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Ahlawat S, Vasu M, Mir MA, Singh MK, Arora R, Sharma R, Chhabra P, Sharma U. Molecular insights into Pashmina fiber production: comparative skin transcriptomic analysis of Changthangi goats and sheep. Mamm Genome 2024; 35:160-169. [PMID: 38589518 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-024-10040-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Ladakh, one of the highest inhabited regions globally, hosts the unique Changthangi goat, renowned for producing Pashmina, the world's most luxurious natural fiber. In comparison, the fiber derived from Changthangi sheep is considered next only to Pashmina. This research endeavors to compare the skin transcriptome profiles of Changthangi goats and Changthangi sheep, aiming to discern the molecular determinants behind the recognition of Changthangi goats as the source of Pashmina. Drawing upon previously conducted studies, a collective of 225 genes correlated with fiber characteristics were extracted from the differentially expressed genes noticed between the two species (p-value of ≤ 0.05 and a log2 fold change of ≥ 1.5). These genes were analyzed using DAVID software to understand their biological functions and to identify enriched KEGG and Reactome pathways. The protein-protein interaction networks were constructed using Cytoscape, cytoHubba, and STRING to focus on key genes and infer their biological significance. Comparative transcriptome analysis revealed significantly higher expression of genes involved in signaling pathways like Wnt, MAPK, PI3K-Akt, Hedgehog, associated with fiber development and quality in Changthangi goats. These pathways play crucial roles in hair follicle (HF) formation, maintenance of epidermal stem cells, and fiber characteristics. Findings also highlight the enrichment of cell adhesion molecules and ECM-receptor interaction, emphasizing their roles in HF structure, growth, and signaling. This investigation offers an in-depth understanding of the molecular intricacies governing Pashmina production in Changthangi goats, providing valuable insights into their unique genetic makeup and underlying mechanisms influencing the exceptional quality of Pashmina fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonika Ahlawat
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, India.
| | - Mahanthi Vasu
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, India
| | - M A Mir
- Mountain Research Centre for Sheep and Goat, SKUAST, Shuhama (Aulestang), Kashmir, India
| | - Manoj Kumar Singh
- ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Mathura, India
| | - Reena Arora
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, India
| | - Rekha Sharma
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, India
| | - Pooja Chhabra
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, India
| | - Upasna Sharma
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, India
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2
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Carron M, Sachslehner AP, Cicekdal MB, Bruggeman I, Demuynck S, Golabi B, De Baere E, Declercq W, Tschachler E, Vleminckx K, Eckhart L. Evolutionary origin of Hoxc13-dependent skin appendages in amphibians. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2328. [PMID: 38499530 PMCID: PMC10948813 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46373-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Cornified skin appendages, such as hair and nails, are major evolutionary innovations of terrestrial vertebrates. Human hair and nails consist largely of special intermediate filament proteins, known as hair keratins, which are expressed under the control of the transcription factor Hoxc13. Here, we show that the cornified claws of Xenopus frogs contain homologs of hair keratins and the genes encoding these keratins are flanked by promoters in which binding sites of Hoxc13 are conserved. Furthermore, these keratins and Hoxc13 are co-expressed in the claw-forming epithelium of frog toe tips. Upon deletion of hoxc13, the expression of hair keratin homologs is abolished and the development of cornified claws is abrogated in X. tropicalis. These results indicate that Hoxc13-dependent expression of hair keratin homologs evolved already in stem tetrapods, presumably as a mechanism for protecting toe tips, and that this ancestral genetic program was coopted to the growth of hair in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjolein Carron
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University and Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Munevver Burcu Cicekdal
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University and Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Inge Bruggeman
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB-Ugent Center for Inflammation Research, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Suzan Demuynck
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bahar Golabi
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elfride De Baere
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University and Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wim Declercq
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB-Ugent Center for Inflammation Research, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Erwin Tschachler
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kris Vleminckx
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Leopold Eckhart
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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3
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Sun H, Yuan X, Zhang N, Luo Z, Zhang L, Li X. Screening of hair follicle telogen-associated circRNAs in sheep and construction of their ceRNA network. Genomics 2024; 116:110818. [PMID: 38431032 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2024.110818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Sheep breeds with hair-shedding traits have many advantages over non-shedding sheep breeds, not only because of reduced shearing labor and feeding management costs but also because it reduces in vitro parasites and improves adaptability to summer heat stress. The wool of Dorper sheep naturally sheds in spring due to the periodic growth of hair follicles. CircRNAs primarily regulate the morphogenesis of hair follicles through the ceRNA mechanism. In this study, five 2-year-old Dorper ewes with extreme hair-shedding phenotype (S) and three Dorper ewes with non-shedding (N) phenotype were selected for subsequent analyses. For RNA extraction, skin tissues were collected on 27th September 2019 (S1, N1), 3rd January 2020 (S2, N2), and 17th March 2020 (S3, N3), which were then subjected to RNA-seq. RNA-seq technology revealed 20,185 novel circRNAs in the hair follicles of Dorper sheep. Among them, 1450 circRNAs were differentially expressed (DE). Clustering heatmap and expression pattern analyses were performed on DE circRNAs, which indicated 78 circRNAs with T pattern (Telogen, highly expressed in telogen), and the source genes for candidate circRNAs were further screened by functional enrichment analysis, which identified 13 crucial genes enriched in pathways associated with hair follicle development. Additionally, a ceRNA regulatory network comprising 4 circRNAs, 11 miRNAs, and 13 target genes was constructed. Overall, this study screened circRNAs that may be associated with the telogen phase of hair follicles in sheep, providing a relevant theoretical basis for wool shedding in sheep and for breeding Dorper sheep with automatic wool shedding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, Ningxia, China
| | - Xiaochun Yuan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, Ningxia, China
| | - Ningyue Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, Ningxia, China
| | - Zhongze Luo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, Ningxia, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Ningxia China Animal Husbandry Yilin Livestock Co., Ltd., Yinchuan 750021, Ningxia, China
| | - Xinhai Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, Ningxia, China.
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4
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Cuevas-Diaz Duran R, Martinez-Ledesma E, Garcia-Garcia M, Bajo Gauzin D, Sarro-Ramírez A, Gonzalez-Carrillo C, Rodríguez-Sardin D, Fuentes A, Cardenas-Lopez A. The Biology and Genomics of Human Hair Follicles: A Focus on Androgenetic Alopecia. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2542. [PMID: 38473791 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Androgenetic alopecia is a highly prevalent condition mainly affecting men. This complex trait is related to aging and genetics; however, multiple other factors, for example, lifestyle, are also involved. Despite its prevalence, the underlying biology of androgenetic alopecia remains elusive, and thus advances in its treatment have been hindered. Herein, we review the functional anatomy of hair follicles and the cell signaling events that play a role in follicle cycling. We also discuss the pathology of androgenetic alopecia and the known molecular mechanisms underlying this condition. Additionally, we describe studies comparing the transcriptional differences in hair follicles between balding and non-balding scalp regions. Given the genetic contribution, we also discuss the most significant risk variants found to be associated with androgenetic alopecia. A more comprehensive understanding of this pathology may be generated through using multi-omics approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Cuevas-Diaz Duran
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey 64710, NL, Mexico
- CapilarFix®, Monterrey 66220, NL, Mexico
| | - Emmanuel Martinez-Ledesma
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey 64710, NL, Mexico
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Institute for Obesity Research, Monterrey 64849, NL, Mexico
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Quílez C, Valencia L, González‐Rico J, Suárez‐Cabrera L, Amigo‐Morán L, Jorcano JL, Velasco D. In vitro induction of hair follicle signatures using human dermal papilla cells encapsulated in fibrin microgels. Cell Prolif 2024; 57:e13528. [PMID: 37539497 PMCID: PMC10771113 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular spheroids have been described as an appropriate culture system to restore human follicle dermal papilla cells (hFDPc) intrinsic properties; however, they show a low and variable efficiency to promote complete hair follicle formation in in vivo experiments. In this work, a conscientious analysis revealed a 25% cell viability in the surface of the dermal papilla spheroid (DPS) for all culture conditions, questioning whether it is an appropriate culture system for hFDPc. To overcome this problem, we propose the use of human blood plasma for the generation of fibrin microgels (FM) with encapsulated hFDPc to restore its inductive signature, either in the presence or in the absence of blood platelets. FM showed a morphology and extracellular matrix composition similar to the native dermal papilla, including Versican and Collagen IV and increasing cell viability up to 85%. While both systems induce epidermal invaginations expressing hair-specific keratins K14, K15, K71, and K75 in in vitro skin cultures, the number of generated structures increases from 17% to 49% when DPS and FM were used, respectively. These data show the potential of our experimental setting for in vitro hair follicle neogenesis with wild adult hFDPc using FM, being a crucial step in the pursuit of human hair follicle regeneration therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Quílez
- Department of BioengineeringUniversidad Carlos III de MadridLeganésSpain
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jiménez DíazMadridSpain
| | - Leticia Valencia
- Department of BioengineeringUniversidad Carlos III de MadridLeganésSpain
| | - Jorge González‐Rico
- Department of Continuum Mechanics and Structural AnalysisUniversidad Carlos III de MadridLeganésSpain
| | | | - Lidia Amigo‐Morán
- Department of BioengineeringUniversidad Carlos III de MadridLeganésSpain
| | - José Luis Jorcano
- Department of BioengineeringUniversidad Carlos III de MadridLeganésSpain
- Instituto De Investigacion Sanitaria Gregorio MarañonMadridSpain
| | - Diego Velasco
- Department of BioengineeringUniversidad Carlos III de MadridLeganésSpain
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jiménez DíazMadridSpain
- Instituto De Investigacion Sanitaria Gregorio MarañonMadridSpain
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Wang L, Tian R, Wang G, Zhao M, Zhang Y, Li J. Proteomic analysis of fetal skin by iTRAQ reveals molecular signals underlying Inner Mongolia Cashmere goat hair follicle initiation. ALL LIFE 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/26895293.2023.2169363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lele Wang
- Ulanqab of Medical College, Ulanqab, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rugang Tian
- Institute of Animal Husbandry, Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural & Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gaofeng Wang
- Ulanqab Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Ulanqab, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meng Zhao
- Institute of Animal Husbandry, Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural & Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinquan Li
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, People’s Republic of China
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A Kaleidoscope of Keratin Gene Expression and the Mosaic of Its Regulatory Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065603. [PMID: 36982676 PMCID: PMC10052683 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Keratins are a family of intermediate filament-forming proteins highly specific to epithelial cells. A combination of expressed keratin genes is a defining property of the epithelium belonging to a certain type, organ/tissue, cell differentiation potential, and at normal or pathological conditions. In a variety of processes such as differentiation and maturation, as well as during acute or chronic injury and malignant transformation, keratin expression undergoes switching: an initial keratin profile changes accordingly to changed cell functions and location within a tissue as well as other parameters of cellular phenotype and physiology. Tight control of keratin expression implies the presence of complex regulatory landscapes within the keratin gene loci. Here, we highlight patterns of keratin expression in different biological conditions and summarize disparate data on mechanisms controlling keratin expression at the level of genomic regulatory elements, transcription factors (TFs), and chromatin spatial structure.
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8
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Label-free proteomics to identify keratins and keratin-associated proteins and their effects on the fleece traits of Inner Mongolia Cashmere Goats. CZECH JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.17221/93/2022-cjas] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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9
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Identification and Characterization of Circular RNAs (circRNAs) Using RNA-Seq in Two Breeds of Cashmere Goats. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14020331. [PMID: 36833256 PMCID: PMC9956322 DOI: 10.3390/genes14020331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Circular RNA (circRNA) is a type of non-coding RNA generated from back-splicing the reactions of linear RNA. It plays an important role in various cellular and biological processes. However, there are few studies about the regulatory effect of circRNAs on cashmere fiber traits in cashmere goats. In this study, the expression profiles of circRNAs in skin tissue were compared between Liaoning cashmere (LC) goats and Ziwuling black (ZB) goats, with a significant difference in cashmere fiber yield, cashmere fiber diameter, and cashmere fiber color, using RNA-seq. A total of 11,613 circRNAs were expressed in the caprine skin tissue, and their type, chromosomal distribution, and length distribution were characterized. A total of 115 up-regulated circRNAs and 146 down-regulated circRNAs in LC goats were screened compared to ZB goats. The authenticity of 10 differentially expressed circRNAs was validated by detecting their expression levels and the head-to-tail splice junction using RT-PCR and DNA sequencing, respectively. The parent genes of differentially expressed circRNA were mainly enriched in some Gene Ontology (GO) terms and pathways related to cashmere fiber traits, such as the canonical Wnt signaling pathway, which is involved in the regulation of cell promotion, stem cell proliferation, Wnt signaling pathway regulation, epithelial morphogenesis, MAPK signaling pathway, and cell adhesion molecules pathway. Eight differentially expressed circRNAs were further selected to construct a circRNA-miRNA network, and some miRNAs that were previously reported as related to fiber traits were found in the network. This study provides a deep understanding of the roles of circRNAs in the regulation of cashmere fiber traits in cashmere goats and the involvement of differential splicing in phenotypic expression according to breed and region.
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Chari A, Minnema MC, Berdeja JG, Oriol A, van de Donk NWCJ, Rodríguez-Otero P, Askari E, Mateos MV, Costa LJ, Caers J, Verona R, Girgis S, Yang S, Goldsmith RB, Yao X, Pillarisetti K, Hilder BW, Russell J, Goldberg JD, Krishnan A. Talquetamab, a T-Cell-Redirecting GPRC5D Bispecific Antibody for Multiple Myeloma. N Engl J Med 2022; 387:2232-2244. [PMID: 36507686 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2204591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND G protein-coupled receptor, family C, group 5, member D (GPRC5D) is an orphan receptor expressed in malignant plasma cells. Talquetamab, a bispecific antibody against CD3 and GPRC5D, redirects T cells to mediate killing of GPRC5D-expressing myeloma cells. METHODS In a phase 1 study, we evaluated talquetamab administered intravenously weekly or every other week (in doses from 0.5 to 180 μg per kilogram of body weight) or subcutaneously weekly, every other week, or monthly (5 to 1600 μg per kilogram) in patients who had heavily pretreated relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma that had progressed with established therapies (a median of six previous lines of therapy) or who could not receive these therapies without unacceptable side effects. The primary end points - the frequency and type of dose-limiting toxic effects (study part 1 only), adverse events, and laboratory abnormalities - were assessed in order to select the recommended doses for a phase 2 study. RESULTS At the data-cutoff date, 232 patients had received talquetamab (102 intravenously and 130 subcutaneously). At the two subcutaneous doses recommended for a phase 2 study (405 μg per kilogram weekly [30 patients] and 800 μg per kilogram every other week [44 patients]), common adverse events were cytokine release syndrome (in 77% and 80% of the patients, respectively), skin-related events (in 67% and 70%), and dysgeusia (in 63% and 57%); all but one cytokine release syndrome event were of grade 1 or 2. One dose-limiting toxic effect of grade 3 rash was reported in a patient who had received talquetamab at the 800-μg dose level. At median follow-ups of 11.7 months (in patients who had received talquetamab at the 405-μg dose level) and 4.2 months (in those who had received it at the 800-μg dose level), the percentages of patients with a response were 70% (95% confidence interval [CI], 51 to 85) and 64% (95% CI, 48 to 78), respectively. The median duration of response was 10.2 months and 7.8 months, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Cytokine release syndrome, skin-related events, and dysgeusia were common with talquetamab treatment but were primarily low-grade. Talquetamab induced a substantial response among patients with heavily pretreated relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. (Funded by Janssen Research and Development; MonumenTAL-1 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03399799.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajai Chari
- From the Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York (A.C.); University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M.C.M.), and Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam (N.W.C.J.D.) - both in the Netherlands; Sarah Cannon Research Institute and Tennessee Oncology, Nashville (J.G.B.); Institut Català d'Oncologia and Institut Josep Carreras, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona (A.O.), Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona (P.R.-O.), Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid (E.A.), and University Hospital of Salamanca, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Salamanca (M.-V.M.) - all in Spain; the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (L.J.C.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, Liege, Belgium (J.C.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (R.V., S.G., S.Y., R.B.G., K.P., B.W.H., J.R.); Janssen Research and Development, La Jolla (X.Y.), and City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte (A.K.) - both in California; and Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J.D.G.)
| | - Monique C Minnema
- From the Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York (A.C.); University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M.C.M.), and Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam (N.W.C.J.D.) - both in the Netherlands; Sarah Cannon Research Institute and Tennessee Oncology, Nashville (J.G.B.); Institut Català d'Oncologia and Institut Josep Carreras, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona (A.O.), Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona (P.R.-O.), Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid (E.A.), and University Hospital of Salamanca, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Salamanca (M.-V.M.) - all in Spain; the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (L.J.C.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, Liege, Belgium (J.C.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (R.V., S.G., S.Y., R.B.G., K.P., B.W.H., J.R.); Janssen Research and Development, La Jolla (X.Y.), and City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte (A.K.) - both in California; and Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J.D.G.)
| | - Jesus G Berdeja
- From the Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York (A.C.); University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M.C.M.), and Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam (N.W.C.J.D.) - both in the Netherlands; Sarah Cannon Research Institute and Tennessee Oncology, Nashville (J.G.B.); Institut Català d'Oncologia and Institut Josep Carreras, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona (A.O.), Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona (P.R.-O.), Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid (E.A.), and University Hospital of Salamanca, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Salamanca (M.-V.M.) - all in Spain; the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (L.J.C.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, Liege, Belgium (J.C.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (R.V., S.G., S.Y., R.B.G., K.P., B.W.H., J.R.); Janssen Research and Development, La Jolla (X.Y.), and City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte (A.K.) - both in California; and Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J.D.G.)
| | - Albert Oriol
- From the Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York (A.C.); University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M.C.M.), and Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam (N.W.C.J.D.) - both in the Netherlands; Sarah Cannon Research Institute and Tennessee Oncology, Nashville (J.G.B.); Institut Català d'Oncologia and Institut Josep Carreras, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona (A.O.), Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona (P.R.-O.), Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid (E.A.), and University Hospital of Salamanca, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Salamanca (M.-V.M.) - all in Spain; the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (L.J.C.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, Liege, Belgium (J.C.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (R.V., S.G., S.Y., R.B.G., K.P., B.W.H., J.R.); Janssen Research and Development, La Jolla (X.Y.), and City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte (A.K.) - both in California; and Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J.D.G.)
| | - Niels W C J van de Donk
- From the Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York (A.C.); University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M.C.M.), and Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam (N.W.C.J.D.) - both in the Netherlands; Sarah Cannon Research Institute and Tennessee Oncology, Nashville (J.G.B.); Institut Català d'Oncologia and Institut Josep Carreras, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona (A.O.), Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona (P.R.-O.), Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid (E.A.), and University Hospital of Salamanca, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Salamanca (M.-V.M.) - all in Spain; the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (L.J.C.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, Liege, Belgium (J.C.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (R.V., S.G., S.Y., R.B.G., K.P., B.W.H., J.R.); Janssen Research and Development, La Jolla (X.Y.), and City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte (A.K.) - both in California; and Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J.D.G.)
| | - Paula Rodríguez-Otero
- From the Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York (A.C.); University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M.C.M.), and Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam (N.W.C.J.D.) - both in the Netherlands; Sarah Cannon Research Institute and Tennessee Oncology, Nashville (J.G.B.); Institut Català d'Oncologia and Institut Josep Carreras, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona (A.O.), Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona (P.R.-O.), Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid (E.A.), and University Hospital of Salamanca, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Salamanca (M.-V.M.) - all in Spain; the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (L.J.C.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, Liege, Belgium (J.C.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (R.V., S.G., S.Y., R.B.G., K.P., B.W.H., J.R.); Janssen Research and Development, La Jolla (X.Y.), and City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte (A.K.) - both in California; and Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J.D.G.)
| | - Elham Askari
- From the Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York (A.C.); University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M.C.M.), and Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam (N.W.C.J.D.) - both in the Netherlands; Sarah Cannon Research Institute and Tennessee Oncology, Nashville (J.G.B.); Institut Català d'Oncologia and Institut Josep Carreras, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona (A.O.), Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona (P.R.-O.), Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid (E.A.), and University Hospital of Salamanca, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Salamanca (M.-V.M.) - all in Spain; the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (L.J.C.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, Liege, Belgium (J.C.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (R.V., S.G., S.Y., R.B.G., K.P., B.W.H., J.R.); Janssen Research and Development, La Jolla (X.Y.), and City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte (A.K.) - both in California; and Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J.D.G.)
| | - María-Victoria Mateos
- From the Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York (A.C.); University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M.C.M.), and Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam (N.W.C.J.D.) - both in the Netherlands; Sarah Cannon Research Institute and Tennessee Oncology, Nashville (J.G.B.); Institut Català d'Oncologia and Institut Josep Carreras, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona (A.O.), Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona (P.R.-O.), Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid (E.A.), and University Hospital of Salamanca, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Salamanca (M.-V.M.) - all in Spain; the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (L.J.C.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, Liege, Belgium (J.C.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (R.V., S.G., S.Y., R.B.G., K.P., B.W.H., J.R.); Janssen Research and Development, La Jolla (X.Y.), and City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte (A.K.) - both in California; and Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J.D.G.)
| | - Luciano J Costa
- From the Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York (A.C.); University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M.C.M.), and Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam (N.W.C.J.D.) - both in the Netherlands; Sarah Cannon Research Institute and Tennessee Oncology, Nashville (J.G.B.); Institut Català d'Oncologia and Institut Josep Carreras, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona (A.O.), Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona (P.R.-O.), Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid (E.A.), and University Hospital of Salamanca, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Salamanca (M.-V.M.) - all in Spain; the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (L.J.C.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, Liege, Belgium (J.C.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (R.V., S.G., S.Y., R.B.G., K.P., B.W.H., J.R.); Janssen Research and Development, La Jolla (X.Y.), and City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte (A.K.) - both in California; and Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J.D.G.)
| | - Jo Caers
- From the Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York (A.C.); University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M.C.M.), and Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam (N.W.C.J.D.) - both in the Netherlands; Sarah Cannon Research Institute and Tennessee Oncology, Nashville (J.G.B.); Institut Català d'Oncologia and Institut Josep Carreras, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona (A.O.), Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona (P.R.-O.), Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid (E.A.), and University Hospital of Salamanca, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Salamanca (M.-V.M.) - all in Spain; the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (L.J.C.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, Liege, Belgium (J.C.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (R.V., S.G., S.Y., R.B.G., K.P., B.W.H., J.R.); Janssen Research and Development, La Jolla (X.Y.), and City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte (A.K.) - both in California; and Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J.D.G.)
| | - Raluca Verona
- From the Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York (A.C.); University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M.C.M.), and Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam (N.W.C.J.D.) - both in the Netherlands; Sarah Cannon Research Institute and Tennessee Oncology, Nashville (J.G.B.); Institut Català d'Oncologia and Institut Josep Carreras, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona (A.O.), Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona (P.R.-O.), Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid (E.A.), and University Hospital of Salamanca, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Salamanca (M.-V.M.) - all in Spain; the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (L.J.C.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, Liege, Belgium (J.C.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (R.V., S.G., S.Y., R.B.G., K.P., B.W.H., J.R.); Janssen Research and Development, La Jolla (X.Y.), and City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte (A.K.) - both in California; and Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J.D.G.)
| | - Suzette Girgis
- From the Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York (A.C.); University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M.C.M.), and Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam (N.W.C.J.D.) - both in the Netherlands; Sarah Cannon Research Institute and Tennessee Oncology, Nashville (J.G.B.); Institut Català d'Oncologia and Institut Josep Carreras, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona (A.O.), Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona (P.R.-O.), Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid (E.A.), and University Hospital of Salamanca, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Salamanca (M.-V.M.) - all in Spain; the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (L.J.C.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, Liege, Belgium (J.C.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (R.V., S.G., S.Y., R.B.G., K.P., B.W.H., J.R.); Janssen Research and Development, La Jolla (X.Y.), and City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte (A.K.) - both in California; and Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J.D.G.)
| | - Shiyi Yang
- From the Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York (A.C.); University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M.C.M.), and Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam (N.W.C.J.D.) - both in the Netherlands; Sarah Cannon Research Institute and Tennessee Oncology, Nashville (J.G.B.); Institut Català d'Oncologia and Institut Josep Carreras, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona (A.O.), Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona (P.R.-O.), Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid (E.A.), and University Hospital of Salamanca, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Salamanca (M.-V.M.) - all in Spain; the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (L.J.C.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, Liege, Belgium (J.C.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (R.V., S.G., S.Y., R.B.G., K.P., B.W.H., J.R.); Janssen Research and Development, La Jolla (X.Y.), and City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte (A.K.) - both in California; and Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J.D.G.)
| | - Rachel B Goldsmith
- From the Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York (A.C.); University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M.C.M.), and Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam (N.W.C.J.D.) - both in the Netherlands; Sarah Cannon Research Institute and Tennessee Oncology, Nashville (J.G.B.); Institut Català d'Oncologia and Institut Josep Carreras, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona (A.O.), Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona (P.R.-O.), Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid (E.A.), and University Hospital of Salamanca, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Salamanca (M.-V.M.) - all in Spain; the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (L.J.C.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, Liege, Belgium (J.C.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (R.V., S.G., S.Y., R.B.G., K.P., B.W.H., J.R.); Janssen Research and Development, La Jolla (X.Y.), and City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte (A.K.) - both in California; and Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J.D.G.)
| | - Xiang Yao
- From the Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York (A.C.); University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M.C.M.), and Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam (N.W.C.J.D.) - both in the Netherlands; Sarah Cannon Research Institute and Tennessee Oncology, Nashville (J.G.B.); Institut Català d'Oncologia and Institut Josep Carreras, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona (A.O.), Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona (P.R.-O.), Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid (E.A.), and University Hospital of Salamanca, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Salamanca (M.-V.M.) - all in Spain; the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (L.J.C.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, Liege, Belgium (J.C.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (R.V., S.G., S.Y., R.B.G., K.P., B.W.H., J.R.); Janssen Research and Development, La Jolla (X.Y.), and City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte (A.K.) - both in California; and Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J.D.G.)
| | - Kodandaram Pillarisetti
- From the Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York (A.C.); University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M.C.M.), and Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam (N.W.C.J.D.) - both in the Netherlands; Sarah Cannon Research Institute and Tennessee Oncology, Nashville (J.G.B.); Institut Català d'Oncologia and Institut Josep Carreras, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona (A.O.), Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona (P.R.-O.), Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid (E.A.), and University Hospital of Salamanca, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Salamanca (M.-V.M.) - all in Spain; the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (L.J.C.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, Liege, Belgium (J.C.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (R.V., S.G., S.Y., R.B.G., K.P., B.W.H., J.R.); Janssen Research and Development, La Jolla (X.Y.), and City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte (A.K.) - both in California; and Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J.D.G.)
| | - Brandi W Hilder
- From the Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York (A.C.); University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M.C.M.), and Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam (N.W.C.J.D.) - both in the Netherlands; Sarah Cannon Research Institute and Tennessee Oncology, Nashville (J.G.B.); Institut Català d'Oncologia and Institut Josep Carreras, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona (A.O.), Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona (P.R.-O.), Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid (E.A.), and University Hospital of Salamanca, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Salamanca (M.-V.M.) - all in Spain; the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (L.J.C.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, Liege, Belgium (J.C.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (R.V., S.G., S.Y., R.B.G., K.P., B.W.H., J.R.); Janssen Research and Development, La Jolla (X.Y.), and City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte (A.K.) - both in California; and Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J.D.G.)
| | - Jeffery Russell
- From the Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York (A.C.); University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M.C.M.), and Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam (N.W.C.J.D.) - both in the Netherlands; Sarah Cannon Research Institute and Tennessee Oncology, Nashville (J.G.B.); Institut Català d'Oncologia and Institut Josep Carreras, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona (A.O.), Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona (P.R.-O.), Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid (E.A.), and University Hospital of Salamanca, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Salamanca (M.-V.M.) - all in Spain; the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (L.J.C.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, Liege, Belgium (J.C.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (R.V., S.G., S.Y., R.B.G., K.P., B.W.H., J.R.); Janssen Research and Development, La Jolla (X.Y.), and City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte (A.K.) - both in California; and Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J.D.G.)
| | - Jenna D Goldberg
- From the Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York (A.C.); University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M.C.M.), and Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam (N.W.C.J.D.) - both in the Netherlands; Sarah Cannon Research Institute and Tennessee Oncology, Nashville (J.G.B.); Institut Català d'Oncologia and Institut Josep Carreras, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona (A.O.), Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona (P.R.-O.), Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid (E.A.), and University Hospital of Salamanca, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Salamanca (M.-V.M.) - all in Spain; the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (L.J.C.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, Liege, Belgium (J.C.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (R.V., S.G., S.Y., R.B.G., K.P., B.W.H., J.R.); Janssen Research and Development, La Jolla (X.Y.), and City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte (A.K.) - both in California; and Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J.D.G.)
| | - Amrita Krishnan
- From the Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York (A.C.); University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M.C.M.), and Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam (N.W.C.J.D.) - both in the Netherlands; Sarah Cannon Research Institute and Tennessee Oncology, Nashville (J.G.B.); Institut Català d'Oncologia and Institut Josep Carreras, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona (A.O.), Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona (P.R.-O.), Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid (E.A.), and University Hospital of Salamanca, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Salamanca (M.-V.M.) - all in Spain; the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (L.J.C.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, Liege, Belgium (J.C.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (R.V., S.G., S.Y., R.B.G., K.P., B.W.H., J.R.); Janssen Research and Development, La Jolla (X.Y.), and City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte (A.K.) - both in California; and Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J.D.G.)
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ATMP-classified, scalable, autologous cell spray for the treatment of skin wounds and assessment of its effects on wound healing clinically and on molecular level. Burns 2022:S0305-4179(22)00240-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2022.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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The susceptibility of disulfide bonds to modification in keratin fibres undergoing tensile stress. Biophys J 2022; 121:2168-2179. [PMID: 35477858 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysteine residues perform a dual role in mammalian hairs. The majority help stabilise the overall assembly of keratins and their associated proteins, but a proportion of inter-molecular disulfide bonds are assumed to be associated with hair mechanical flexibility. Hair cortical microstructure is hierarchical, with a complex macro-molecular organisation resulting in arrays of intermediate filaments at a scale of micrometres. Intermolecular disulfide bonds occur within filaments and between them and the surrounding matrix. Wool fibres provide a good model for studying various contributions of differently situated disulfide bonds to fibre mechanics. Within this context it is not known if all intermolecular disulfide bonds contribute equally, and, if not, then do the disproportionally involved cysteine residues occur at common locations on proteins. In this study, fibres from Romney sheep were subjected to stretching or to breaking point under wet or dry conditions to detect, through labelling, disulfide bonds that were broken more often than randomly. We found that some cysteines were labelled more often than randomly and that these vary with fibre water content (water disrupts protein-protein hydrogen bonds). Many of the identified cysteine residues were located close to the terminal ends of keratins (head or tail domains) and keratin-associated proteins (KAPs). Some cysteines in the head and tail domains of type II keratin K85 were labelled in all experimental conditions. When inter-protein hydrogen bonds were disrupted under wet conditions, disulfide labelling occurred in the head domains of type II keratins, likely affecting keratin-KAP interactions, and tail domains of the type I keratins, likely affecting keratin-keratin interactions. In contrast, in dry fibres (containing more protein-protein hydrogen bonding) disulfide labelling was also observed in the central domains of affected keratins. This central "rod" region is associated with keratin-keratin interactions between anti-parallel heterodimers in the tetramer of the intermediate filament.
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Whole exome sequencing in Alopecia Areata identifies rare variants in KRT82. Nat Commun 2022; 13:800. [PMID: 35145093 PMCID: PMC8831607 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28343-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Alopecia areata is a complex genetic disease that results in hair loss due to the autoimmune-mediated attack of the hair follicle. We previously defined a role for both rare and common variants in our earlier GWAS and linkage studies. Here, we identify rare variants contributing to Alopecia Areata using a whole exome sequencing and gene-level burden analyses approach on 849 Alopecia Areata patients compared to 15,640 controls. KRT82 is identified as an Alopecia Areata risk gene with rare damaging variants in 51 heterozygous Alopecia Areata individuals (6.01%), achieving genome-wide significance (p = 2.18E−07). KRT82 encodes a hair-specific type II keratin that is exclusively expressed in the hair shaft cuticle during anagen phase, and its expression is decreased in Alopecia Areata patient skin and hair follicles. Finally, we find that cases with an identified damaging KRT82 variant and reduced KRT82 expression have elevated perifollicular CD8 infiltrates. In this work, we utilize whole exome sequencing to successfully identify a significant Alopecia Areata disease-relevant gene, KRT82, and reveal a proposed mechanism for rare variant predisposition leading to disrupted hair shaft integrity. Common variants have been discovered to be associated with Alopecia Areata; however, rare variants have been less well studied. Here, the authors use whole-exome sequencing to identify associated rare variants in the hair keratin gene KRT82. Further, they find that individuals with Alopecia Areata have reduced expression of KRT82 in the skin and hair follicle.
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Yang M, Weng T, Zhang W, Zhang M, He X, Han C, Wang X. The Roles of Non-coding RNA in the Development and Regeneration of Hair Follicles: Current Status and Further Perspectives. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:720879. [PMID: 34708037 PMCID: PMC8542792 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.720879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alopecia is a common problem that affects almost every age group and is considered to be an issue for cosmetic or psychiatric reasons. The loss of hair follicles (HFs) and hair caused by alopecia impairs self-esteem, thermoregulation, tactile sensation and protection from ultraviolet light. One strategy to solve this problem is HF regeneration. Many signalling pathways and molecules participate in the morphology and regeneration of HF, such as Wnt/β-catenin, Sonic hedgehog, bone morphogenetic protein and Notch. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), especially microRNAs and long ncRNAs, have significant modulatory roles in HF development and regeneration via regulation of these signalling pathways. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the status and future prospects of ncRNAs in HF regeneration and could prompt novel ncRNA-based therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yang
- Department of Burns & Wound Care Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Trauma and Burn of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tingting Weng
- Department of Burns & Wound Care Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Trauma and Burn of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Burns & Wound Care Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Trauma and Burn of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Manjia Zhang
- The First Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojie He
- Department of General Practice, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chunmao Han
- Department of Burns & Wound Care Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Trauma and Burn of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xingang Wang
- Department of Burns & Wound Care Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Trauma and Burn of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
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Gao WZ, Xue HL, Yang JC. Proteomics analysis of the secondary hair follicle cycle in Liaoning cashmere goat. Small Rumin Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2021.106408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Alibardi L. Vertebrate keratinization evolved into cornification mainly due to transglutaminase and sulfhydryl oxidase activities on epidermal proteins: An immunohistochemical survey. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2021; 305:333-358. [PMID: 34219408 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The epidermis of vertebrates forms an extended organ to protect and exchange gas, water, and organic molecules with aquatic and terrestrial environments. Herein, the processes of keratinization and cornification in aquatic and terrestrial vertebrates were compared using immunohistochemistry. Keratins with low cysteine and glycine contents form the main bulk of proteins in the anamniote epidermis, which undergoes keratinization. In contrast, specialized keratins rich in cysteine-glycine and keratin associated corneous proteins rich in cysteine, glycine, and tyrosine form the bulk of proteins of amniote soft cornification in the epidermis and hard cornification in scales, claws, beak, feathers, hairs, and horns. Transglutaminase (TGase) and sulfhydryl oxidase (SOXase) are the main enzymes involved in cornification. Their evolution was fundamental for the terrestrial adaptation of vertebrates. Immunohistochemistry results revealed that TGase and SOXase were low to absent in fish and amphibian epidermis, while they increased in the epidermis of amniotes with the evolution of the stratum corneum and skin appendages. TGase aids the formation of isopeptide bonds, while SOXase forms disulfide bonds that generate numerous cross-links between keratins and associated corneous proteins, likely increasing the mechanical resistance and durability of the amniote epidermis and its appendages. TGase is low to absent in the beta-corneous layers of sauropsids but is detected in the softer but pliable alpha-layers of sauropsids, mammalian epidermis, medulla, and inner root sheath of hairs. SOXase is present in hard and soft corneous appendages of reptiles, birds, and mammals, and determines cross-linking among corneous proteins of scales, claws, beaks, hairs, and feathers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Alibardi
- Comparative Histolab Padova and University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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17
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Yamamoto M, Sakamoto Y, Honda Y, Koike K, Nakamura H, Matsumoto T, Ando S. De novo filament formation by human hair keratins K85 and K35 follows a filament development pattern distinct from cytokeratin filament networks. FEBS Open Bio 2021; 11:1299-1312. [PMID: 33605551 PMCID: PMC8091587 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In human hair follicles, the hair‐forming cells express 16 hair keratin genes depending on the differentiation stages. K85 and K35 are the first hair keratins expressed in cortical cells at the early stage of the differentiation. Two types of mutations in the gene encoding K85 are associated with ectodermal dysplasia of hair and nail type. Here, we transfected cultured SW‐13 cells with human K85 and K35 genes and characterized filament formation. The K85–K35 pair formed short filaments in the cytoplasm, which gradually elongated and became thicker and entangled around the nucleus, indicating that K85–K35 promotes lateral association of short intermediate filaments (IFs) into bundles but cannot form IF networks in the cytoplasm. Of the K85 mutations related to ectodermal dysplasia of hair and nail type, a two‐nucleotide (C1448T1449) deletion (delCT) in the protein tail domain of K85 interfered with the K85–K35 filament formation and gave only aggregates, whereas a missense mutation (233A>G) that replaces Arg78 with His (R78H) in the head domain of K85 did not interfere with the filament formation. Transfection of cultured MCF‐7 cells with all the hair keratin gene combinations, K85–K35, K85(R78H)–K35 and K85(delCT)–K35, as well as the individual hair keratin genes, formed well‐developed cytoplasmic IF networks, probably by incorporating into the endogenous cytokeratin IF networks. Thus, the unique de novo assembly properties of the K85–K35 pair might play a key role in the early stage of hair formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Yamamoto
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Life Science, Sojo University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yasuko Sakamoto
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Life Science, Sojo University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yuko Honda
- Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Japan
| | - Kenzo Koike
- Hair Care Research Center, KAO Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideaki Nakamura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Sojo University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | | | - Shoji Ando
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Life Science, Sojo University, Kumamoto, Japan
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18
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Ehrlich F, Lachner J, Hermann M, Tschachler E, Eckhart L. Convergent Evolution of Cysteine-Rich Keratins in Hard Skin Appendages of Terrestrial Vertebrates. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 37:982-993. [PMID: 31822906 PMCID: PMC7086170 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msz279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Terrestrial vertebrates have evolved hard skin appendages, such as scales, claws, feathers, and hair that play crucial roles in defense, predation, locomotion, and thermal insulation. The mechanical properties of these skin appendages are largely determined by cornified epithelial components. So-called "hair keratins," cysteine-rich intermediate filament proteins that undergo covalent cross-linking via disulfide bonds, are the crucial structural proteins of hair and claws in mammals and hair keratin orthologs are also present in lizard claws, indicating an evolutionary origin in a hairless common ancestor of amniotes. Here, we show that reptiles and birds have also other cysteine-rich keratins which lack cysteine-rich orthologs in mammals. In addition to hard acidic (type I) sauropsid-specific (HAS) keratins, we identified hard basic (type II) sauropsid-specific (HBS) keratins which are conserved in lepidosaurs, turtles, crocodilians, and birds. Immunohistochemical analysis with a newly made antibody revealed expression of chicken HBS1 keratin in the cornifying epithelial cells of feathers. Molecular phylogenetics suggested that the high cysteine contents of HAS and HBS keratins evolved independently from the cysteine-rich sequences of hair keratin orthologs, thus representing products of convergent evolution. In conclusion, we propose an evolutionary model in which HAS and HBS keratins evolved as structural proteins in epithelial cornification of reptiles and at least one HBS keratin was co-opted as a component of feathers after the evolutionary divergence of birds from reptiles. Thus, cytoskeletal proteins of hair and feathers are products of convergent evolution and evolutionary co-option to similar biomechanical functions in clade-specific hard skin appendages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Ehrlich
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Lachner
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marcela Hermann
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Erwin Tschachler
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Leopold Eckhart
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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19
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Hintze M, Griesing S, Michels M, Blanck B, Wischhof L, Hartmann D, Bano D, Franz T. Alopecia in Harlequin mutant mice is associated with reduced AIF protein levels and expression of retroviral elements. Mamm Genome 2021; 32:12-29. [PMID: 33367954 PMCID: PMC7878237 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-020-09854-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the contribution of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), a key regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis, in supporting hair growth. We report that pelage abnormalities developed during hair follicle (HF) morphogenesis in Harlequin (Hq) mutant mice. Fragility of the hair cortex was associated with decreased expression of genes encoding structural hair proteins, though key transcriptional regulators of HF development were expressed at normal levels. Notably, Aifm1 (R200 del) knockin males and Aifm1(R200 del)/Hq females showed minor hair defects, despite substantially reduced AIF levels. Furthermore, we cloned the integrated ecotropic provirus of the Aifm1Hq allele. We found that its overexpression in wild-type keratinocyte cell lines led to down-regulation of HF-specific Krt84 and Krtap3-3 genes without altering Aifm1 or epidermal Krt5 expression. Together, our findings imply that pelage paucity in Hq mutant mice is mechanistically linked to severe AIF deficiency and is associated with the expression of retroviral elements that might potentially influence the transcriptional regulation of structural hair proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maik Hintze
- Institute of Anatomy, Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty, UKB, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
- Medical Department, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Griesing
- Institute of Anatomy, Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty, UKB, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Dept. of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei City, 100, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Marion Michels
- Institute of Anatomy, Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty, UKB, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Birgit Blanck
- Institute of Anatomy, Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty, UKB, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lena Wischhof
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Dieter Hartmann
- Institute of Anatomy, Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty, UKB, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Daniele Bano
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Franz
- Institute of Anatomy, Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty, UKB, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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20
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Platt CI, Chéret J, Paus R. Towards developing an organotypic model for the preclinical study and manipulation of human hair matrix-dermal papilla interactions. Arch Dermatol Res 2021; 314:491-497. [PMID: 33433722 PMCID: PMC9163005 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-020-02178-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Organ culture of microdissected scalp hair follicles (HFs) has become the gold standard for human ex vivo hair research; however, availability is becoming very limited. Although various simplistic “HF-equivalent” in vitro models have been developed to overcome this limitation, they often fail to sufficiently mimic the complex cell–cell and cell–matrix interactions between epithelial and mesenchymal cell populations that underlie the specific growth processes occurring in a native HF. Here, we have attempted to overcome these limitations by developing a novel human hair research model that combines dermal papilla (DP) fibroblasts, cultured as 3-dimensional (3D) spheroids (DPS), with plucked anagen hair shafts (HS). We show that DPS express HF inductivity markers, such as alkaline phosphatase (ALP), versican and noggin, while plucked HSs retain substantial remnants of the anagen hair matrix. When cultured together, DPS adhere to and surround the plucked HS (HS-DPS), and significantly enhance HS expression of the differentiation marker keratin-85 (K85; p < 0.0001), while simultaneously decreasing the percentage of TUNEL + cells in the proximal HS (p = 0.0508). This simple model may offer a physiologically relevant first step toward evaluating HF differentiation in the human anagen hair matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher I Platt
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Jeremy Chéret
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Ralf Paus
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.,Monasterium Laboratory, Münster, Germany.,Centre for Dermatology Research, University of Manchester and NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester, UK
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21
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Alibardi L. Immunolabeling indicates that sulfhydryl oxidase is absent in anamniote epidermis but marks the process of cornification in the skin of terrestrial vertebrates. J Morphol 2020; 282:247-261. [PMID: 33196118 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The passage between keratinization to cornification of the epidermis and skin appendages in vertebrates requires formation of a stratum corneum rich in SS bonds among other cross-linking chemical bonds. A key enzyme, sulfhydryl oxidase (SOXase) catalyzes the oxidation of SH groups present in keratins and in corneous proteins of the epidermis into SS. Presence and distribution of SAXase has been studied by immunohistochemistry in all vertebrates, from fish to mammals. SOXase is immunohistochemically absent in all fish and amphibian species tested with the exception of a thin pre-corneous layer in the epidermis of adult anurans. SOXase is low to absent in corneous appendages such as horny teeth of lamprey or claws and horny beaks of amphibians. Conversely, SOXase is detected in the transitional (pre-corneous) and inner corneous layers of the epidermis of sauropsids and mammals. In lepidosaurian reptiles, SOXase appears in both beta- and alpha-corneous-layers, but is limited to the pre-corneous and corneous layers of the thin soft epidermises of birds and mammals, including the granular layer. SOXase is localized in pre-corneous layers and disappears in external corneous layers of amniote skin appendages such as claws, beaks of turtles and birds, and in developing feathers. This distribution further indicates that the increase activity of epidermal SOXase is/was essential, in addition to other enzymes such as epidermal transglutaminases, for the evolution of the corneous layer and of the different hard skin appendages present in terrestrial vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Alibardi
- Comparative Histolab Padova, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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22
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The microfollicle: a model of the human hair follicle for in vitro studies. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2020; 56:847-858. [PMID: 33170472 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-020-00513-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Access to complex in vitro models that recapitulate the unique markers and cell-cell interactions of the hair follicle is rather limited. Creation of scalable, affordable, and relevant in vitro systems which can provide predictive screens of cosmetic ingredients and therapeutic actives for hair health would be highly valued. In this study, we explore the features of the microfollicle, a human hair follicle organoid model based on the spatio-temporally defined co-culture of primary cells. The microfollicle provides a 3D differentiation platform for outer root sheath keratinocytes, dermal papilla fibroblasts, and melanocytes, via epidermal-mesenchymal-neuroectodermal cross-talk. For assay applications, microfollicle cultures were adapted to 96-well plates suitable for medium-throughput testing up to 21 days, and characterized for their spatial and lineage markers. The microfollicles showed hair-specific keratin expression in both early and late stages of cultivation. The gene expression profile of microfollicles was also compared with human clinical biopsy samples in response to the benchmark hair-growth compound, minoxidil. The gene expression changes in microfollicles showed up to 75% overlap with the corresponding gene expression signature observed in the clinical study. Based on our results, the cultivation of the microfollicle appears to be a practical tool for generating testable insights for hair follicle development and offers a complex model for pre-clinical substance testing.
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23
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Lim YS, Harland DP, Dawson TL. Wanted, dead and alive: Why a multidisciplinary approach is needed to unlock hair treatment potential. Exp Dermatol 2020; 28:517-527. [PMID: 30706973 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Human recorded history is littered with attempts to improve the perceived appearance of scalp hair. Throughout history, treatments have included both biological and chemical interventions. Hair "quality" or "perceived appearance" is regulated by multiple biological intervention opportunities: adding more hairs by flipping follicles from telogen to anagen, or delaying anagen follicles transiting into catagen; altering hair "apparent amount" by modulating shaft diameter or shape; or, in principle, altering shaft physical properties changing its synthesis. By far the most common biological intervention strategy today is to increase the number of hairs, but to date this has proven difficult and has yielded minimal benefits. Chemical intervention primarily consists of active material surface deposition to improve shaft shine, fibre-fibre interactions and strength. Real, perceptible benefits will best be achieved by combining opportunity areas across the three primary sciences: biology, chemistry and physics. Shaft biogenesis begins with biology: proliferation in the germinative matrix, then crossing "Auber's Critical Line" and ceasing proliferation to synthesize shaft components. Biogenesis then shifts to oxidative chemistry, where previously synthesized components are organized and cross-linked into a shaft. We herein term the crossing point from biology to chemistry as "The Orwin Threshold." Historically, hair biology and chemistry have been conducted in different fields, with biological manipulation residing in biomedical communities and hair shaft chemistry and physics within the consumer care industry, with minimal cross-fertilization. Detailed understanding of hair shaft biogenesis should enable identification of factors necessary for optimum hair shaft production and new intervention opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Shan Lim
- Skin Research Institute Singapore, Singapore
| | - Duane P Harland
- Food and Bio-based Products Group, AgResearch, Crown Research Institute, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Thomas L Dawson
- Skin Research Institute Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Drug Discovery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
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24
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Lisse TS, Sharma M, Vishlaghi N, Pullagura SR, Braun RE. GDNF promotes hair formation and cutaneous wound healing by targeting bulge stem cells. NPJ Regen Med 2020; 5:13. [PMID: 32566252 PMCID: PMC7293257 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-020-0098-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial-cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is a well-studied neuroregenerative factor; however, the degree to which it supports hair formation and skin wound repair is not known. By using a Gfra1 (GDNF family receptor alpha 1) knock-in reporter mouse line, GDNF signaling was found to occur within hair bulge stem cells (BSCs) during the initiation of the hair cycle and early stages of hair formation after depilation. Both recombinant and transgene overexpression of GDNF promoted BSC colony growth, hair formation, and skin repair after wounding through enhanced self-renewal of BSCs and commitment of BSC-derived progenitors into becoming epidermal cells at the injury site. Conditional ablation of Gfra1 among BSCs impaired the onset of the hair cycle, while conditional ablation of the GDNF family member signal transducer, Ret, within BSCs prevented the onset of the hair cycle and depilation-induced anagen development of hair follicles. Our findings reveal that GDNF promotes hair formation and wound repair and that bulge stem cells are critical mediators of both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas S Lisse
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609 USA.,Department of Biology, The University of Miami, 1301 Memorial Drive, Cox Science Building, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA.,Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33146 USA
| | - Manju Sharma
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609 USA
| | - Neda Vishlaghi
- Department of Biology, The University of Miami, 1301 Memorial Drive, Cox Science Building, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA
| | - Sri Ramulu Pullagura
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609 USA.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, 04469 ME USA
| | - Robert E Braun
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609 USA.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, 04469 ME USA
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25
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He N, Su R, Wang Z, Zhang Y, Li J. Exploring differentially expressed genes between anagen and telogen secondary hair follicle stem cells from the Cashmere goat (Capra hircus) by RNA-Seq. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231376. [PMID: 32298297 PMCID: PMC7162518 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs) have been shown to be essential in the development and regeneration of hair follicles (HFs). The Inner Mongolia Cashmere goat (Capra hircus) has two types of HFs, primary and secondary, with cashmere being produced from the secondary hair follicle. To identify the genes associated with cashmere growth, transcriptome profiling of anagen and telogen secondary HFSCs was performed by RNA-Seq. The RNA-Seq analysis generated over 58 million clean reads from each group, with 2717 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) detected between anagen and telogen, including 1500 upregulated and 1217 downregulated DEGs. A large number of DEGs were predominantly associated with cell part, cellular process, binding, biological regulation and organelle. In addition, the PI3K-Akt, MAPK, Ras and Rap1 signaling pathways may be involved in the growth of HFSCs cultured in vitro. The RNA-Seq results showed that the well-defined HFSC signature genes and cell cycle-associated genes showed no significant differences between anagen and telogen HFSCs, indicating a relatively quiescent cellular state of the HFSCs cultured in vitro. These results are useful for future studies of complex molecular mechanisms of hair follicle cycling in cashmere goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimantana He
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
- Agriculture Research Center, Chifeng University, Chifeng, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Rui Su
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
- Key Laboratory of Mutton Sheep Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Hohhot, China
- Engineering Research Center for Goat Genetics and Breeding, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Zhiying Wang
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
- Engineering Research Center for Goat Genetics and Breeding, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
- Engineering Research Center for Goat Genetics and Breeding, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Jinquan Li
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
- Key Laboratory of Mutton Sheep Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Hohhot, China
- Engineering Research Center for Goat Genetics and Breeding, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
- * E-mail:
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26
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Ahlawat S, Arora R, Sharma R, Sharma U, Kaur M, Kumar A, Singh KV, Singh MK, Vijh RK. Skin transcriptome profiling of Changthangi goats highlights the relevance of genes involved in Pashmina production. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6050. [PMID: 32269277 PMCID: PMC7142143 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63023-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Pashmina, the world's finest natural fiber is derived from secondary hair follicles of Changthangi goats which are domesticated in Ladakh region of Jammu and Kashmir by nomadic pastoralists. Complex epithelial-mesenchymal interactions involving numerous signal molecules and signaling pathways govern hair follicle morphogenesis and mitosis across different species. The present study involved transcriptome profiling of skin from fiber type Changthangi goats and meat type Barbari goats to unravel gene networks and metabolic pathways that might contribute to Pashmina development. In Changthangi goats, 525 genes were expressed at significantly higher levels and 54 at significantly lower levels with fold change >2 (padj < 0.05). Functional annotation and enrichment analysis identified significantly enriched pathways to be formation of the cornified envelope, keratinization and developmental biology. Expression of genes for keratins (KRTs) and keratin-associated proteins (KRTAPs) was observed to be much higher in Changthangi goats. A host of transcriptional regulator genes for hair follicle keratin synthesis such as GPRC5D, PADI3, HOXC13, FOXN1, LEF1 and ELF5 showed higher transcript abundance in Pashmina producing goats. Positive regulation of Wnt signaling pathway and negative regulation of Oncostatin M signaling pathway may be speculated to be important contributors to hair follicle development and hair shaft differentiation in Changthangi goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonika Ahlawat
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, India.
| | - Reena Arora
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, India
| | - Rekha Sharma
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, India
| | - Upasna Sharma
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, India
| | - Mandeep Kaur
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, India
| | - Ashish Kumar
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, India
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27
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Bryson WG, McCormack AC, Plowman JE, Grosvenor AJ, Murphy CJ, Nagase S, Itou T, Koike K. Improved two-dimensional electrophoretic mapping of Japanese human hair proteins; application to curved and straight Japanese human hairs; and protein identification by MALDI MS and MS/MS quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Int J Cosmet Sci 2020; 42:346-358. [PMID: 32251525 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate improved protein extraction and two-dimensional electrophoresis (2DE) separation methods with Japanese reference human hair (JRH); to determine whether fibre curvature is related to protein composition in curly and straight Japanese women's human hair (JHH) samples; and to identify proteins from JRH 2DE maps and expression differences between curly and straight JHH. METHODS Hair keratin and keratin-associated proteins (KAPs) were extracted intact with dithiothreitol or tris(2-carboxyethyl) phosphine from JRH or from curved or straight JHH. Extracted proteins were isoelectric-focused on first-dimensional pH gradient gel strips, then separated by molecular weight on laboratory-made, second-dimension, large format gels. The software compared protein abundance between duplicate 2DE gels of curved and straight JHH. Thirty-eight proteins from a JRH 2DE gel were enzyme-cleaved for MALDI-TOF-MS analysis to determine peptide composition, and where possible, de novo sequencing gave peptide sequence data. An in-house human hair protein database incorporating ninety-eight annotated protein sequences assisted MS analysis. RESULTS 2DE gels of tris(2-carboxyethyl) phosphine-extracted JRH improved keratin and KAP resolution and number compared to those of dithiothreitol-extracted JRH and published commercially made second-dimensional gels. Silver-stained 2DE gels of the straight or curved JHH sets were remarkably similar. Over-staining to reveal basic proteins caused poor resolution of the major acidic protein classes. Software comparisons of fifty-nine resolved proteins revealed two were significantly different in abundance between curved and straight hairs but in insufficient amounts for MS analysis. MS identified twelve proteins from a JRH CBBG-stained 2DE gel: six type II keratins, three type I keratins and three high sulphur proteins. A further eight were potential conformational isoforms and isoelectric variants of the identified proteins bringing the total to twenty identified or partially identified proteins. CONCLUSION Root-end human hair extraction with tris(2-carboxyethyl) phosphine improves protein resolution and visualizes more proteins on large format 2DE gels. The two minor protein differences between duplicate straight or curved JHH 2DE gels were unlikely to change fibre structure from straight to curved hair. MS results confirmed that multiple isoforms exist of various hair proteins. Low sequence coverage prevented distinction between members in rows of homologous protein spots of similar molecular weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- W G Bryson
- Formerly of Canesis Network Limited, 55 Westlake Drive, Halswell, Christchurch, 8025, New Zealand
| | - A C McCormack
- MYOB NZ Limited, PO Box 2864, 17 Sir William Pickering Drive, Christchurch, 8053, New Zealand
| | - J E Plowman
- Lincoln Research Centre, AgResearch Limited, Private Bag 4749, Christchurch, Canterbury, New Zealand
| | - A J Grosvenor
- Lincoln Research Centre, AgResearch Limited, Private Bag 4749, Christchurch, Canterbury, New Zealand
| | - C J Murphy
- Hutt Central, 3A Epuni St, Lower Hutt, 5011, New Zealand
| | - S Nagase
- Hair Care Products Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, 2-1-3, Bunka, Sumida, Tokyo, 131-8501, Japan
| | - T Itou
- Hair Care Products Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, 2-1-3, Bunka, Sumida, Tokyo, 131-8501, Japan
| | - K Koike
- Hair Care Products Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, 2-1-3, Bunka, Sumida, Tokyo, 131-8501, Japan
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28
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Joost S, Annusver K, Jacob T, Sun X, Dalessandri T, Sivan U, Sequeira I, Sandberg R, Kasper M. The Molecular Anatomy of Mouse Skin during Hair Growth and Rest. Cell Stem Cell 2020; 26:441-457.e7. [PMID: 32109378 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2020.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Skin homeostasis is orchestrated by dozens of cell types that together direct stem cell renewal, lineage commitment, and differentiation. Here, we use single-cell RNA sequencing and single-molecule RNA FISH to provide a systematic molecular atlas of full-thickness skin, determining gene expression profiles and spatial locations that define 56 cell types and states during hair growth and rest. These findings reveal how the outer root sheath (ORS) and inner hair follicle layers coordinate hair production. We found that the ORS is composed of two intermingling but transcriptionally distinct cell types with differing capacities for interactions with stromal cell types. Inner layer cells branch from transcriptionally uncommitted progenitors, and each lineage differentiation passes through an intermediate state. We also provide an online tool to explore this comprehensive skin cell atlas, including epithelial and stromal cells such as fibroblasts, vascular, and immune cells, to spur further discoveries in skin biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Joost
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Karl Annusver
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Tina Jacob
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Xiaoyan Sun
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Tim Dalessandri
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Unnikrishnan Sivan
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Inês Sequeira
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Rickard Sandberg
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Kasper
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.
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29
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Mohamed Nasir N, Hiji J, Jayapalan JJ, Hashim OH. Potential use of human hair shaft keratin peptide signatures to distinguish gender and ethnicity. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8248. [PMID: 32030317 PMCID: PMC6995659 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Most human hairs collected at old crime scenes do not contain nuclear DNA and are therefore of less value for forensic investigations. In the present study, hair shaft proteins were extracted from 40 healthy subjects between the ages of 21 to 40 years and profiled using gel electrophoresis-based proteomics to determine if they can be used to distinguish gender and ethnicity. Methods Extraction of the human hair shaft proteins was performed using a newly developed alkaline solubilisation method. The extracts were profiled by 2-dimensional electrophoresis and resolved protein spots were identified by mass spectrometry and queried against the human hair database. The study was then followed-up by immunoblotting of the identified hair shaft keratin of interest using commercially available antibodies. Results Separation of the human hair shaft proteins by 2-dimensional electrophoresis generated improved and highly resolved profiles. Comparing the hair shaft protein profiles of 10 female with 10 male subjects and their identification by mass spectrometry and query of the human hair database showed significant altered abundance of truncated/processed type-II keratin peptides K81 (two spots), K83 (one spot) and K86 (three spots). The 2-dimensional electrophoresis profiling of 30 hair shaft samples taken from women of similar age range but from three distinctive ethnic subpopulations in Malaysia further showed significant altered abundance of one type-I and four type-II truncated/processed keratin peptides including K33b, K81, K83 and K86 (2 spots) between at least two of the ethnic groups. When a followed-up immunoblotting experiment was performed to detect the relative expression of the K86 peptides using commercialised antibodies, similar trends of expression were obtained. The present data, when taken together, demonstrated the potential use of keratin peptide signatures of the human hair shaft to distinguish gender and ethnicity although this needs to be further substantiated in a larger scale study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurdiena Mohamed Nasir
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan, Malaysia
| | - Jumriah Hiji
- University of Malaya Center for Proteomics Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan, Malaysia
| | - Jaime Jacqueline Jayapalan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan, Malaysia.,University of Malaya Center for Proteomics Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan, Malaysia
| | - Onn Haji Hashim
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan, Malaysia.,University of Malaya Center for Proteomics Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan, Malaysia
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30
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Wortmann FJ, Wortmann G, Sripho T. Why is hair curly?—Deductions from the structure and the biomechanics of the mature hair shaft. Exp Dermatol 2019; 29:366-372. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.14048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Franz J. Wortmann
- Department of Materials School of Natural Sciences The University of Manchester Manchester UK
| | - Gabriele Wortmann
- Department of Materials School of Natural Sciences The University of Manchester Manchester UK
| | - Therakanya Sripho
- Department of Materials School of Natural Sciences The University of Manchester Manchester UK
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31
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Premanand A, Rajkumari BR. In silico analysis of gene expression data from bald frontal and haired occipital scalp to identify candidate genes in male androgenetic alopecia. Arch Dermatol Res 2019; 311:815-824. [DOI: 10.1007/s00403-019-01973-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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32
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Ehrlich F, Laggner M, Langbein L, Burger P, Pollreisz A, Tschachler E, Eckhart L. Comparative genomics suggests loss of keratin K24 in three evolutionary lineages of mammals. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10924. [PMID: 31358806 PMCID: PMC6662840 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47422-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratins are the main cytoskeletal proteins of epithelial cells and changes in the expression of keratins have contributed to the evolutionary adaptation of epithelia to different environments. Keratin K24 was proposed to be a differentiation marker of epidermal keratinocytes but the significance of K24 expression in the epidermis versus other tissues has remained elusive. Here, we show by RT-PCR, western blot, and immunofluorescence analyses that K24 is highly expressed in the epithelium of the cornea whereas its expression levels are significantly lower in other stratified epithelia including in the epidermis. To investigate the evolutionary history of K24, we screened the genome sequences of vertebrates for orthologs of the human KRT24 gene. The results of this comparative genomics study suggested that KRT24 originated in a common ancestor of amniotes and that it was lost independently in three clades of mammals, i.e. camels, cetaceans, and a subclade of pinnipeds comprising eared seals and the walrus. Together, the results of this study identify K24 as component of the cytoskeleton in the human corneal epithelium and reveal previously unknown differences of keratin gene content among mammalian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Ehrlich
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Laggner
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Aposcience AG, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lutz Langbein
- German Cancer Research Center, Department of Genetics of Skin Carcinogenesis, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pamela Burger
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Pollreisz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Erwin Tschachler
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Leopold Eckhart
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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33
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Ehrlich F, Fischer H, Langbein L, Praetzel-Wunder S, Ebner B, Figlak K, Weissenbacher A, Sipos W, Tschachler E, Eckhart L. Differential Evolution of the Epidermal Keratin Cytoskeleton in Terrestrial and Aquatic Mammals. Mol Biol Evol 2019; 36:328-340. [PMID: 30517738 PMCID: PMC6367960 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msy214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratins are the main intermediate filament proteins of epithelial cells. In keratinocytes of the mammalian epidermis they form a cytoskeleton that resists mechanical stress and thereby are essential for the function of the skin as a barrier against the environment. Here, we performed a comparative genomics study of epidermal keratin genes in terrestrial and fully aquatic mammals to determine adaptations of the epidermal keratin cytoskeleton to different environments. We show that keratins K5 and K14 of the innermost (basal), proliferation-competent layer of the epidermis are conserved in all mammals investigated. In contrast, K1 and K10, which form the main part of the cytoskeleton in the outer (suprabasal) layers of the epidermis of terrestrial mammals, have been lost in whales and dolphins (cetaceans) and in the manatee. Whereas in terrestrial mammalian epidermis K6 and K17 are expressed only upon stress-induced epidermal thickening, high levels of K6 and K17 are consistently present in dolphin skin, indicating constitutive expression and substitution of K1 and K10. K2 and K9, which are expressed in a body site-restricted manner in human and mouse suprabasal epidermis, have been lost not only in cetaceans and manatee but also in some terrestrial mammals. The evolution of alternative splicing of K10 and differentiation-dependent upregulation of K23 have increased the complexity of keratin expression in the epidermis of terrestrial mammals. Taken together, these results reveal evolutionary diversification of the epidermal cytoskeleton in mammals and suggest a complete replacement of the quantitatively predominant epidermal proteins of terrestrial mammals by originally stress-inducible keratins in cetaceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Ehrlich
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heinz Fischer
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lutz Langbein
- Department of Genetics of Skin Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Silke Praetzel-Wunder
- Department of Genetics of Skin Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bettina Ebner
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katarzyna Figlak
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Wolfgang Sipos
- Clinical Department for Farm Animals and Herd Management, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Erwin Tschachler
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Leopold Eckhart
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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34
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Johnson S, Cowley K, Hawkins TJ, Määttä A. Pulling force deforms hair follicle root sheath nuclei and surrounding dermal collagen matrix differently at infundibulum, isthmus and suprabulbar regions. Exp Dermatol 2019; 28:862-866. [PMID: 31021445 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The biomechanical properties of the collagenous dermal matrix are well described but responses to mechanical force by the hair follicles have not been characterised so far. We applied a pulling force on hair follicles to visualise and quantify changes in the keratin-14 and involucrin-positive cell layers of the follicles using nuclear dimensions as an indicator of tissue deformation. Moreover, we used second-harmonic generation imaging to visualise changes in the dermal collagen. We report how the anatomical regions of the follicle respond to the force. Nuclei of the isthmus region were most affected. The nuclei in both K14-positive outer root sheath cells and in involucrin-positive cells were significantly compressed, whereas the response in the infundibulum and suprabulbar regions was more variable. The deformation of the nuclei did not correlate with lamin A/C expression. The changes in the collagenous matrix were distinct at different depths of the dermis as collagen fibrils were compressed closer to each other in the region adjacent to upper suprabulbar follicle and pulled apart near the infundibulum. Thus, the responses to the force are locally defined and the cells in the permanent and cycling parts of the follicle behave differently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simeon Johnson
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - Kevin Cowley
- Procter & Gamble, Reading Innovation Centre, Reading, UK
| | | | - Arto Määttä
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, UK
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35
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Liu F, Chen Y, Zhu G, Hysi PG, Wu S, Adhikari K, Breslin K, Pospiech E, Hamer MA, Peng F, Muralidharan C, Acuna-Alonzo V, Canizales-Quinteros S, Bedoya G, Gallo C, Poletti G, Rothhammer F, Bortolini MC, Gonzalez-Jose R, Zeng C, Xu S, Jin L, Uitterlinden AG, Ikram MA, van Duijn CM, Nijsten T, Walsh S, Branicki W, Wang S, Ruiz-Linares A, Spector TD, Martin NG, Medland SE, Kayser M. Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies identifies 8 novel loci involved in shape variation of human head hair. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 27:559-575. [PMID: 29220522 PMCID: PMC5886212 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Shape variation of human head hair shows striking variation within and between human populations, while its genetic basis is far from being understood. We performed a series of genome-wide association studies (GWASs) and replication studies in a total of 28 964 subjects from 9 cohorts from multiple geographic origins. A meta-analysis of three European GWASs identified 8 novel loci (1p36.23 ERRFI1/SLC45A1, 1p36.22 PEX14, 1p36.13 PADI3, 2p13.3 TGFA, 11p14.1 LGR4, 12q13.13 HOXC13, 17q21.2 KRTAP, and 20q13.33 PTK6), and confirmed 4 previously known ones (1q21.3 TCHH/TCHHL1/LCE3E, 2q35 WNT10A, 4q21.21 FRAS1, and 10p14 LINC00708/GATA3), all showing genome-wide significant association with hair shape (P < 5e-8). All except one (1p36.22 PEX14) were replicated with nominal significance in at least one of the 6 additional cohorts of European, Native American and East Asian origins. Three additional previously known genes (EDAR, OFCC1, and PRSS53) were confirmed at the nominal significance level. A multivariable regression model revealed that 14 SNPs from different genes significantly and independently contribute to hair shape variation, reaching a cross-validated AUC value of 0.66 (95% CI: 0.62–0.70) and an AUC value of 0.64 in an independent validation cohort, providing an improved accuracy compared with a previous model. Prediction outcomes of 2504 individuals from a multiethnic sample were largely consistent with general knowledge on the global distribution of hair shape variation. Our study thus delivers target genes and DNA variants for future functional studies to further evaluate the molecular basis of hair shape in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Genetic Identification, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gu Zhu
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Pirro G Hysi
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sijie Wu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Kaustubh Adhikari
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Krystal Breslin
- Department of Biology, Indiana-University-Purdue-University-Indianapolis (IUPUI), Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Ewelina Pospiech
- Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology and Earth Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.,Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Merel A Hamer
- Department of Dermatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fuduan Peng
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Charanya Muralidharan
- Department of Biology, Indiana-University-Purdue-University-Indianapolis (IUPUI), Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Victor Acuna-Alonzo
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Escuela Nacional de Antropologia e Historia, México City, México
| | - Samuel Canizales-Quinteros
- Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Facultad de Química, UNAM-Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, México City, México
| | - Gabriel Bedoya
- GENMOL (Genética Molecular), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Carla Gallo
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
| | - Giovanni Poletti
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
| | | | - Maria Catira Bortolini
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brasil
| | - Rolando Gonzalez-Jose
- Instituto Patagónico de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas, CENPAT-CONICET, Puerto Madryn, Argentina
| | - Changqing Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuhua Xu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Jin
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - André G Uitterlinden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelia M van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tamar Nijsten
- Department of Dermatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Susan Walsh
- Department of Biology, Indiana-University-Purdue-University-Indianapolis (IUPUI), Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Wojciech Branicki
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.,Central Forensic Laboratory of the Police, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sijia Wang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Andrés Ruiz-Linares
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology and Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Laboratory of Biocultural Anthropology, Law, Ethics, and Health (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Etablissement Français du Sang), Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Timothy D Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sarah E Medland
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Manfred Kayser
- Department of Genetic Identification, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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36
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Chapman DM, Giné GA, Roze U. Microscopy and development of a remarkable pitted quill from the thin-spined porcupine, Chaetomyssubspinosus. CAN J ZOOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2017-0281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Scanning electron microscopy shows that the quill surface from the thin-spined porcupine (Chaetomys subspinosus (Olfers, 1818)) has several regional cuticular patterns of which the most expansive is highly pitted with 4 μm wide pores leading to pits, which in turn communicate circumferentially via tunnels to neighboring pits. The cell unit of the pitted layer is a hexagonal or pentagonal prism, the “pitted fibrillous cuticular cell” (PFCC), which has a superficial pitted cuticular scale derived part with an underlying part packed with fine fibrils and the nucleus. The scaled part has about six scales, which swell and fuse except where raised cuticular scales from the inner root sheath intervene. This unique and complicated cell soon dies even while below the skin’s surface during its development. The raised scale-bearing cells of the inner root sheath leave their imprints on the PFCC’s surface, thus indicating that the quill’s pitted layer is at one time soft. Histochemistry, energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry, and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry show that the PFCC is keratinous.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Chapman
- Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada
| | - Gastón A.F. Giné
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Rodovia 415 Ilhéus-Itabuna, Km 16-Salobrino, CEP 45662-900, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brasil
| | - Uldis Roze
- Department of Biology, Queens College, City University of New York (CUNY), Flushing, NY 11367, USA
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37
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Grosvenor AJ, Deb-Choudhury S, Middlewood PG, Thomas A, Lee E, Vernon JA, Woods JL, Taylor C, Bell FI, Clerens S. The physical and chemical disruption of human hair after bleaching - studies by transmission electron microscopy and redox proteomics. Int J Cosmet Sci 2018; 40:536-548. [DOI: 10.1111/ics.12495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. J. Grosvenor
- Food & Bio-based Products; AgResearch, Lincoln Research Centre; Christchurch New Zealand
| | - S. Deb-Choudhury
- Food & Bio-based Products; AgResearch, Lincoln Research Centre; Christchurch New Zealand
| | - P. G. Middlewood
- Food & Bio-based Products; AgResearch, Lincoln Research Centre; Christchurch New Zealand
| | - A. Thomas
- Food & Bio-based Products; AgResearch, Lincoln Research Centre; Christchurch New Zealand
| | - E. Lee
- Food & Bio-based Products; AgResearch, Lincoln Research Centre; Christchurch New Zealand
| | - J. A. Vernon
- Food & Bio-based Products; AgResearch, Lincoln Research Centre; Christchurch New Zealand
| | - J. L. Woods
- Food & Bio-based Products; AgResearch, Lincoln Research Centre; Christchurch New Zealand
| | - C. Taylor
- Unilever R&D; Port Sunlight Bebington U.K
| | - F. I. Bell
- Unilever R&D; Port Sunlight Bebington U.K
| | - S. Clerens
- Food & Bio-based Products; AgResearch, Lincoln Research Centre; Christchurch New Zealand
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre; University of Canterbury; Christchurch New Zealand
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38
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Zorn-Kruppa M, Vidal-Y-Sy S, Houdek P, Wladykowski E, Grzybowski S, Gruber R, Gorzelanny C, Harcup J, Schneider SW, Majumdar A, Brandner JM. Tight Junction barriers in human hair follicles - role of claudin-1. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12800. [PMID: 30143655 PMCID: PMC6109114 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30341-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Barrier function of hair follicles (HFs) is of great interest because they might be an entry port for allergens/pathogens, but could on the other hand be used for drug delivery or vaccination. Therefore we investigated tight junction (TJ) barrier function in human HFs. We show that there is a TJ barrier in the outermost living layer bordering to the environment from the infundibulum to the lower central part and between Henle’s and Huxles layer of anagen HFs. In club hair typical for catagen and telogen HFs a TJ barrier is found surrounding the club. This demonstrates that there is a continuous TJ barrier along interfollicular epidermis and HFs in different phases of HF cycle. However, interestingly, in cell culture experiments we can show that barrier is less tight in HF keratinocytes compared to interfollicular keratinocytes. Knock-down of the TJ protein claudin-1, which we demonstrate here to be less expressed in HFs of lesional atopic dermatitis skin, results in impaired barrier function, decreased proliferation and increased apoptosis of hair keratinocytes. This is in line with a hair growth phenotype in claudin-1 deficient patients (NISCH syndrome) and corresponding knock-out mice and indicates an important role of claudin-1 in HF barrier function and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Zorn-Kruppa
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Vidal-Y-Sy
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Pia Houdek
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ewa Wladykowski
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Robert Gruber
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christian Gorzelanny
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jason Harcup
- Unilever R&D Port Sunlight Laboratory, Bebington, UK
| | - Stefan W Schneider
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Johanna M Brandner
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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Yu Z, Plowman JE, Maclean P, Wildermoth JE, Brauning R, McEwan JC, Maqbool NJ. Ovine keratome: identification, localisation and genomic organisation of keratin and keratin-associated proteins. Anim Genet 2018; 49:361-370. [DOI: 10.1111/age.12694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Z. Yu
- AgResearch Ltd; Ruakura Research Centre; Private Bag 3123 Hamilton 3214 New Zealand
| | - J. E. Plowman
- AgResearch Ltd; Lincoln Research Centre; Private Bag 4749 Christchurch 8140 New Zealand
| | - P. Maclean
- AgResearch Ltd; Lincoln Research Centre; Private Bag 4749 Christchurch 8140 New Zealand
| | - J. E. Wildermoth
- AgResearch Ltd; Ruakura Research Centre; Private Bag 3123 Hamilton 3214 New Zealand
| | - R. Brauning
- AgResearch Limited; Invermay Agricultural Centre; Private Bag 50034 Mosgiel 9053 New Zealand
| | - J. C. McEwan
- AgResearch Limited; Invermay Agricultural Centre; Private Bag 50034 Mosgiel 9053 New Zealand
| | - N. J. Maqbool
- AgResearch Ltd; Ruakura Research Centre; Private Bag 3123 Hamilton 3214 New Zealand
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40
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Rechiche O, Plowman JE, Harland DP, Lee TV, Lott JS. Expression and purification of high sulfur and high glycine-tyrosine keratin-associated proteins (KAPs) for biochemical and biophysical characterization. Protein Expr Purif 2018; 146:34-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Jones L, Harland D, Jarrold B, Connolly J, Davis M. The walking dead: sequential nuclear and organelle destruction during hair development. Br J Dermatol 2018; 178:1341-1352. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.16148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L.A. Jones
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology; Agency for Science; Technology and Research; Singapore City Singapore
| | - D.P. Harland
- Food and Bio-Based Products Group; AgResearch Ltd; Christchurch New Zealand
| | | | - J.E. Connolly
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology; Agency for Science; Technology and Research; Singapore City Singapore
- Institute of Biomedical Studies; Baylor University; Waco TX U.S.A
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; National University of Singapore; Singapore City Singapore
| | - M.G. Davis
- The Procter and Gamble Company; Mason OH U.S.A
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42
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Parodi C, Hardman JA, Allavena G, Marotta R, Catelani T, Bertolini M, Paus R, Grimaldi B. Autophagy is essential for maintaining the growth of a human (mini-)organ: Evidence from scalp hair follicle organ culture. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2002864. [PMID: 29590104 PMCID: PMC5891029 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2002864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy plays a crucial role in health and disease, regulating central cellular processes such as adaptive stress responses, differentiation, tissue development, and homeostasis. However, the role of autophagy in human physiology is poorly understood, highlighting a need for a model human organ system to assess the efficacy and safety of strategies to therapeutically modulate autophagy. As a complete, cyclically remodelled (mini-)organ, the organ culture of human scalp hair follicles (HFs), which, after massive growth (anagen), spontaneously enter into an apoptosis-driven organ involution (catagen) process, may provide such a model. Here, we reveal that in anagen, hair matrix keratinocytes (MKs) of organ-cultured HFs exhibit an active autophagic flux, as documented by evaluation of endogenous lipidated Light Chain 3B (LC3B) and sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1/p62) proteins and the ultrastructural visualization of autophagosomes at all stages of the autophagy process. This autophagic flux is altered during catagen, and genetic inhibition of autophagy promotes catagen development. Conversely, an anti-hair loss product markedly enhances intrafollicular autophagy, leading to anagen prolongation. Collectively, our data reveal a novel role of autophagy in human hair growth. Moreover, we show that organ-cultured scalp HFs are an excellent preclinical research model for exploring the role of autophagy in human tissue physiology and for evaluating the efficacy and tissue toxicity of candidate autophagy-modulatory agents in a living human (mini-)organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Parodi
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Genoa, Italy
| | - Jonathan A. Hardman
- The Centre for Dermatology Research, University of Manchester, MAHSC, and National Institutes of Health Biomedical Research Center, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Giulia Allavena
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Genoa, Italy
| | - Roberto Marotta
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Genoa, Italy
| | - Tiziano Catelani
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Genoa, Italy
| | - Marta Bertolini
- Monasterium Laboratory, Münster, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Ralf Paus
- The Centre for Dermatology Research, University of Manchester, MAHSC, and National Institutes of Health Biomedical Research Center, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Monasterium Laboratory, Münster, Germany
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Benedetto Grimaldi
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Genoa, Italy
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Abstract
Macrofibrils are the main structural component of the hair cortex, and are a composite material in which trichokeratin intermediate filaments (IFs) are arranged as organised arrays embedded in a matrix composed of keratin-associated proteins (KAPs) and keratin head groups. Various architecture of macrofibrils is possible, with many having a central core around which IFs are helically arranged, an organisation most accurately described as a double-twist arrangement. In this chapter we describe the architecture of macrofibrils and then cover their formation, with most of the material focusing on the theory that the initial stages of macrofibril formation are as liquid crystals.
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Abstract
The growth of hairs occurs during the anagen phase of the follicle cycle. Hair growth begins with basement membrane-bound stem cells (mother cells) around the dermal papilla neck which continuously bud off daughter cells which further divide as a transient amplifying population. Division ceases as cell line differentiation begins, which entails changes in cell junctions, cell shape and position, and cell-line specific cytoplasmic expression of keratin and trichohyalin. As the differentiating cells migrate up the bulb, nuclear function ceases in cortex, cuticle and inner root sheath (IRS) layers. Past the top of the bulb, cell shape/position changes cease, and there is a period of keratin and keratin-associated protein (KAP) synthesis in fibre cell lines, with increases, in particular of KAP species. A gradual keratinization process begins in the cortex at this point and then non-keratin cell components are increasingly broken down. Terminal cornification, or hardening, is associated with water loss and precipitation of keratin. In the upper follicle, the hair, now in its mature form, detaches from the IRS, which is then extracted of material and becomes fragmented to release the fibre. Finally, the sebaceous and sudoriferous (if present) glands coat the fibre in lipid-rich material and the fibre emerges from the skin. This chapter follows the origin of the hair growth in the lower bulb and traces the development of the various cell lines.
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Abstract
The evolution of keratins was closely linked to the evolution of epithelia and epithelial appendages such as hair. The characterization of keratins in model species and recent comparative genomics studies have led to a comprehensive scenario for the evolution of keratins including the following key events. The primordial keratin gene originated as a member of the ancient gene family encoding intermediate filament proteins. Gene duplication and changes in the exon-intron structure led to the origin of type I and type II keratins which evolved further by nucleotide sequence modifications that affected both the amino acid sequences of the encoded proteins and the gene expression patterns. The diversification of keratins facilitated the emergence of new and epithelium type-specific properties of the cytoskeleton. In a common ancestor of reptiles, birds, and mammals, a rise in the number of cysteine residues facilitated extensive disulfide bond-mediated cross-linking of keratins in claws. Subsequently, these cysteine-rich keratins were co-opted for an additional function in epidermal follicular structures that evolved into hair, one of the key events in the evolution of mammals. Further diversification of keratins occurred during the evolution of the complex multi-layered organisation of hair follicles. Thus, together with the evolution of other structural proteins, epithelial patterning mechanisms, and development programmes, the evolution of keratins underlied the evolution of the mammalian integument.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leopold Eckhart
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Florian Ehrlich
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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46
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Introduction to Hair Development. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1054:89-96. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-8195-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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47
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Plowman JE, Woods JL, van Schaijik B, Harland DP. Preparation of wool follicles for proteomic studies. Anal Biochem 2017; 539:8-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2017.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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48
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Lyman D, Gerstmann P. A discrete transition zone between cuticle and cortex layers of a human hair fibre: changes observed in the presence of breast cancer. Ecancermedicalscience 2017; 11:772. [PMID: 29104609 PMCID: PMC5659825 DOI: 10.3332/ecancer.2017.772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR–FT-IR) spectroscopy of hair fibres shows a discrete transition zone (DTZ) between the hard protective cuticle layer and the softer elongated cortical cells of the cortex. The DTZ is composed of flattened orthocortical cells located on the outer perimeter of the cortex and appears to range in thickness between 2 and 3.6 μm. The inner surface of the DTZ, adjacent to the elongated cortical cells that make up the core of the hair fibre, is irregular. ATR–FT-IR analyses of these flattened orthocortical cells indicate major changes in the molecular structure of keratins found in this transition zone. Other studies have identified cells that produce keratins that are distinct from alpha keratins found in the elongated heterocortical cells in the hair fibre core. These distinct keratins appear to be produced in the lower region of the hair follicle at the interface between the cuticle and cortex. The DTZ is also the region where ATR–FT-IR spectroscopy studies identified changes in C−H bending of lipid esters indicative of breast cancer. Lipid ester absorption bands at 1738 and 1732 cm−1, present in non-cancer hair, are absent in the cancer hair and a new ester band absorbing at 1736 cm−1 is observed. When the breast cancer is clinically removed, the 1736 cm−1 ester band absorption and the increase in the 1446–1456 C−H-bending absorption ratio are no longer observed. This suggests that biomarkers produced by the breast cancer interact with stem or other cells near the lower region of the follicle, controlling the amount and type of lipid esters in the DTZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald Lyman
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
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49
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Dobreva A, Paus R, Cogan NG. Analysing the dynamics of a model for alopecia areata as an autoimmune disorder of hair follicle cycling. MATHEMATICAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY-A JOURNAL OF THE IMA 2017; 35:387-407. [DOI: 10.1093/imammb/dqx009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atanaska Dobreva
- Department of Mathematics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Ralf Paus
- Centre for Dermatology Research, University of Manchester, and NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - N G Cogan
- Department of Mathematics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
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50
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Lemasters JJ, Ramshesh VK, Lovelace GL, Lim J, Wright GD, Harland D, Dawson TL. Compartmentation of Mitochondrial and Oxidative Metabolism in Growing Hair Follicles: A Ring of Fire. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 137:1434-1444. [PMID: 28344061 PMCID: PMC5545130 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.02.983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the energetics of growing hair follicles, particularly in the mitochondrially abundant bulb. Here, mitochondrial and oxidative metabolism was visualized by multiphoton and light sheet microscopy in cultured bovine hair follicles and plucked human hairs. Mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨ), cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and secretory granules were assessed with parameter-indicating fluorophores. In growing follicles, lower bulb epithelial cells had high viability, and mitochondria were polarized. Most epithelially generated ROS co-localized with polarized mitochondria. As the imaging plane captured more central and distal cells, ΔΨ disappeared abruptly at a transition to a nonfluorescent core continuous with the hair shaft. Approaching the transition, ΔΨ and ROS increased, and secretory granules disappeared. ROS and ΔΨ were strongest in a circumferential paraxial ring at putative sites for formation of the outer cortex/cuticle of the hair shaft. By contrast, polarized mitochondria in dermal papillar fibroblasts produced minimal ROS. Plucked hairs showed a similar abrupt transition of degranulation/depolarization near sites of keratin deposition, as well as an ROS-generating paraxial ring of fire. Hair movement out of the follicle appeared to occur independently of follicular bulb bioenergetics by a tractor mechanism involving the inner and outer root sheaths.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Lemasters
- Center for Cell Death, Injury & Regeneration, Departments of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA; Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russian Federation.
| | - Venkat K Ramshesh
- Center for Cell Death, Injury & Regeneration, Departments of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Gregory L Lovelace
- Center for Cell Death, Injury & Regeneration, Departments of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - John Lim
- Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), Institute for Medical Biology, Singapore
| | - Graham D Wright
- Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), Institute for Medical Biology, Singapore
| | | | - Thomas L Dawson
- Center for Cell Death, Injury & Regeneration, Departments of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA; Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), Institute for Medical Biology, Singapore.
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