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Abstract
Bacterial surface layers (S-layers) have been observed as the outermost cell envelope component in a wide range of bacteria and most archaea. S-layers are monomolecular lattices composed of a single protein or glycoprotein species and have either oblique, square or hexagonal lattice symmetry with unit cell dimensions ranging from 3 to 30 nm. They are generally 5 to 10 nm thick (up to 70 nm in archaea) and represent highly porous protein lattices (30–70% porosity) with pores of uniform size and morphology in the range of 2 to 8 nm. Since S-layers can be considered as one of the simplest protein lattices found in nature and the constituent units are probably the most abundantly expressed proteins on earth, it seems justified to briefly review the different S-layer lattice types, the need for lattice imperfections and the discussion of S-layers from the perspective of an isoporous protein network in the ultrafiltration region. Finally, basic research on S-layers laid the foundation for applications in biotechnology, synthetic biology, and biomimetics.
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2
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Farci D, Kereïche S, Pangeni S, Haniewicz P, Bodrenko IV, Ceccarelli M, Winterhalter M, Piano D. Structural analysis of the architecture and in situ localization of the main S-layer complex in Deinococcus radiodurans. Structure 2021; 29:1279-1285.e3. [PMID: 34265277 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2021.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial surface layers are paracrystalline assemblies of proteins that provide the first line of defense against environmental shocks. Here, we report the 3D structure, in situ localization, and orientation of the S-layer deinoxanthin-binding complex (SDBC), a hetero-oligomeric assembly of proteins that in Deinococcus radiodurans represents the main S-layer unit. The SDBC is resolved at 11-Å resolution by single-particle analysis, while its in situ localization is determined by cryo-electron crystallography on intact cell-wall fragments leading to a projection map at 4.5-Å resolution. The SDBC exhibits a triangular base with three comma-shaped pores, and a stalk departing orthogonally from the center of the base and oriented toward the intracellular space. Combining state-of-the-art techniques, results show the organization of this S-layer and its connection within the underlying membranes, demonstrating the potential for applications from nanotechnologies to medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenica Farci
- Department of Plant Physiology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Sami Kereïche
- Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 12800 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Sushil Pangeni
- Department of Life Sciences & Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, 28759 Bremen, Germany
| | - Patrycja Haniewicz
- Department of Plant Physiology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Igor V Bodrenko
- Department of Physics and IOM/CNR, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Matteo Ceccarelli
- Department of Physics and IOM/CNR, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Mathias Winterhalter
- Department of Life Sciences & Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, 28759 Bremen, Germany
| | - Dario Piano
- Department of Plant Physiology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Photobiology, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09123 Cagliari, Italy.
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3
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Schuster B, Sleytr UB. S-Layer Ultrafiltration Membranes. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:275. [PMID: 33918014 PMCID: PMC8068369 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11040275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Monomolecular arrays of protein subunits forming surface layers (S-layers) are the most common outermost cell envelope components of prokaryotic organisms (bacteria and archaea). Since S-layers are periodic structures, they exhibit identical physicochemical properties for each constituent molecular unit down to the sub-nanometer level. Pores passing through S-layers show identical size and morphology and are in the range of ultrafiltration membranes. The functional groups on the surface and in the pores of the S-layer protein lattice are accessible for chemical modifications and for binding functional molecules in very precise fashion. S-layer ultrafiltration membranes (SUMs) can be produced by depositing S-layer fragments as a coherent (multi)layer on microfiltration membranes. After inter- and intramolecular crosslinking of the composite structure, the chemical and thermal resistance of these membranes was shown to be comparable to polyamide membranes. Chemical modification and/or specific binding of differently sized molecules allow the tuning of the surface properties and molecular sieving characteristics of SUMs. SUMs can be utilized as matrices for the controlled immobilization of functional biomolecules (e.g., ligands, enzymes, antibodies, and antigens) as required for many applications (e.g., biosensors, diagnostics, enzyme- and affinity-membranes). Finally, SUM represent unique supporting structures for stabilizing functional lipid membranes at meso- and macroscopic scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Schuster
- Institute for Synthetic Bioarchitectures, Department of NanoBiotechnology, BOKU—University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Uwe B. Sleytr
- Institute for Synthetic Bioarchitectures, Department of NanoBiotechnology, BOKU—University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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Farci D, Aksoyoglu MA, Farci SF, Bafna JA, Bodrenko I, Ceccarelli M, Kirkpatrick J, Winterhalter M, Kereïche S, Piano D. Structural insights into the main S-layer unit of Deinococcus radiodurans reveal a massive protein complex with porin-like features. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:4224-4236. [PMID: 32071085 PMCID: PMC7105295 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.012174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In the extremophile bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans, the outermost surface layer is tightly connected with the rest of the cell wall. This integrated organization provides a compact structure that shields the bacterium against environmental stresses. The fundamental unit of this surface layer (S-layer) is the S-layer deinoxanthin-binding complex (SDBC), which binds the carotenoid deinoxanthin and provides both, thermostability and UV radiation resistance. However, the structural organization of the SDBC awaits elucidation. Here, we report the isolation of the SDBC with a gentle procedure consisting of lysozyme treatment and solubilization with the nonionic detergent n-dodecyl-β-d-maltoside, which preserved both hydrophilic and hydrophobic components of the SDBC and allows the retention of several minor subunits. As observed by low-resolution single-particle analysis, we show that the complex possesses a porin-like structural organization, but is larger than other known porins. We also noted that the main SDBC component, the protein DR_2577, shares regions of similarity with known porins. Moreover, results from electrophysiological assays with membrane-reconstituted SDBC disclosed that it is a nonselective channel that has some peculiar gating properties, but also exhibits behavior typically observed in pore-forming proteins, such as porins and ionic transporters. The functional properties of this system and its porin-like organization provide information critical for understanding ion permeability through the outer cell surface of S-layer-carrying bacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenica Farci
- Department of Plant Physiology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska Str. 159, 02776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | | | - Stefano Francesco Farci
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Photobiology, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, V.le S. Ignazio da Laconi 13, 09123 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Jayesh Arun Bafna
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, 28759 Bremen, Germany
| | - Igor Bodrenko
- Department of Physics and IOM/CNR, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Matteo Ceccarelli
- Department of Physics and IOM/CNR, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Joanna Kirkpatrick
- Leibniz Institute on Ageing-Fritz Lipmann Institute, Beutenbergstrasse 11, 07745 Jena, Germany; The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, NW1 1AT London, United Kingdom
| | - Mathias Winterhalter
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, 28759 Bremen, Germany
| | - Sami Kereïche
- Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague 128 00, Czech Republic.
| | - Dario Piano
- Department of Plant Physiology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska Str. 159, 02776 Warsaw, Poland.
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Damiati S, Schuster B. Electrochemical Biosensors Based on S-Layer Proteins. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E1721. [PMID: 32204503 PMCID: PMC7147708 DOI: 10.3390/s20061721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Designing and development of electrochemical biosensors enable molecule sensing and quantification of biochemical compositions with multitudinous benefits such as monitoring, detection, and feedback for medical and biotechnological applications. Integrating bioinspired materials and electrochemical techniques promote specific, rapid, sensitive, and inexpensive biosensing platforms for (e.g., point-of-care testing). The selection of biomaterials to decorate a biosensor surface is a critical issue as it strongly affects selectivity and sensitivity. In this context, smart biomaterials with the intrinsic self-assemble capability like bacterial surface (S-) layer proteins are of paramount importance. Indeed, by forming a crystalline two-dimensional protein lattice on many sensors surfaces and interfaces, the S-layer lattice constitutes an immobilization matrix for small biomolecules and lipid membranes and a patterning structure with unsurpassed spatial distribution for sensing elements and bioreceptors. This review aims to highlight on exploiting S-layer proteins in biosensor technology for various applications ranging from detection of metal ions over small organic compounds to cells. Furthermore, enzymes immobilized on the S-layer proteins allow specific detection of several vital biomolecules. The special features of the S-layer protein lattice as part of the sensor architecture enhances surface functionalization and thus may feature an innovative class of electrochemical biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar Damiati
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
- Institute for Synthetic Bioarchitectures, Department of NanoBiotechnology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
- Current address: Division of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Protein Science, Science for Life Laboratory, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 171 21 Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bernhard Schuster
- Institute for Synthetic Bioarchitectures, Department of NanoBiotechnology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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Abstract
Nanosciences are distinguished by the cross-fertilization of biology, chemistry, material sciences, and solid-state physics and, hence, open up a great variety of new opportunities for innovation. The technological utilization of self-assembly systems, wherein molecules spontaneously associate under equilibrium conditions into reproducible supramolecular structures, is one key challenge in nanosciences for life and non-life science applications. The attractiveness of such processes is due to their ability to build uniform, ultra-small functional units with predictable properties down to the nanometer scale. Moreover, newly developed techniques and methods open up the possibility to exploit these structures at meso- and macroscopic scale. An immense significance at innovative approaches for the self-assembly of supramolecular structures and devices with dimensions of a few to tens of nanometers constitutes the utilization of crystalline bacterial cell surface proteins. The latter have proven to be particularly suited as building blocks in a molecular construction kit comprising of all major classes of biological molecules. The controlled immobilization of biomolecules in an ordered fashion on solid substrates and their directed confinement in definite areas of nanometer dimensions are key requirements for many applications including the development of bioanalytical sensors, biochips, molecular electronics, biocompatible surfaces, and signal processing between functional membranes, cells, and integrated circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Schuster
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, Institute for Synthetic Bioarchitectures, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Uwe B Sleytr
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, Institute for Biophysics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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Adamec F, Farci D, Bína D, Litvín R, Khan T, Fuciman M, Piano D, Polívka T. Photophysics of deinoxanthin, the keto-carotenoid bound to the main S-layer unit of Deinococcus radiodurans. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2020; 19:495-503. [DOI: 10.1039/d0pp00031k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
An ultrafast transient absorption experiment on the SDBC, which binds the carotenoid deinoxanthin, reveals a non-specific binding site that loosely binds the carotenoid, but protects the carotenoid from the outer environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- František Adamec
- Institute of Physics
- Faculty of Science
- University of South Bohemia
- České Budějovice
- Czech Republic
| | - Domenica Farci
- Department of Plant Physiology
- Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW
- Warsaw
- Poland
| | - David Bína
- Institute of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of South Bohemia
- Czech Republic
- Biology Centre
| | - Radek Litvín
- Institute of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of South Bohemia
- Czech Republic
- Biology Centre
| | - Tuhin Khan
- Institute of Physics
- Faculty of Science
- University of South Bohemia
- České Budějovice
- Czech Republic
| | - Marcel Fuciman
- Institute of Physics
- Faculty of Science
- University of South Bohemia
- České Budějovice
- Czech Republic
| | - Dario Piano
- Department of Plant Physiology
- Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW
- Warsaw
- Poland
- Laboratory of Photobiology and Plant Physiology
| | - Tomáš Polívka
- Institute of Physics
- Faculty of Science
- University of South Bohemia
- České Budějovice
- Czech Republic
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Abstract
The chapter about the Gram-positive bacterial cell wall gives a brief historical background on the discovery of Gram-positive cell walls and their constituents and microscopic methods applied for studying the Gram-positive cell envelope. Followed by the description of the different chemical building blocks of peptidoglycan and the biosynthesis of the peptidoglycan layers and high turnover of peptidoglycan during bacterial growth. Lipoteichoic acids and wall teichoic acids are highlighted as major components of the cell wall. Characterization of capsules and the formation of extracellular vesicles by Gram-positive bacteria close the section on cell envelopes which have a high impact on bacterial pathogenesis. In addition, the specialized complex and unusual cell wall of mycobacteria is introduced thereafter. Next a short back view is given on the development of electron microscopic examinations for studying bacterial cell walls. Different electron microscopic techniques and methods applied to examine bacterial cell envelopes are discussed in the view that most of the illustrated methods should be available in a well-equipped life sciences orientated electron microscopic laboratory. In addition, newly developed and mostly well-established cryo-methods like high-pressure freezing and freeze-substitution (HPF-FS) and cryo-sections of hydrated vitrified bacteria (CEMOVIS, Cryo-electron microscopy of vitreous sections) are described. At last, modern cryo-methods like cryo-electron tomography (CET) and cryo-FIB-SEM milling (focus ion beam-scanning electron microscopy) are introduced which are available only in specialized institutions, but at present represent the best available methods and techniques to study Gram-positive cell walls under close-to-nature conditions in great detail and at high resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Rohde
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, HZI, Central Facility for Microscopy, ZEIM, Braunschweig, Germany
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Khursigara CM, Koval SF, Moyles DM, Harris RJ. Inroads through the bacterial cell envelope: seeing is believing. Can J Microbiol 2018; 64:601-617. [DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2018-0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A singular feature of all prokaryotic cells is the presence of a cell envelope composed of a cytoplasmic membrane and a cell wall. The introduction of bacterial cell fractionation techniques in the 1950s and 1960s along with developments in procedures for electron microscopy opened the window towards an understanding of the chemical composition and architecture of the cell envelope. This review traces the contribution of Terry Beveridge in these endeavours, beginning with his doctoral studies in the 1970s on the structure of paracrystalline surface arrays (S-layers), followed by an exploration of cryogenic methods for preserving bacteria for ultrastructural analyses. His insights are reflected in a current example of the contribution of cryo-electron microscopy to S-layer studies — the structure and assembly of the surface array of Caulobacter crescentus. The review then focuses on Terry’s contributions to imaging the ultrastructure of bacterial cell envelopes and to the development of cryo-electron microscopy techniques, including the use of CEMOVIS (Cryo-electron Microscopy of Vitreous Sections) to “see” the ultrastructure of the Gram-positive cell envelope — his last scientific endeavour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cezar M. Khursigara
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
- Molecular and Cellular Imaging Facility, Advanced Analysis Centre, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Susan F. Koval
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Dianne M. Moyles
- Molecular and Cellular Imaging Facility, Advanced Analysis Centre, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Robert J. Harris
- Molecular and Cellular Imaging Facility, Advanced Analysis Centre, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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Schuster B. S-Layer Protein-Based Biosensors. BIOSENSORS 2018; 8:E40. [PMID: 29641511 PMCID: PMC6023001 DOI: 10.3390/bios8020040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The present paper highlights the application of bacterial surface (S-) layer proteins as versatile components for the fabrication of biosensors. One technologically relevant feature of S-layer proteins is their ability to self-assemble on many surfaces and interfaces to form a crystalline two-dimensional (2D) protein lattice. The S-layer lattice on the surface of a biosensor becomes part of the interface architecture linking the bioreceptor to the transducer interface, which may cause signal amplification. The S-layer lattice as ultrathin, highly porous structure with functional groups in a well-defined special distribution and orientation and an overall anti-fouling characteristics can significantly raise the limit in terms of variety and the ease of bioreceptor immobilization, compactness of bioreceptor molecule arrangement, sensitivity, specificity, and detection limit for many types of biosensors. The present paper discusses and summarizes examples for the successful implementation of S-layer lattices on biosensor surfaces in order to give a comprehensive overview on the application potential of these bioinspired S-layer protein-based biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Schuster
- Institute for Synthetic Bioarchitectures, Department of NanoBiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
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11
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McCaig R, Ferris G. The Development of the Electron Microscope and its Application to the Brewing Industry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1094/asbcj-42-0152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert McCaig
- Molson Breweries of Canada Limited, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H2L 2R4
| | - Grant Ferris
- University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2L4
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Xing Z, Geng W, Li C, Sun Y, Wang Y. Comparative genomics of Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens ZW3 and related members of Lactobacillus. spp reveal adaptations to dairy and gut environments. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12827. [PMID: 28993659 PMCID: PMC5634458 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12916-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
It is important for probiotics that are currently utilized in the dairy industry to have clear genetic backgrounds. In this study, the genetic characteristics of Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens ZW3 were studied by undertaking a comparative genomics study, and key genes for adaptation to different environments were investigated and validated in vitro. Evidence for horizontal gene transfer resulting in strong self-defense mechanisms was detected in the ZW3 genome. We identified a series of genes relevant for dairy environments and the intestinal tract, particularly for extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) production. Reverse transcription-qPCR (RT-qPCR) revealed significant increases in the relative expression of pgm, ugp, and uge during the mid-logarithmic phase, whereas the expression of pgi was higher at the beginning of the stationary phase. The enzymes encoded by these four genes concertedly regulated carbon flux, which in turn modulated the production of EPS precursors. Moreover, ZW3 tolerated pH 3.5 and 3% bile salt and retained cell surface hydrophobicity and auto-aggregation. In conclusion, we explored the potential of ZW3 for utilization in both the dairy industry and in probiotic applications. Additionally, we elucidated the regulation of the relevant genes involved in EPS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuqing Xing
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Food Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China.,Chinese medical college of TJUTCM, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Weitao Geng
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Food Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Chao Li
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Food Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Ye Sun
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Food Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Yanping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Food Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China.
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Molecular Characterization of Mosquitocidal Toxin (Surface Layer Protein, SLP) from Bacillus cereus VCRC B540. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2017; 184:1094-1105. [PMID: 28952017 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-017-2602-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A marine Bacillus cereus (VCRC B540) with mosquitocidal effect was recently reported from red snapper fish (Lutjanus sanguineous) gut and surface layer protein (S-layer protein, SLP) was reported to be mosquito larvicidal factor. In this present study, the gene encoding the surface layer protein was amplified from the genomic DNA and functionally characterized. Amplification of SLP-encoding gene revealed 1,518 bp PCR product, and analysis of the sequence revealed the presence of 1482 bp open reading frame with coding capacity for a polypeptide of 493 amino acids. Phylogenetic analysis revealed with homology among closely related Bacillus cereus groups of organisms as well as Bacillus strains. Removal of nucleotides encoding signaling peptide revealed the functional cloning fragment of length 1398 bp. Theoretical molecular weight (51.7 kDa) and isoelectric point (5.99) of the deduced functional SLP protein were predicted using ProtParam. The amplified PCR product was cloned into a plasmid vector (pGEM-T), and the open reading frame free off signaling peptide was subsequently cloned inpET-28a(+) and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). The isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG)-induced recombinant SLP was confirmed using western blotting, and functional SLP revealed mosquito larvicidal property. Therefore, the major findings revealed that SLP is a factor responsible for mosquitocidal activity, and the molecular characterization of this toxin was extensively studied.
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Farci D, Esposito F, El Alaoui S, Piano D. S-layer proteins as a source of carotenoids: Isolation of the carotenoid cofactor deinoxanthin from its S-layer protein DR_2577. Food Res Int 2017; 99:868-876. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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In Vitro Characterization of the Two-Stage Non-Classical Reassembly Pathway of S-Layers. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18020400. [PMID: 28216572 PMCID: PMC5343934 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The recombinant bacterial surface layer (S-layer) protein rSbpA of Lysinibacillus sphaericus CCM 2177 is an ideal model system to study non-classical nucleation and growth of protein crystals at surfaces since the recrystallization process may be separated into two distinct steps: (i) adsorption of S-layer protein monomers on silicon surfaces is completed within 5 min and the amount of bound S-layer protein sufficient for the subsequent formation of a closed crystalline monolayer; (ii) the recrystallization process is triggered—after washing away the unbound S-layer protein—by the addition of a CaCl2 containing buffer solution, and completed after approximately 2 h. The entire self-assembly process including the formation of amorphous clusters, the subsequent transformation into crystalline monomolecular arrays, and finally crystal growth into extended lattices was investigated by quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Moreover, contact angle measurements showed that the surface properties of S-layers change from hydrophilic to hydrophobic as the crystallization proceeds. This two-step approach is new in basic and application driven S-layer research and, most likely, will have advantages for functionalizing surfaces (e.g., by spray-coating) with tailor-made biological sensing layers.
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Varga M. Targeting at the Nanoscale: A Novel S-Layer Fusion Protein Enabling Controlled Immobilization of Biotinylated Molecules. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2016; 6:E199. [PMID: 28335327 PMCID: PMC5245738 DOI: 10.3390/nano6110199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
With the aim of constructing an S-layer fusion protein that combines both excellent self-assembly and specific ligand i.e., biotin binding ability, streptavidin (aa 16-133) was fused to the S-layer protein of Sporosarcina ureae ATCC 13881 (SslA) devoid of its N-terminal 341 and C-terminal 172 amino acids. The genetically engineered chimeric protein could be successfully produced in E. coli, isolated, and purified via Ni affinity chromatography. In vitro recrystallisation experiments performed with the purified chimeric protein in solution and on a silicon wafer have demonstrated that fusion of the streptavidin domain does not interfere with the self-assembling properties of the S-layer part. The chimeric protein self-assembled into multilayers. More importantly, the streptavidin domain retained its full biotin-binding ability, a fact evidenced by experiments in which biotinylated quantum dots were coupled to the fusion protein monomers and adsorbed onto the in vitro recrystallised fusion protein template. In this way, this S-layer fusion protein can serve as a functional template for the controlled immobilization of biotinylated and biologically active molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda Varga
- Electronics Packaging Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01069, Germany.
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17
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Schäffer C, Messner P. Emerging facets of prokaryotic glycosylation. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2016; 41:49-91. [PMID: 27566466 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuw036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation of proteins is one of the most prevalent post-translational modifications occurring in nature, with a wide repertoire of biological implications. Pathways for the main types of this modification, the N- and O-glycosylation, can be found in all three domains of life-the Eukarya, Bacteria and Archaea-thereby following common principles, which are valid also for lipopolysaccharides, lipooligosaccharides and glycopolymers. Thus, studies on any glycoconjugate can unravel novel facets of the still incompletely understood fundamentals of protein N- and O-glycosylation. While it is estimated that more than two-thirds of all eukaryotic proteins would be glycosylated, no such estimate is available for prokaryotic glycoproteins, whose understanding is lagging behind, mainly due to the enormous variability of their glycan structures and variations in the underlying glycosylation processes. Combining glycan structural information with bioinformatic, genetic, biochemical and enzymatic data has opened up an avenue for in-depth analyses of glycosylation processes as a basis for glycoengineering endeavours. Here, the common themes of glycosylation are conceptualised for the major classes of prokaryotic (i.e. bacterial and archaeal) glycoconjugates, with a special focus on glycosylated cell-surface proteins. We describe the current knowledge of biosynthesis and importance of these glycoconjugates in selected pathogenic and beneficial microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Schäffer
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, Institute of Biologically Inspired Materials, NanoGlycobiology unit, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, A-1180 Vienna, Austria
| | - Paul Messner
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, Institute of Biologically Inspired Materials, NanoGlycobiology unit, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, A-1180 Vienna, Austria
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Zhu C, Guo G, Ma Q, Zhang F, Ma F, Liu J, Xiao D, Yang X, Sun M. Diversity in S-layers. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 123:1-15. [PMID: 27498171 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Surface layers, referred simply as S-layers, are the two-dimensional crystalline arrays of protein or glycoprotein subunits on cell surface. They are one of the most common outermost envelope components observed in prokaryotic organisms (Archaea and Bacteria). Over the past decades, S-layers have become an issue of increasing interest due to their ubiquitousness, special features and functions. Substantial work in this field provides evidences of an enormous diversity in S-layers. This paper reviews and illustrates the diversity from several different aspects, involving the S-layer-carrying strains, the structure of S-layers, the S-layer proteins and genes, as well as the functions of S-layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaohua Zhu
- College of Environment and Plant protection, Hainan University/Key Laboratory of Protection and Development Utilization of Tropical Crop Germplasm Resources (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, PR China
| | - Gang Guo
- Haikou Experimental Station/Hainan Key Laboratory of Banana Genetic Improvement, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 570102, Hainan, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, PR China
| | - Qiqi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, PR China
| | - Fengjuan Zhang
- Haikou Experimental Station/Hainan Key Laboratory of Banana Genetic Improvement, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 570102, Hainan, PR China
| | - Funing Ma
- Haikou Experimental Station/Hainan Key Laboratory of Banana Genetic Improvement, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 570102, Hainan, PR China
| | - Jianping Liu
- Division of Functional Genomics, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics (MBB), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Dao Xiao
- Haikou Experimental Station/Hainan Key Laboratory of Banana Genetic Improvement, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 570102, Hainan, PR China
| | - Xiaolin Yang
- College of Environment and Plant protection, Hainan University/Key Laboratory of Protection and Development Utilization of Tropical Crop Germplasm Resources (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, PR China
| | - Ming Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, PR China.
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Characterization of Three Different Unusual S-Layer Proteins from Viridibacillus arvi JG-B58 That Exhibits Two Super-Imposed S-Layer Proteins. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156785. [PMID: 27285458 PMCID: PMC4902306 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic analyses of Viridibacillus arvi JG-B58 that was previously isolated from heavy metal contaminated environment identified three different putative surface layer (S-layer) protein genes namely slp1, slp2, and slp3. All three genes are expressed during cultivation. At least two of the V. arvi JG-B58 S-layer proteins were visualized on the surface of living cells via atomic force microscopy (AFM). These S-layer proteins form a double layer with p4 symmetry. The S-layer proteins were isolated from the cells using two different methods. Purified S-layer proteins were recrystallized on SiO2 substrates in order to study the structure of the arrays and self-assembling properties. The primary structure of all examined S-layer proteins lack some features that are typical for Bacillus or Lysinibacillus S-layers. For example, they possess no SLH domains that are usually responsible for the anchoring of the proteins to the cell wall. Further, the pI values are relatively high ranging from 7.84 to 9.25 for the matured proteins. Such features are typical for S-layer proteins of Lactobacillus species although sequence comparisons indicate a close relationship to S-layer proteins of Lysinibacillus and Bacillus strains. In comparison to the numerous descriptions of S-layers, there are only a few studies reporting the concomitant existence of two different S-layer proteins on cell surfaces. Together with the genomic data, this is the first description of a novel type of S-layer proteins showing features of Lactobacillus as well as of Bacillus-type S-layer proteins and the first study of the cell envelope of Viridibacillus arvi.
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Liu J, Falke S, Drobot B, Oberthuer D, Kikhney A, Guenther T, Fahmy K, Svergun D, Betzel C, Raff J. Analysis of self-assembly of S-layer protein slp-B53 from Lysinibacillus sphaericus. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2016; 46:77-89. [PMID: 27270294 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-016-1139-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The formation of stable and functional surface layers (S-layers) via self-assembly of surface-layer proteins on the cell surface is a dynamic and complex process. S-layers facilitate a number of important biological functions, e.g., providing protection and mediating selective exchange of molecules and thereby functioning as molecular sieves. Furthermore, S-layers selectively bind several metal ions including uranium, palladium, gold, and europium, some of them with high affinity. Most current research on surface layers focuses on investigating crystalline arrays of protein subunits in Archaea and bacteria. In this work, several complementary analytical techniques and methods have been applied to examine structure-function relationships and dynamics for assembly of S-layer protein slp-B53 from Lysinibacillus sphaericus: (1) The secondary structure of the S-layer protein was analyzed by circular dichroism spectroscopy; (2) Small-angle X-ray scattering was applied to gain insights into the three-dimensional structure in solution; (3) The interaction with bivalent cations was followed by differential scanning calorimetry; (4) The dynamics and time-dependent assembly of S-layers were followed by applying dynamic light scattering; (5) The two-dimensional structure of the paracrystalline S-layer lattice was examined by atomic force microscopy. The data obtained provide essential structural insights into the mechanism of S-layer self-assembly, particularly with respect to binding of bivalent cations, i.e., Mg2+ and Ca2+. Furthermore, the results obtained highlight potential applications of S-layers in the fields of micromaterials and nanobiotechnology by providing engineered or individual symmetric thin protein layers, e.g., for protective, antimicrobial, or otherwise functionalized surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- Laboratory for Structural Biology of Infection and Inflammation, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King Platz 6, 20146, Hamburg, Germany.,Bioengineering Faculty, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Huixing Rd., Xueyuan Street 180, Zigong, 643000, Sichuan, China
| | - Sven Falke
- Laboratory for Structural Biology of Infection and Inflammation, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King Platz 6, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bjoern Drobot
- Institute of Resource Ecology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstr. 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Dominik Oberthuer
- Laboratory for Structural Biology of Infection and Inflammation, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King Platz 6, 20146, Hamburg, Germany.,Center for Free-Electron Laser Science (CFEL), DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexey Kikhney
- EMBL Hamburg, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Notkestr. 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Guenther
- Helmholtz Institute Freiberg for Resource Technology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstr. 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Karim Fahmy
- Institute of Resource Ecology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstr. 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Dmitri Svergun
- EMBL Hamburg, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Notkestr. 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Betzel
- Laboratory for Structural Biology of Infection and Inflammation, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King Platz 6, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Raff
- Institute of Resource Ecology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstr. 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany. .,Helmholtz Institute Freiberg for Resource Technology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstr. 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany.
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21
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Farci D, Slavov C, Tramontano E, Piano D. The S-layer Protein DR_2577 Binds Deinoxanthin and under Desiccation Conditions Protects against UV-Radiation in Deinococcus radiodurans. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:155. [PMID: 26909071 PMCID: PMC4754619 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Deinococcus radiodurans has the puzzling ability to withstand over a broad range of extreme conditions including high doses of ultraviolet radiation and deep desiccation. This bacterium is surrounded by a surface layer (S-layer) built of a regular repetition of several proteins, assembled to form a paracrystalline structure. Here we report that the deletion of a main constituent of this S-layer, the gene DR_2577, causes a decrease in the UVC resistance, especially in desiccated cells. Moreover, we show that the DR_2577 protein binds the carotenoid deinoxanthin, a strong protective antioxidant specific of this bacterium. A further spectroscopical characterization of the deinoxanthin-DR_2577 complex revealed features which could suggest a protective role of DR_2577. We propose that, especially under desiccation, the S-layer shields the bacterium from incident ultraviolet light and could behave as a first lane of defense against UV radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenica Farci
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Photobiology, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari Cagliari, Italy
| | - Chavdar Slavov
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Enzo Tramontano
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari Cagliari, Italy
| | - Dario Piano
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Photobiology, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of CagliariCagliari, Italy; International Institute of Molecular and Cell BiologyWarsaw, Poland
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22
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Hypothetical protein Avin_16040 as the S-layer protein of Azotobacter vinelandii and its involvement in plant root surface attachment. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:7484-95. [PMID: 26276116 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02081-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A proteomic analysis of a soil-dwelling, plant growth-promoting Azotobacter vinelandii strain showed the presence of a protein encoded by the hypothetical Avin_16040 gene when the bacterial cells were attached to the Oryza sativa root surface. An Avin_16040 deletion mutant demonstrated reduced cellular adherence to the root surface, surface hydrophobicity, and biofilm formation compared to those of the wild type. By atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis of the cell surface topography, the deletion mutant displayed a cell surface architectural pattern that was different from that of the wild type. Escherichia coli transformed with the wild-type Avin_16040 gene displayed on its cell surface organized motifs which looked like the S-layer monomers of A. vinelandii. The recombinant E. coli also demonstrated enhanced adhesion to the root surface.
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23
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Farci D, Bowler MW, Esposito F, McSweeney S, Tramontano E, Piano D. Purification and characterization of DR_2577 (SlpA) a major S-layer protein from Deinococcus radiodurans. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:414. [PMID: 26074883 PMCID: PMC4419837 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein DR_2577 is a major Surface layer component of the radio-resistant bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans. In the present study DR_2577 has been purified and its oligomeric profile characterized by means of size exclusion chromatography and gel electrophoresis. DR_2577 was found to be organized into three hierarchical orders characterized by monomers, stable dimers formed by the occurrence of disulfide bonds, and hexamers resulting from a combination of dimers. The structural implications of these findings are discussed providing new elements for a more integrated model of this S-layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenica Farci
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Photobiology, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari Cagliari, Italy
| | - Matthew W Bowler
- Laboratory of Synchrotron Crystallography, Department of Structural Biology, European Molecular Biology Laboratory Grenoble, France ; Unit for Virus Host Cell Interactions, Laboratory of Structural Biology of RNA-Protein Complexes in Gene Expression and Host-Pathogen Interactions, University Grenoble Alpes-EMBL-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Grenoble, France
| | - Francesca Esposito
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato Cagliari, Italy
| | - Sean McSweeney
- Department of Photon Sciences, Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton, NY, USA
| | - Enzo Tramontano
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato Cagliari, Italy
| | - Dario Piano
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Photobiology, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari Cagliari, Italy ; Laboratory of Structural Biology, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology Warsaw, Poland
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24
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Blüher A, Ostermann K, Jäckel P, Clemens A, Katzschner B, Rödel G, Mertig M. Extraction and long‐term storage of S‐layer proteins and flagella fromLysinibacillus sphaericusNCTC 9602: Building blocks for nanotechnology. Eng Life Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201400182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Blüher
- Institut für Physikalische ChemieTechnische Universität Dresden Dresden Germany
| | - Kai Ostermann
- Institut für GenetikTechnische Universität Dresden Dresden Germany
| | - Petra Jäckel
- Institut für Physikalische ChemieTechnische Universität Dresden Dresden Germany
| | - Andrè Clemens
- Institut für GenetikTechnische Universität Dresden Dresden Germany
| | - Beate Katzschner
- Institut für WerkstoffwissenschaftTechnische Universität Dresden Dresden Germany
| | - Gerhard Rödel
- Institut für GenetikTechnische Universität Dresden Dresden Germany
| | - Michael Mertig
- Institut für Physikalische ChemieTechnische Universität Dresden Dresden Germany
- Kurt‐Schwabe‐Institut für Mess‐ und Sensortechnik e. V. Meinsberg Waldheim Germany
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25
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Moreno-Flores S, Küpcü S. 2D protein arrays induce 3D in vivo-like assemblies of cells. SOFT MATTER 2015; 11:1259-1264. [PMID: 25591813 DOI: 10.1039/c4sm02278e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We report on the ability of two-dimensional protein crystals to induce the formation of homo- and heterotypic multicellular spheroids (MCSs) which resemble the morphology and hierarchical organization of living tissues and tumours. We have systematically studied the influence of the initial cell density and incubation time on the kinetics of spheroid growth and spheroid lifespan. Hereby a novel methodology has been established to produce MCSs on protein-based molecular layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Moreno-Flores
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
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26
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Wong WS, Yung PT. Characterization of a nanoscale S-layer protein based template for biomolecular patterning. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2015; 2014:2781-4. [PMID: 25570568 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2014.6944200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Well organized template for biomolecular conjugation is the foundation for biosensing. Most of the current devices are fabricated using lithographic patterning processes and self-assembly monolayer (SAM) methods. However, the research toward developing a sub-10 nm patterned, self-regenerated template on various types of substrates is limited, mainly due to the limited functional groups of the building material. Bacterial surface layer proteins (S-layer proteins) can self-assemble into ordered lattice with regular pore sizes of 2-8 nm on different material supports and interfaces. The ordered structure can regenerate after extreme variations of solvent conditions. In this work, we developed a nanoscale biomolecular template based on S-layer proteins on gold surface for fabrication of sensing layer in biosensors. S-layer proteins were isolated from Bacillus cereus, Lysinibacillus sphaericus and Geobacillus stearothermophilus. Protein concentrations were measured by Bradford assay. The protein purities were verified by SDS-PAGE, showing molecular weights ranging from 97-135 kDa. The hydrophilicity of the substrate surface was measured after surface treatments of protein recrystallization. Atomic force microscopic (AFM) measurement was performed on substrate surface, indicating a successful immobilization of a monolayer of S-layer protein with 8-9 nm height on gold surface. The template can be applied on various material supports and acts as a self-regenerated sensing layer of biosensors in the future.
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27
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Sleytr UB, Schuster B, Egelseer E, Pum D. S-layers: principles and applications. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2014; 38:823-64. [PMID: 24483139 PMCID: PMC4232325 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6976.12063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Monomolecular arrays of protein or glycoprotein subunits forming surface layers (S-layers) are one of the most commonly observed prokaryotic cell envelope components. S-layers are generally the most abundantly expressed proteins, have been observed in species of nearly every taxonomical group of walled bacteria, and represent an almost universal feature of archaeal envelopes. The isoporous lattices completely covering the cell surface provide organisms with various selection advantages including functioning as protective coats, molecular sieves and ion traps, as structures involved in surface recognition and cell adhesion, and as antifouling layers. S-layers are also identified to contribute to virulence when present as a structural component of pathogens. In Archaea, most of which possess S-layers as exclusive wall component, they are involved in determining cell shape and cell division. Studies on structure, chemistry, genetics, assembly, function, and evolutionary relationship of S-layers revealed considerable application potential in (nano)biotechnology, biomimetics, biomedicine, and synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe B. Sleytr
- Institute of BiophysicsDepartment of NanobiotechnologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Bernhard Schuster
- Institute of Synthetic BiologyDepartment of NanobiotechnologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Eva‐Maria Egelseer
- Institute of BiophysicsDepartment of NanobiotechnologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Dietmar Pum
- Institute of BiophysicsDepartment of NanobiotechnologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
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28
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Abstract
Crystalline bacterial cell surface layers (S-layers) represent the outermost cell envelope component in a broad range of bacteria and archaea. They are monomolecular arrays composed of a single protein or glycoprotein species and represent the simplest biological membranes developed during evolution. They are highly porous protein mesh works with unit cell sizes in the range of 3 to 30 nm, and pore sizes of 2 to 8 nm. S-layers are usually 5 to 20 nm thick (in archaea, up to 70 nm). S-layer proteins are one of the most abundant biopolymers on earth. One of their key features, and the focus of this review, is the intrinsic capability of isolated native and recombinant S-layer proteins to form self-assembled mono- or double layers in suspension, at solid supports, the air-water interface, planar lipid films, liposomes, nanocapsules, and nanoparticles. The reassembly is entropy-driven and a fascinating example of matrix assembly following a multistage, non-classical pathway in which the process of S-layer protein folding is directly linked with assembly into extended clusters. Moreover, basic research on the structure, synthesis, genetics, assembly, and function of S-layer proteins laid the foundation for their application in novel approaches in biotechnology, biomimetics, synthetic biology, and nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietmar Pum
- Institute of Biophysics, Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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29
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Schuster B, Sleytr UB. Biomimetic interfaces based on S-layer proteins, lipid membranes and functional biomolecules. J R Soc Interface 2014; 11:20140232. [PMID: 24812051 PMCID: PMC4032536 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2014.0232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Designing and utilization of biomimetic membrane systems generated by bottom-up processes is a rapidly growing scientific and engineering field. Elucidation of the supramolecular construction principle of archaeal cell envelopes composed of S-layer stabilized lipid membranes led to new strategies for generating highly stable functional lipid membranes at meso- and macroscopic scale. In this review, we provide a state-of-the-art survey of how S-layer proteins, lipids and polymers may be used as basic building blocks for the assembly of S-layer-supported lipid membranes. These biomimetic membrane systems are distinguished by a nanopatterned fluidity, enhanced stability and longevity and, thus, provide a dedicated reconstitution matrix for membrane-active peptides and transmembrane proteins. Exciting areas in the (lab-on-a-) biochip technology are combining composite S-layer membrane systems involving specific membrane functions with the silicon world. Thus, it might become possible to create artificial noses or tongues, where many receptor proteins have to be exposed and read out simultaneously. Moreover, S-layer-coated liposomes and emulsomes copying virus envelopes constitute promising nanoformulations for the production of novel targeting, delivery, encapsulation and imaging systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Schuster
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Institute for Synthetic Bioarchitectures, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Uwe B. Sleytr
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Institute for Biophysics, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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30
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Abstract
Prokaryotic glycosylation fulfills an important role in maintaining and protecting the structural integrity and function of the bacterial cell wall, as well as serving as a flexible adaption mechanism to evade environmental and host-induced pressure. The scope of bacterial and archaeal protein glycosylation has considerably expanded over the past decade(s), with numerous examples covering the glycosylation of flagella, pili, glycosylated enzymes, as well as surface-layer proteins. This article addresses structure, analysis, function, genetic basis, biosynthesis, and biomedical and biotechnological applications of cell-envelope glycoconjugates, S-layer glycoprotein glycans, and "nonclassical" secondary-cell wall polysaccharides. The latter group of polymers mediates the important attachment and regular orientation of the S-layer to the cell wall. The structures of these glycopolymers reveal an enormous diversity, resembling the structural variability of bacterial lipopolysaccharides and capsular polysaccharides. While most examples are presented for Gram-positive bacteria, the S-layer glycan of the Gram-negative pathogen Tannerella forsythia is also discussed. In addition, archaeal S-layer glycoproteins are briefly summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Messner
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, NanoGlycobiology Unit, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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31
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Ferner-Ortner-Bleckmann J, Gelbmann N, Tesarz M, Egelseer EM, Sleytr UB. Surface-layer lattices as patterning element for multimeric extremozymes. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2013; 9:3887-3894. [PMID: 23757161 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201201014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A promising new approach for the production of biocatalysts comprises the use of surface-layer (S-layer) lattices that present functional multimeric enzymes on their surface, thereby guaranteeing most accurate spatial distribution and orientation, as well as maximal effectiveness and stability of these enzymes. For proof of concept, a tetrameric and a trimeric extremozyme are chosen for the construction of S-layer/extremozyme fusion proteins. By using a flexible peptide linker, either one monomer of the tetrameric xylose isomerase XylA from the thermophilic Thermoanaerobacterium strain JW/SL-YS 489 or, in another approach, one monomer of the trimeric carbonic anhydrase from the methanogenic archaeon Methanosarcina thermophila are genetically linked to one monomer of the S-layer protein SbpA of Lysinibacillus sphaericus CCM 2177. After isolation and purification, the self-assembly properties of both S-layer fusion proteins as well as the specific activity of the fused enzymes are confirmed, thus indicating that the S-layer protein moiety does not influence the nature of the multimeric enzymes and vice versa. By recrystallization of the S-layer/extremozyme fusion proteins on solid supports, the active enzyme multimers are exposed on the surface of the square S-layer lattice with 13.1 nm spacing.
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Abstract
The ultrastructure of bacteria is only accessible by electron microscopy. Our insights into the architecture of cells and cellular compartments such as the envelope and appendages is thus dependent on the progress of preparative and imaging techniques in electron microscopy. Here, I give a short overview of the development and characteristics of methods applied for imaging (components of) the bacterial surface and refer to key investigations and exemplary results. In the beginning of electron microscopy, fixation of biological material and staining for contrast enhancement were the standard techniques. The results from freeze-etching, metal shadowing and from ultrathin-sections of plastic-embedded material shaped our view of the cellular organization of bacteria. The introduction of cryo-preparations, keeping samples in their natural environment, and three-dimensional (3D) electron microscopy of isolated protein complexes and intact cells opened the door to a new dimension and has provided insight into the native structure of macromolecules and the in situ organization of cells at molecular resolution. Cryo-electron microscopy of single particles, together with other methods of structure determination, and cellular cryo-electron tomography will provide us with a quasi-atomic model of the bacterial cell surface in the years to come.
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Pervaiz S, Shaheen T, Shaheen S, Dar N, Samra Z. Purification, characterization and preparation immunomatrixes of S-layer proteins of Thermobifida fusca. J Appl Microbiol 2013; 115:735-43. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.12259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Pervaiz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology; University of the Punjab; Lahore Pakistan
| | - T. Shaheen
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology; University of the Punjab; Lahore Pakistan
| | - S. Shaheen
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology; University of the Punjab; Lahore Pakistan
| | - N. Dar
- Department of Biology; Jinnah Degree College for Women; Lahore Pakistan
| | - Z.Q. Samra
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology; University of the Punjab; Lahore Pakistan
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Schuster D, Küpcü S, Belton DJ, Perry CC, Stöger-Pollach M, Sleytr UB, Pum D. Construction of silica-enhanced S-layer protein cages. Acta Biomater 2013; 9:5689-97. [PMID: 23168223 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2012.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The work presented here shows for the first time that it is possible to silicify S-layer coated liposomes and to obtain stable functionalized hollow nano-containers. For this purpose, the S-layer protein of Geobacillus stearothermophilus PV72/p2 was recombinantly expressed and used for coating positively charged liposomes composed of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, cholesterol and hexadecylamine in a molar ratio of 10:5:4. Subsequently, plain (uncoated) liposomes and S-layer coated liposomes were silicified. Determination of the charge of the constructs during silicification allowed the deposition process to be followed. After the particles had been silicified, lipids were dissolved by treatment with Triton X-100 with the release of previously entrapped fluorescent dyes being determined by fluorimetry. Both, ζ-potential and release experiments showed differences between silicified plain liposomes and silicified S-layer coated liposomes. The results of the individual preparation steps were examined by embedding the respective assemblies in resin, ultrathin sectioning and inspection by bright-field transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Energy filtered TEM confirmed the successful construction of S-layer based silica cages. It is anticipated that this approach will provide a key to enabling technology for the fabrication of nanoporous protein cages for applications ranging from nano medicine to materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Schuster
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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35
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Pleschberger M, Hildner F, Rünzler D, Gelbmann N, Mayer HF, Sleytr UB, Egelseer EM. Identification of a novel gene cluster in the upstream region of the S-layer gene sbpA involved in cell wall metabolism of Lysinibacillus sphaericus CCM 2177 and characterization of the recombinantly produced autolysin and pyruvyl transferase. Arch Microbiol 2013; 195:323-37. [PMID: 23443476 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-013-0876-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The S-layer protein SbpA of Lysinibacillus sphaericus CCM 2177 assembles into a square (p4) lattice structure and recognizes a pyruvylated secondary cell wall polymer (SCWP) as the proper anchoring structure to the rigid cell wall layer. Sequencing of 8,004 bp in the 5'-upstream region of the S-layer gene sbpA led to five ORFs-encoding proteins involved in cell wall metabolism. After cloning and heterologous expression of ORF1 and ORF5 in Escherichia coli, the recombinant autolysin rAbpA and the recombinant pyruvyl transferase rCsaB were isolated, purified, and correct folding was confirmed by circular dichroism. Although rAbpA encoded by ORF1 showed amidase activity, it could attack whole cells of Ly. sphaericus CCM 2177 only after complete extraction of the S-layer lattice. Despite the presence of three S-layer-homology motifs on the N-terminal part, rAbpA did not show detectable affinity to peptidoglycan-containing sacculi, nor to isolated SCWP. As the molecular mass of the autolysin lies above the molecular exclusion limit of the S-layer, AbpA is obviously trapped within the rigid cell wall layer by the isoporous protein lattice. Immunogold-labeling of ultrathin-sectioned whole cells of Ly. sphaericus CCM 2177 with a polyclonal rabbit antiserum raised against rCsaB encoded by ORF5, and cell fractionation experiments demonstrated that the pyruvyl transferase was located in the cytoplasm, but not associated with cell envelope components including the plasma membrane. In enzymatic assays, rCsaB clearly showed pyruvyl transferase activity. By using RT-PCR, specific transcripts for each ORF could be detected. Cotranscription could be confirmed for ORF2 and ORF3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Pleschberger
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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Pum D, Toca-Herrera JL, Sleytr UB. S-layer protein self-assembly. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:2484-501. [PMID: 23354479 PMCID: PMC3587997 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14022484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Crystalline S(urface)-layers are the most commonly observed cell surface structures in prokaryotic organisms (bacteria and archaea). S-layers are highly porous protein meshworks with unit cell sizes in the range of 3 to 30 nm, and thicknesses of ~10 nm. One of the key features of S-layer proteins is their intrinsic capability to form self-assembled mono- or double layers in solution, and at interfaces. Basic research on S-layer proteins laid foundation to make use of the unique self-assembly properties of native and, in particular, genetically functionalized S-layer protein lattices, in a broad range of applications in the life and non-life sciences. This contribution briefly summarizes the knowledge about structure, genetics, chemistry, morphogenesis, and function of S-layer proteins and pays particular attention to the self-assembly in solution, and at differently functionalized solid supports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietmar Pum
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Institute for Biophysics, University of Natural Resources and Life Science, Vienna, Muthgasse 11, Vienna 1190, Austria; E-Mails: (J.L.T.-H); (U.B.S.)
| | - Jose Luis Toca-Herrera
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Institute for Biophysics, University of Natural Resources and Life Science, Vienna, Muthgasse 11, Vienna 1190, Austria; E-Mails: (J.L.T.-H); (U.B.S.)
| | - Uwe B. Sleytr
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Institute for Biophysics, University of Natural Resources and Life Science, Vienna, Muthgasse 11, Vienna 1190, Austria; E-Mails: (J.L.T.-H); (U.B.S.)
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Abstract
Nanosciences are distinguished by the cross-fertilization of biology, chemistry, material sciences, and solid-state physics and hence open up a great variety of new opportunities for innovation. The technological utilization of self-assembly systems, wherein molecules spontaneously associate under equilibrium conditions into reproducible supramolecular aggregates, is one key challenge in nanosciences for life and nonlife science applications. The attractiveness of such processes is due to their ability to build uniform, ultrasmall functional units and the possibility to exploit such structures at meso- and macroscopic scale very frequently by newly developed techniques and methods. By the utilization of crystalline bacterial cell-surface proteins (S-layer proteins) innovative approaches for the assembly of supramolecular structures and devices with dimensions of a few to tens of nanometers have been developed. S-layers have proven to be particularly suited as building blocks in a molecular construction kit involving all major classes of biological molecules. The controlled immobilization of biomolecules in an ordered fashion on solid substrates and their controlled confinement in definite areas of nanometer dimensions are key requirements for many applications including the development of bioanalytical sensors, biochips, molecular electronics, biocompatible surfaces, and signal processing between functional membranes, cells, and integrated circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Schuster
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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Đordić A, Egelseer EM, Tesarz M, Sleytr UB, Keller W, Pavkov-Keller T. Crystallization of domains involved in self-assembly of the S-layer protein SbsC. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2012; 68:1511-4. [PMID: 23192035 PMCID: PMC3509976 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309112042650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The Gram-positive bacterium Geobacillus stearothermophilus ATCC 12980 is completely covered with a two-dimensional crystalline monolayer composed of the S-layer protein SbsC. In order to complete the structure of the full-length protein, additional soluble constructs containing the crucial domains for self-assembly have been successfully cloned, expressed and purified. Crystals obtained from three different recombinant constructs yielded diffraction to 3.4, 2.8 and 1.5 Å resolution. Native data have been collected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anđela Đordić
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Karl-Franzens University Graz, Humboldtstrasse 50, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Eva M. Egelseer
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Manfred Tesarz
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Uwe B. Sleytr
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Walter Keller
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Karl-Franzens University Graz, Humboldtstrasse 50, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Tea Pavkov-Keller
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Karl-Franzens University Graz, Humboldtstrasse 50, 8010 Graz, Austria
- ACIB (Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology) GmbH, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Are the surface layer homology domains essential for cell surface display and glycosylation of the S-layer protein from Paenibacillus alvei CCM 2051T? J Bacteriol 2012. [PMID: 23204458 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01487-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Paenibacillus alvei CCM 2051(T) cells are decorated with a two-dimensional (2D) crystalline array comprised of the glycosylated S-layer protein SpaA. At its N terminus, SpaA possesses three consecutive surface layer (S-layer) homology (SLH) domains containing the amino acid motif TRAE, known to play a key role in cell wall binding, as well as the TVEE and TRAQ variations thereof. SpaA is predicted to be anchored to the cell wall by interaction of the SLH domains with a peptidoglycan (PG)-associated, nonclassical, pyruvylated secondary cell wall polymer (SCWP). In this study, we have analyzed the role of the three predicted binding motifs within the SLH domains by mutating them into TAAA motifs, either individually, pairwise, or all of them. Effects were visualized in vivo by homologous expression of chimeras made of the mutated S-layer proteins and enhanced green fluorescent protein and in an in vitro binding assay using His-tagged SpaA variants and native PG-containing cell wall sacculi that either contained SCWP or were deprived of it. Experimental data indicated that (i) the TRAE, TVEE, and TRAQ motifs are critical for the binding function of SLH domains, (ii) two functional motifs are sufficient for cell wall binding, regardless of the domain location, (iii) SLH domains have a dual-recognition function for the SCWP and the PG, and (iv) cell wall anchoring is not necessary for SpaA glycosylation. Additionally, we showed that the SLH domains of SpaA are sufficient for in vivo cell surface display of foreign proteins at the cell surface of P. alvei.
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40
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Sekot G, Posch G, Oh YJ, Zayni S, Mayer HF, Pum D, Messner P, Hinterdorfer P, Schäffer C. Analysis of the cell surface layer ultrastructure of the oral pathogen Tannerella forsythia. Arch Microbiol 2012; 194:525-39. [PMID: 22273979 PMCID: PMC3354324 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-012-0792-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The Gram-negative oral pathogen Tannerella forsythia is decorated with a 2D crystalline surface (S-) layer, with two different S-layer glycoprotein species being present. Prompted by the predicted virulence potential of the S-layer, this study focused on the analysis of the arrangement of the individual S-layer glycoproteins by a combination of microscopic, genetic, and biochemical analyses. The two S-layer genes are transcribed into mRNA and expressed into protein in equal amounts. The S-layer was investigated on intact bacterial cells by transmission electron microscopy, by immune fluorescence microscopy, and by atomic force microscopy. The analyses of wild-type cells revealed a distinct square S-layer lattice with an overall lattice constant of 10.1 ± 0.7 nm. In contrast, a blurred lattice with a lattice constant of 9.0 nm was found on S-layer single-mutant cells. This together with in vitro self-assembly studies using purified (glyco)protein species indicated their increased structural flexibility after self-assembly and/or impaired self-assembly capability. In conjunction with TEM analyses of thin-sectioned cells, this study demonstrates the unusual case that two S-layer glycoproteins are co-assembled into a single S-layer. Additionally, flagella and pilus-like structures were observed on T. forsythia cells, which might impact the pathogenicity of this bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Sekot
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Gerald Posch
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Yoo Jin Oh
- Christian Doppler Laboratory of Nanoscopic Methods in Biophysics, Institute for Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University, Altenbergerstrasse 69, 4070 Linz, Austria
| | - Sonja Zayni
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Harald F. Mayer
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Dietmar Pum
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Paul Messner
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Peter Hinterdorfer
- Christian Doppler Laboratory of Nanoscopic Methods in Biophysics, Institute for Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University, Altenbergerstrasse 69, 4070 Linz, Austria
| | - Christina Schäffer
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Wien, Austria
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41
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Horejs C, Gollner H, Pum D, Sleytr UB, Peterlik H, Jungbauer A, Tscheliessnig R. Atomistic structure of monomolecular surface layer self-assemblies: toward functionalized nanostructures. ACS NANO 2011; 5:2288-2297. [PMID: 21375257 DOI: 10.1021/nn1035729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The concept of self-assembly is one of the most promising strategies for the creation of defined nanostructures and therefore became an essential part of nanotechnology for the controlled bottom-up design of nanoscale structures. Surface layers (S-layers), which represent the cell envelope of a great variety of prokaryotic cells, show outstanding self-assembly features in vitro and have been successfully used as the basic matrix for molecular construction kits. Here we present the three-dimensional structure of an S-layer lattice based on tetrameric unit cells, which will help to facilitate the directed binding of various molecules on the S-layer lattice, thereby creating functional nanoarrays for applications in nanobiotechnology. Our work demonstrates the successful combination of computer simulations, electron microscopy (TEM), and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) as a tool for the investigation of the structure of self-assembling or aggregating proteins, which cannot be determined by X-ray crystallography. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first structural model at an amino acid level of an S-layer unit cell that exhibits p4 lattice symmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Horejs
- Department for Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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42
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Abstract
AbstractA selection of microscopic pores is being made by genetic manipulation of a bacterial channel protein, α-hemolysin (α-HL). It will include: pores with different internal diameters, with differential selectivity for the passage of classes of molecules, and with different gating properties. The pores will be made into monolayers and incorporated into materials such as thin films to confer novel permeability properties upon them. Such products will have several technological applications, for example as molecular filters in sensors or as components of optically gated devices in electronics.
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43
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Sleytr UB, Schuster B, Egelseer EM, Pum D, Horejs CM, Tscheliessnig R, Ilk N. Nanobiotechnology with S-layer proteins as building blocks. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2011; 103:277-352. [PMID: 21999999 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415906-8.00003-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
One of the key challenges in nanobiotechnology is the utilization of self- assembly systems, wherein molecules spontaneously associate into reproducible aggregates and supramolecular structures. In this contribution, we describe the basic principles of crystalline bacterial surface layers (S-layers) and their use as patterning elements. The broad application potential of S-layers in nanobiotechnology is based on the specific intrinsic features of the monomolecular arrays composed of identical protein or glycoprotein subunits. Most important, physicochemical properties and functional groups on the protein lattice are arranged in well-defined positions and orientations. Many applications of S-layers depend on the capability of isolated subunits to recrystallize into monomolecular arrays in suspension or on suitable surfaces (e.g., polymers, metals, silicon wafers) or interfaces (e.g., lipid films, liposomes, emulsomes). S-layers also represent a unique structural basis and patterning element for generating more complex supramolecular structures involving all major classes of biological molecules (e.g., proteins, lipids, glycans, nucleic acids, or combinations of these). Thus, S-layers fulfill key requirements as building blocks for the production of new supramolecular materials and nanoscale devices as required in molecular nanotechnology, nanobiotechnology, biomimetics, and synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe B Sleytr
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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44
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Analysis of the intact surface layer of Caulobacter crescentus by cryo-electron tomography. J Bacteriol 2010; 192:5855-65. [PMID: 20833802 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00747-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The surface layers (S layers) of those bacteria and archaea that elaborate these crystalline structures have been studied for 40 years. However, most structural analysis has been based on electron microscopy of negatively stained S-layer fragments separated from cells, which can introduce staining artifacts and allow rearrangement of structures prone to self-assemble. We present a quantitative analysis of the structure and organization of the S layer on intact growing cells of the Gram-negative bacterium Caulobacter crescentus using cryo-electron tomography (CET) and statistical image processing. Instead of the expected long-range order, we observed different regions with hexagonally organized subunits exhibiting short-range order and a broad distribution of periodicities. Also, areas of stacked double layers were found, and these increased in extent when the S-layer protein (RsaA) expression level was elevated by addition of multiple rsaA copies. Finally, we combined high-resolution amino acid residue-specific Nanogold labeling and subtomogram averaging of CET volumes to improve our understanding of the correlation between the linear protein sequence and the structure at the 2-nm level of resolution that is presently available. The results support the view that the U-shaped RsaA monomer predicted from negative-stain tomography proceeds from the N terminus at one vertex, corresponding to the axis of 3-fold symmetry, to the C terminus at the opposite vertex, which forms the prominent 6-fold symmetry axis. Such information will help future efforts to analyze subunit interactions and guide selection of internal sites for display of heterologous protein segments.
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45
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Robinson RW. Life Cycles in the Methanogenic Archaebacterium Methanosarcina mazei. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 52:17-27. [PMID: 16347105 PMCID: PMC203386 DOI: 10.1128/aem.52.1.17-27.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Methanosarcina mazei S6 and LYC were used to study the structure and differentiation of the aggregating methanogens. Cultures harvested under various conditions are described at the ultrastructural level. Cells of strain S6 are enclosed by a layer 12 nm thick in contact with the plasma membrane. In sarcinal colonies, cells are held in close association by a fibrous matrix up to 60 nm thick. Colony maturation was examined in strain S6 over a period of 1 year. Changes occurred in the shape and staining of individual cells. Also, various inclusion bodies were observed that either persist throughout colony maturation or are only found at certain growth stages. Two types of cores that are composed of double membranes in M. mazei S6 are described. One has a 90-nm diameter and contains electron-dense granules similar to those found in the cytoplasm. The other core type does not contain granules, is more numerous, and is found in older cultures. Two life cycles are described for M. mazei based on electron microscope examinations. A complex life cycle involving the release of single cells is described with two variations for strains S6 and LYC. When released cells of strain S6 are placed in fresh medium they can repeat the cycle. In addition, a limited cycle is described for both strains of M. mazei. This limited cycle contains the only sarcinal morphotypes observed in M. barkeri. When M. mazei S6 remains in the limited cycle and does not disaggregate in stationary phase, several types of possible resting forms are found.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Robinson
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
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46
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Kainz B, Steiner K, Möller M, Pum D, Schäffer C, Sleytr UB, Toca-Herrera JL. Absorption, steady-state fluorescence, fluorescence lifetime, and 2D self-assembly properties of engineered fluorescent S-layer fusion proteins of Geobacillus stearothermophilus NRS 2004/3a. Biomacromolecules 2010; 11:207-14. [PMID: 19954211 DOI: 10.1021/bm901071b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
S-layer fusion protein technology was used to design four different fluorescent fusion proteins with three different GFP mutants and the red fluorescent protein mRFP1. Their absorption spectra, steady-state fluorescence, and fluorescence lifetime were investigated as a function of pH. It was found that fluorescence intensities and lifetime of the GFP mutant S-layer fusion proteins decreased about 50% between pH 6 and pH 5. The spectral properties of the red S-layer fusion protein were minimally affected by pH variations. These results were compared with His-tagged reference fluorescent proteins, demonstrating that the S-layer protein did not change the general spectral properties of the whole fusion protein. In addition, the pK(a) values of the fluorescent S-layer fusion proteins were calculated. Finally, it was shown that the S-layer fusion proteins were able to self-assemble forming 2D nanostructures of oblique p2 symmetry with lattice parameters of about a = 11 nm, b = 14 nm, and gamma = 80 degrees . The fluorescence tag did not hinder the natural self-assembly process of the S-layer protein. The combination of the fluorescence properties and the self-assembly ability of the engineered fusion proteins make them a promising tool to generate biomimetic surfaces for future applications in nanobiotechnology at a wide range of pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Kainz
- Department for NanoBiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
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47
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Schuster B, Sleytr UB. Composite S-layer lipid structures. J Struct Biol 2009; 168:207-16. [PMID: 19303933 PMCID: PMC2886963 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2009.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2008] [Revised: 03/06/2009] [Accepted: 03/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Designing and utilization of biomimetic membrane systems generated by bottom-up processes is a rapidly growing scientific and engineering field. Elucidation of the supramolecular construction principle of archaeal cell envelopes composed of S-layer stabilized lipid membranes led to new strategies for generating highly stable functional lipid membranes at meso- and macroscopic scale. In this review, we provide a state of the art survey how S-layer proteins, lipids, and polysaccharides may be used as basic building blocks for the assembly of S-layer supported lipid membranes. These biomimetic membrane systems are distinguished by a nanopatterned fluidity, enhanced stability and longevity and thus, provide a dedicated reconstitution matrix for membrane-active peptides and transmembrane proteins. Exciting areas for application of composite S-layer membrane systems concern sensor systems involving specific membrane functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Schuster
- Department für NanoBiotechnologie, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Gregor-Mendel-Strasse 33, 1180 Vienna, Austria
| | - Uwe B. Sleytr
- Department für NanoBiotechnologie, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Gregor-Mendel-Strasse 33, 1180 Vienna, Austria
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48
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Kroutil M, Pavkov T, Birner-Gruenberger R, Tesarz M, Sleytr UB, Egelseer EM, Keller W. Towards the structure of the C-terminal part of the S-layer protein SbsC. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2009; 65:1042-7. [PMID: 19851018 PMCID: PMC2765897 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309109035386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2009] [Accepted: 09/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The S-layer protein SbsC from Geobacillus stearothermophilus ATCC 12980 is the most prevalent single protein produced by the bacterium and covers the complete bacterial surface in the form of a two-dimensional crystalline monolayer. In order to elucidate the structural features of the assembly domains, several N-terminally truncated fragments of SbsC have been crystallized. Crystals obtained from recombinant fragments showed anisotropic diffraction to a maximum of 3.5 A resolution using synchrotron radiation. The best diffracting crystals were obtained from rSbsC(755-1099), an unintentional in situ proteolytic degradation product of rSbsC(447-1099). Crystals were obtained in two different space groups, P2(1) and P4(1)2(1)2, and diffracted to 2.6 and 3 A resolution, respectively. Native and heavy-atom derivative data have been collected. The structure of the C-terminal part will yield atomic resolution information for the domains that are crucial for the assembly of the two-dimensional lattice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Kroutil
- Karl-Franzens University, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Graz, Austria
| | - Tea Pavkov
- Karl-Franzens University, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Graz, Austria
| | - Ruth Birner-Gruenberger
- Medical University of Graz, Center for Medical Research, Proteomics Core Facility, Graz, Austria
| | - Manfred Tesarz
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Uwe B. Sleytr
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eva M. Egelseer
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Walter Keller
- Karl-Franzens University, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Graz, Austria
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Pavkov T, Egelseer EM, Tesarz M, Svergun DI, Sleytr UB, Keller W. The structure and binding behavior of the bacterial cell surface layer protein SbsC. Structure 2008; 16:1226-37. [PMID: 18682224 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2008.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2008] [Revised: 04/30/2008] [Accepted: 05/01/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Surface layers (S-layers) comprise the outermost cell envelope component of most archaea and many bacteria. Here we present the structure of the bacterial S-layer protein SbsC from Geobacillus stearothermophilus, showing a very elongated and flexible molecule, with strong and specific binding to the secondary cell wall polymer (SCWP). The crystal structure of rSbsC((31-844)) revealed a novel fold, consisting of six separate domains, which are connected by short flexible linkers. The N-terminal domain exhibits positively charged residues regularly spaced along the putative ligand binding site matching the distance of the negative charges on the extended SCWP. Upon SCWP binding, a considerable stabilization of the N-terminal domain occurs. These findings provide insight into the processes of S-layer attachment to the underlying cell wall and self-assembly, and also accommodate the observed mechanical strength, the polarity of the S-layer, and the pronounced requirement for surface flexibility inherent to cell growth and division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tea Pavkov
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Structural Biology, University of Graz, Humboldtsrasse 50/3, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Abstract
The present review focuses on a unique bio-molecular construction kit based on surface-layer (S-layer) proteins as building blocks and patterning elements, but also major classes of biological molecules such as lipids, membrane-active peptides and membrane proteins, and glycans for the design of functional supported lipid membranes. The biomimetic approach copying the supramolecular building principle of most archaeal cell envelopes merely composed of a plasma membrane and a closely associated S-layer lattice has resulted in robust and fluid lipid membranes. Most importantly, S-layer supported lipid membranes spanning an aperture or generated on solid and porous substrates constitute highly interesting model membranes for the reconstitution of responsive transmembrane proteins and membrane-active peptides. This is of particular challenge as one-third of all proteins are membrane proteins such as pore-forming proteins, ion channels, and receptors. S-layer supported lipid membranes are seen as one of the most innovative strategies in membrane protein-based nanobiotechnology with potential applications that range from pharmaceutical (high-throughput) drug screening over lipid chips to the detection of biological warfare agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Schuster
- Center for NanoBiotechnology, BOKU--University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences Vienna, Gregor-Mendel-Strasse 33, 1180 Vienna, Austria.
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