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Galgani A, Scotto M, Giorgi FS. The Neuroanatomy of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: In Vitro Models of Subcortical Nuclei in Neurodegenerative Disorders. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:10180-10199. [PMID: 39329959 PMCID: PMC11430477 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46090607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2024] [Revised: 09/07/2024] [Accepted: 09/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuromodulatory subcortical systems (NSSs) are monoaminergic and cholinergic neuronal groups that are markedly and precociously involved in the pathogenesis of many neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs), including Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. In humans, although many tools have been developed to infer information on these nuclei, encompassing neuroimaging and neurophysiological methods, a detailed and specific direct evaluation of their cellular features in vivo has been difficult to obtain until recent years. The development of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) models has allowed research to deeply delve into the cellular and molecular biology of NSS neurons. In fact, iPSCs can be produced easily and non-invasively from patients' fibroblasts or circulating blood monocytes, by de-differentiating those cells using specific protocols, and then be re-differentiated towards neural phenotypes, which may reproduce the specific features of the correspondent brain neurons (including NSS ones) from the same patient. In this review, we summarized findings obtained in the field of NDDs using iPSCs, with the aim to understand how reliably these might represent in vitro models of NSS. We found that most of the current literature in the field of iPSCs and NSSs in NDDs has focused on midbrain dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease, providing interesting results on cellular pathophysiology and even leading to the first human autologous transplantation. Differentiation protocols for noradrenergic, cholinergic, and serotoninergic neurons have also been recently defined and published. Thus, it might be expected that in the near future, this approach could extend to other NSSs and other NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Galgani
- Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Scotto
- Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Filippo S. Giorgi
- Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, 56128 Pisa, Italy
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2
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Liu D, Hsueh SC, Tweedie D, Price N, Glotfelty E, Lecca D, Telljohann R, deCabo R, Hoffer BJ, Greig NH. Chronic inflammation with microglia senescence at basal forebrain: impact on cholinergic deficit in Alzheimer's brain haemodynamics. Brain Commun 2024; 6:fcae204. [PMID: 38978722 PMCID: PMC11228546 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcae204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Cholinergic innervation in the brain is involved in modulating neurovascular function including cerebral blood flow haemodynamics in response to neuronal activity. Cholinergic deficit is associated with pathophysiology in Alzheimer's disease, albeit the aetiology remains to be clarified. In the current study, neocortex cerebral blood flow response to acetylcholine was evaluated by Laser-Doppler Flowmetry (LDF) in 3xTgAD Alzheimer's disease model) and wild-type mice of two age groups. The peak of cerebral blood flow to acetylcholine (i.v.) from baseline levels (% ΔrCBF) was higher in young 3xTgAD versus in wild-type mice (48.35; 95% CI:27.03-69.67 versus 22.70; CI:15.5-29.91, P < 0.05); this was reversed in old 3xTgAD mice (21.44; CI:2.52-40.35 versus 23.25; CI:23.25-39). Choline acetyltransferase protein was reduced in neocortex, while cerebrovascular reactivity to acetylcholine was preserved in young 3×TgAD mice. This suggests endogenous acetylcholine deficit and possible cholinergic denervation from selected cholinergic nuclei within the basal forebrain. The early deposition of tauopathy moieties (mutant hTau and pTau181) and its coincidence in cholinergic cell clusters (occasionaly), were observed at the basal forebrain of 3xTgAD mice including substantia innominate, nucleus Basalis of Meynert and nucleus of horizontal limb diagonal band of Broca. A prominent feature was microglia interacting tauopathy and demonstrated a variety of morphology changes particularly when located in proximity to tauopathy. The microglia ramified phenotype was reduced as evaluated by the ramification index and Fractal analysis. Increased microglia senescence, identified as SASP (senescence-associated secretory phenotype), was colocalization with p16Ink4ɑ, a marker of irreversible cell-cycle arrest in old 3xTgAD versus wild-type mice (P = 0.001). The p16Ink4ɑ was also observed in neuronal cells bearing tauopathy within the basal forebrain of 3xTgAD mice. TNF-ɑ, the pro-inflammatory cytokine elevated persistently in microglia (Pearson's correlation coefficient = 0.62) and the loss of cholinergic cells in vulnerable basal forebrain environment, was indicated by image analysis in 3xTgAD mice, which linked to the cholinergic deficits in neocortex rCBF haemodynamics. Our study revealed the early change of CBF haemodynamics to acetylcholine in 3xTgAD model. As a major effector of brain innate immune activation, microglia SASP with age-related disease progression is indicative of immune cell senescence, which contributes to chronic inflammation and cholinergic deficits at the basal forebrain. Targeting neuroinflammation and senescence may mitigate cholinergic pathophysiology in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Liu
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Shih Chang Hsueh
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University Vagelos Physicians & Surgeons College of Medicine, New York City, NY 10032, USA
| | - David Tweedie
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Nate Price
- Experimental Gerontology Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Elliot Glotfelty
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
- Cellular Stress and Inflammation Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Daniela Lecca
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
- Shock, Trauma & Anesthesiology Research Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Richard Telljohann
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Rafael deCabo
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University Vagelos Physicians & Surgeons College of Medicine, New York City, NY 10032, USA
| | - Barry J Hoffer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Nigel H Greig
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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Tripathi PN, Lodhi A, Rai SN, Nandi NK, Dumoga S, Yadav P, Tiwari AK, Singh SK, El-Shorbagi ANA, Chaudhary S. Review of Pharmacotherapeutic Targets in Alzheimer's Disease and Its Management Using Traditional Medicinal Plants. Degener Neurol Neuromuscul Dis 2024; 14:47-74. [PMID: 38784601 PMCID: PMC11114142 DOI: 10.2147/dnnd.s452009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive decline, memory loss, and impaired daily functioning. While there is currently no cure for AD, several pharmacotherapeutic targets and management strategies have been explored. Additionally, traditional medicinal plants have gained attention for their potential role in AD management. Pharmacotherapeutic targets in AD include amyloid-beta (Aβ) aggregation, tau protein hyperphosphorylation, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and cholinergic dysfunction. Traditional medicinal plants, such as Ginkgo biloba, Huperzia serrata, Curcuma longa (turmeric), and Panax ginseng, have demonstrated the ability to modulate these targets through their bioactive compounds. Ginkgo biloba, for instance, contains flavonoids and terpenoids that exhibit neuroprotective effects by reducing Aβ deposition and enhancing cerebral blood flow. Huperzia serrata, a natural source of huperzine A, has acetylcholinesterase-inhibiting properties, thus improving cholinergic function. Curcuma longa, enriched with curcumin, exhibits anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, potentially mitigating neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. Panax ginseng's ginsenosides have shown neuroprotective and anti-amyloidogenic properties. The investigation of traditional medicinal plants as a complementary approach to AD management offers several advantages, including a lower risk of adverse effects and potential multi-target interactions. Furthermore, the cultural knowledge and utilization of these plants provide a rich source of information for the development of new therapies. However, further research is necessary to elucidate the precise mechanisms of action, standardize preparations, and assess the safety and efficacy of these natural remedies. Integrating traditional medicinal-plant-based therapies with modern pharmacotherapies may hold the key to a more comprehensive and effective approach to AD treatment. This review aims to explore the pharmacotherapeutic targets in AD and assess the potential of traditional medicinal plants in its management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhash Nath Tripathi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Meerut Institute of Engineering and Technology, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ankit Lodhi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Meerut Institute of Engineering and Technology, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sachchida Nand Rai
- Center of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Nilay Kumar Nandi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Meerut Institute of Engineering and Technology, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shweta Dumoga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Meerut Institute of Engineering and Technology, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pooja Yadav
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Meerut Institute of Engineering and Technology, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Amit Kumar Tiwari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Santosh Kumar Singh
- Center of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Abdel-Nasser A El-Shorbagi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sachin Chaudhary
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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Ding W, Weltzien H, Peters C, Klein R. Nausea-induced suppression of feeding is mediated by central amygdala Dlk1-expressing neurons. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113990. [PMID: 38551964 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The motivation to eat is suppressed by satiety and aversive stimuli such as nausea. The neural circuit mechanisms of appetite suppression by nausea are not well understood. Pkcδ neurons in the lateral subdivision of the central amygdala (CeA) suppress feeding in response to satiety signals and nausea. Here, we characterized neurons enriched in the medial subdivision (CeM) of the CeA marked by expression of Dlk1. CeADlk1 neurons are activated by nausea, but not satiety, and specifically suppress feeding induced by nausea. Artificial activation of CeADlk1 neurons suppresses drinking and social interactions, suggesting a broader function in attenuating motivational behavior. CeADlk1 neurons form projections to many brain regions and exert their anorexigenic activity by inhibition of neurons of the parabrachial nucleus. CeADlk1 neurons are inhibited by appetitive CeA neurons, but also receive long-range monosynaptic inputs from multiple brain regions. Our results illustrate a CeA circuit that regulates nausea-induced feeding suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Ding
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Helena Weltzien
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Christian Peters
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Klein
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany.
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Chakraborty S, Lee SK, Arnold SM, Haast RAM, Khan AR, Schmitz TW. Focal acetylcholinergic modulation of the human midcingulo-insular network during attention: Meta-analytic neuroimaging and behavioral evidence. J Neurochem 2024; 168:397-413. [PMID: 37864501 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
The basal forebrain cholinergic neurons provide acetylcholine to the cortex via large projections. Recent molecular imaging work in humans indicates that the cortical cholinergic innervation is not uniformly distributed, but rather may disproportionately innervate cortical areas relevant to supervisory attention. In this study, we therefore reexamined the spatial relationship between acetylcholinergic modulation and attention in the human cortex using meta-analytic strategies targeting both pharmacological and non-pharmacological neuroimaging studies. We found that pharmaco-modulation of acetylcholine evoked both increased activity in the anterior cingulate and decreased activity in the opercular and insular cortex. In large independent meta-analyses of non-pharmacological neuroimaging research, we demonstrate that during attentional engagement these cortical areas exhibit (1) task-related co-activation with the basal forebrain, (2) task-related co-activation with one another, and (3) spatial overlap with dense cholinergic innervations originating from the basal forebrain, as estimated by multimodal positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Finally, we provide meta-analytic evidence that pharmaco-modulation of acetylcholine also induces a speeding of responses to targets with no apparent tradeoff in accuracy. In sum, we demonstrate in humans that acetylcholinergic modulation of midcingulo-insular hubs of the ventral attention/salience network via basal forebrain afferents may coordinate selection of task relevant information, thereby facilitating cognition and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudesna Chakraborty
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Western Institute for Neuroscience, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sun Kyun Lee
- Western Institute for Neuroscience, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarah M Arnold
- Western Institute for Neuroscience, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Roy A M Haast
- Western Institute for Neuroscience, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- CRMBM, CNRS UMR 7339, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Ali R Khan
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Western Institute for Neuroscience, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Taylor W Schmitz
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Western Institute for Neuroscience, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
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6
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McQuaid GA, Duane SC, Ahmed N, Lee NR, Charlton R, Wallace GL. Increased anticholinergic medication use in middle-aged and older autistic adults and its associations with self-reported memory difficulties and cognitive decline. Autism Res 2024; 17:852-867. [PMID: 38108575 PMCID: PMC11332248 DOI: 10.1002/aur.3076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Many commonly used prescription and over-the-counter medicines have potent anticholinergic (AC) effects. Among older adults, AC medications are associated with cognitive impairment and risk for cognitive disorders, including Alzheimer's disease. Collectively, the impact of AC medications is known as anticholinergic cognitive burden (ACB). Because of the high rates of co-occurring medical and psychiatric conditions, autistic adults may have high AC exposure and, thus, may experience elevated ACB. However, no research has characterized AC exposure or examined its associations with cognitive outcomes in autistic adults. Autistic adults (40-83 years) recruited via Simons Powering Autism Research's (SPARK) Research Match service self-reported their medication use (N = 415) and memory complaints (N = 382) at Time (T)1. At T2, 2 years later, a subset of T1 participants (N = 197) self-reported on decline in cognition. Medications were coded using two scales of AC potency. A high proportion (48.2%-62.9%, depending upon the AC potency scale) of autistic adults reported taking at least one medication with AC effects, and 20.5% to 26.5% of autistic adults reported clinically-relevant levels of AC medication (potency ≥3). After controlling for birth-sex, and age, hierarchical linear regression models showed total ACB scores and AC potency values of ≥3 predicted greater memory complaints. Logistic regression models showed that AC medicines at T1 were associated with self-reported cognitive decline at follow-up 2 years later. Understanding AC medications-including potentially earlier AC polypharmacy-and their impacts on cognition (e.g., dementia risk) in autistic adults is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goldie A McQuaid
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA
| | - Sean C Duane
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Neha Ahmed
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Nancy Raitano Lee
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rebecca Charlton
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths University of London, London, UK
| | - Gregory L Wallace
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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Pereira PA, Tavares M, Laires M, Mota B, Madeira MD, Paula-Barbosa MM, Cardoso A. Effects of Aging and Nerve Growth Factor on Neuropeptide Expression and Cholinergic Innervation of the Rat Basolateral Amygdala. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:155. [PMID: 38534426 DOI: 10.3390/biology13030155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
The basolateral amygdala (BLA) contains interneurons that express neuropeptide Y (NPY) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), both of which are involved in the regulation of functions and behaviors that undergo deterioration with aging. There is considerable evidence that, in some brain areas, the expression of NPY and VIP might be modulated by acetylcholine. Importantly, the BLA is one of the brain regions that has one of the densest cholinergic innervations, which arise mainly from the basal forebrain cholinergic neurons. These cholinergic neurons depend on nerve growth factor (NGF) for their survival, connectivity, and function. Thus, in this study, we sought to determine if aging alters the densities of NPY- and VIP-positive neurons and cholinergic varicosities in the BLA and, in the affirmative, if those changes might rely on insufficient trophic support provided by NGF. The number of NPY-positive neurons was significantly reduced in aged rats, whereas the number of VIP-immunoreactive neurons was unaltered. The decreased NPY expression was fully reversed by the infusion of NGF in the lateral ventricle. The density of cholinergic varicosities was similar in adult and old rats. On the other hand, the density of cholinergic varicosities is significantly higher in old rats treated with NGF than in adult and old rats. Our results indicate a dissimilar resistance of different populations of BLA interneurons to aging. Furthermore, the present data also show that the BLA cholinergic innervation is particularly resistant to aging effects. Finally, our results also show that the reduced NPY expression in the BLA of aged rats can be related to changes in the NGF neurotrophic support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro A Pereira
- Unit of Anatomy, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- NeuroGen Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Dr. Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Marta Tavares
- Unit of Anatomy, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Miguel Laires
- Unit of Anatomy, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Bárbara Mota
- Unit of Anatomy, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Dulce Madeira
- Unit of Anatomy, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- NeuroGen Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Dr. Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuel M Paula-Barbosa
- Unit of Anatomy, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Armando Cardoso
- Unit of Anatomy, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- NeuroGen Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Dr. Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
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Gautier MK, Kelley CM, Lee SH, Alldred MJ, McDaid J, Mufson EJ, Stutzmann GE, Ginsberg SD. Maternal choline supplementation protects against age-associated cholinergic and GABAergic basal forebrain neuron degeneration in the Ts65Dn mouse model of Down syndrome and Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 188:106332. [PMID: 37890559 PMCID: PMC10752300 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is a genetic disorder caused by triplication of human chromosome 21. In addition to intellectual disability, DS is defined by a premature aging phenotype and Alzheimer's disease (AD) neuropathology, including septohippocampal circuit vulnerability and degeneration of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (BFCNs). The Ts65Dn mouse model recapitulates key aspects of DS/AD pathology, namely age-associated atrophy of BFCNs and cognitive decline in septohippocampal-dependent behavioral tasks. We investigated whether maternal choline supplementation (MCS), a well-tolerated treatment modality, protects vulnerable BFCNs from age- and genotype-associated degeneration in trisomic offspring. We also examined the effect of trisomy, and MCS, on GABAergic basal forebrain parvalbumin neurons (BFPNs), an unexplored neuronal population in this DS model. Unbiased stereological analyses of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-immunoreactive BFCNs and parvalbumin-immunoreactive BFPNs were conducted using confocal z-stacks of the medial septal nucleus and the vertical limb of the diagonal band (MSN/VDB) in Ts65Dn mice and disomic (2N) littermates at 3-4 and 10-12 months of age. MCS trisomic offspring displayed significant increases in ChAT-immunoreactive neuron number and density compared to unsupplemented counterparts, as well as increases in the area of the MSN/VDB occupied by ChAT-immunoreactive neuropil. MCS also rescued BFPN number and density in Ts65Dn offspring, a novel rescue of a non-cholinergic cell population. Furthermore, MCS prevented age-associated loss of BFCNs and MSN/VDB regional area in 2N offspring, indicating genotype-independent neuroprotective benefits. These findings demonstrate MCS provides neuroprotection of vulnerable BFCNs and non-cholinergic septohippocampal BFPNs, indicating this modality has translational value as an early life therapy for DS, as well as extending benefits to the aging population at large.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan K Gautier
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA; Pathobiology and Translational Medicine Program, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; NYU Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christy M Kelley
- Complex Adaptive Systems Initiative, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; Institute for Future Health, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Sang Han Lee
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Melissa J Alldred
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - John McDaid
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Therapeutics, Rosalind Franklin University/The Chicago Medical School, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Elliott J Mufson
- Departments of Translational Neuroscience and Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Grace E Stutzmann
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Therapeutics, Rosalind Franklin University/The Chicago Medical School, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Stephen D Ginsberg
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA; NYU Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neuroscience & Physiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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9
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Mieling M, Meier H, Bunzeck N. Structural degeneration of the nucleus basalis of Meynert in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease - Evidence from an MRI-based meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 154:105393. [PMID: 37717861 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Recent models of Alzheimer's disease (AD) suggest that neuropathological changes of the medial temporal lobe, especially entorhinal cortex, are preceded by degenerations of the cholinergic Nucleus basalis of Meynert (NbM). Evidence from imaging studies in humans, however, is limited. Therefore, we performed an activation-likelihood estimation meta-analysis on whole brain voxel-based morphometry (VBM) MRI data from 54 experiments and 2581 subjects in total. It revealed, compared to healthy older controls, reduced gray matter in the bilateral NbM in AD, but only limited evidence for such an effect in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), which typically precedes AD. Both patient groups showed less gray matter in the amygdala and hippocampus, with hints towards more pronounced amygdala effects in AD. We discuss our findings in the context of studies that highlight the importance of the cholinergic basal forebrain in learning and memory throughout the lifespan, and conclude that they are partly compatible with pathological staging models suggesting initial and pronounced structural degenerations within the NbM in the progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marthe Mieling
- Department of Psychology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Hannah Meier
- Department of Psychology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Nico Bunzeck
- Department of Psychology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany; Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany.
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Kumro J, Tripathi A, Lei Y, Sword J, Callahan P, Terry A, Lu XY, Kirov SA, Pillai A, Blake DT. Chronic basal forebrain activation improves spatial memory, boosts neurotrophin receptor expression, and lowers BACE1 and Aβ42 levels in the cerebral cortex in mice. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:7627-7641. [PMID: 36939283 PMCID: PMC10267632 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The etiology of Alzheimer's dementia has been hypothesized in terms of basal forebrain cholinergic decline, and in terms of reflecting beta-amyloid neuropathology. To study these different biological elements, we activated the basal forebrain in 5xFAD Alzheimer's model mice and littermates. Mice received 5 months of 1 h per day intermittent stimulation of the basal forebrain, which includes cholinergic projections to the cortical mantle. Then, mice were behaviorally tested followed by tissue analysis. The 5xFAD mice performed worse in water-maze testing than littermates. Stimulated groups learned the water maze better than unstimulated groups. Stimulated groups had 2-3-fold increases in frontal cortex immunoblot measures of the neurotrophin receptors for nerve growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and a more than 50% decrease in the expression of amyloid cleavage enzyme BACE1. Stimulation also led to lower Aβ42 in 5xFAD mice. These data support a causal relationship between basal forebrain activation and both neurotrophin activation and reduced Aβ42 generation and accumulation. The observation that basal forebrain activation suppresses Aβ42 accumulation, combined with the known high-affinity antagonism of nicotinic receptors by Aβ42, documents bidirectional antagonism between acetylcholine and Aβ42.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Kumro
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Ashutosh Tripathi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, United States
| | - Yun Lei
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Jeremy Sword
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Patrick Callahan
- Department of Pharmacology/Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Alvin Terry
- Department of Pharmacology/Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Xin-yun Lu
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Sergei A Kirov
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Anilkumar Pillai
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Health Behavior, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
- Research and Development, Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904, United States
| | - David T Blake
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
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11
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Correspondence among gray matter atrophy and atlas-based neurotransmitter maps is clinically relevant in multiple sclerosis. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:1770-1782. [PMID: 36658334 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-01943-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In multiple sclerosis (MS), gray matter (GM) atrophy progresses in a non-random manner, possibly in regions with a high distribution of specific neurotransmitters involved in several relevant central nervous system functions. We investigated the associations among regional GM atrophy, atlas-based neurotransmitter distributions and clinical manifestations in a large MS patients' group. Brain 3 T MRI scans, neurological examinations and neuropsychological evaluations were obtained from 286 MS patients and 172 healthy controls (HC). Spatial correlations among regional GM volume differences and atlas-based nuclear imaging-derived neurotransmitter maps, and their associations with MS clinical features were investigated using voxel-based morphometry and JuSpace toolbox. Compared to HC, MS patients showed widespread GM atrophy being spatially correlated with the majority of neurotransmitter maps (false discovery rate [FDR]-p ≤ 0.004). Patients with a disease duration ≥ 5 vs < 5 years had significant cortical, subcortical and cerebellar atrophy, being spatially correlated with a higher distribution of serotoninergic and dopaminergic receptors (FDR-p ≤ 0.03). Compared to mildly-disabled patients, those with Expanded Disability Status Scale ≥ 3.0 or ≥ 4.0 had significant cortical, subcortical and cerebellar atrophy being associated with serotonergic, dopaminergic, opioid and cholinergic maps (FDR-p ≤ 0.04). Cognitively impaired vs cognitively preserved patients had widespread GM atrophy being spatially associated with serotonergic, dopaminergic, noradrenergic, cholinergic and glutamatergic maps (FDR-p ≤ 0.04). Fatigued vs non-fatigued MS patients had significant cortical, subcortical and cerebellar atrophy, not associated with neurotransmitter maps. No significant association between GM atrophy and neurotransmitter maps was found for depression. Regional GM atrophy with specific neurotransmitter systems may explain part of MS clinical manifestations, including locomotor disability, cognitive impairment and fatigue.
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12
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Slater C, Liu Y, Weiss E, Yu K, Wang Q. The Neuromodulatory Role of the Noradrenergic and Cholinergic Systems and Their Interplay in Cognitive Functions: A Focused Review. Brain Sci 2022; 12:890. [PMID: 35884697 PMCID: PMC9320657 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12070890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The noradrenergic and cholinergic modulation of functionally distinct regions of the brain has become one of the primary organizational principles behind understanding the contribution of each system to the diversity of neural computation in the central nervous system. Decades of work has shown that a diverse family of receptors, stratified across different brain regions, and circuit-specific afferent and efferent projections play a critical role in helping such widespread neuromodulatory systems obtain substantial heterogeneity in neural information processing. This review briefly discusses the anatomical layout of both the noradrenergic and cholinergic systems, as well as the types and distributions of relevant receptors for each system. Previous work characterizing the direct and indirect interaction between these two systems is discussed, especially in the context of higher order cognitive functions such as attention, learning, and the decision-making process. Though a substantial amount of work has been done to characterize the role of each neuromodulator, a cohesive understanding of the region-specific cooperation of these two systems is not yet fully realized. For the field to progress, new experiments will need to be conducted that capitalize on the modular subdivisions of the brain and systematically explore the role of norepinephrine and acetylcholine in each of these subunits and across the full range of receptors expressed in different cell types in these regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody Slater
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, ET 351, 500 W. 120th Street, New York, NY 10027, USA; (C.S.); (Y.L.); (E.W.); (K.Y.)
- Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Yuxiang Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, ET 351, 500 W. 120th Street, New York, NY 10027, USA; (C.S.); (Y.L.); (E.W.); (K.Y.)
| | - Evan Weiss
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, ET 351, 500 W. 120th Street, New York, NY 10027, USA; (C.S.); (Y.L.); (E.W.); (K.Y.)
| | - Kunpeng Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, ET 351, 500 W. 120th Street, New York, NY 10027, USA; (C.S.); (Y.L.); (E.W.); (K.Y.)
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, ET 351, 500 W. 120th Street, New York, NY 10027, USA; (C.S.); (Y.L.); (E.W.); (K.Y.)
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13
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Tsanov M. Basal Forebrain Impairment: Understanding the Mnemonic Function of the Septal Region Translates in Therapeutic Advances. Front Neural Circuits 2022; 16:916499. [PMID: 35712645 PMCID: PMC9194835 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2022.916499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The basal forebrain is one of the three major brain circuits involved in episodic memory formation together with the hippocampus and the diencephalon. The dysfunction of each of these regions is known to cause anterograde amnesia. While the hippocampal pyramidal neurons are known to encode episodic information and the diencephalic structures are known to provide idiothetic information, the contribution of the basal forebrain to memory formation has been exclusively associated with septo-hippocampal cholinergic signaling. Research data from the last decade broadened our understanding about the role of septal region in memory formation. Animal studies revealed that septal neurons process locomotor, rewarding and attentional stimuli. The integration of these signals results in a systems model for the mnemonic function of the medial septum that could guide new therapeutic strategies for basal forebrain impairment (BFI). BFI includes the disorders characterized with basal forebrain amnesia and neurodegenerative disorders that affect the basal forebrain. Here, we demonstrate how the updated model of septal mnemonic function can lead to innovative translational treatment approaches that include pharmacological, instrumental and behavioral techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Tsanov
- UCD School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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14
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Fading memories in aging and neurodegeneration: Is p75 neurotrophin receptor a culprit? Ageing Res Rev 2022; 75:101567. [PMID: 35051645 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Aging and age-related neurodegenerative diseases have become one of the major concerns in modern times as cognitive abilities tend to decline when we get older. It is well known that the main cause of this age-related cognitive deficit is due to aberrant changes in cellular, molecular circuitry and signaling pathways underlying synaptic plasticity and neuronal connections. The p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) is one of the important mediators regulating the fate of the neurons in the nervous system. Its importance in neuronal apoptosis is well documented. However, the mechanisms involving the regulation of p75NTR in synaptic plasticity and cognitive function remain obscure, although cognitive impairment has been associated with a higher expression of p75NTR in neurons. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of how neurons are influenced by p75NTR function to maintain normal neuronal synaptic strength and connectivity, particularly to support learning and memory in the hippocampus. We then discuss the age-associated alterations in neurophysiological mechanisms of synaptic plasticity and cognitive function. Furthermore, we also describe current evidence that has begun to elucidate how p75NTR regulates synaptic changes in aging and age-related neurodegenerative diseases, focusing on the hippocampus. Elucidating the role that p75NTR signaling plays in regulating synaptic plasticity will contribute to a better understanding of cognitive processes and pathological conditions. This will in turn provide novel approaches to improve therapies for the treatment of neurological diseases in which p75NTR dysfunction has been demonstrated.
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15
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Aghourian M, Aumont É, Grothe MJ, Soucy JP, Rosa-Neto P, Bedard MA. FEOBV-PET to quantify cortical cholinergic denervation in AD: Relationship to basal forebrain volumetry. J Neuroimaging 2021; 31:1077-1081. [PMID: 34462992 DOI: 10.1111/jon.12921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Fluorine-18-fluoroethoxybenzovesamicol([18 F]-FEOBV) is a PET radiotracer previously used in neurodegenerative diseases to quantify brain cholinergic denervation. The current exploratory study aimed at verifying the reliability of such an approach in Alzheimer's disease (AD) by demonstrating its concordance with MRI volumetry of the cholinergic basal forebrain (ChBF). METHODS The sample included 12 participants evenly divided between healthy volunteers and patients with AD. All participants underwent MRI ChBF volumetry and PET imaging with [18 F]-FEOBV. Comparisons were made between the two groups, and partial correlations were performed in the AD patients between [18 F]-FEOBV uptake in specific cortical regions of interest (ROIs) and volumetry of the corresponding ChBF subareas, which include the nucleus basalis of Meynert (Ch4), and the medial septum/vertical limb of the diagonal band of Broca (Ch1/2). RESULTS Patients with AD showed both lower ChBF-Ch4 volumetric values and lower [18 F]-FEOBV cortical uptake than healthy volunteers. Volumes of the Ch4 subdivision were significantly correlated with the [18 F]-FEOBV uptake values observed in the relevant ROIs. Volumes of the Ch1/2, which remains relatively unaffected in AD, did not correlate with [18 F]-FEOBV uptake in the hippocampus, nor in any cortical area. CONCLUSION These results suggest that cortical cholinergic denervation as measured with [18 F]-FEOBV PET is proportional to ChBF atrophy measured by MRI-based volumetry, further supporting the reliability and validity of [18 F]-FEOBV PET to quantify cholinergic degeneration in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghmik Aghourian
- Cognitive Pharmacology Research Unit, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Étienne Aumont
- Cognitive Pharmacology Research Unit, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michel J Grothe
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.,DZNE, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Rostock, Germany
| | - Jean-Paul Soucy
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pedro Rosa-Neto
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marc-André Bedard
- Cognitive Pharmacology Research Unit, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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16
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Bocchetta M, Malpetti M, Todd EG, Rowe JB, Rohrer JD. Looking beneath the surface: the importance of subcortical structures in frontotemporal dementia. Brain Commun 2021; 3:fcab158. [PMID: 34458729 PMCID: PMC8390477 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcab158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Whilst initial anatomical studies of frontotemporal dementia focussed on cortical involvement, the relevance of subcortical structures to the pathophysiology of frontotemporal dementia has been increasingly recognized over recent years. Key structures affected include the caudate, putamen, nucleus accumbens, and globus pallidus within the basal ganglia, the hippocampus and amygdala within the medial temporal lobe, the basal forebrain, and the diencephalon structures of the thalamus, hypothalamus and habenula. At the most posterior aspect of the brain, focal involvement of brainstem and cerebellum has recently also been shown in certain subtypes of frontotemporal dementia. Many of the neuroimaging studies on subcortical structures in frontotemporal dementia have been performed in clinically defined sporadic cases. However, investigations of genetically- and pathologically-confirmed forms of frontotemporal dementia are increasingly common and provide molecular specificity to the changes observed. Furthermore, detailed analyses of sub-nuclei and subregions within each subcortical structure are being added to the literature, allowing refinement of the patterns of subcortical involvement. This review focuses on the existing literature on structural imaging and neuropathological studies of subcortical anatomy across the spectrum of frontotemporal dementia, along with investigations of brain–behaviour correlates that examine the cognitive sequelae of specific subcortical involvement: it aims to ‘look beneath the surface’ and summarize the patterns of subcortical involvement have been described in frontotemporal dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Bocchetta
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Maura Malpetti
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Emily G Todd
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - James B Rowe
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jonathan D Rohrer
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
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17
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Anglister L, Silman I, Soreq H. Preface: Cholinergic mechanisms: This is the Preface for the special issue "Cholinergic Mechanisms". J Neurochem 2021; 158:1212-1216. [PMID: 34458988 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This special issue of the Journal of Neurochemistry, entitled "Cholinergic Mechanisms," presents 15 reviews and two original papers, which have been selected to cover the broad spectrum of topics and disciplines presented at the XVIth International Symposium on Cholinergic Mechanisms (ISCM-XVI), ranging from the molecular and the cellular to the clinical and the cognitive mechanisms of cholinergic transmission. The authors discuss recent developments in the field, for instance, the association of cholinergic transmission with a number of important neurological and neuromuscular diseases in the central and peripheral nervous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Anglister
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, IMRIC, the Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Israel Silman
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Hermona Soreq
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences and the Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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18
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Ying Y, Wang JZ. Illuminating Neural Circuits in Alzheimer's Disease. Neurosci Bull 2021; 37:1203-1217. [PMID: 34089505 PMCID: PMC8353043 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-021-00716-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder and there is currently no cure. Neural circuit dysfunction is the fundamental mechanism underlying the learning and memory deficits in patients with AD. Therefore, it is important to understand the structural features and mechanisms underlying the deregulated circuits during AD progression, by which new tools for intervention can be developed. Here, we briefly summarize the most recently established cutting-edge experimental approaches and key techniques that enable neural circuit tracing and manipulation of their activity. We also discuss the advantages and limitations of these approaches. Finally, we review the applications of these techniques in the discovery of circuit mechanisms underlying β-amyloid and tau pathologies during AD progression, and as well as the strategies for targeted AD treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Ying
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Neurological Disorders, Hubei Key Laboratory for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Jian-Zhi Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Neurological Disorders, Hubei Key Laboratory for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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19
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Title: Injury characteristics of the Papez circuit in patients with diffuse axonal injury: a diffusion tensor tractography study. Acta Neurol Belg 2021; 121:941-947. [PMID: 32889659 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-020-01485-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We investigate the characteristics of injury of four portions of the Papez circuit in patients with diffuse axonal injury (DAI), using diffusion tensor tractography (DTT). Thirty-four consecutive patients with DAI and 30 normal control subjects were recruited. Four portions of the Papez circuit were reconstructed: the fornix, cingulum, thalamocingulate tract, and mammillothalamic tract. Analysis of DTT parameters [fractional anisotropy (FA) and tract volume (TV)] and configuration (narrowing, discontinuation, or non-reconstruction) was performed for each portion of the Papez circuit. The Memory Assessment Scale (MAS) was used for the estimation of cognitive function. In the group analysis, decreased fractional anisotropy and tract volume of the entire Papez circuit were observed in the patient group compared with the control group (p < 0.05). In the individual analysis, all four portions of the Papez circuit were injured in terms of DTT parameters or configuration. Positive correlation was observed between TV of the fornix and short-term memory on MAS r = 0.618, p < 0.05), and between FA of the fornix and total memory on MAS (r = 0.613, p < 0.05). We found that all four portions of the Papez circuit in the patient group were vulnerable to DAI, and among four portions of the Papez circuit, the fornix was the most vulnerable portion in terms of injury incidence and severity.
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20
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Zhong HH, Qu JF, Xiao WM, Chen YK, Liu YL, Wu ZQ, Qiu DH, Liang WC. Severity of Lesions Involving the Cortical Cholinergic Pathways May Be Associated With Cognitive Impairment in Subacute Ischemic Stroke. Front Neurol 2021; 12:606897. [PMID: 34168604 PMCID: PMC8217623 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.606897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Impairment of cortical cholinergic pathways (CCP) is an important risk factor for chronic vascular cognitive impairment. However, this phenomenon has rarely been studied in post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI). We investigated the relationship between PSCI and CCP lesions assessed by structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Patients and methods: We prospectively enrolled 103 patients within 7 days of ischemic stroke onset. CCP was measured by the cholinergic pathways hyperintensities scale (CHIPS), which semiquantitatively grades MR lesions strategically located on the CCP identified in human brains. We also measured other MRI parameters, including the location and volumes of acute infarcts, cerebral microbleeds, medial temporal lobe atrophy, and white matter lesions. Neuropsychological assessments were performed using the 60-min modified vascular dementia battery (VDB) at 3 months after the index stroke, and PSCI was defined according to VDB as well as ADL. Results: Of all 103 patients, 69 men (67.0%) and 34 women (33.0%) with a mean age of 57.22 ± 12.95 years, 55 patients (53.4%) were judged to have PSCI at 3 months, including 43 (41.7%) patients with PSCI-no dementia and 12 (11.7%) patients with poststroke dementia. According to the VBD assessment, the most commonly impaired cognitive domain was visuomotor speed (27.2%) followed by verbal memory (25.2%). Univariate analysis showed that patients with PSCI were older; had higher informant questionnaire on cognitive decline in the elderly (IQCODE) scores; had more frequent previous stroke history and atrial fibrillation; and had higher CHIPS scores, more severe white matter lesions, and medial temporal lobe atrophy. PSCI patients also had higher depression scores at 3 months. In the multivariate regression analysis, age, IQCODE score, CHIPS score, and Hamilton depression rating scale score were independent predictors of PSCI. Ordinal regression analysis for risk factors of poor functional outcomes revealed that IQCODE scores and cognitive function status were related to mRS score at 3 months after stroke. Conclusion: In patients with early subacute ischemic stroke, the severity of lesions involving the CCP may be associated with cognitive impairment at 3 months. Clinical Trial Registration: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, identifier: ChiCTR1800014982.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huo-Hua Zhong
- Department of Neurology, Dongguan People's Hospital, Dongguan, China
| | - Jian-Feng Qu
- Department of Neurology, Dongguan People's Hospital, Dongguan, China
| | - Wei-Min Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Dongguan People's Hospital, Dongguan, China
| | - Yang-Kun Chen
- Department of Neurology, Dongguan People's Hospital, Dongguan, China
| | - Yong-Lin Liu
- Department of Neurology, Dongguan People's Hospital, Dongguan, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Wu
- Department of Neurology, Dongguan People's Hospital, Dongguan, China
| | - Dong-Hai Qiu
- Department of Neurology, Dongguan People's Hospital, Dongguan, China
| | - Wen-Cong Liang
- Graduate School, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
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21
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Coppens R, Rabinovich NE, Kanneganti R, Diggs HA, Wiggs K, Healey T, Huggenvik J, Rose GM, Gilbert DG. APOE genotype influences P3b amplitude and response to smoking abstinence in young adults. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:1171-1181. [PMID: 33506304 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-05763-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE There is strong evidence that nicotine can enhance cognitive functions and growing evidence that this effect may be larger in young healthy APOE ε4 carriers. However, the moderating effects of the APOE ε4 allele on cognitive impairments caused by nicotine deprivation in chronic smokers have not yet been studied with brain indices. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine whether young female carriers of the APOE ε4 allele, relative to noncarriers, would exhibit larger abstinence-induced decreases in P3b amplitude during a two-stimulus auditory oddball task. METHODS We compared parietal P3bs in female chronic smokers with either APOE ε3/ε3 (n = 54) or ε3/ε4 (n = 20) genotype under nicotine-sated conditions and after 12-17-h nicotine deprivation. RESULTS Nicotine deprivation significantly reduced P3b amplitudes in APOE ε4 carriers, but not in APOE-ε3/ε3 individuals, such that the difference seen prior to nicotine deprivation was eliminated. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that subjects with the APOE ε4 allele are more sensitive to nicotine, which could influence smoking patterns, the risk for nicotine dependence, and the cognitive effects of nicotine use in these individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Coppens
- Department of Psychology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
- Center for Integrated Research in Cognitive & Neural Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - Norka E Rabinovich
- Department of Psychology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | | | - Herman A Diggs
- Department of Psychology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
- Center for Integrated Research in Cognitive & Neural Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - Kristin Wiggs
- Department of Psychology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - Travis Healey
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA
| | - Jodi Huggenvik
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA
| | - Gregory M Rose
- Center for Integrated Research in Cognitive & Neural Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA
- Department of Anatomy, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA
| | - David G Gilbert
- Department of Psychology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA.
- Center for Integrated Research in Cognitive & Neural Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA.
- School of Psychological and Behavioral Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Mail Code 6502, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA.
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González HFJ, Narasimhan S, Johnson GW, Wills KE, Haas KF, Konrad PE, Chang C, Morgan VL, Rubinov M, Englot DJ. Role of the Nucleus Basalis as a Key Network Node in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Neurology 2021; 96:e1334-e1346. [PMID: 33441453 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000011523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether the nucleus basalis of Meynert (NBM) may be a key network structure of altered functional connectivity in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), we examined fMRI with network-based analyses. METHODS We acquired resting-state fMRI in 40 adults with TLE and 40 matched healthy control participants. We calculated functional connectivity of NBM and used multiple complementary network-based analyses to explore the importance of NBM in TLE networks without biasing our results by our approach. We compared patients to controls and examined associations of network properties with disease metrics and neurocognitive testing. RESULTS We observed marked decreases in connectivity between NBM and the rest of the brain in patients with TLE (0.91 ± 0.88, mean ± SD) vs controls (1.96 ± 1.13, p < 0.001, t test). Larger decreases in connectivity between NBM and fronto-parietal-insular regions were associated with higher frequency of consciousness-impairing seizures (r = -0.41, p = 0.008, Pearson). A core network of altered nodes in TLE included NBM ipsilateral to the epileptogenic side and bilateral limbic structures. Furthermore, normal community affiliation of ipsilateral NBM was lost in patients, and this structure displayed the most altered clustering coefficient of any node examined (3.46 ± 1.17 in controls vs 2.23 ± 0.93 in patients). Abnormal connectivity between NBM and subcortical arousal community was associated with modest neurocognitive deficits. Finally, a logistic regression model incorporating connectivity properties of ipsilateral NBM successfully distinguished patients from control datasets with moderately high accuracy (78%). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that while NBM is rarely studied in epilepsy, it may be one of the most perturbed network nodes in TLE, contributing to widespread neural effects in this disabling disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernán F J González
- From the Departments of Biomedical Engineering (H.F.J.G., G.W.J., P.E.K., C.C., V.L.M., M.R., D.J.E.) and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (C.C., V.L.M., M.R., D.J.E.), Vanderbilt University; Departments of Neurological Surgery (S.N., K.E.W., P.E.K., D.J.E.), Radiology and Radiological Sciences (V.L.M., D.J.E.), and Neurology (K.F.H.) and Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (H.F.J.G., S.N., G.W.J., K.E.W., C.C., V.L.M., D.J.E.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; and Department of Psychology (M.R.), Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA.
| | - Saramati Narasimhan
- From the Departments of Biomedical Engineering (H.F.J.G., G.W.J., P.E.K., C.C., V.L.M., M.R., D.J.E.) and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (C.C., V.L.M., M.R., D.J.E.), Vanderbilt University; Departments of Neurological Surgery (S.N., K.E.W., P.E.K., D.J.E.), Radiology and Radiological Sciences (V.L.M., D.J.E.), and Neurology (K.F.H.) and Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (H.F.J.G., S.N., G.W.J., K.E.W., C.C., V.L.M., D.J.E.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; and Department of Psychology (M.R.), Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA
| | - Graham W Johnson
- From the Departments of Biomedical Engineering (H.F.J.G., G.W.J., P.E.K., C.C., V.L.M., M.R., D.J.E.) and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (C.C., V.L.M., M.R., D.J.E.), Vanderbilt University; Departments of Neurological Surgery (S.N., K.E.W., P.E.K., D.J.E.), Radiology and Radiological Sciences (V.L.M., D.J.E.), and Neurology (K.F.H.) and Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (H.F.J.G., S.N., G.W.J., K.E.W., C.C., V.L.M., D.J.E.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; and Department of Psychology (M.R.), Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA
| | - Kristin E Wills
- From the Departments of Biomedical Engineering (H.F.J.G., G.W.J., P.E.K., C.C., V.L.M., M.R., D.J.E.) and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (C.C., V.L.M., M.R., D.J.E.), Vanderbilt University; Departments of Neurological Surgery (S.N., K.E.W., P.E.K., D.J.E.), Radiology and Radiological Sciences (V.L.M., D.J.E.), and Neurology (K.F.H.) and Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (H.F.J.G., S.N., G.W.J., K.E.W., C.C., V.L.M., D.J.E.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; and Department of Psychology (M.R.), Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA
| | - Kevin F Haas
- From the Departments of Biomedical Engineering (H.F.J.G., G.W.J., P.E.K., C.C., V.L.M., M.R., D.J.E.) and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (C.C., V.L.M., M.R., D.J.E.), Vanderbilt University; Departments of Neurological Surgery (S.N., K.E.W., P.E.K., D.J.E.), Radiology and Radiological Sciences (V.L.M., D.J.E.), and Neurology (K.F.H.) and Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (H.F.J.G., S.N., G.W.J., K.E.W., C.C., V.L.M., D.J.E.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; and Department of Psychology (M.R.), Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA
| | - Peter E Konrad
- From the Departments of Biomedical Engineering (H.F.J.G., G.W.J., P.E.K., C.C., V.L.M., M.R., D.J.E.) and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (C.C., V.L.M., M.R., D.J.E.), Vanderbilt University; Departments of Neurological Surgery (S.N., K.E.W., P.E.K., D.J.E.), Radiology and Radiological Sciences (V.L.M., D.J.E.), and Neurology (K.F.H.) and Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (H.F.J.G., S.N., G.W.J., K.E.W., C.C., V.L.M., D.J.E.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; and Department of Psychology (M.R.), Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA
| | - Catie Chang
- From the Departments of Biomedical Engineering (H.F.J.G., G.W.J., P.E.K., C.C., V.L.M., M.R., D.J.E.) and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (C.C., V.L.M., M.R., D.J.E.), Vanderbilt University; Departments of Neurological Surgery (S.N., K.E.W., P.E.K., D.J.E.), Radiology and Radiological Sciences (V.L.M., D.J.E.), and Neurology (K.F.H.) and Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (H.F.J.G., S.N., G.W.J., K.E.W., C.C., V.L.M., D.J.E.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; and Department of Psychology (M.R.), Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA
| | - Victoria L Morgan
- From the Departments of Biomedical Engineering (H.F.J.G., G.W.J., P.E.K., C.C., V.L.M., M.R., D.J.E.) and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (C.C., V.L.M., M.R., D.J.E.), Vanderbilt University; Departments of Neurological Surgery (S.N., K.E.W., P.E.K., D.J.E.), Radiology and Radiological Sciences (V.L.M., D.J.E.), and Neurology (K.F.H.) and Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (H.F.J.G., S.N., G.W.J., K.E.W., C.C., V.L.M., D.J.E.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; and Department of Psychology (M.R.), Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA
| | - Mikail Rubinov
- From the Departments of Biomedical Engineering (H.F.J.G., G.W.J., P.E.K., C.C., V.L.M., M.R., D.J.E.) and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (C.C., V.L.M., M.R., D.J.E.), Vanderbilt University; Departments of Neurological Surgery (S.N., K.E.W., P.E.K., D.J.E.), Radiology and Radiological Sciences (V.L.M., D.J.E.), and Neurology (K.F.H.) and Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (H.F.J.G., S.N., G.W.J., K.E.W., C.C., V.L.M., D.J.E.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; and Department of Psychology (M.R.), Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA
| | - Dario J Englot
- From the Departments of Biomedical Engineering (H.F.J.G., G.W.J., P.E.K., C.C., V.L.M., M.R., D.J.E.) and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (C.C., V.L.M., M.R., D.J.E.), Vanderbilt University; Departments of Neurological Surgery (S.N., K.E.W., P.E.K., D.J.E.), Radiology and Radiological Sciences (V.L.M., D.J.E.), and Neurology (K.F.H.) and Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (H.F.J.G., S.N., G.W.J., K.E.W., C.C., V.L.M., D.J.E.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; and Department of Psychology (M.R.), Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA
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Carli G, Caminiti SP, Sala A, Galbiati A, Pilotto A, Ferini-Strambi L, Padovani A, Perani D. Impaired metabolic brain networks associated with neurotransmission systems in the α-synuclein spectrum. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2020; 81:113-122. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2020.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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24
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Zupcic SG, Zupcic M, Duzel V, Simurina T, Sakic L, Grubjesic I, Tonković D, Udovic IS, Ferreri VM. The potential role of micro-RNA-211 in the pathogenesis of sleep-related hypermotor epilepsy. Med Hypotheses 2020; 143:110115. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
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25
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Dávila G, Moyano MP, Edelkraut L, Moreno-Campos L, Berthier ML, Torres-Prioris MJ, López-Barroso D. Pharmacotherapy of Traumatic Childhood Aphasia: Beneficial Effects of Donepezil Alone and Combined With Intensive Naming Therapy. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1144. [PMID: 32848757 PMCID: PMC7411310 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
At present, language therapy is the only available treatment for childhood aphasia (CA). Studying new interventions to augment and hasten the benefits provided by language therapy in children is strongly needed. CA frequently emerges as a consequence of traumatic brain injury and, as in the case of adults, it may be associated with dysfunctional activity of neurotransmitter systems. The use of cognitive-enhancing drugs, alone or combined with aphasia therapy, promotes improvement of language deficits in aphasic adults. In this study we report the case of a 9-year-old right-handed girl, subject P, who had chronic anomic aphasia associated with traumatic lesions in the left temporal-parietal cortex. We performed a single-subject, open-label study encompassing administration of the cholinergic agent donepezil (DP) alone during 12 weeks, followed by a combination of DP and intensive naming therapy (INT) for 2 weeks and thereafter by a continued treatment of DP alone during 12 weeks, a 4-week washout period, and another 2 weeks of INT. Four comprehensive language and neuropsychological evaluations were performed at different timepoints along the study, and multiple naming evaluations were performed after each INT in order to assess performance in treated and untreated words. Structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed at baseline. MRI revealed two focal lesions in the left hemisphere, one large involving the posterior inferior and middle temporal gyri and another comprising the angular gyrus. Overall, baseline evaluation disclosed marked impairment in naming with mild-to-moderate compromise of spontaneous speech, repetition, and auditory comprehension. Executive and attention functions were also affected, but memory, visuoconstructive, and visuoperceptive functions were preserved. Treatment with DP alone significantly improved spontaneous speech, auditory comprehension, repetition, and picture naming, in addition to processing speed, selective, and sustained attention. Combined DP-INT further improved naming. After washout of both interventions, most of these beneficial changes remained. Importantly, DP produced no side effects and subject P attained the necessary level of language competence to return to regular schooling. In conclusion, the use of DP alone and in combination with INT improved language function and related cognitive posttraumatic deficits in a child with acquired aphasia. Further studies in larger samples are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe Dávila
- Cognitive Neurology and Aphasia Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Médico-Sanitarias, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga - IBIMA, Málaga, Spain.,Department of Psychobiology and Methodology of Behavioural Sciences, Faculty of Psychology and Speech Therapy, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain.,Language Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Faculty of Psychology and Speech Therapy, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - María Pilar Moyano
- Cognitive Neurology and Aphasia Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Médico-Sanitarias, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Lisa Edelkraut
- Cognitive Neurology and Aphasia Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Médico-Sanitarias, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga - IBIMA, Málaga, Spain.,Department of Psychobiology and Methodology of Behavioural Sciences, Faculty of Psychology and Speech Therapy, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain.,Language Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Faculty of Psychology and Speech Therapy, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Lorena Moreno-Campos
- Cognitive Neurology and Aphasia Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Médico-Sanitarias, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Marcelo L Berthier
- Cognitive Neurology and Aphasia Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Médico-Sanitarias, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga - IBIMA, Málaga, Spain.,Language Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Faculty of Psychology and Speech Therapy, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - María José Torres-Prioris
- Cognitive Neurology and Aphasia Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Médico-Sanitarias, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga - IBIMA, Málaga, Spain.,Department of Psychobiology and Methodology of Behavioural Sciences, Faculty of Psychology and Speech Therapy, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain.,Language Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Faculty of Psychology and Speech Therapy, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Diana López-Barroso
- Cognitive Neurology and Aphasia Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Médico-Sanitarias, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga - IBIMA, Málaga, Spain.,Department of Psychobiology and Methodology of Behavioural Sciences, Faculty of Psychology and Speech Therapy, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain.,Language Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Faculty of Psychology and Speech Therapy, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
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26
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Zupcic SG, Zupcic M, Duzel V, Simurina T, Sakic L, Grubjesic I, Tonković D, Udovic IS, Ferreri VM. The potential role of micro-RNA-211 in the pathogenesis of sleep-related hypermotor epilepsy. Med Hypotheses 2020; 143:110115. [PMID: 32763656 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sleep-related hypermotor epilepsy (SHE) is a rare epileptic syndrome characterized by epileptic seizures which occur during the non-rapid eye movement (NREM) stage of sleep. It manifests with hypermotor semiology resembling violent limb movements and an asymmetric tonic-dystonic posture. The genes which are responsible for the autosomal dominant form of SHE (ADSHE) and whose function is to code the sub-unit of the neuronal acetylcholine receptor are well known. Considering that ADSHE is a prototype of SHE, it is thought that the dysfunction of the cortico-subcortical cholinergic network, which regulates the cycle of sleep, has a key role in the epileptogenesis of this syndrome. Namely, studies to date, have shown that the hypercholinergic activity is sufficient for the development of epileptic seizures, even though the exact mechanism remains to be elucidated. NREM parasomnias are sleep disorders that are the most difficult to differentiate from SHE due to a similar clinical presentation. Considering the clinical similarities, NREM occurrence and probable genetic connection, it is considered that fundamentally, both of these conditions share a common pathophysiological mechanism i.e. cholinergic dysfunction. The main difference between SHE and NREM parasomnias are the genuine epileptic seizures that are responsible for the semiology in SHE. These genuine seizures are not present in NREM parasomnias. Why this is so, remains to be elucidated. Considering that animal studies have shown that dynamic changes and the decreased levels of microRNA-211 contribute to epileptic seizures and to changes in cholinergic pathways, our hypothesis is that epileptic seizures and the development of epileptogenesis in SHE are a consequence of cholinergic dysfunction and decreased levels of microRNA-211 as opposed to NREM parasomnias where there is a stable level of microRNA-211, preventing epileptogenesis despite the cholinergic system dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Graf Zupcic
- Clinical Hospital Centre Rijeka, Clinic of Neurology, Rijeka, Croatia; University of Rijeka, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Immunology, Rijeka, Croatia.
| | - Miroslav Zupcic
- University of Rijeka, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Immunology, Rijeka, Croatia; Clinical Hospital Centre Rijeka, Clinic of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Rijeka, Croatia; J. J. Strossmayer University, Faculty of Medicine, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Viktor Duzel
- Barking, Havering and Redbridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, Department of Anaesthesia, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tatjana Simurina
- J. J. Strossmayer University, Faculty of Medicine, Osijek, Croatia; Department of Health Studies, University of Zadar, General Hospital Zadar, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Zadar, Croatia
| | - Livija Sakic
- J. J. Strossmayer University, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Osijek, Croatia; University Hospital "Sveti Duh", Clinic of Anesthesiology, Reanimatology and Intensive Care Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Igor Grubjesic
- Clinical Hospital Centre Rijeka, Clinic of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Dinko Tonković
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Croatia; Clinical Hospital Centre Zagreb, Clinic of Anesthesiology, Reanimatology and Intensive Care Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ingrid Sutic Udovic
- University of Rijeka, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Immunology, Rijeka, Croatia
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Kumar R, Kumar A, Nordberg A, Långström B, Darreh-Shori T. Proton pump inhibitors act with unprecedented potencies as inhibitors of the acetylcholine biosynthesizing enzyme-A plausible missing link for their association with incidence of dementia. Alzheimers Dement 2020; 16:1031-1042. [PMID: 32383816 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Several pharmacoepidemiological studies indicate that proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) significantly increase the risk of dementia. Yet, the underlying mechanism is not known. Here, we report the discovery of an unprecedented mode of action of PPIs that explains how PPIs may increase the risk of dementia. METHODS Advanced in silico docking analyses and detailed enzymological assessments were performed on PPIs against the core-cholinergic enzyme, choline-acetyltransferase (ChAT), responsible for biosynthesis of acetylcholine (ACh). RESULTS This report shows compelling evidence that PPIs act as inhibitors of ChAT, with high selectivity and unprecedented potencies that lie far below their in vivo plasma and brain concentrations. DISCUSSION Given that accumulating evidence points at cholinergic dysfunction as a driving force of major dementia disorders, our findings mechanistically explain how prolonged use of PPIs may increase incidence of dementia. This call for restrictions for prolonged use of PPIs in elderly, and in patients with dementia or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajnish Kumar
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Amit Kumar
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Agneta Nordberg
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bengt Långström
- Department of Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Taher Darreh-Shori
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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28
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Machado A, Ferreira D, Grothe MJ, Eyjolfsdottir H, Almqvist PM, Cavallin L, Lind G, Linderoth B, Seiger Å, Teipel S, Wahlberg LU, Wahlund LO, Westman E, Eriksdotter M. The cholinergic system in subtypes of Alzheimer's disease: an in vivo longitudinal MRI study. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2020; 12:51. [PMID: 32375872 PMCID: PMC7203806 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-020-00620-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The heterogeneity within Alzheimer's disease (AD) seriously challenges the development of disease-modifying treatments. We investigated volume of the basal forebrain, hippocampus, and precuneus in atrophy subtypes of AD and explored the relevance of subtype stratification in a small clinical trial on encapsulated cell biodelivery (ECB) of nerve growth factor (NGF) to the basal forebrain. METHODS Structural MRI data was collected for 90 amyloid-positive patients and 69 amyloid-negative healthy controls at baseline, 6-, 12-, and 24-month follow-up. The effect of the NGF treatment was investigated in 10 biopsy-verified AD patients with structural MRI data at baseline and at 6- or 12-month follow-up. Patients were classified as typical, limbic-predominant, hippocampal-sparing, or minimal atrophy AD, using a validated visual assessment method. Volumetric analyses were performed using a region-of-interest approach. RESULTS All AD subtypes showed reduced basal forebrain volume as compared with the healthy controls. The limbic-predominant subtype showed the fastest basal forebrain atrophy rate, whereas the minimal atrophy subtype did not show any significant volume decline over time. Atrophy rates of the hippocampus and precuneus also differed across subtypes. Our preliminary data from the small NGF cohort suggest that the NGF treatment seemed to slow the rate of atrophy in the precuneus and hippocampus in some hippocampal-sparing AD patients and in one typical AD patient. CONCLUSIONS The cholinergic system is differentially affected in distinct atrophy subtypes of AD. Larger studies in the future should confirm that this differential involvement of the cholinergic system may contribute to subtype-specific response to cholinergic treatment. Our preliminary findings suggest that future clinical trials should target specific subtypes of AD, or at least report treatment effects stratified by subtype. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01163825. Registered 14 July 2010.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Machado
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Centre for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society, Karolinska Institutet, NEO, Floor 7th, Blickagången 16, 141 52, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel Ferreira
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Centre for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society, Karolinska Institutet, NEO, Floor 7th, Blickagången 16, 141 52, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Michel J Grothe
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases-Rostock/Greifswald, Rostock, Germany
| | - Helga Eyjolfsdottir
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Centre for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society, Karolinska Institutet, NEO, Floor 7th, Blickagången 16, 141 52, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per M Almqvist
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Theme Neuro, Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lena Cavallin
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Centre for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society, Karolinska Institutet, NEO, Floor 7th, Blickagången 16, 141 52, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Radiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Göran Lind
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Theme Neuro, Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bengt Linderoth
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Theme Neuro, Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Åke Seiger
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Centre for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society, Karolinska Institutet, NEO, Floor 7th, Blickagången 16, 141 52, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stefan Teipel
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases-Rostock/Greifswald, Rostock, Germany.,Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Lars U Wahlberg
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Centre for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society, Karolinska Institutet, NEO, Floor 7th, Blickagången 16, 141 52, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.,Gloriana Therapeutics, Inc, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Lars-Olof Wahlund
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Centre for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society, Karolinska Institutet, NEO, Floor 7th, Blickagången 16, 141 52, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eric Westman
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Centre for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society, Karolinska Institutet, NEO, Floor 7th, Blickagången 16, 141 52, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neuroimaging, Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Maria Eriksdotter
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Centre for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society, Karolinska Institutet, NEO, Floor 7th, Blickagången 16, 141 52, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.,Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Cho MK, Jang SH. Diffusion Tensor Imaging Studies on Spontaneous Subarachnoid Hemorrhage-Related Brain Injury: A Mini-Review. Front Neurol 2020; 11:283. [PMID: 32411076 PMCID: PMC7198780 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate diagnosis of the presence and severity of neural injury in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is important in neurorehabilitation because it is essential for establishing appropriate therapeutic strategies and developing a prognosis. Diffusion tensor imaging has a unique advantage in the identification of microstructural white matter abnormalities which are not usually detectable on conventional brain magnetic resonance imaging. In this mini-review article, 12 diffusion tensor imaging studies on SAH-related brain injury were reviewed. These studies have demonstrated SAH-related brain injuries in various neural tracts or structures including the cingulum, fornix, hippocampus, dorsolateral prefrontal region, corticospinal tract, mamillothalamic tract, corticoreticular pathway, ascending reticular activating system, Papez circuit, optic radiation, and subcortical white matter. We believe that these reviewed studies provide information that would be helpful in science-based neurorehabilitation of patients with SAH. Furthermore, the results of these reviewed studies would also be useful for clarification of the pathophysiological mechanisms associated with SAH-related brain injury. However, considering the large number of neural tracts or neural structures in the brain, more research on SAH-related brain injury in other neural tracts or structures should be encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Kyeong Cho
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Sung Ho Jang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, South Korea
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Giorgi FS, Galgani A, Gaglione A, Ferese R, Fornai F. Effects of Prolonged Seizures on Basal Forebrain Cholinergic Neurons: Evidence and Potential Clinical Relevance. Neurotox Res 2020; 38:249-265. [PMID: 32319018 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-020-00198-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Seizures originating from limbic structures, especially when prolonged for several minutes/hours up to status epilepticus (SE), can cause specific neurodegenerative phenomena in limbic and subcortical structures. The cholinergic nuclei belonging to the basal forebrain (BF) (namely, medial septal nucleus (MSN), diagonal band of Broca (DBB), and nucleus basalis of Meynert (NBM)) belong to the limbic system, while playing a pivotal role in cognition and sleep-waking cycle. Given the strong interconnections linking these limbic nuclei with limbic cortical structures, a persistent effect of SE originating from limbic structures on cBF morphology is plausible. Nonetheless, only a few experimental studies have addressed this issue. In this review, we describe available data and discuss their significance in the scenario of seizure-induced brain damage. In detail, the manuscript moves from a recent study in a model of focally induced limbic SE, in which the pure effects of seizure spreading through the natural anatomical pathways towards the cholinergic nuclei of BF were tracked by neuronal degeneration. In this experimental setting, a loss of cholinergic neurons was measured in all BF nuclei, to various extents depending on the specific nucleus. These findings are discussed in the light of the effects on the very same nuclei following SE induced by systemic injections of kainate or pilocarpine. The various effects including discrepancies among different studies are discussed. Potential implications for human diseases are included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Sean Giorgi
- Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Galgani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | - Francesco Fornai
- Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,IRCCS INM Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
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FDG Uptake in the Basal Forebrain as Measured by Digital High-Resolution PET Is a Promising Marker of Basal Forebrain Degeneration in the Lewy Body Disease Spectrum. Clin Nucl Med 2020; 45:261-266. [DOI: 10.1097/rlu.0000000000002960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Convery RS, Neason MR, Cash DM, Cardoso MJ, Modat M, Ourselin S, Warren JD, Rohrer JD, Bocchetta M. Basal forebrain atrophy in frontotemporal dementia. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2020; 26:102210. [PMID: 32143137 PMCID: PMC7058403 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background The basal forebrain is a subcortical structure that plays an important role in learning, attention, and memory. Despite the known subcortical involvement in frontotemporal dementia (FTD), there is little research into the role of the basal forebrain in this disease. We aimed to investigate differences in basal forebrain volumes between clinical, genetic, and pathological diagnoses of FTD. Methods 356 patients with FTD were recruited from the UCL Dementia Research Centre and matched on age and gender with 83 cognitively normal controls. All subjects had a T1-weighted MR scan suitable for analysis. Basal forebrain volumes were calculated using the Geodesic Information Flow (GIF) parcellation method and were compared between clinical (148 bvFTD, 82 svPPA, 103 nfvPPA, 14 PPA–NOS, 9 FTD–MND), genetic (24 MAPT, 15 GRN, 26 C9orf72) and pathological groups (28 tau, 3 FUS, 35 TDP-43) and controls. A subanalysis was also performed comparing pathological subgroups of tau (11 Pick's disease, 6 FTDP-17, 7 CBD, 4 PSP) and TDP-43 (12 type A, 2 type B, 21 type C). Results All clinical subtypes of FTD showed significantly smaller volumes than controls (p ≤ 0.010, ANCOVA), with svPPA (10% volumetric difference) and bvFTD (9%) displaying the smallest volumes. Reduced basal forebrain volumes were also seen in MAPT mutations (18%, p < 0.0005) and in individuals with pathologically confirmed FTDP-17 (17%), Pick's disease (12%), and TDP-43 type C (8%) (p < 0.001). Conclusion Involvement of the basal forebrain is a common feature in FTD, although the extent of volume reduction differs between clinical, genetic, and pathological diagnoses. Tauopathies, particularly those with MAPT mutations, had the smallest volumes. However, atrophy was also seen in those with TDP-43 type C pathology (most of whom have svPPA clinically). This suggests that the basal forebrain is vulnerable to multiple types of FTD-associated protein inclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhian S Convery
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mollie R Neason
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David M Cash
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - M Jorge Cardoso
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marc Modat
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastien Ourselin
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jason D Warren
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan D Rohrer
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Martina Bocchetta
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
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Han B, Jiang W, Liu H, Wang J, Zheng K, Cui P, Feng Y, Dang C, Bu Y, Wang QM, Ju Z, Hao J. Upregulation of neuronal PGC-1α ameliorates cognitive impairment induced by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:2832-2848. [PMID: 32194838 PMCID: PMC7052889 DOI: 10.7150/thno.37119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress occur in vascular dementia (VaD), but the specific molecular mechanism regulating these events remains unclear. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ co-activator-1α (PGC-1α) is a master regulator for mitochondrial function. This study aims to investigate whether PGC-1α is involved in the pathophysiology of VaD. Methods: We firstly generated PGC-1α f/f Eno2-Cre mice to induce neuron-specific overexpression of PGC-1α by crossbreeding PGC-1α f/f mice with Eno2-cre mice. Then, the mice were subjected to bilateral common carotid artery stenosis to induce chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. Neurological function and hippocampal PGC-1α expression was evaluated. Next, RNA-Seq analysis and Seahorse assay were performed on the hippocampal neurons. In addition, mitochondrial antioxidants, uncoupling proteins, ROS production and the activation of glial cells were also measured. Results: Our results showed that hippocampal PGC-1α expression is down-regulated in the mouse VaD model induced by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. In contrast, neuronal PGC-1α overexpression significantly ameliorated cognitive deficits. RNA-Seq analysis indicated that PGC-1α improved energy metabolism of neurons under hypoxic condition, and Seahorse assay confirmed that PGC-1α increases the metabolic activity of neurons. Further study demonstrated that PGC-1α boosted the expressions of mitochondrial antioxidants and uncoupling proteins (UCPs), including SOD2, Prx3, GPx1, UCP2, UCP4 and UCP5, which in turn reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Moreover, the activation of microglia and astrocytes was also found to decrease in the hippocampus. All of these changes greatly contributed to protect hippocampal neurons against ischemic insults. Conclusions: PGC-1α could suppress the excessive ROS and neuroinflammation in the hippocampus, opening up a potential therapeutic target for cognitive impairment.
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Scarpa M, Hesse S, Bradley SJ. M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors: A therapeutic strategy for symptomatic and disease-modifying effects in Alzheimer's disease? ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2020; 88:277-310. [PMID: 32416870 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2019.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) plays a crucial role in learning and memory processes and has long been identified as a promising therapeutic target for the improvement of cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease (AD). As such, clinical trials with xanomeline, a mAChR orthosteric agonist, showed an improvement in cognitive and behavioral symptoms associated with AD. Despite this, the clinical utility of xanomeline was hampered by a lack of M1 receptor selectivity and adverse cholinergic responses attributed to activation of peripheral M2 and M3 mAChRs. More recently, efforts have focused on developing more selective M1 compounds via targeting the less-conserved allosteric binding pockets. As such, positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) have emerged as an exciting strategy to achieve exquisite selectivity for the M1 mAChR in order to deliver improvements in cognitive function in AD. Furthermore, over recent years it has become increasingly apparent that M1 therapeutics may also offer disease-modifying effects in AD, due to the modulation of pathogenic amyloid processing. This article will review the progress made in the development of M1 selective ligands for the treatment of cognitive decline in AD, and will discuss the current evidence that selective targeting of the M1 mAChR could also have the potential to modify AD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Scarpa
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Hesse
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie J Bradley
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
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Li Q, Song JL, Li SH, Westover MB, Zhang R. Effects of Cholinergic Neuromodulation on Thalamocortical Rhythms During NREM Sleep: A Model Study. Front Comput Neurosci 2020; 13:100. [PMID: 32038215 PMCID: PMC6990259 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2019.00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been suggested that cholinergic neurons shape the oscillatory activity of the thalamocortical (TC) network in behavioral and electrophysiological experiments. However, theoretical modeling demonstrating how cholinergic neuromodulation of thalamocortical rhythms during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep might occur has been lacking. In this paper, we first develop a novel computational model (TC-ACH) by incorporating a cholinergic neuron population (CH) into the classical thalamo-cortical circuitry, where connections between populations are modeled in accordance with existing knowledge. The neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACH) released by neurons in CH, which is able to change the discharge activity of thalamocortical neurons, is the primary focus of our work. Simulation results with our TC-ACH model reveal that the cholinergic projection activity is a key factor in modulating oscillation patterns in three ways: (1) transitions between different patterns of thalamocortical oscillations are dramatically modulated through diverse projection pathways; (2) the model expresses a stable spindle oscillation state with certain parameter settings for the cholinergic projection from CH to thalamus, and more spindles appear when the strength of cholinergic input from CH to thalamocortical neurons increases; (3) the duration of oscillation patterns during NREM sleep including K-complexes, spindles, and slow oscillations is longer when cholinergic input from CH to thalamocortical neurons becomes stronger. Our modeling results provide insights into the mechanisms by which the sleep state is controlled, and provide a theoretical basis for future experimental and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Li
- Medical Big Data Research Center, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jiang-Ling Song
- Medical Big Data Research Center, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Si-Hui Li
- Medical Big Data Research Center, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - M. Brandon Westover
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Rui Zhang
- Medical Big Data Research Center, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
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Clarke T, Jamieson JD, Malone P, Rayhan RU, Washington S, VanMeter JW, Baraniuk JN. Connectivity differences between Gulf War Illness (GWI) phenotypes during a test of attention. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226481. [PMID: 31891592 PMCID: PMC6938369 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
One quarter of veterans returning from the 1990–1991 Persian Gulf War have developed Gulf War Illness (GWI) with chronic pain, fatigue, cognitive and gastrointestinal dysfunction. Exertion leads to characteristic, delayed onset exacerbations that are not relieved by sleep. We have modeled exertional exhaustion by comparing magnetic resonance images from before and after submaximal exercise. One third of the 27 GWI participants had brain stem atrophy and developed postural tachycardia after exercise (START: Stress Test Activated Reversible Tachycardia). The remainder activated basal ganglia and anterior insulae during a cognitive task (STOPP: Stress Test Originated Phantom Perception). Here, the role of attention in cognitive dysfunction was assessed by seed region correlations during a simple 0-back stimulus matching task (“see a letter, push a button”) performed before exercise. Analysis was analogous to resting state, but different from psychophysiological interactions (PPI). The patterns of correlations between nodes in task and default networks were significantly different for START (n = 9), STOPP (n = 18) and control (n = 8) subjects. Edges shared by the 3 groups may represent co-activation caused by the 0-back task. Controls had a task network of right dorsolateral and left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, posterior insulae and frontal eye fields (dorsal attention network). START had a large task module centered on the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex with direct links to basal ganglia, anterior insulae, and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex nodes, and through dorsal attention network (intraparietal sulci and frontal eye fields) nodes to a default module. STOPP had 2 task submodules of basal ganglia–anterior insulae, and dorsolateral prefrontal executive control regions. Dorsal attention and posterior insulae nodes were embedded in the default module and were distant from the task networks. These three unique connectivity patterns during an attention task support the concept of Gulf War Disease with recognizable, objective patterns of cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Clarke
- Center for Functional and Molecular Imaging, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Jessie D. Jamieson
- Department of Mathematics, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Patrick Malone
- Center for Functional and Molecular Imaging, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Rakib U. Rayhan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Stuart Washington
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - John W. VanMeter
- Center for Functional and Molecular Imaging, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - James N. Baraniuk
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Qu JF, Chen YK, Luo GP, Zhao JH, Zhong HH, Yin HP. Severe Lesions Involving Cortical Cholinergic Pathways Predict Poorer Functional Outcome in Acute Ischemic Stroke. Stroke 2019; 49:2983-2989. [PMID: 30571427 PMCID: PMC6257508 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.118.023196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background and Purpose- The aim of the study was to assess the effect of lesion severity in cortical cholinergic pathways in acute ischemic stroke patients on functional outcomes. Methods- The study sample consisted of 214 men (70.9%) and 88 women (29.1%) with acute ischemic stroke. We used the Cholinergic Pathways Hyperintensities Scale (CHIPS) to assess the severity of lesions in cortical cholinergic pathways using brain magnetic resonance imaging. The other magnetic resonance imaging parameters included infarction, white matter lesions, and medial temporal lobe atrophy. Functional outcome was assessed using the Lawton activities of daily living (ADL) scale at 3 and 6 months after the index stroke. We also assessed disability status using the modified Rankin Scale. Results- Univariate analysis showed that patients with poor functional outcomes were older, more likely to be men, had a higher National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score on admission, and had more frequent histories of previous stroke and infection complications. They also had significantly more frequent cortical infarcts, left subcortical infarcts, a larger infarct volume, more severe medial temporal lobe atrophy, and periventricular hyperintensities, and higher CHIPS scores. In the multiple regression analysis, model 1 showed that age and NIHSS score on admission were significant predictors of poor ADL at 3 months, with an R2 of 45.4% fitting the model. Age, NIHSS score on admission and stroke subtype were also significant predictors of poor ADL at 6 months, with an R2 of 37.9% fitting the model. In model 2, sex, previous stroke, NIHSS score on admission, right cortical infarcts, left subcortical infarcts and CHIPS score were significant predictors for poor ADL at 3 months, with an R2 of 53.5%. NIHSS score on admission, stroke subtype, and CHIPS score were significant predictors for poor ADL at 6 months, with an R2 of 40.2%. After adjustment for confounders, CHIPS score was also a significant predictor for poor modified Rankin Scale, both at 3 and 6 months. Even after removing patients with moderate-to-severe white matter lesions, higher CHIPS scores still correlated with poorer ADL and modified Rankin Scale both at both 3 and 6 months. Conclusions- In patients with acute ischemic stroke, cortical cholinergic pathways impairment is common, and the severity of lesions in the cortical cholinergic pathways may significantly predict a poorer functional outcome. Clinical Trial Registration- URL: http://www.chictr.org.cn/index.aspx . Unique identifier: ChiCTR1800014982.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Feng Qu
- From the Department of Neurology, Dongguan People's Hospital (Affiliated Dongguan Hospital, South Medical University), Guangdong Province, China (J.-F.Q., Y.-K.C., G.-P.L., J.-H.Z., H.-H.Z., H.-P.Y.)
| | - Yang-Kun Chen
- From the Department of Neurology, Dongguan People's Hospital (Affiliated Dongguan Hospital, South Medical University), Guangdong Province, China (J.-F.Q., Y.-K.C., G.-P.L., J.-H.Z., H.-H.Z., H.-P.Y.)
| | - Gen-Pei Luo
- From the Department of Neurology, Dongguan People's Hospital (Affiliated Dongguan Hospital, South Medical University), Guangdong Province, China (J.-F.Q., Y.-K.C., G.-P.L., J.-H.Z., H.-H.Z., H.-P.Y.)
| | - Jiang-Hao Zhao
- From the Department of Neurology, Dongguan People's Hospital (Affiliated Dongguan Hospital, South Medical University), Guangdong Province, China (J.-F.Q., Y.-K.C., G.-P.L., J.-H.Z., H.-H.Z., H.-P.Y.)
| | - Huo-Hua Zhong
- From the Department of Neurology, Dongguan People's Hospital (Affiliated Dongguan Hospital, South Medical University), Guangdong Province, China (J.-F.Q., Y.-K.C., G.-P.L., J.-H.Z., H.-H.Z., H.-P.Y.).,Faculty of Neurology, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China (H.-H.Z.)
| | - Han-Peng Yin
- From the Department of Neurology, Dongguan People's Hospital (Affiliated Dongguan Hospital, South Medical University), Guangdong Province, China (J.-F.Q., Y.-K.C., G.-P.L., J.-H.Z., H.-H.Z., H.-P.Y.)
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DiNuzzo M, Mascali D, Moraschi M, Bussu G, Maugeri L, Mangini F, Fratini M, Giove F. Brain Networks Underlying Eye's Pupil Dynamics. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:965. [PMID: 31619948 PMCID: PMC6759985 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Phasic changes in eye’s pupil diameter have been repeatedly observed during cognitive, emotional and behavioral activity in mammals. Although pupil diameter is known to be associated with noradrenergic firing in the pontine Locus Coeruleus (LC), thus far the causal chain coupling spontaneous pupil dynamics to specific cortical brain networks remains unknown. In the present study, we acquired steady-state blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data combined with eye-tracking pupillometry from fifteen healthy subjects that were trained to maintain a constant attentional load. Regression analysis revealed widespread visual and sensorimotor BOLD-fMRI deactivations correlated with pupil diameter. Furthermore, we found BOLD-fMRI activations correlated with pupil diameter change rate within a set of brain regions known to be implicated in selective attention, salience, error-detection and decision-making. These regions included LC, thalamus, posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), dorsal anterior cingulate and paracingulate cortex (dACC/PaCC), orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), and right anterior insular cortex (rAIC). Granger-causality analysis performed on these regions yielded a complex pattern of interdependence, wherein LC and pupil dynamics were far apart in the network and separated by several cortical stages. Functional connectivity (FC) analysis revealed the ubiquitous presence of the superior frontal gyrus (SFG) in the networks identified by the brain regions correlated to the pupil diameter change rate. No significant correlations were observed between pupil dynamics, regional activation and behavioral performance. Based on the involved brain regions, we speculate that pupil dynamics reflects brain processing implicated in changes between self- and environment-directed awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniele Mascali
- Fondazione Santa Lucia (IRCCS), Rome, Italy.,Centro Fermi - Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche Enrico Fermi, Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Moraschi
- Fondazione Santa Lucia (IRCCS), Rome, Italy.,Centro Fermi - Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche Enrico Fermi, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgia Bussu
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Michela Fratini
- Fondazione Santa Lucia (IRCCS), Rome, Italy.,CNR Nanotec, Rome, Italy
| | - Federico Giove
- Fondazione Santa Lucia (IRCCS), Rome, Italy.,Centro Fermi - Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche Enrico Fermi, Rome, Italy
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APOE-ε4 risk variant for Alzheimer's disease modifies the association between cognitive performance and cerebral morphology in healthy middle-aged individuals. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2019; 23:101818. [PMID: 30991302 PMCID: PMC6463204 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2019.101818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The APOE-ε4 genotype is the highest genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). In cognitively unimpaired individuals, it has been related to altered brain morphology, function and earlier amyloid beta accumulation. However, its impact on cognitive performance is less evident. Here, we examine the impact of APOE-ε4 allele load in modulating the association between cognitive functioning and brain morphology in middle-aged healthy individuals. A high-resolution structural MRI scan was acquired and episodic memory (EM) as well as executive functions (EFs) were assessed in a sample of 527 middle-aged unimpaired individuals hosting a substantial representation of ε4-homozygous (N = 64). We adopted a voxel-wise unbiased method to assess whether the number of APOE-ε4 alleles significantly modified the associations between gray matter volumes (GMv) and performance in both cognitive domains. Even though the APOE-ε4 allele load did not exert a direct impact on any cognitive measures, it reversed the relationships between GMv and cognitive performance in a highly symmetrical topological pattern. For EM, interactions mapped onto the inferior temporal gyrus and the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex. Regarding EFs, significant interactions were observed for processing speed, working memory, and visuospatial attention in distinct brain regions. These results suggest that APOE-ε4 carriers display a structure-function association corresponding to an older age than their chronological one. Our findings additionally indicate that APOE-ε4 carriers may rely on the integrity of multiple compensatory brain systems in order to preserve their cognitive abilities, possibly due to an incipient neurodegeneration. Overall this study provides novel insights on the mechanisms through which APOE-ε4 posits an increased AD risk.
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Modulation of the p75 neurotrophin receptor suppresses age-related basal forebrain cholinergic neuron degeneration. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5273. [PMID: 30918278 PMCID: PMC6437186 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41654-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related degeneration of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (BFCNs) is linked to cognitive impairment. The p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) has been proposed to mediate neuronal degeneration in aging. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that modifying p75NTR function would prevent or reverse aging-related neuronal degeneration using LM11A-31, a small molecule p75NTR modulator that downregulates degenerative and upregulates trophic receptor-associated signaling. Morphological analysis in mice showed loss of BFCN area detectable by 18 months of age. Oral administration of LM11A-31 from age 15 to 18 months resulted in a dose-related preservation of BFCN area and one month of treatment from 17 to 18 months also preserved cell area. To evaluate reversal of established neuronal atrophy, animals were treated from 21 to 25 months of age. Treatment was associated with an increase of cell size to a mean area larger than that observed at 18 months, accompanied by increases in mean MS/VDB neurite length, as well as increased cholinergic fiber density and synaptophysin pre-synaptic marker levels in the hippocampus. These findings support the idea that modulation of p75NTR activity can prevent and potentially reverse age-associated BFCN degeneration. Moreover, this may be achieved therapeutically with orally bioavailable agents such as LM11A-31.
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Vellage AK, Müller P, Graf A, Bunzeck N, Müller NG. Increasing Dopamine and Acetylcholine Levels during Encoding Does Not Modulate Remember or Know Responses during Memory Retrieval in Healthy Aging—a Randomized Controlled Feasibility Study. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE ENHANCEMENT 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s41465-019-00122-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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42
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Jang SH, Kim SH, Lee HD. Traumatic axonal injury of the cingulum in patients with mild traumatic brain injury: a diffusion tensor tractography study. Neural Regen Res 2019; 14:1556-1561. [PMID: 31089054 PMCID: PMC6557111 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.255977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The cingulum, connecting the orbitofrontal cortex to the medial temporal lobe, involves in diverse cognition functions including attention, memory, and motivation. To investigate the relationship between the cingulum injury and cognitive impairment in patients with chronic mild traumatic brain injury, we evaluated the integrity between the anterior cingulum and the basal forebrain using diffusion tensor tractography in 73 patients with chronic mild traumatic brain injury (39 males, 34 females, age 43.29 ± 11.42 years) and 40 healthy controls (22 males, 18 females, age 40.11 ± 16.81 years). The patients were divided into three subgroups based on the integrity between the anterior cingulum and the basal forebrain on diffusion tensor tractography: subgroup A (n = 19 patients) - both sides of the anterior cingulum were intact; subgroup B (n = 36 patients) - either side of the anterior cingulum was intact; and subgroup C (18 patients) - both sides of the anterior cingulum were discontinued. There were significant differences in total Memory Assessment Scale score between subgroups A and B and between subgroups A and C. There were no significant differences in diffusion tensor tractography parameters (fractional anisotropy, apparent diffusion coefficient, and fiber volume) between patients and controls. These findings suggest that the integrity between the anterior cingulum and the basal forebrain, but not diffusion tensor tractography parameter, can be used to predict the cognitive function of patients with chronic mild traumatic brain injury. This study was approved by Yeungnam University Hospital Institutional Review Board (approval No. YUMC-2014-01-425-010) on August 16, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Ho Jang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Namku, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Ho Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Namku, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Do Lee
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Namku, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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43
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Jang SH, Seo JP. Diffusion Tensor Tractography Studies on Injured Anterior Cingulum Recovery Mechanisms: A Mini-Review. Front Neurol 2018; 9:1073. [PMID: 30581414 PMCID: PMC6292955 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.01073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cingulum, a major structure in the limbic system, contains the medial cholinergic pathway, which originates from the basalis nucleus of Meynert (Ch 4) in the basal forebrain. The cingulum is involved in various cognitive functions, including memory, attention, learning, motivation, emotion, and pain perception. In this mini-review, 10 studies reporting on recovery mechanisms of injured cinguli in patients with brain injury were reviewed. The recovery mechanisms of the injured anterior cinguli reported in those 10 studies are classified as follows: Mechanism 1, recovery via the normal pathway of the cingulum between the injured cingulum and Ch 4; mechanism 2, recovery through the neural tract between the injured cingulum and the brainstem cholinergic nuclei; mechanism 3, recovery via the lateral cholinergic pathway between the injured cingulum and the white matter of the temporo-occipital lobes; mechanism 4, recovery through the neural tract between the contralesional basal forebrain and the ipsilesional basal forebrain via the genu of the corpus callosum; and mechanism 5, recovery through the neural tract between the injured cingulum and Ch 4 via an aberrant pathway. Elucidation of the recovery mechanisms of injured anterior cinguli might be useful for neurorehabilitation of patients with anterior cingulum injuries. Diffusion tensor tractography appears to be useful in the detection of recovery mechanisms of injured anterior cinguli in patients with brain injury. However, studies on cingulum injury recovery mechanisms are still in the early stages because most of the above studies are case reports confined to a few brain pathologies. Therefore, further studies involving large numbers of subjects with various brain pathologies should be encouraged. In addition, studies on the influencing factors and clinical outcomes associated with each recovery mechanism are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Ho Jang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jeong Pyo Seo
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, South Korea
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44
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Ferrati G, Bion G, Harris AJ, Greenfield S. Protective and reversal actions of a novel peptidomimetic against a pivotal toxin implicated in Alzheimer's disease. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 109:1052-1061. [PMID: 30551355 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.10.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the many attempts to understand the aetiology of Alzheimer's disease, the basic mechanisms accounting for the progressive cycle of neuronal loss are still unknown. Previous work has suggested that the pivotal molecule mediating neurodegeneration could be an independently acting peptide cleaved from acetylcholinesterase. This previously unidentified agent acts as a signalling molecule in selectively vulnerable groups of cells where erstwhile developmental mechanisms are activated inappropriately to have a toxic effect in the context of the mature brain. We have previously shown that the toxic actions of this peptide, whose level is doubled in the Alzheimer brain, can be blocked by a cyclised variant (NBP14). However, the size and properties of NBP14 would render it unlikely as a feasible therapeutic candidate. Here therefore we test a synthetic peptidomimetic (NB-0193), modelled on the binding of NBP14 to the target alpha-7 nicotinic receptor, and benchmarked against it to screen for reversal effects using real-time optical imaging in rat brain slices. The blocking action of NB-0193 was confirmed by testing its effect against peptide-induced calcium influx in cell cultures, where it showed a dose-dependent profile over a trophic-toxic range. Moreover, NB-0193 presented promising pharmacokinetic characteristics and could therefore prompt a new therapeutic approach against Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Ferrati
- Neuro-Bio Ltd, Culham Science Centre, Building F5, Abingdon, OX14 3DB, UK.
| | - Georgi Bion
- Neuro-Bio Ltd, Culham Science Centre, Building F5, Abingdon, OX14 3DB, UK
| | - Andrew J Harris
- Pharmidex, European Knowledge Centre, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL10 9SN, UK
| | - Susan Greenfield
- Neuro-Bio Ltd, Culham Science Centre, Building F5, Abingdon, OX14 3DB, UK
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45
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Scheef L, Grothe MJ, Koppara A, Daamen M, Boecker H, Biersack H, Schild HH, Wagner M, Teipel S, Jessen F. Subregional volume reduction of the cholinergic forebrain in subjective cognitive decline (SCD). NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2018; 21:101612. [PMID: 30555006 PMCID: PMC6413297 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2018.101612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Subjective cognitive decline (SCD) patients are considered as a risk population for preclinical Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Supporting this idea, previous studies in SCD populations report subtle alterations in various cognitive and neuroimaging biomarkers that are typically affected during AD progression. To extend these observations, the present study examined whether SCD patients show atrophy of cholinergic basal forebrain nuclei (chBFN), analogous with recent findings in prodromal and clinical AD patients. We assessed volume reductions of the chBFN in 24 SCD subjects compared to 49 matched controls on 3D-T1-weighted MR images based on a postmortem derived atlas. Furthermore, we assessed whether chBFN atrophy was linked with cognitive, structural and metabolic biomarker alterations we previously reported in this SCD cohort: Using correlation analyses we tested for associations between the volumes of the chBFN with the hippocampal gray matter volume, and posterior medial glucose consumption, and the trajectory of verbal memory performance. The SCD cases showed a significant total volume reduction of the chBFN, with largest effect sizes in the Ch1/2 and Ch4p subdivisions of the chBFN. The latter was associated with a reduced glucose metabolism in the precuneus for the SCD group only. These data show an early involvement of the cholinergic basal forebrain nuclei in SCD predominantly in Ch1/2 and Ch4p which supports the conceptual link between SCD and preclinical AD. Cholinergic forebrain shows atrophy in SCD. Ch12 and posterior part of Nucl. Basalis Meynert (Ch4p) show largest effect size. Atrophy of the Ch4p correlates with reduced glucose metabolism in precuneus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Scheef
- Department of Radiology, University of Bonn, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.
| | - Michel J Grothe
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Rostock, Germany
| | - Alexander Koppara
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Marcel Daamen
- Department of Radiology, University of Bonn, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Henning Boecker
- Department of Radiology, University of Bonn, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Hans Biersack
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Hans H Schild
- Department of Radiology, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Wagner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan Teipel
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Rostock, Germany; Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Frank Jessen
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Germany
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46
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Albin RL, Bohnen NI, Muller MLTM, Dauer WT, Sarter M, Frey KA, Koeppe RA. Regional vesicular acetylcholine transporter distribution in human brain: A [ 18 F]fluoroethoxybenzovesamicol positron emission tomography study. J Comp Neurol 2018; 526:2884-2897. [PMID: 30255936 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Prior efforts to image cholinergic projections in human brain in vivo had significant technical limitations. We used the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) ligand [18 F]fluoroethoxybenzovesamicol ([18 F]FEOBV) and positron emission tomography to determine the regional distribution of VAChT binding sites in normal human brain. We studied 29 subjects (mean age 47 [range 20-81] years; 18 men; 11 women). [18 F]FEOBV binding was highest in striatum, intermediate in the amygdala, hippocampal formation, thalamus, rostral brainstem, some cerebellar regions, and lower in other regions. Neocortical [18 F]FEOBV binding was inhomogeneous with relatively high binding in insula, BA24, BA25, BA27, BA28, BA34, BA35, pericentral cortex, and lowest in BA17-19. Thalamic [18 F]FEOBV binding was inhomogeneous with greatest binding in the lateral geniculate nuclei and relatively high binding in medial and posterior thalamus. Cerebellar cortical [18 F]FEOBV binding was high in vermis and flocculus, and lower in the lateral cortices. Brainstem [18 F]FEOBV binding was most prominent at the mesopontine junction, likely associated with the pedunculopontine-laterodorsal tegmental complex. Significant [18 F]FEOBV binding was present throughout the brainstem. Some regions, including the striatum, primary sensorimotor cortex, and anterior cingulate cortex exhibited age-related decreases in [18 F]FEOBV binding. These results are consistent with prior studies of cholinergic projections in other species and prior postmortem human studies. There is a distinctive pattern of human neocortical VChAT expression. The patterns of thalamic and cerebellar cortical cholinergic terminal distribution are likely unique to humans. Normal aging is associated with regionally specific reductions in [18 F]FEOBV binding in some cortical regions and the striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger L Albin
- Neurology Service & GRECC, VAAAHS, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,University of Michigan Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Research in Parkinson's Disease, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Michigan Alzheimer Disease Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Nicolaas I Bohnen
- Neurology Service & GRECC, VAAAHS, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,University of Michigan Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Research in Parkinson's Disease, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Martijn L T M Muller
- University of Michigan Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Research in Parkinson's Disease, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - William T Dauer
- Neurology Service & GRECC, VAAAHS, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,University of Michigan Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Research in Parkinson's Disease, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Martin Sarter
- University of Michigan Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Research in Parkinson's Disease, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Kirk A Frey
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Robert A Koeppe
- University of Michigan Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Research in Parkinson's Disease, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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47
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Lizio R, Babiloni C, Del Percio C, Losurdo A, Vernò L, De Tommaso M, Montemurno A, Dalfino G, Cirillo P, Soricelli A, Ferri R, Noce G, Pascarelli MT, Catania V, Nobili F, Famá F, Orzi F, Giubilei F, Buttinelli C, Triggiani AI, Frisoni GB, Scisci AM, Mastrofilippo N, Procaccini DA, Gesualdo L. Different Abnormalities of Cortical Neural Synchronization Mechanisms in Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment due to Alzheimer’s and Chronic Kidney Diseases: An EEG Study. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 65:897-915. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-180245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Lizio
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Babiloni
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
- Institute for Research and Medical Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Antonia Losurdo
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation - Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Aldo Moro University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Lucia Vernò
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation - Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Aldo Moro University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Marina De Tommaso
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and the Sensory System (SMBNOS), Neurophysiopathology of Pain Unit, Aldo Moro University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Anna Montemurno
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and the Sensory System (SMBNOS), Neurophysiopathology of Pain Unit, Aldo Moro University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Dalfino
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation - Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Aldo Moro University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Pietro Cirillo
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation - Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Aldo Moro University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Andrea Soricelli
- IRCCS SDN, Napoli, Italy
- Department of Motor Sciences and Healthiness, University of Naples Parthenope, Naples, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Flavio Nobili
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy - Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Oftalmologia, Genetica, Riabilitazione e Scienze Materno-infantili (DiNOGMI), Università di Genova, Italy
| | - Francesco Famá
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy - Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Oftalmologia, Genetica, Riabilitazione e Scienze Materno-infantili (DiNOGMI), Università di Genova, Italy
| | - Francesco Orzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - Franco Giubilei
- Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - Carla Buttinelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - A. Ivano Triggiani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Giovanni B. Frisoni
- Laboratory of Alzheimer’s Neuroimaging and Epidemiology, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
- Memory Clinic and LANVIE - Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging, University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anna Maria Scisci
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation - Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Aldo Moro University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Mastrofilippo
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation - Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Aldo Moro University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Deni Aldo Procaccini
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation - Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Aldo Moro University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Loreto Gesualdo
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation - Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Aldo Moro University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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48
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Filley CM, Kelly JP. White Matter and Cognition in Traumatic Brain Injury. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 65:345-362. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-180287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M. Filley
- Behavioral Neurology Section, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Marcus Institute for Brain Health, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - James P. Kelly
- Behavioral Neurology Section, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Marcus Institute for Brain Health, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
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49
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Jang SH, Yeo SS. Injury of the Precommissural Fornix in a Patient with Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Case Report. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2018; 27:e98-e101. [PMID: 29395645 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2017.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We investigated injury of the pre- or postcommissural fornix in a patient with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) using diffusion tensor imaging. CASE DESCRIPTION A 48-year-old male patient was diagnosed as SAH due to rupture of the right middle cerebral artery bifurcation aneurysm. After 9 weeks from onset, he was transferred to the rehabilitation department and he showed memory impairment. The whole fornix was reconstructed using single-tract fornix model based on a fiber assignment by continuous tracking, and separated fornices (pre- and postcommissural fornices) were reconstructed using 2-tract fornix model based on a probabilistic tractography method. The fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity, and fiber volume were measured in the patient and 6 normal control subjects. The integrities of both reconstructed whole fornices that were reconstructed using probabilistic tractography method were preserved. By contrast, in the results of 2-tract fornix model, the precommissural fornices showed discontinuations in both fornical cruses. In addition, the FA and fiber volume of both precommissural fornices in the patient were decreased by more than 2 standard deviations of those of normal control subjects. CONCLUSIONS Separate evaluations of the pre- and postcommissural fornices using 2-tract fornix model would be useful for diagnosis in patients with memory impairment following SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Ho Jang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, North Gyeongsang, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Seok Yeo
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences, Dankook University, Cheonan-si, Chungnam, Republic of Korea.
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50
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Coppola JJ, Disney AA. Is There a Canonical Cortical Circuit for the Cholinergic System? Anatomical Differences Across Common Model Systems. Front Neural Circuits 2018; 12:8. [PMID: 29440996 PMCID: PMC5797555 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2018.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholine (ACh) is believed to act as a neuromodulator in cortical circuits that support cognition, specifically in processes including learning, memory consolidation, vigilance, arousal and attention. The cholinergic modulation of cortical processes is studied in many model systems including rodents, cats and primates. Further, these studies are performed in cortical areas ranging from the primary visual cortex to the prefrontal cortex and using diverse methodologies. The results of these studies have been combined into singular models of function-a practice based on an implicit assumption that the various model systems are equivalent and interchangeable. However, comparative anatomy both within and across species reveals important differences in the structure of the cholinergic system. Here, we will review anatomical data including innervation patterns, receptor expression, synthesis and release compared across species and cortical area with a focus on rodents and primates. We argue that these data suggest no canonical cortical model system exists for the cholinergic system. Further, we will argue that as a result, care must be taken both in combining data from studies across cortical areas and species, and in choosing the best model systems to improve our understanding and support of human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J. Coppola
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Anita A. Disney
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
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