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Jiang H, Zhao Z, Yu H, Lin Q, Liu Y. Evolutionary traits and functional roles of chemokines and their receptors in the male pregnancy of the Syngnathidae. MARINE LIFE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 5:500-510. [PMID: 38045539 PMCID: PMC10689615 DOI: 10.1007/s42995-023-00205-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Vertebrates have developed various modes of reproduction, some of which are found in Teleosts. Over 300 species of the Syngnathidae (seahorses, pipefishes and seadragons) exhibit male pregnancies; the males have specialized brood pouches that provide immune protection, nourishment, and oxygen regulation. Chemokines play a vital role at the mammalian maternal-fetal interface; however, their functions in fish reproduction are unclear. This study revealed the evolutionary traits and potential functions of chemokine genes in 22 oviparous, ovoviviparous, and viviparous fish species through comparative genomic analyses. Our results showed that chemokine gene copy numbers and evolutionary rates vary among species with different modes of reproduction. Syngnathidae lost cxcl13 and cxcr5, which are involved in key receptor-ligand pairs for lymphoid organ development. Notably, Syngnathidae have site-specific mutations in cxcl12b and ccl44, suggesting immune function during gestation. Moreover, transcriptome analysis revealed that chemokine gene expression varies among Syngnathidae species with different types of brood pouches, suggesting adaptive variations in chemokine functions among seahorses and their relatives. Furthermore, challenge experiments on seahorse brood pouches revealed a joint immune function of chemokine genes during male pregnancy. This study provides insights into the evolutionary diversity of chemokine genes associated with different reproductive modes in fish. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42995-023-00205-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301 China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400 China
| | - Zhanwei Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301 China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400 China
| | - Haiyan Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301 China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301 China
| | - Qiang Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301 China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400 China
| | - Yali Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301 China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400 China
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Cimadamore A, Scarpelli M, Piva F, Massari F, Gasparrini S, Doria A, Cheng L, Lopez-Beltran A, Montironi R. Activity of chemokines in prostate and renal tumors and their potential role as future therapeutic targets. Future Oncol 2017; 13:1105-1114. [PMID: 28147707 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2016-0481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are a class of low-molecular-weight proteins that induce chemotaxis and are implicated in the modulation of angiogenesis. The imbalance among angiogenic and antiangiogenic chemokines can promote the development of several conditions, including chronic inflammation, dysplastic transformation and cancer. In this review, we describe the activity and clinical significance of chemokines in prostate and renal tumors and provide an update on ongoing studies in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Cimadamore
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, School of Medicine, United Hospitals, Ancona, Italy
| | - Marina Scarpelli
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, School of Medicine, United Hospitals, Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesco Piva
- Department of Specialist Clinical & Odontostomatological Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | | | - Silvia Gasparrini
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, School of Medicine, United Hospitals, Ancona, Italy
| | - Andrea Doria
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, School of Medicine, United Hospitals, Ancona, Italy
| | - Liang Cheng
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Antonio Lopez-Beltran
- Department of Surgery & Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Cordoba University Medical School, Cordoba, Spain.,Champalimaud Clinical Center, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rodolfo Montironi
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, School of Medicine, United Hospitals, Ancona, Italy
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3
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Bird S, Tafalla C. Teleost Chemokines and Their Receptors. BIOLOGY 2015; 4:756-84. [PMID: 26569324 PMCID: PMC4690017 DOI: 10.3390/biology4040756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines are a superfamily of cytokines that appeared about 650 million years ago, at the emergence of vertebrates, and are responsible for regulating cell migration under both inflammatory and physiological conditions. The first teleost chemokine gene was reported in rainbow trout in 1998. Since then, numerous chemokine genes have been identified in diverse fish species evidencing the great differences that exist among fish and mammalian chemokines, and within the different fish species, as a consequence of extensive intrachromosomal gene duplications and different infectious experiences. Subsequently, it has only been possible to establish clear homologies with mammalian chemokines in the case of some chemokines with well-conserved homeostatic roles, whereas the functionality of other chemokine genes will have to be independently addressed in each species. Despite this, functional studies have only been undertaken for a few of these chemokine genes. In this review, we describe the current state of knowledge of chemokine biology in teleost fish. We have mainly focused on those species for which more research efforts have been made in this subject, specifically zebrafish (Daniorerio), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchusmykiss) and catfish (Ictaluruspunctatus), outlining which genes have been identified thus far, highlighting the most important aspects of their expression regulation and addressing any known aspects of their biological role in immunity. Finally, we summarise what is known about the chemokine receptors in teleosts and provide some analysis using recently available data to help characterise them more clearly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Bird
- Biomedical Unit, School of Science, University of Waikato, Waikato 3240, New Zealand.
| | - Carolina Tafalla
- Animal Health Research Center (CISA-INIA), Carretera de Algete a El Casar km. 8.1, Valdeolmos, Madrid 28130, Spain.
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4
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CD34/CD133 enriched bone marrow progenitor cells promote neovascularization of tissue engineered constructs in vivo. Stem Cell Res 2014; 13:465-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Sulfoform generation from an orthogonally protected disaccharide. Carbohydr Res 2012; 355:19-27. [PMID: 22624867 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2012.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
An orthogonally protected disaccharide (GlcN(α1→4)Glc) with a β-linked 2'-aminoethyl linker was used to generate a series of sulfated derivatives (sulfoforms), with a 6-O-sulfate on the glucose residue and one or more sulfate esters on the terminal glucosamine. Deprotection and sulfonation steps were performed in solution and in variable order, with isolated yields of 36-54% (85-90% per operation) after HPLC purification. The modular deprotection-sulfonation sequences can be performed with efficient recovery of the polysulfate products, and avoids complications associated with heterogeneous reactivity in solid-phase synthesis.
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Gilert A, Machluf M. Nano to micro delivery systems: targeting angiogenesis in brain tumors. JOURNAL OF ANGIOGENESIS RESEARCH 2010; 2:20. [PMID: 20932320 PMCID: PMC2964525 DOI: 10.1186/2040-2384-2-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2010] [Accepted: 10/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Treating brain tumors using inhibitors of angiogenesis is extensively researched and tested in clinical trials. Although anti-angiogenic treatment holds a great potential for treating primary and secondary brain tumors, no clinical treatment is currently approved for brain tumor patients. One of the main hurdles in treating brain tumors is the blood brain barrier - a protective barrier of the brain, which prevents drugs from entering the brain parenchyma. As most therapeutics are excluded from the brain there is an urgent need to develop delivery platforms which will bypass such hurdles and enable the delivery of anti-angiogenic drugs into the tumor bed. Such delivery systems should be able to control release the drug or a combination of drugs at a therapeutic level for the desired time. In this mini-review we will discuss the latest improvements in nano and micro drug delivery platforms that were designed to deliver inhibitors of angiogenesis to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Gilert
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
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Liu R, Chanthamontri C, Han H, Hernández-Torres JM, Wood KV, McLuckey SA, Wei A. Solid-phase synthesis of alpha-glucosamine sulfoforms with fragmentation analysis by tandem mass spectrometry. J Org Chem 2008; 73:6059-72. [PMID: 18610984 DOI: 10.1021/jo800713m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sulfated epitopes of alpha-glucosamine (GlcN sulfoforms) were prepared by solid-phase synthesis as models of internal glucosamines within heparan sulfate. An orthogonally protected 2'-hydroxyethyl GlcN derivative was immobilized on a trityl resin support and subjected to regioselective deprotection and sulfonation conditions, which were optimized with the aid of on-resin infrared or Raman analysis. The sulfoforms were cleaved from the resin under mild Lewis acid conditions without affecting the O- or N-sulfate groups and purified by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The alpha-GlcN sulfoforms and their 4- O-benzyl ethers were examined by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS), with product ion spectra produced by collision-induced dissociation (CID). ESI-MS/MS revealed significant differences in parent ion stabilities and fragmentation rates as a function of sulfate position. Ion fragmentation by CID resulted in characteristic mass losses with strong correlation to the positions of both free hydroxyl groups and sulfate ions. Most of these fragmentation patterns are consonant with elimination pathways, and suggest possible strategies for elucidating the structures of glucosamine-derived sulfoforms with identical m/ z ratios. In particular, fragmentation analysis can easily distinguish GlcN sulfoforms bearing the relatively rare 3- O-sulfate from isomers with the more common 6- O-sulfate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runhui Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084, USA
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Fan RH, Achkar J, Hernández-Torres JM, Wei A. Orthogonal sulfation strategy for synthetic heparan sulfate ligands. Org Lett 2006; 7:5095-8. [PMID: 16235966 PMCID: PMC1851889 DOI: 10.1021/ol052130o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] An orthogonal sulfation strategy involving six different protecting groups has been developed for generating sulfated carbohydrate libraries based on heparan. Chemoselective cleavage conditions (optimized for a heparan disaccharide) can be performed in the presence of sulfate esters as well as the remaining protecting groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Hua Fan
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084, USA
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9
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Trevino JG, Gray MJ, Nawrocki ST, Summy JM, Lesslie DP, Evans DB, Sawyer TK, Shakespeare WC, Watowich SS, Chiao PJ, McConkey DJ, Gallick GE. Src activation of Stat3 is an independent requirement from NF-kappaB activation for constitutive IL-8 expression in human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells. Angiogenesis 2006; 9:101-10. [PMID: 16871430 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-006-9038-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2006] [Accepted: 06/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Human pancreatic tumors often overexpress the angiogenesis-promoting factor Interleukin 8 (IL-8), in part due to overexpression of NF-kappaB, a frequent occurrence in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. In this study, we demonstrate that reducing c-Src kinase activity, through either pharmacologic inhibition or small interfering RNA-targeted reduction of Src expression, significantly decreased IL-8 expression (P < 0.05) without affecting NF-kappaB-mediated transcription, but by decreasing phosphorylation of STAT3. To ascertain whether Src-mediated expression of IL-8 was dependent on STAT3, we used stable clones expressing a dominant-negative isoform of STAT3 that inhibits endogenous STAT3 phosphorylation and subsequent DNA binding and STAT3-mediated gene expression or a constitutively activated isoform of STAT3. IL-8 expression was significantly lower in clones expressing the dominant-negative isoform and significantly increased in clones expressing the activated isoform (P < 0.05 for both). Pharmacologic inhibition of NF-kappaB activity significantly reduced basal IL-8 expression and tumor necrosis factor-induced IL-8 expression (P < 0.05 for both), yet NF-kappaB activity was not dependent on Src. We therefore suggest that Src activation, through phosphorylation of STAT3, and NF-kappaB are all required for expression of IL-8 a critical angiogenic-promoting factor in pancreatic adenocarcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose G Trevino
- Department of Cancer Biology, Unit 179, The University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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10
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Bhutto IA, McLeod DS, Merges C, Hasegawa T, Lutty GA. Localisation of SDF-1 and its receptor CXCR4 in retina and choroid of aged human eyes and in eyes with age related macular degeneration. Br J Ophthalmol 2006; 90:906-10. [PMID: 16597663 PMCID: PMC1857162 DOI: 10.1136/bjo.2006.090357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AIM To examine the immunolocalisation of stromal cell derived factor 1 (SDF-1) and its receptor CXCR4 in aged control human donor eyes and eyes with age related macular degeneration (AMD). METHODS Postmortem eyes from eight aged control donors (mean age 79.8 years) and from 12 donors with AMD (mean age 83.9 years) were cryopreserved and sectioned through the macular region. SDF-1 and CXCR4 were localised using streptavidin alkaline phosphatase immunohistochemistry and then sections were bleached. Three independent masked observers scored the immunohistochemical reaction product. RESULTS In aged control retinas, SDF-1 immunoreactivity was most intense in inner photoreceptor matrix (IPM). CXCR4 showed a similar pattern of immunostaining, but was more prominent in inner segments of photoreceptors. In aged control and AMD choroid, SDF-1 and CXCR4 localisations were most prominent in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells and choroidal stroma. However, the intensity for SDF-1 was significantly reduced in RPE (p < 0.0001) and choroidal stroma (p < 0.05) in late AMD eyes. SDF-1 and CXCR4 immunoreactivities were weak or nearly absent in disciform scars with choroidal neovascularisation (CNV). Circulating cells, presumably leucocytes, were most intensely positive for CXCR4. CONCLUSIONS These results show that changes in distribution and relative levels of SDF-1/CXCR4 were not evident in early AMD. This suggests that SDF-1/CXCR4 may not contribute to the formation of CNV in AMD, in that CXCR4+ cells were not incorporated into neovascularisation. However, the examples of CNV studied were within disciform scars, so the authors cannot comment on the role of SDF-1/CXCR4 in the early stages of CNV formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- I A Bhutto
- Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, 21287-9115, USA
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11
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Abstract
Tissues maintain homeostasis by monitoring and responding to varied physical interactions between cells and their microenvironment. In situations where acute tissue damage occurs, such as wounding, pathogenic assault, or toxic exposure, regulatory circuits that monitor tissue homeostasis are rapidly engaged to initiate tissue repair by regulating cell polarity, proliferation and death, matrix metabolism, inflammation, and vascular and lymphatic function. The critical feature of regulating these acute responses is the innate ability to discriminate between homeostatic versus damaged tissue states and engage or disengage regulatory machinery as appropriate; thus, a major distinction between acute versus chronic disease is the altered ability to appropriately activate and?or inactivate reparative regulatory programs. Since cancer is a chronic disease characterized by altered cell polarity, enhanced cell survival, inflammation, increased matrix metabolism, and enhanced vascular and lymphatic function, considerable attention is now focused on understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating these responsive pathways. Since chemoattractant cytokines are important mediators of leukocyte recruitment following acute tissue stress, and demonstrate altered characteristics of expression and activation in chronically inflamed tissue, they have been implicated as key regulators of inflammation and angiogenesis during cancer development. This chapter focuses on the clinical and experimental data implicating proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines as important potentiators of carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C Robinson
- Cancer Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, 94143, USA
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12
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Keshamouni VG, Arenberg DA, Reddy RC, Newstead MJ, Anthwal S, Standiford TJ. PPAR-gamma activation inhibits angiogenesis by blocking ELR+CXC chemokine production in non-small cell lung cancer. Neoplasia 2005; 7:294-301. [PMID: 15799829 PMCID: PMC1501135 DOI: 10.1593/neo.04601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2004] [Revised: 09/28/2004] [Accepted: 10/02/2004] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) results in inhibition of tumor growth in various types of cancers, but the mechanism(s) by which PPAR-gamma induces growth arrest has not been completely defined. In a recent study, we demonstrate that treatment of A549 (human non small cell lung cancer cell line) tumor-bearing SCID mice with PPAR-gamma ligands troglitazone (Tro) and pioglitazone significantly inhibits primary tumor growth. In this study, immunohistochemical analysis of Tro-treated and Pio-treated tumors with factor VIII antibody revealed a significant reduction in blood vessel density compared to tumors in control animals, suggesting inhibition of angiogenesis. Further analysis showed that treatment of A549 cells in vitro with Tro or transient transfection of A549 cells with constitutively active PPAR-gamma (VP16-PPAR-gamma) construct blocked the production of the angiogenic ELR+CXC chemokines IL-8 (CXCL8), ENA-78 (CXCL5), and Gro-alpha (CXCL1). Similarly, an inhibitor of NF-kappa B activation (PDTC) also blocked CXCL8, CXCL5, and CXCL1 production, consistent with their NF-kappa B-dependent regulation. Conditioned media from A549 cells induce human microvascular endothelial cell (HMVEC) chemotaxis. However, conditioned media from Tro-treated A549 cells induced significantly less HMVEC chemotaxis compared to untreated A549 cells. Furthermore, PPAR-gamma activation inhibited NF-kappa B transcriptional activity, as assessed by TransAM reporter gene assay. Collectively, our data suggest that PPAR-gamma ligands can inhibit tumor-associated angiogenesis by blocking the production of ELR+CXC chemokines, which is mediated through antagonizing NF-kappaB activation. These antiangiogenic effects likely contribute to the inhibition of primary tumor growth by PPAR-gamma ligands.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Motifs
- Animals
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemokine CXCL1
- Chemokine CXCL11
- Chemokine CXCL5
- Chemokines, CXC/metabolism
- Chemokines, CXC/pharmacology
- Chemotaxis
- Chromans/pharmacology
- Culture Media, Conditioned/pharmacology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Factor VIII/chemistry
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
- Interleukin-8/metabolism
- Ligands
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, SCID
- Microcirculation
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Neovascularization, Pathologic
- PPAR gamma/metabolism
- Pioglitazone
- Proline/analogs & derivatives
- Proline/pharmacology
- Thiazolidinediones/pharmacology
- Thiocarbamates/pharmacology
- Transfection
- Troglitazone
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkateshwar G Keshamouni
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Abstract
The chemokine system controls leukocyte trafficking during homeostasis as well as during inflammation and is necessary for the linkage between innate and adaptive immunity. Tissue regulation outside the hematopoietic compartment, for instance, angiogenesis, organogenesis and tumor development, growth and metastasis, is another important function of the chemokine system. The chemokine-mediated regulation of angiogenesis is highly sophisticated and fine tuned, and involves pro-angiogenic chemokines, for instance, CXCL8/IL8 interacting with the CXCR2 receptor, and anti-angiogenic (i.e. angiostatic) chemokines, for instance, CXCL10/IP10 interacting with the CXCR3 receptor. Chemokines also regulate angiogenesis in a receptor-independent manner by means of a perturbation of bFGF and VEGF function. The current review focuses on the influence of the chemokine system in angiogenesis. Examples of the delicate angiogenesis regulation by the chemokine system in, for instance, wound healing and of the dysregulation in, for instance, tumor development are provided along with the interesting phenomenon of molecular piracy of host-encoded genes within the chemokine system. This phenomenon is a general strategy to circumvent and exploit the immune system -- and thereby improve survival -- for many viruses. Yet, a certain group of herpesviruses -- the gamma2-herpesviruses -- encode a functional CXCR2 receptor homolog that is activated by angiogenic chemokines and antagonized by angiostatic chemokines, and this particular gene seems to cause the development of a vascular tumor -- Kaposi's sarcoma -- in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette M Rosenkilde
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, The Panum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Protein Therapeutic Delivery Using Encapsulated Cell Platform. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/1-4020-3363-x_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
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15
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Barnes MG, Aronow BJ, Luyrink LK, Moroldo MB, Pavlidis P, Passo MH, Grom AA, Hirsch R, Giannini EH, Colbert RA, Glass DN, Thompson SD. Gene expression in juvenile arthritis and spondyloarthropathy: pro-angiogenic ELR+ chemokine genes relate to course of arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2004; 43:973-9. [PMID: 15150433 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keh224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the ability of microarray-based methods to identify genes with disease-specific expression patterns in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and synovial fluid mononuclear cells (SFMC) of juvenile arthritis patients and healthy controls. METHODS Microarray data (Affymetrix U95Av2) from 26 PBMC and 20 SFMC samples collected from patients with active disease (classified by course according to ACR criteria) were analysed for expression patterns that correlated with disease characteristics. For comparison, PBMC gene expression profiles were obtained from 15 healthy controls. Real-time PCR was used for confirmation of gene expression differences. RESULTS Statistical analysis of gene expression patterns in PBMC identified 378 probe sets corresponding to 342 unique genes with differing expression levels between polyarticular course patients and controls (t test, P<0.0001). The genes represented by these probe sets were enriched for functions related to regulation of immune cell functions, receptor signalling as well as protein metabolism and degradation. Included in these probe sets were a group of CXCL chemokines with functions related to angiogenesis. Further analysis showed that, whereas angiogenic CXCL (ELR+) gene expression was elevated in polyarticular PBMC, expression of angiostatic CXCL (ELR-) chemokines was lower in polyarticular SFMC compared with corresponding pauciarticular samples (t test, P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS This pilot study demonstrates that juvenile arthritis patients exhibit complex patterns of gene expression in PBMC and SFMC. The presence of disease-correlated biologically relevant gene expression patterns suggests that the power of this approach will allow better understanding of disease mechanisms, identify distinct clinical phenotypes in disease subtypes, and suggest new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Barnes
- William S. Rowe Division of Rheumatology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH 45229, USA
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16
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Strieter R, Belperio J, Keane M. CXC Chemokines in Angiogenesis Related to Pulmonary Fibrosis. LUNG BIOLOGY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2003. [DOI: 10.1201/b14211-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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17
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Bernardini G, Ribatti D, Spinetti G, Morbidelli L, Ziche M, Santoni A, Capogrossi MC, Napolitano M. Analysis of the role of chemokines in angiogenesis. J Immunol Methods 2003; 273:83-101. [PMID: 12535800 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(02)00420-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines, a large family of inflammatory cytokines, have been shown to play a critical role in the regulation of angiogenesis during several pathophysiologic processes, such as tumor growth, wound healing and ischemia. Semiquantitative or quantitative angiogenesis assays are commonly utilized to screen the angiogenic or angiostatic activity of chemokines. These include in vitro endothelial cell activation assays and ex vivo or in vivo models of neovascularization. Chemokines may exert their regulatory activity on angiogenesis directly or as a consequence of leukocyte infiltration and/or the induction of growth factor expression. The effect of chemokines on endothelium can be assessed by performing in vitro assays on purified endothelial cell populations or by in vivo assays. Nevertheless, each model used to evaluate the angiogenic or angiostatic activity of a discrete factor has advantages and limitations. Thus, in order to avoid under- or overestimating the regulatory effect of chemokines on angiogenesis and to evaluate all aspects of the angiogenic process, multiple assays are usually performed. This review summarizes past and recent studies on chemokines as modulators of angiogenesis with particular emphasis on the methods currently used for the assessment of chemokine-mediated angiogenic or angiostatic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Bernardini
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Pathology, University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, La Sapienza 00161, Italy.
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Schaider H, Oka M, Bogenrieder T, Nesbit M, Satyamoorthy K, Berking C, Matsushima K, Herlyn M. Differential response of primary and metastatic melanomas to neutrophils attracted by IL-8. Int J Cancer 2003; 103:335-43. [PMID: 12471616 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.10775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
IL-8 is a strong chemoattractant for neutrophils, and it is constitutively produced by many tumors, including human melanomas. To determine the biologic importance of IL-8 for melanoma cells from primary and metastatic lesions, we transduced selected cell lines constitutively producing low levels of IL-8 with IL-8 cDNA using a replication-deficient adenoviral vector. Nontumorigenic SBcl2 primary melanoma cells formed tumors when transduced with increasing plaque-forming units of IL-8 per cell. However, at high IL-8 transduction levels (100 ng/ml/10(5) cells in 48 hr), tumor growth was impaired due to massive neutrophil infiltration. A similar biphasic response was observed in WM115 primary melanomas, which are tumorigenic but not metastatic. Depletion of neutrophils with an antibody that blocks the accumulation of granulocytes at the site of inflammation enabled transduced primary melanomas secreting high levels of IL-8 to survive and grow. In contrast, highly tumorigenic and metastatic 451Lu cells showed marked increases in tumor growth and number of metastatic foci in the lungs depending on the expression levels of IL-8. Cytotoxicity assays with isolated neutrophils confirmed the preferential killing of primary over metastatic melanoma cells. SBcl2 cells stimulated by IL-8 to form tumors in immunodeficient mice were induced to produce VEGF, suggesting that the angiogenic response is enhanced due to increased growth factor production. Our results demonstrate that nontumorigenic primary melanomas depend on IL-8 stimulation in vivo for growth and that tumor growth depends on the level of neutrophil infiltration. Metastatic melanomas proliferate in vivo independently of infiltrating neutrophils.
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19
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Patel PS, Varney ML, Dave BJ, Singh RK. Regulation of constitutive and induced NF-kappaB activation in malignant melanoma cells by capsaicin modulates interleukin-8 production and cell proliferation. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2002; 22:427-35. [PMID: 12034025 DOI: 10.1089/10799900252952217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we demonstrate that upregulation of interleukin-1beta(IL-1beta)-mediated and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-mediated IL-8 expression in human malignant melanoma cells is modulated by the activation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB). Addition of capsaicin (8-methyl-N-vanillyl-6-nonenamide), a known inhibitor of NF-kappaB, resulted in the inhibition of constitutive as well as IL-1beta-induced and TNF-alpha-induced IL-8 expression in melanoma cells. The inhibition of IL-8 expression was dependent on the concentration of capsaicin and duration of treatment. Further, electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) of nuclear extracts from melanoma cells showed a constitutive activation of NF-kappaB and activated protein 1 (AP-1), which was upregulated following treatment with IL-1beta. Treatment of melanoma cells with capsaicin inhibited activation of constitutive and IL-1beta-induced NF-kappaB, but not AP-1, leading to inhibition of IL-8 expression. Further, downregulation of IL-8 expression in capsaicin-treated melanoma cells resulted in inhibition of in vitro cell proliferation. These results demonstrate that constitutive and induced NF-kappaB activation regulates IL-8 expression in melanoma cells. Downregulation of constitutive and induced NF-kappaB activation in malignant melanoma cells leads to inhibition of IL-8 production and in vitro cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhudas S Patel
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, The University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-7660, USA
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20
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Abstract
The aggressive nature of metastatic human cancer has been shown to be related to numerous abnormalities in growth factors and their receptors. These perturbations confer a tremendous growth advantage to the malignant cells. Interleukin-8 (IL-8), originally discovered as a chemotactic factor for leukocytes, has recently been shown to contribute to human cancer progression through its potential functions as a mitogenic, angiogenic, and motogenic factor. While it is constitutively detected in human cancer tissues and established cell lines, IL-8 expression is regulated by various tumor microenvironment factors, such as hypoxia, acidosis, nitric oxide, and cell density. Understanding the mechanisms of both inducible and constitutive IL-8 expression will be helpful in designing potential therapeutic strategies of targeting IL-8 to control tumor growth and metastasis. In this review, the role and regulation of IL-8 expression in the growth and metastasis of human cancer with a focus on human pancreatic adenocarcinoma will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Xie
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology and Cancer Biology, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Box 78, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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21
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Dias S, Choy M, Rafii S. The role of CXC chemokines in the regulation of tumor angiogenesis. Cancer Invest 2001; 19:732-8. [PMID: 11577814 DOI: 10.1081/cnv-100106148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Dias
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021, USA
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22
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Shi Q, Xiong Q, Le X, Xie K. Regulation of interleukin-8 expression by tumor-associated stress factors. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2001; 21:553-66. [PMID: 11559433 DOI: 10.1089/10799900152547812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor and host cells frequently express interleukin-8 (IL-8). IL-8 has been shown to be motogenic, mitogenic, and angiogenic and to play important roles in human tumor progression. IL-8 expression can be induced by numerous stress factors present in the tumor environment, such as hypoxia, acidosis, hyperglycemia, hyperosmotic pressure, high cell density, hyperthermia, radiation, and chemotherapeutic agents. Understanding the mechanisms of IL-8 expression and regulation will be helpful in designing potential therapeutic modalities targeting IL-8 to control tumor growth and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Shi
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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23
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Deckers M, van der Pluijm G, Dooijewaard S, Kroon M, van Hinsbergh V, Papapoulos S, Löwik C. Effect of angiogenic and antiangiogenic compounds on the outgrowth of capillary structures from fetal mouse bone explants. J Transl Med 2001; 81:5-15. [PMID: 11204273 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3780207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Fetal mouse metatarsals are well-known models to study cartilage differentiation and osteoclastic resorption. We show here the outgrowth of PECAM-1 positive tubelike structures from the bone rudiments. This feature can be used to study angiogenesis in vitro. The area of outgrowth significantly increased with culture time, as shown by computerized image analysis of PECAM-1 positive tubelike structures. Treatment with recombinant human vascular endothelial growth factor (rhVEGF-A) stimulated the formation of tubelike structures. Treatment of explants with the angiogenesis inhibitor endostatin, the chemokine IP-10, and the thalidomide derivative phatolyl glutamic acid (PG-acid) resulted in an inhibition of the formation of PECAM-1 positive tubelike structures of 48.8% (+/- 4%), 50.2% (+/- 12%), and 80.8% (+/- 3%), respectively. Outgrowth of tubelike structures was partly dependent on endogenous VEGF-A because treatment with anti-mVEGF-A and truncated VEGF receptor 1 (soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1, sFIt1) strongly inhibited the formation of tubelike structures 74% (+/- 4%) and 38% (+/- 5%), respectively. Neither onset of tube formation nor total area of tubelike structures were changed when metatarsals were cultured on a fibrin gel or collagen type I gel. Tube formation required activation of matrix metalloproteinases because treatment of the bones with an inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases completely inhibited migration and tube formation, whereas treatment with an inhibitor of plasmin had no effect. In conclusion, we describe a new in vitro model to study angiogenesis that can be used to test the angiogenic or antiangiogenic potential of novel test compounds that also combines the multicellularity of in vivo assays with the accessibility and flexibility of in vitro assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Deckers
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
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24
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Belperio JA, Keane MP, Arenberg DA, Addison CL, Ehlert JE, Burdick MD, Strieter RM. CXC chemokines in angiogenesis. J Leukoc Biol 2000. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.68.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- John A. Belperio
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor
| | - Michael P. Keane
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor
| | - Douglas A. Arenberg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor
| | - Christina L. Addison
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor
| | - Jan E. Ehlert
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor
| | - Marie D. Burdick
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles School of Medicine, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor
| | - Robert M. Strieter
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles School of Medicine, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor
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25
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Hagedorn M, Bikfalvi A. Target molecules for anti-angiogenic therapy: from basic research to clinical trials. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2000; 34:89-110. [PMID: 10799835 DOI: 10.1016/s1040-8428(00)00056-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence that anti-angiogenic drugs will improve future therapies of diseases like cancer, rheumatoid arthritis and ocular neovascularisation. However, it is still uncertain which kind of substance, out of the large number of angiogenesis inhibitors, will prove to be a suitable agent to treat these human diseases. There are currently more than 30 angiogenesis inhibitors in clinical trials and a multitude of promising new candidates are under investigation in vitro and in animal models. Important therapeutic strategies are: suppression of activity of the major angiogenic regulators like vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF); inhibition of function of alphav-integrins and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs); the exploitation of endogenous anti-angiogenic molecules like angiostatin, endostatin or thrombospondin. Given the wide spectrum of diseases which could be treated by anti-angiogenic compounds, it is important for today's clinicians to understand their essential mode of action at a cellular and molecular level. Here we give an in-depth overview of the basic pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the different anti-angiogenic approaches used to date based on the most recent fundamental and clinical research data. The angiogenesis inhibitors in clinical trials are presented and promising future drug candidates are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hagedorn
- Laboratoire des Facteurs de Croissance et de la Différenciation cellulaire (Growth Factor and Cell Differenciation Laboratory), Bâtiment de Recherche Biologie Animale, Avenue des Facultés, Université de Bordeaux I, Talence, France
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26
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Abstract
The events that lead to an inflammatory response are characterized by recognition of the site of injury by inflammatory cells, specific recruitment of subpopulations of leukocytes into tissue, removal of the offending agent and "debridement" of the injured cells/tissue, and repair of the site of injury with attempts to reestablish normal parenchymal, stromal, and extracellular matrix relationship. The molecular regulation of this complex physiologic process involves the interaction between cell surface, extracellular matrix, and soluble mediators, such as chemokines. Chemokine activities are mediated through G-protein coupled receptors. This is the largest known family of cell-surface receptors, which mediate transmission of stimuli as diverse as hormones, peptides, glycopeptides, and chemokines. In this review, we will focus on the signaling pathways involved in the production and function of chemokines as they relate to the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Keane
- Department of Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1690, USA
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27
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Haghnegahdar H, Du J, Wang D, Strieter RM, Burdick MD, Nanney LB, Cardwell N, Luan J, Shattuck-Brandt R, Richmond A. The tumorigenic and angiogenic effects of MGSA/GRO proteins in melanoma. J Leukoc Biol 2000; 67:53-62. [PMID: 10647998 PMCID: PMC2669312 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.67.1.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Continuous expression of the MGSA/GROalpha, beta, or gamma chemokine bestows tumor-forming capacity to the immortalized murine melanocyte cell line, melan-a. The mechanism for this transformation is unclear, although both autocrine and paracrine processes are possible because melan-a cells as well as endothelial cells express a low level of the receptor for this ligand. To further define the role of MGSA/GRO proteins in melanocyte transformation, two types of experiments were designed to neutralize the biological effects of MGSA/GRO in the transfected melan-a clones: (1) the effect of neutralizing antiserum to MGSA/GRO proteins on melan-a tumor growth was assessed; (2) the tumor-forming capacity of melan-a clones expressing ELR motif-mutated forms of MGSA/GRO with compromised receptor affinity was compared to the tumor-forming capacity of clones expressing wild-type MGSA/GRO. These experiments revealed that SCID mice inoculated with MGSA/GROalpha- or gamma-expressing melan-a cells and subsequently treated with antiserum to the respective chemokine exhibited decreased tumor growth. This reduction in tumor growth was accompanied by declining angiogenic activity in MGSA/GROgamma-expressing tumors. Moreover, athymic nude mice injected with melan-a cells expressing ELR-mutant forms of MGSA/GROalpha exhibited markedly impaired tumor-forming capacity compared with those mice injected with melan-a clones expressing wild-type MGSA/GRO. These data suggest that continuous expression of MGSA/GRO proteins may facilitate tumor growth by stimulating the growth of microvessels into the tumor (paracrine) and by affecting melanocyte growth (autocrine).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Haghnegahdar
- Department of Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jianguo Du
- Department of Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - DingZhi Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | - Marie D. Burdick
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Lillian B. Nanney
- Department of Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Nancy Cardwell
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jing Luan
- Department of Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | - Ann Richmond
- Department of Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, Tennessee
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28
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Moore BB, Arenberg DA, Addison CL, Keane MP, Strieter RM. Tumor angiogenesis is regulated by CXC chemokines. THE JOURNAL OF LABORATORY AND CLINICAL MEDICINE 1998; 132:97-103. [PMID: 9708570 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2143(98)90004-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B B Moore
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor 48109-0642, USA
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29
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Feil C, Augustin HG. Endothelial cells differentially express functional CXC-chemokine receptor-4 (CXCR-4/fusin) under the control of autocrine activity and exogenous cytokines. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998; 247:38-45. [PMID: 9636650 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1998.8499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of endothelial cell (EC) chemokine receptor expression by RT-PCR revealed that EC essentially do not express CC-chemokine receptors whereas they express all known CXC-chemokine receptors. Endotheliotropic functions of ligands for CXCR-1, CXCR-2, and CXCR-3 have previously been described. We have consequently performed a detailed analysis of endothelial CXCR-4 expression. CXCR-4 is constitutively expressed by quiescent, resting EC. Cytokine stimulation revealed that bFGF upregulates endothelial CXCR-4 expression, whereas TNF alpha downregulates endothelial CXCR-4 expression. Expression of CXCR-4 mRNA as well as protein is also upregulated in autocrine activated, migrating bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC). Furthermore, migrating BAEC preferentially present CXCR-4 on the cell surface as evidenced by cytochemistry and FACS analysis. Lastly, the monospecific CXCR-4 ligand SDF-1 was found to act as a potent inducer of EC chemotaxis. In summary, the data indicate that the CXCR-4/SDF-1 receptor ligand interaction may be an important regulator of activated endothelial cell functions as they occur during vascular remodeling and angiogenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta, Thoracic
- Cattle
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemokine CXCL12
- Chemokines, CXC/pharmacology
- Chemotaxis/drug effects
- Cytokines/pharmacology
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/physiology
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Humans
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Receptors, CXCR4/biosynthesis
- Receptors, CXCR4/drug effects
- Receptors, CXCR4/genetics
- Receptors, CXCR4/physiology
- Transcription, Genetic
- Umbilical Veins
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Affiliation(s)
- C Feil
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Göttingen Medical School, Germany
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