore, exploring how joints form can help us understand how cartilage and bone are damaged and develop drugs to reactivate this developing mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Longobardi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 109 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7039, USA,
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Decker RS, Koyama E, Enomoto-Iwamoto M, Maye P, Rowe D, Zhu S, Schultz PG, Pacifici M. Mouse limb skeletal growth and synovial joint development are coordinately enhanced by Kartogenin. Dev Biol 2014; 395:255-67. [PMID: 25238962 PMCID: PMC4253021 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Limb development requires the coordinated growth of several tissues and structures including long bones, joints and tendons, but the underlying mechanisms are not wholly clear. Recently, we identified a small drug-like molecule - we named Kartogenin (KGN) - that greatly stimulates chondrogenesis in marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and enhances cartilage repair in mouse osteoarthritis (OA) models. To determine whether limb developmental processes are regulated by KGN, we tested its activity on committed preskeletal mesenchymal cells from mouse embryo limb buds and whole limb explants. KGN did stimulate cartilage nodule formation and more strikingly, boosted digit cartilaginous anlaga elongation, synovial joint formation and interzone compaction, tendon maturation as monitored by ScxGFP, and interdigit invagination. To identify mechanisms, we carried out gene expression analyses and found that several genes, including those encoding key signaling proteins, were up-regulated by KGN. Amongst highly up-regulated genes were those encoding hedgehog and TGFβ superfamily members, particularly TFGβ1. The former response was verified by increases in Gli1-LacZ activity and Gli1 mRNA expression. Exogenous TGFβ1 stimulated cartilage nodule formation to levels similar to KGN, and KGN and TGFβ1 both greatly enhanced expression of lubricin/Prg4 in articular superficial zone cells. KGN also strongly increased the cellular levels of phospho-Smads that mediate canonical TGFβ and BMP signaling. Thus, limb development is potently and harmoniously stimulated by KGN. The growth effects of KGN appear to result from its ability to boost several key signaling pathways and in particular TGFβ signaling, working in addition to and/or in concert with the filamin A/CBFβ/RUNX1 pathway we identified previously to orchestrate overall limb development. KGN may thus represent a very powerful tool not only for OA therapy, but also limb regeneration and tissue repair strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah S Decker
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children׳s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Eiki Koyama
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children׳s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Motomi Enomoto-Iwamoto
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children׳s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Peter Maye
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center School of, Dental Medicine, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - David Rowe
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center School of, Dental Medicine, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Shoutian Zhu
- California Institute for Biomedical Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, Suite 100, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Peter G Schultz
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Maurizio Pacifici
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children׳s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Candela ME, Yasuhara R, Iwamoto M, Enomoto-Iwamoto M. Resident mesenchymal progenitors of articular cartilage. Matrix Biol 2014; 39:44-9. [PMID: 25179676 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2014.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Articular cartilage has poor capacity of self-renewal and repair. Insufficient number and activity of resident mesenchymal (connective tissue) progenitors is likely one of the underlying reasons. Chondroprogenitors reside not only in the superficial zone of articular cartilage but also in other zones of articular cartilage and in the neighboring tissues, including perichondrium (groove of Ranvier), synovium and fat pad. These cells may respond to injury and contribute to articular cartilage healing. In addition, marrow stromal cells can migrate through subchondral bone when articular cartilage is damaged. We should develop drugs and methods that correctly stimulate resident progenitors for improvement of repair and inhibition of degenerative changes in articular cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elena Candela
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rika Yasuhara
- Division of Pathology, Department of Diagnostic Science, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Iwamoto
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA; McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Perleman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Motomi Enomoto-Iwamoto
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA; McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Perleman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Mangiavini L, Merceron C, Araldi E, Khatri R, Gerard-O'Riley R, Wilson TL, Rankin EB, Giaccia AJ, Schipani E. Loss of VHL in mesenchymal progenitors of the limb bud alters multiple steps of endochondral bone development. Dev Biol 2014; 393:124-36. [PMID: 24972088 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 05/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Adaptation to low oxygen tension (hypoxia) is a critical event during development. The transcription factors Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1α (HIF-1α) and HIF-2α are essential mediators of the homeostatic responses that allow hypoxic cells to survive and differentiate. Von Hippel-Lindau protein (VHL) is the E3 ubiquitin ligase that targets HIFs to the proteasome for degradation in normoxia. We have previously demonstrated that the transcription factor HIF-1α is essential for survival and differentiation of growth plate chondrocytes, whereas HIF-2α is not necessary for fetal growth plate development. We have also shown that VHL is important for endochondral bone development, since loss of VHL in chondrocytes causes severe dwarfism. In this study, in order to expand our understanding of the role of VHL in chondrogenesis, we conditionally deleted VHL in mesenchymal progenitors of the limb bud, i.e. in cells not yet committed to the chondrocyte lineage. Deficiency of VHL in limb bud mesenchyme does not alter the timely differentiation of mesenchymal cells into chondrocytes. However, it causes structural collapse of the cartilaginous growth plate as a result of impaired proliferation, delayed terminal differentiation, and ectopic death of chondrocytes. This phenotype is associated to delayed replacement of cartilage by bone. Notably, loss of HIF-2α fully rescues the late formation of the bone marrow cavity in VHL mutant mice, though it does not affect any other detectable abnormality of the VHL mutant growth plates. Our findings demonstrate that VHL regulates bone morphogenesis as its loss considerably alters size, shape and overall development of the skeletal elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Mangiavini
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Orthopaedic and Traumatology, Milano-Bicocca University, 20900 Monza (MB), Italy
| | - Christophe Merceron
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Inserm, UMRS 791-LIOAD, Centre for Osteoarticular and Dental Tissue Engineering, Group STEP 'Skeletal Tissue Engineering and Physiopathology', 44042 Nantes, France; LUNAM, Nantes University, Faculty of Dental Surgery, Nantes, France
| | - Elisa Araldi
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Richa Khatri
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Rita Gerard-O'Riley
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Tremika LeShan Wilson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Erinn B Rankin
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94303-5152, USA
| | - Amato J Giaccia
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94303-5152, USA
| | - Ernestina Schipani
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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41
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Iwamoto M, Ohta Y, Larmour C, Enomoto-Iwamoto M. Toward regeneration of articular cartilage. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 99:192-202. [PMID: 24078496 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Articular cartilage is classified as permanent hyaline cartilage and has significant differences in structure, extracelluar matrix components, gene expression profile, and mechanical property from transient hyaline cartilage found in the epiphyseal growth plate. In the process of synovial joint development, articular cartilage originates from the interzone, developing at the edge of the cartilaginous anlagen, and establishes zonal structure over time and supports smooth movement of the synovial joint through life. The cascade actions of key regulators, such as Wnts, GDF5, Erg, and PTHLH, coordinate sequential steps of articular cartilage formation. Articular chondrocytes are restrictedly controlled not to differentiate into a hypertrophic stage by autocrine and paracrine factors and extracellular matrix microenvironment, but retain potential to undergo hypertrophy. The basal calcified zone of articular cartilage is connected with subchondral bone, but not invaded by blood vessels nor replaced by bone, which is highly contrasted with the growth plate. Articular cartilage has limited regenerative capacity, but likely possesses and potentially uses intrinsic stem cell source in the superficial layer, Ranvier's groove, the intra-articular tissues such as synovium and fat pad, and marrow below the subchondral bone. Considering the biological views on articular cartilage, several important points are raised for regeneration of articular cartilage. We should evaluate the nature of regenerated cartilage as permanent hyaline cartilage and not just hyaline cartilage. We should study how a hypertrophic phenotype of transplanted cells can be lastingly suppressed in regenerating tissue. Furthermore, we should develop the methods and reagents to activate recruitment of intrinsic stem/progenitor cells into the damaged site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Iwamoto
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perleman School of Medicine, University of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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42
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Pazin DE, Gamer LW, Capelo LP, Cox KA, Rosen V. Gene signature of the embryonic meniscus. J Orthop Res 2014; 32:46-53. [PMID: 24108661 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The meniscus is a fibrocartilagenous disc in the knee that protects the joint from damage. Meniscal injuries are common, however repair efforts are largely unsuccessful and are not able to prevent the degenerative changes that result in development of osteoarthritis. Tissue regeneration in adults often recapitulates events of embryonic development, suggesting the regulatory pathways controlling morphogenesis are candidate repair signals. Here we use laser capture microdissection to collect mouse embryonic day 16 (E16) meniscus, articular cartilage, and cruciate ligaments. RNA isolated from these tissues was then used to perform genome-wide microarray analysis. We found 38 genes were differentially expressed between E16 meniscus and articular cartilage and 43 genes were differentially expressed between E16 meniscus and cruciate ligaments. Included in our data set were extracellular matrix proteins, transcription factors, and growth factors, including TGF-β modulators (Lox, Dpt) and IGF-1 pathway members (Igf-1, Igfbp2, Igfbp3, Igfbp5). Ingenuity Pathway Analysis revealed that IGF-1 signaling was enriched in the meniscus compared to the other joint structures, while qPCR showed that Igf-1, Igfbp2, and Igfbp3 expression declined with age. We also found that several meniscus-enriched genes were expressed either in the inner or outer meniscus, establishing that regionalization of the meniscus occurs early in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy E Pazin
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Ave., Boston, Massachusetts, 02115
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43
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Eckstein F, Boeth H, Diederichs G, Wirth W, Hudelmaier M, Cotofana S, Hofmann-Amtenbrink M, Duda G. Longitudinal change in femorotibial cartilage thickness and subchondral bone plate area in male and female adolescent vs. mature athletes. Ann Anat 2013; 196:150-7. [PMID: 24439995 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about changes in human cartilage thickness and subchondral bone plate area (tAB) during growth. The objective of this study was to explore longitudinal change in femorotibial cartilage thickness and tAB in adolescent athletes, and to compare these data with those of mature former athletes. Twenty young (baseline age 16.0 ± 0.6 years) and 20 mature (46.3 ± 4.7 years) volleyball athletes were studied (10 men and 10 women in each group). Magnetic resonance images were acquired at baseline and at year 2-follow-up, and longitudinal changes in cartilage thickness and tAB were determined quantitatively after segmentation. The yearly increase in total femorotibial cartilage thickness was 0.8% (95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.5; 2.1%) in young men and 1.4% (95% CI: 0.7; 2.2%) in young women; the gain in tAB was 0.4% (95% CI: -0.1; 0.8%) and 0.7% (95% CI: 0.2; 1.2%), respectively (no significant difference between sexes). The cartilage thickness increase was greatest in the medial femur, and was not significantly associated with the variability in tAB growth (r=-0.19). Mature athletes showed smaller gains in tAB, and lost >1% of femorotibial cartilage per annum, with the greatest loss observed in the lateral tibia. In conclusion, we find an increase in cartilage thickness (and some in tAB) in young athletes toward the end of adolescence. This increase appeared somewhat greater in women than men, but the differences between both sexes did not reach statistical significance. Mature (former) athletes displayed high rates of (lateral) femorotibial cartilage loss, potentially due to a high prevalence of knee injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Eckstein
- Institute of Anatomy, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Heide Boeth
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Center for Sports Science and Sports Medicine Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerd Diederichs
- Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wirth
- Institute of Anatomy, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Martin Hudelmaier
- Institute of Anatomy, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | | | | | - Georg Duda
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Center for Sports Science and Sports Medicine Berlin, Germany
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44
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Nowlan NC, Sharpe J. Joint shape morphogenesis precedes cavitation of the developing hip joint. J Anat 2013; 224:482-9. [PMID: 24266523 PMCID: PMC4098681 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The biology and mechanobiology of joint cavitation have undergone extensive investigation, but we have almost no understanding of the development of joint shape. Joint morphogenesis, the development of shape, has been identified as the 'least understood aspect of joint formation' (2005, Birth Defects Res C Embryo Today 75, 237), despite the clinical relevance of shape morphogenesis to postnatal skeletal malformations such as developmental dysplasia of the hip. In this study, we characterise development of early hip joint shape in the embryonic chick using direct capture 3D imaging. Contrary to formerly held assumptions that cavitation precedes morphogenesis in joint development, we have found that the major anatomical features of the adult hip are present at Hamburger Hamilton (HH)32, a full day prior to cavitation of the joint at HH34. We also reveal that the pelvis undergoes significant changes in orientation with respect to the femur, despite the lack of a joint cavity between the rudiments. Furthermore, we have identified the appearance of the ischium and pubis several developmental stages earlier than was previously reported, illustrating the value and importance of direct capture 3D imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamh C Nowlan
- EMBL-CRG Systems Biology Program, Centre for Genomic Regulation, UPF, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College, London, UK
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45
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Liu J, Li Q, Kuehn MR, Litingtung Y, Vokes SA, Chiang C. Sonic hedgehog signaling directly targets Hyaluronic Acid Synthase 2, an essential regulator of phalangeal joint patterning. Dev Biol 2013; 375:160-71. [PMID: 23313125 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Revised: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signal, mediated by the Gli family of transcription factors, plays an essential role in the growth and patterning of the limb. Through analysis of the early limb bud transcriptome, we identified a posteriorly-enriched gene, Hyaluronic Acid Synthase 2 (Has2), which encodes a key enzyme for the synthesis of hyaluronan (HA), as a direct target of Gli transcriptional regulation during early mouse limb development. Has2 expression in the limb bud is lost in Shh null and expanded anteriorly in Gli3 mutants. We identified an ∼3kb Has2 promoter fragment that contains two strong Gli-binding consensus sequences, and mutation of either site abrogated the ability of Gli1 to activate Has2 promoter in a cell-based assay. Additionally, this promoter fragment is sufficient to direct expression of a reporter gene in the posterior limb mesenchyme. Chromatin immunoprecipitation of DNA-Gli3 protein complexes from limb buds indicated that Gli3 strongly binds to the Has2 promoter region, suggesting that Has2 is a direct transcriptional target of the Shh signaling pathway. We also showed that Has2 conditional mutant (Has2cko) hindlimbs display digit-specific patterning defects with longitudinally shifted phalangeal joints and impaired chondrogenesis. Has2cko limbs show less capacity for mesenchymal condensation with mislocalized distributions of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs), aggrecan and link protein. Has2cko limb phenotype displays striking resemblance to mutants with defective chondroitin sulfation suggesting tight developmental control of HA on CSPG function. Together, our study identifies Has2 as a novel downstream target of Shh signaling required for joint patterning and chondrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Liu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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46
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Time-dependent processes in stem cell-based tissue engineering of articular cartilage. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2012; 8:863-81. [PMID: 22016073 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-011-9328-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Articular cartilage (AC), situated in diarthrodial joints at the end of the long bones, is composed of a single cell type (chondrocytes) embedded in dense extracellular matrix comprised of collagens and proteoglycans. AC is avascular and alymphatic and is not innervated. At first glance, such a seemingly simple tissue appears to be an easy target for the rapidly developing field of tissue engineering. However, cartilage engineering has proven to be very challenging. We focus on time-dependent processes associated with the development of native cartilage starting from stem cells, and the modalities for utilizing these processes for tissue engineering of articular cartilage.
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47
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Abstract
In spite of numerous investigations of regenerating salamander limbs, little attention has been paid to the details of how joints are reformed. An understanding of the process and mechanisms of joint regeneration in this model system for tetrapod limb regeneration would provide insights into developing novel therapies for inducing joint regeneration in humans. To this end, we have used the axolotl (Mexican Salamander) model of limb regeneration to describe the morphology and the expression patterns of marker genes during joint regeneration in response to limb amputation. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that the mechanisms of joint formation whether it be development or regeneration are conserved. We also have determined that defects in the epiphyseal region of both forelimbs and hind limbs in the axolotl are regenerated only when the defect is small. As is the case with defects in the diaphysis, there is a critical size above which the endogenous regenerative response is not sufficient to regenerate the joint. This non-regenerative response in an animal that has the ability to regenerate perfectly provides the opportunity to screen for the signaling pathways to induce regeneration of articular cartilage and joints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jangwoo Lee
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- The Developmental Biology Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - David M. Gardiner
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- The Developmental Biology Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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48
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Longobardi L, Li T, Myers TJ, O'Rear L, Ozkan H, Li Y, Contaldo C, Spagnoli A. TGF-β type II receptor/MCP-5 axis: at the crossroad between joint and growth plate development. Dev Cell 2012; 23:71-81. [PMID: 22814601 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2012.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Revised: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite its clinical significance, the mechanisms of joint morphogenesis are elusive. By combining laser-capture microdissection for RNA sampling with microarrays, we show that the setting in which joint-forming interzone cells develop is distinct from adjacent growth plate chondrocytes and is characterized by downregulation of chemokines, such as monocyte-chemoattractant protein-5 (MCP-5). Using in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro approaches, we show that low levels of interzone-MCP-5 are essential for joint formation and contribute to proper growth plate organization. Mice lacking the TGF-β-type-II-receptor (TβRII) in their limbs (Tgfbr2(Prx1KO)), which lack joint development and fail chondrocyte hypertrophy, show upregulation of interzone-MCP-5. In vivo and ex vivo blockade of the sole MCP-5 receptor, CCR2, led to the rescue of joint formation and growth plate maturation in Tgfbr2(Prx1KO) but an acceleration of growth plate mineralization in control mice. Our study characterized the TβRII/MCP-5 axis as an essential crossroad for joint development and endochondral growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Longobardi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Ge Z, Li C, Heng BC, Cao G, Yang Z. Functional biomaterials for cartilage regeneration. J Biomed Mater Res A 2012; 100:2526-36. [PMID: 22492677 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Revised: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The injury and degeneration of articular cartilage and associated arthritis are leading causes of disability worldwide. Cartilage tissue engineering as a treatment modality for cartilage defects has been investigated for over 20 years. Various scaffold materials have been developed for this purpose, but has yet to achieve feasibility and effectiveness for widespread clinical use. Currently, the regeneration of articular cartilage remains a formidable challenge, due to the complex physiology of cartilage tissue and its poor healing capacity. Although intensive research has been focused on the developmental biology and regeneration of cartilage tissue and a diverse plethora of biomaterials have been developed for this purpose, cartilage regeneration is still suboptimal, such as lacking a layered structure, mechanical mismatch with native cartilage and inadequate integration between native tissue and implanted scaffold. The ideal scaffold material should have versatile properties that actively contribute to cartilage regeneration. Functional scaffold materials may overcome the various challenges faced in cartilage tissue engineering by providing essential biological, mechanical, and physical/chemical signaling cues through innovative design. This review thus focuses on the complex structure of native articular cartilage, the critical properties of scaffolds required for cartilage regeneration, present strategies for scaffold design, and future directions for cartilage regeneration with functional scaffold materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zigang Ge
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China.
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Reynard LN, Loughlin J. Genetics and epigenetics of osteoarthritis. Maturitas 2011; 71:200-4. [PMID: 22209350 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2011.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common age-related disease that affects the tissues of the synovial joint, leading to loss of function and pain. It impacts on both patient morbidity and mortality. It is a complex, polygenic disease that lacks any large-effect susceptibility loci. Instead, OA susceptibility alleles individually contribute only modestly to the overall disease risk, making their identification challenging. Despite this, breakthroughs have occurred with compelling associations so far reported to polymorphisms within the genes GDF5 and MCF2L and to the genomic region 7q22. The latter two have emerged from genome-wide association scans, which are likely to yield more hits in the near future. As for many complex diseases, it is now apparent that epigenetic effects are also important mediators of disease biology, with DNA methylation, histone modifications and non-coding RNAs all having a role. At present, much of the epigenetic focus has been on cartilage, the tissue at the center of the OA disease process. If we are to get close to a qualitative and quantitative understanding of the impact of epigenetics on OA, then in future the other tissues of the joint will also need to be investigated. One of the more exciting insights to have emerged recently is the fact that epigenetic effects can impact on OA genetic effects and this may be a particularly fruitful avenue for integrating both as we move toward a clearer understanding of the pathophysiology of this intriguing disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise N Reynard
- Newcastle University, Institute of Cellular Medicine, 4th Floor Catherine Cookson Building, The Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
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